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GEOLOGY 


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WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


HENRY  LANDES,  State  Geologist 


BULT.ETTN  No.  14 


A Preliminary  Report  on  the  Quincy 
Valley  Irrigation  Project 


By  HENRY  LANDES,  A.  W.  MANGHJM,  H.  K.  BENSON, 
E.  J.  SAUNDERS  AND  JOSEPH  JACOBS 


Olympia,  Wash.  : 

E.  L.  Boardman  Public  Printer 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/preliminaryrepor1418wash 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Governor  M.  E.  Hay,  Chairman . 

State  Treasurer  J.  G.  Lewis,  Secretary . 
President  T.  F.  Kane. 

President  E.  A.  Bryan. 


Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 

Solon  Shedd,  Assistant  State  Geologist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Governor  M.  E.  Hay,  Chairman,  and  Members  of  the  Board  of 
Geological  Survey: 

Gentlemen  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a report 

entitled  “A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation 
Project,”  by  Henry  Landes,  A.  W.  Mangum,  H.  K.  Benson, 
E.  J.  Saunders,  and  Joseph  Jacobs,  with  the  recommendation 
that  it  be  printed  as  Bulletin  No.  II  of  the  survey  reports. 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Landes, 

State  Geologist. 

University  Station,  Seattle,  July  1,  1912. 


CONTENTS, 


Page 


Introduction,  by  Henry  Landes 7 

Soils  of  Quincy  Valley,  by  A.  W.  Mangum 11 

Chemical  Analyses  of  the  Soils  of  Quincy  Valley,  by  H.  K.  Benson. . 16 

Climate  of  Quincy  Valley,  by  E.  J.  Saunders 20 

Irrigation  Problems  of  the  Quincy  Valley  Project,  by  Joseph  Jacobs.  26 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Plate. 

I.  A map  showing  the  position  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated 


under  the  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project In  Pocket 

II.  Reservoir  site  and  approximate  location  of  the  canal 

line  of  the  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project In  Pocket 

Facing 

page 

III.  Index  map,  giving  the  location  of  Quincy  Valley 8 

IV.  Diagram  showing  average  monthly  rainfall  in  central  Wash- 

ington   24 

V.  Wenatchee  Lake  32 

VI.  Views  of  the  Valley  in  the  vicinity  of  Quincy 40 


VII.  The  upper  view  is  that  of  Ephrata  and  vicinity,  with  the 
Tolliver  orchard  in  the  foreground.  The  lower  view  is 
that  of  a residence,  orchard,  and  vineyard  on  Moses  Lake.  48 


INTRODUCTION. 

By  Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 

The  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project,  as  at  present  outlined, 
involves  a tract  36  miles  by  30  miles  in  area,  located  in  central 
Washington.  The  western  boundary  of  the  proposed  irrigable 
area  is  Columbia  River;  the  northern  and  southern  limits  are 
the  highlands  represented  by  Badger  and  Saddle  Mountains, 
respectively ; while  the  eastern  boundary  is  placed  arbitrarily  in 
this  report  at  the  line  between  ranges  28  and  29.  The  amount 
of  surface  involved  in  this  area  of  1,080  square  miles  is  691,200 
acres.  The  studies  that  have  been  made  of  the  soil  conditions 
and  the  topography  have  made  it  clear  that  of  the  above  acreage 
at  least  450,000  acres  are  readily  irrigable,  while  the  Wenatchee 
water  supply  is  known  to  be  ample  to  serve  an  area  of  at  least 
435,000  acres.  The  conversion  of  this  large  area,  by  far  the 
most  of  it  of  a truly  desert  character,  into  an  oasis  of  rare  pro- 
ductiveness, capable  of  readily  supporting  a happy  popula- 
tion of  100,000  people,  is  a matter  of  more  than  state-wide 
prominence,  and  is  by  far  the  greatest  project  ever  proposed 
for  the  development  of  the  state’s  material  resources. 

PRELIMINARY  SURVEYS. 

The  Board  of  Geological  Survey,  at  its  meeting  in  Olympia 
on  April  16,  1909  , recognizing  the  great  importance  to  the  state 
of  the  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project,  directed  the  State  Geol- 
ogist to  arrange  for  co-operative  work  with  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  whereby  topographic  surveys  might  be  carried  on  in  the 
region  in  question  and  the  country  accurately  mapped.  Ac- 
cordingly five  quadrangles  were  mapped,  viz.,  Quincy,  Winches- 
ter, Moses  Lake,  Beverly  and  Red  Rock.  These  have  been  com- 
bined on  Plate  1 of  this  report,  and  it  will  be  noted  that  the 
five  quadrangles  cover  practically  all  parts  of  the  project  except 
four  townships  in  the  southeast  corner.  In  a similar  fashion,  by 
co-operation  with  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 


8 


Bulletin  No.  !£,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


culture,  soil  surveys  were  made  of  the  whole  area.  The  different 
types  of  soils  were  studied  and  mapped,  and  determinations 
made  of  the  percentage  of  alkali.  A complete  report  will  soon  be 
issued  by  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Soils,  containing  ample  descrip- 
tive matter,  chemical  analyses,  colored  maps,  and  all  information 
necessary  in  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  soils  embraced  in  the 
proj  ect. 

In  addition  to  the  above  lines  of  work  the  Wenatchee  and 
Malaga  quadrangles,  lying  along  the  line  of  the  proposed  canal 
from  Wenatchee  River  to  Quincy,  are  now  being  surveyed  and 
these  maps  will  soon  be  ready  for  use.  The  proposed  reservoir 
site  about  Wenatchee  Lake  has  been  very  carefully  surveyed  in 
detail  and  a topographic  map  prepared  with  5-foot  contours. 
A gaging  station  has  been  maintained  on  the  lower  Wenatchee 
River  for  some  years  and  careful  measurements  made  of  the  run- 
off of  that  stream.  Every  effort  has  been  made  by  the  Board  of 
Geological  Survey,  with  the  resources  at  its  command,  and  in 
co-operation  with  the  Federal  Bureaus,  to  secure  necessary  in- 
formation bearing  upon  the  project. 

FUTURE  SURVEYS. 

Before  the  cost,  as  well  as  the  complete  feasibility,  of  such  a 
great  engineering  enterprise  can  be  determined  beyond  a ques- 
tion, it  is  necessary  that  a number  of  additional  surveys  and  in- 
vestigations be  made.  There  are  many  questions  regarding  the 
size,  location  and  character  of  the  dam  at  the  foot  of  Wenatchee 
Lake  that  can  be  settled  only  by  careful  detailed  surveys.  The 
whole  route  of  the  canal  from  the  intake  to  the  distributing  point 
must  be  carefully  studied  and  mapped.  In  particular  the  cross- 
ing of  Columbia  River  will  necessitate  months  of  investigation  to 
satisfy  all  the  inquiries  which  will  arise  concerning  such  a great 
engineering  feat.  The  whole  scheme  of  distributing  the  water, 
the  location  of  the  main  laterals  and  tributaries,  will  necessitate 
spending  months  of  time  in  field  surveys.  In  addition  to  all  these 
and  many  other  things,  the  entire  1,080  square  miles  must  be 
examined  in  great  detail,  down  to  very  small  subdivisions  to  de- 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  14  Plate  III 


Index  map,  giving  the  location  of  Quincy  Valley 


9 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 

termine  the  exact  amount  as  well  as  location  of  the  irrigable 
lands. 

STATE  AID. 

It  seems  clear  to  the  writer  that  the  state  should  undertake 
the  investigations  and  surveys  just  mentioned,  in  addition  to 
those  already  made  as  a result  of  state  aid.  There  are  several 
reasons  why  the  enterprise  commends  itself  to  state  support.  In 
the  first  place,  as  shown  on  Plate  1,  there  are  over  31,000  acres 
of  state  land  embraced  in  the  project.  Of  this  it  is  safe  to  say 
that  at  least  20,000  acres  are  irrigable.  If  the  general  story  of 
irrigation  in  Washington  holds  true  here,  in  its  first  year  under 
water  this  land  would  be  worth  not  less  than  $300  per  acre ; while 
its  value  after  a few  years,  especially  if  fruit  or  alfalfa  were 
grown,  would  enhance  to  $750  or  $1,000  per  acre.  The  story 
of  the  state  lands  under  irrigation  would  be  repeated  for  all 
the  other  lands  of  the  project.  The  land  which  now  sells  gen- 
erally for  $15  or  $20  per  acre  would  easily  become  30-  or 
40-fold  more  valuable  under  a successful  scheme  of  irrigation. 
The  profit  to  the  state,  not  only  in  the  increase  of  taxable  prop- 
erty, but  in  the  strong  impulse  given  to  every  industry,  and  in 
the  material  advancement  of  its  citizens,  would  be  almost  in- 
calculable. 

It  is  the  estimate  of  Mr.  Jacobs,  in  his  report,  that  the  lands 
of  Quincy  Valley  can  be  irrigated  for  $100  per  acre.  Except 
for  a few  small  irrigable  tracts,  it  is  altogether  unlikely  that  in 
this  state  any  scheme  of  irrigation  will  ever  be  placed  in  opera- 
tion where  the  cost  per  acre  will  be  less  than  $100.  .Further- 
more, about  all  of  the  smaller  irrigable  areas  have  been 
reclaimed,  so  that  in  the  future  the  irrigation  schemes  will  neces- 
sarily embrace  larger  tracts  than  ever  before,  involving  far 
greater  capital.  It  becomes  more  and  more  apparent  that  in 
carrying  out  the  larger  irrigation  enterprises  either  state  or 
federal  aid  must  be  sought  after.  This  seems  especially  neces- 
sary in  the  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project  because  it  is  not 
a case  where  the  work  can  be  done  in  sections  and  the  land  put 
under  water  as  desired,  but  where  the  whole  irrigation  scheme 
must  be  completed  before  any  of  the  land  can  receive  benefit. 


10 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


While  the  cost  per  acre  to  irrigate  the  land  is  moderate  and  a 
charge  which  the  land  would  easily  and  readily  assume,  yet  the 
large  acreage  involved  makes  the  total  engineering  cost  so  high 
that  the  whole  sum  of  money  involved  seems  stupendous.  In 
any  plan  of  bonding,  however,  where  the  repayment  of  the  cost 
is  extended  over  a period  of  20  or  30  years,  the  annual  charge 
per  acre  is  small  and  even  insignificant  when  contrasted  with  the 
earning  power  of  the  land. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

For  this  bulletin  articles  have  been  contributed  by  Mr.  A.  W. 
Mangum,  Prof.  H.  K.  Benson,  Prof.  E.  J.  Saunders  and  Mr. 
Joseph  Jacobs.  Mr.  Mangum  has  had  charge  of  the  soil  sur- 
veys and  in  this  report  submits  a brief  abstract  of  his  full  ac- 
count, which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  about  December  1, 
1912.  Prof.  Benson  has  selected  samples  of  the  typical  soils 
of  the  valley  and  in  his  article  gives  their  analyses,  as  well  as  a 
brief  discussion  of  soil  characteristics.  A more  complete  chemi- 
cal report  accompanies  the  soil  report  above  mentioned.  Appli- 
cations for  the  fuller  report,  with  descriptive  matter,  colored 
maps,  analyses,  etc.,  should  be  made  to  the  Bureau  of  Soils, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  or  to  the 
State  Geologist,  University  Station,  Seattle,  Washington. 

Prof.  Saunders  has  submitted  a report  upon  the  general 
weather  and  climatic  conditions  of  Quincy  Valley.  This  is  a 
topic  of  great  importance  in  considering  the  nature  of  the  crops 
that  may  be  grown.  Mr.  Jacobs,  who  has  given  this  irrigation 
project  much  attention,  and  who  is  well  informed  about  every 
phase  of  it,  has  prepared  an  important  article  upon  the  engineer- 
ing problems  involved.  He  has  gone  into  the  subject  as 
thoroughly  as  possible  with  the  data  at  his  command.  It  will  be 
recognized  by  everyone  that  any  engineering  report  at  this  time 
is  wholly  preliminary,  and  that  many  months  of  detailed  work 
will  be  necessary  before  the  final  plans  and  estimates  can  be  sub- 
mitted. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


11 


SOILS  OF  QUINCY  VALLEY. 

By  A.  W.  Mangum.* 

The  soils  of  the  Quincy  area  may  be  separated  broadly  into 
six  groups : (1)  The  compact  fine  sandy  and  silt  loams  that  cover 
the  underlying  basalt  to  a depth  of  from  10  to  more  than  30 
feet;  (2)  the  sandy  and  fine  sandy  loams  underlain  at  an  average 
depth  of  from  2 to  6 feet  by  a thin  layer  of  limestone  which  in 
turn  rests  upon  the  basalt;  (3)  the  stony  and  gravelly  soils 
underlain  by  compact  deposits  of  gravel  and  rounded  bowlders ; 
(4)  the  areas  of  drifting  sands;  (5)  the  rough  stony  lands;  and 
(6)  the  recent  alluvial  soils. 

The  soils  of  the  first  group  occupy  a large  area  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Quincy  Valley.  The  finer  textured  types,  con- 
sisting of  a silt  loam,  a silty  fine  sandy  loam,  and  a fine  sandy 
loam,  occupy  a large  area  southwest  of  Quincy  and  also  the 
greater  proportion  of  the  country  surrounding  that  town.  A 
large  area  of  the  silty  fine  sandy  loam  belonging  to  this  group 
occurs  south  of  Frenchman  Hills,  embracing  the  northern  part 
of  T.  16  N.,  ranges  25  and  26  E.,  and  the  southern  part  of  T. 
17  N.,  ranges  25  and  26  E.  There  is  a large  area  of  sandy  loam 
occupying  the  country  around  Morrison  postoffice,  which  is 
also  included  in  this  group.  In  this  particular  locality  the  soils 
are  underlain  by  a compact  deposit  of  sands  and  fine  gravel. 

The  soils  of  this  group  have  a deep  compact  subsoil  and  when 
thoroughly  cultivated  are  among  the  most  productive  types  in 
the  area.  South  and  southeast  of  Quincy,  they  become  more 
sandy,  and  the  surface  becomes  more  hummocky,  as  the  loose 
sandy  soil  has  been  drifted  into  series  of  small  mounds  and 
ridges  with  shallow  basins  intervening.  The  level  topography 
of  this  group  as  a whole  makes  these  types  well  adapted  to  ir- 
rigation. Where  dry  farming  is  practiced,  wheat  and  rye  are 
the  principal  crops  grown.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  is 


♦Bureau  of  Soils,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


12 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


about  8 or  10  bushels  per  acre,  but  yields  of  20  to  25  bushels 
per  acre  have  been  secured  during  favorable  seasons.  When  ir- 
rigated, these  soils  produce  very  profitable  yields  of  melons,  po- 
tatoes, small  grains,  and  fruits.  Oats  and  alfalfa  have  also 
been  successfully  grown  on  a limited  acreage  of  irrigated  land. 

The  soils  of  the  second  group  occupy  a large  area  north  of 
Frenchman  Hills,  in  the  vicinity  of  Burke.  Another  large  area 
occurs  between  Frenchman  Hills  and  lower  Crab  Creek  Valley, 
occupying  a large  proportion  of  the  level  to  gently  rolling  up- 
lands between  Low  Gap  and  Beverly.  They  consist  of  compact 
fine  sandy  loams  and  fine  sands,  underlain  at  a depth  of  from 
12  inches  to  6 feet  by  a thin  layer  of  limestone.  In  some  lo- 
calities the  shallow  surface  soils  have  been  almost  entirely  re- 
moved by  the  action  of  wunds,  and  the  underlying  limestone 
occurs  so  near  the  surface  that  the  weathered  material  is  fre- 
quently turned  up  with  the  plow.  The  topography  of  the 
soils  of  this  group  varies  from  almost  level  to  very  gently  roll- 
ing, and  the  greater  proportion  of  the  area  occupied  by  them 
lies  well  for  irrigation. 

During  a favorable  season  they  produce  very  good  yields  of 
small  grains,  but  the  crops  grown  on  the  more  shallow  areas, 
where  the  underlying  limestone  occurs  within  3 feet  of  the  sur- 
face, are  usually  damaged  by  drought,  as  the  shallow  soil  is 
unable  to  conserve  a sufficient  amount  of  moisture.  The  small 
areas  under  irrigation  have  demonstrated  that  under  favorable 
moisture  conditions,  the  soils  of  the  second  group  are  very 
productive. 

The  soils  of  the  third  group  occupy  a large  area  south  and 
southwest  of  Ephrata,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  the  coun- 
try around  Moses  Lake.  They  consist  of  sandy  loams  and  fine 
sandy  loams  which  contain  a variable  amount  of  gravel  and 
small  bowlders.  It  is  usually  necessary  to  remove  a large 
quantity  of  stones  from  the  surface  before  the  land  can  be  pro- 
fitably cultivated,  and  in  some  localities  small  areas  occur  which 
are  of  such  a stony  character  as  to  make  cultivation  imprac- 
ticable. Areas  occur,  however,  throughout  the  region  occupied 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


13 


by  these  types  where  the  surface  soils,  to  a depth  of  12  to  15 
inches,  are  comparatively  free  from  either  gravel  or  small 
bowlders.  The  soils  are  underlain  to  a considerable  depth  by  a 
compact  deposit  of  gravel  and  small,  rounded  bowlders,  which 
insures  good  natural  drainage.  Some  of  the  best  orchards  in 
the  area  are  located  on  these  soils  and  when  irrigated  and 
thoroughly  cultivated  the  trees  do  exceedingly  well.  The  ir- 
rigated areas  produce  very  profitable  yields  of  all  crops  grown 
in  Quincy  Valley. 

The  soils  of  the  fourth  group  consist  of  loose  incoherent  sands 
and  fine  sands  which  have  been  drifted  into  mounds  and  ridges 
by  the  action  of  winds.  These  soils  occur  south  of  Moses  Lake 
and  north  of  Frenchman  Hills,  extending  westward  to  a point 
within  a few  miles  of  Burke  postoffice.  The  loose  structure  of 
the  soils  causes  the  surface  material  to  be  constantly  shifted  by 
the  wind,  and  the  open  porous  character  of  the  subsoil  causes 
the  natural  drainage  to  be  excessive.  A large  proportion  of 
this  land  could  be  irrigated  and  utilized  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses, although  there  would  probably  be  a considerable  loss  of 
water  by  seepage,  and  the  hummocky  topography  would  make  it 
very  difficult  to  get  the  land  into  suitable  shape  for  irrigation. 
There  is  a large  area  of  sand  dunes  included  in  this  group,  which 
are  of  little  or  no  agricultural  value.  These  dunes  occur  prin- 
cipally south  and  southwest  of  Moses  Lake.  The  topography 
of  this  region  consists  of  high,  rounded  dunes  with  shallow 
“pot  holes”  or  basins  intervening,  or  long,  narrow  ridges  with 
troughlike  valleys  between  them.  These  topographic  features 
make  it  impracticable  to  attempt  the  irrgation  and  agricultural 
development  of  this  region,  as  the  dunes  and  ridges  have  a 
height  of  from  20  to  more  than  60  feet  and  the  loose  sandy  soils 
are  being  shifted  continually. 

The  fifth  group  comprises  the  extensive  areas,  locally  known 
as  “scab  lands,”  and  the  precipitous,  rocky  bluffs  which  border 
the  valleys  of  Crab  Creek  and  the  Columbia  River.  The  larger 
areas  of  “scab  land”  border  the  valley  of  Crab  Creek.  They 
consist  of  small  areas  of  sandy  soil,  varying  from  a few  square 


14 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


rods  to  several  acres  in  extent,  occurring  at  intervals  over  more 
extensive  areas  whose  surface  consists  mainly  of  bare  rock  out- 
crop. Only  a shallow  covering  of  soil  rests  upon  the  bed  rock 
and  large  quantities  of  rock  fragments  are  frequently  scattered 
over  the  surface  or  mixed  with  the  sandy  soil.  A large  propor- 
tion of  these  “scab  lands,”  however,  consists  of  areas  of  bare 
outcrops  of  basaltic  rock. 

The  rough  stony  lands  found  along  the  northern  slope  of 
Saddle  Mountain  and  the  bluffs  bordering  the  valley  of  Colum- 
bia River  are  too  steep  and  rocky  to  be  of  any  agricultural 
Value.  Small  areas  occur  throughout  the  “scab  lands”  where 
the  sandy  soil  has  a sufficient  depth  to  enable  it  to  be  used  for 
agricultural  purposes,  but  these  areas  are  of  such  limited 
extent  and  are  surrounded  by  such  extensive  areas  of  non-agri- 
cultural  lands  that  it  isjmpractical  to  attempt  to  irrigate  them. 

The  sixth  group  embraces  the  recent  alluvial  soils  lying  along 
the  courses  of  Columbia  River  and  Crab  Creek.  Many  of  these 
soils  have  been  modified  to  some  extent  by  materials  deposited  on 
the  surface  by  the  wind.  Along  Columbia  River  the  alluvial 
soils  occupy  a comparatively  level  strip  of  land  between  the 
steep  bluffs  of  the  adjacent  uplands  and  the  channel  of  the 
stream.  The  soils  consist  of  fine  sands,  sandy  loams,  and 
gravelly  sandy  loams.  The  subsoils  are  uniformly  composed  of 
compact  masses  of  rounded,  waterworn  gravel,  which  insures 
good  natural  drainage.  The  areas  occupied  by  these  soils  have 
only  a slight  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  stream  at  high 
water,  but  with  the  exception  of  a small  area  bordering  the  river, 
none  of  the  land  is  subject  to  overflow.  A few  small  areas  occur 
where  gravel  and  small,  rounded  cobbles  are  present  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  interfere  with  cultivation,  but  these  areas 
are  of  small  extent  and  the  greater  proportion  of  this  land  is 
well  adapted  to  agriculture.  The  topography  varies  from  level 
to  gently  undulating  and  a very  large  percentage  of  these  al- 
luvial soils  could  be  irrigated  and  developed  agriculturally  with- 
out difficulty.  The  soils  occupying  the  narrow  valley  bordering 
the  channel  of  Crab  Creek  consist  principally  of  sandy  loams, 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


15 


gravelly  sandy  loams,  and  clay  loams.  They  are,  as  a whole, 
poorly  drained  and  frequently  contain  alkali  in  harmful 
amounts. 

The  failure  to  secure  profitable  yields  in  Quincy  Valley  is 
often  due  as  much  to  the  drifting  of  the  dry  sandy  surface  soils 
as  to  the  lack  of  a sufficient  amount  of  soil  moisture  to  mature 
the  crops.  This  is  true  of  almost  every  type  of  soil  suitable  for 
agricultural  purposes.  On  many  of  the  more  sandy  types  the 
soil  is  blown  away  from  the  roots  of  the  plants  while  the  crops 
on  adjacent  fields  are  covered  by  shallow  sand  drifts.  Where 
irrigation  is  practiced  extensively,  trees,  to  serve  as  windbrakes, 
should  be  set  along  the  fence  lines  or  ditches. 

Most  of  the  soils  are  at  present  entirely  free  from  any  harm- 
ful accumulation  of  alkali.  Small  areas  occur,  however,  in 
Crab  Creek  Valley,  in  the  bottoms  of  Willow  Creek  and  several 
other  large  coulees,  and  in  the  deep  depressions  or  pot  holes 
surrounded  by  areas  of  rough  stony  lands  where  the  soils  con- 
tain as  much  as  two-tenths  of  one  per  cent,  to  more  than  three 
per  cent,  of  alkali.  The  majority  of  these  alkali  areas  are  of 
very  small  extent  and  occupy  low  depressions  or  poorly  drained 
basins  which  receive  the  drainage  water  from  the  surrounding 
lands. 

The  soils  over  the  remainder  of  the  valley  are  at  present  free 
from  alkali,  but  if  any  extensive  acreage  were  put  under  irriga- 
tion a more  thorough  drainage  system  would  be  necessary  in 
many  localities  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  harmful  salts. 
If  the  seepage  water  were  allowed  to  collect  and  evaporate  in 
the  shallow  depressions  which  occur  at  intervals  over  almost 
every  type  of  soil,  there  is  danger  that  these  poorly  drained 
areas  would  eventually  contain  enough  alkali  to  injure  crops. 


16  Bulletin  No.  H,  W ashmgt  on  Geological  Survey 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES  OF  THE  SOILS  OF  QUINCY 

VALLEY. 

By  H.  K.  Benson.* 

Much  stress  in  the  past  has  been  placed  upon  the  chemical 
composition  of  soils.  More  recently  the  efforts  of  soil  chemists 
have  been  directed  toward  showing  that  soil  fertility  is  more 
largely  a matter  of  control  or  soil  management.  This  assump- 
tion is  based  upon  the  belief  that  the  chemical  elements  become 
available  for  plant  growth  only  under  certain  conditions  which 
it  is  necessary  to  obtain  and  maintain  during  the  growing  period. 
These  conditions  may  be  broadly  stated  as  a proper  physical 
condition  of  the  soil  at  to  fineness  and  crumbling  or  tilth;  suf- 
ficient moisture  or  water  holding  power ; a suitable  temperature ; 
and  the  absence  of  certain  plant  poisons  or  toxic  substances 
secured  by  crop  rotation. 

Nevertheless  there  has  been  a rather  close  relationship  be- 
tween the  chemical  compostion  of  soils  and  the  specific  crops 
which  have  been  found  especially  prolific.  For  example,  the 
soils  of  the  Palouse  region  are  high  in  phosphoric  acid  and  are 
also  well  adapted  for  grains,  while  in  the  fruit  belt  of  central 
Washington  the  soils  are  usually  high  in  the  content  of  potash. 

The  manner  in  which  chemical  elements  enter  into  the  mech- 
anism of  plant  growth  is  not  fully  understood.  It  has  come  to 
be  generally  recognized  that  the  mineral  elements  in  the  soil 
which  are  of  the  most  interest  to  the  agriculturist  are  calcium, 
potassium,  phosphorus,  and  nitrogen.  For  technical  reasons 
these  are  generally  spoken  of  as  lime  (calcium  oxide),  potash 
(potassium  oxide),  phosphoric  acid  (phosphorus  pentoxide) 
and  nitrogen.  These  constituents  are  the  ones  which  it  is 
thought  to  add  to  the  soil  in  commercial  fertilizers. 

The  action  of  lime  is  probably  quite  complex  in  most  cases, 
neutralizing  any  acids  which  might  be  present,  inducing  a much 
better  flocculation,  or  crumbling  of  the  soil,  improving  its  tilth,. 


♦Professor  of  Industrial  Chemistry,  University  of  Washington. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


IT 


aeration  etc.,  which  functions  are  most  important  for  the  growth 
of  desirable  kinds  of  bacteria  in  the  soil,  especially  those  kinds 
which  gather  nitrogen  from  the  air  and  grow  in  association  with 
leguminous  crops  as  alfalfa,  vetch  or  clover.  It  is  possible  also 
that  lime  may  have  a specific  effect  on  some  plants  and  it  is  held 
by  many  fruit  growers  that  an  ample  amount  of  lime  will  cause 
the  production  of  a sweeter  fruit.  Potash  is  believed  to  be  of 
especial  importance  in  the  production  of  starch  in  growing 
plants,  and  phosphoric  acid  to  be  important  mainly  in  the  forma- 
tion of  seeds  or  grain,  although  undoubtedly  having  other  func- 
tions in  the  growing  plants.  Nitrogen  is  believed  to  be  taken 
from  the  soil,  mainly  in  the  form  of  nitrates,  and  is  elaborated  or 
made  over  in  the  plant  into  various  substances,  especially  the 
proteids,  substances  which  are  best  known  in  the  muscular  tis- 
sues of  animals.  No  substance  in  the  soil  produces  a more 
rapid  or  decided  response  in  the  crop  than  does  nitrogen.  A 
ready  supply  of  nitrates  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  green 
crops,  especially  during  the  periods  of  most  rapid  growth,  and 
it  is  desirable  to  have  nitrogenous  organic  substances  in  the 
soil  to  furnish  nitrates  by  the  process  of  decay,  especially  for 
crops  other  than  leguminosae. 

The  six  groups  of  soils  noted  below  may  have  certain  typical 
compositions  assigned  to  them.  It  is  of  course,  evident  that  no 
two  samples  of  any  one  soil  will  give  the  same  analytical  results 
on  account  of  the  variations  which  exist  in  the  history  of  a soil. 
All  that  can  here  be  done  is  to  represent  within  reasonable  limits 
the  approximate  composition  of  the  respective  groups  as  deter- 
mined by  the  analyses  of  a number  of  carefully  selected  and  typi- 
cal samples.  The  interpretation  of  a soil  analysis  is  also  a 
matter  of  some  difficulty.  Agricultural  chemists  vary  in  their 
manner  of  classifying  a given  soil  as  good  or  poor. 

Hilgard  in  his  text  book  (page  377)  states  the  average  com- 
position of  virgin  soils  taken  from  arid  regions  as  follows : lime 
1.43%;  phosphoric  acid  0.16%;  potash  0.67%;  and  loss  on 
ignition  3.15%.  Professor  Maercker  of  the  Halle  Experimental 

Station,  Germany,  has  formulated  a classification  which  often 
—2 


18 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


serves  as  a guide  in  judging  the  capabilities  of  a soil  (under  a 
proper  system  of  management)  from  the  analysis  of  the  virgin 
or  uncultivated  soil. 


Grade  of  Soil 

Potash 

Phosphoric 

acid 

Lime  in 
sandy  soil 

Total 

nitrogen 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Poor  Soil  

Below  0.05 

Below  0.05 

Below  0.05 

Below  0.05 

Normal  Soil  

0.15—0.2 5 

0.10-0.15 

0.15—0.20 

0.10—0.15 

Rich  Soil  

Above  .40 

Above  .25 

Above  .30 

Above  .25 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION  OF  THE  QUINCY  SOILS. 


Group  I.  Fine  sandy  and  silt  loams. 

Lime  1.00 — 1.15% 

Phosphoric  acid 0.08 — 0.13% 

Potash  0.30 — 0.45% 

Loss  on  ignition 4.00 — 6.00% 

Group  II.  Sandy  and  fine  sandy  loams. 

Lime  1.20 — 1.30% 

Phosphoric  acid 0.04 — 0.12% 

Potash  0.30—0.90% 

Loss  on  ignition 2.80 — 4.40% 

Group  III.  Stony  and  gravelly  soils. 

Lime  1.02 — 1.20% 

Phosphoric  acid  0.10 — 0.15% 

Potash  0.37 — 0.46% 

Loss  on  ignition 4.30 — 4.90% 

Group  IV.  Drifting  sands. 

Lime  0.50 — 1.00% 

Phosphoric  acid  0.03 — 0.07% 

Potash  0.30—0.35% 

Loss  on  ignition 1.10 — 2.60% 

Group  V.  Stony  soils  from  “Scab”  land.  (No  analyses.) 

Group  VI.  Recent  alluvial  soils. 

Lime  0.91—0.96% 

Phosphoric  acid 0.10 — 0.13% 

Potash  0.48 — 0.80% 

Loss  on  ignition 1.70 — 4.00% 


Inasmuch  as  all  of  the  soils  were  either  light  colored  or  gave 
a low  loss  on  ignition  (except  those  containing  calcium  car- 
bonate), it  was  apparent  that  generally  speaking  the  soils  are 
deficient  in  nitrogen  and  very  few  determinations  of  this  element 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


19 


were  made.  One  of  the  first  steps  in  improving  the  agricultural 
value  of  the  virgin  soils  of  this  region  will  therefore  consist  in 
supplying  organic  and  nitrogenous  matter  to  the  soil  by  the 
usual  method  of  green  fertilization. 

The  following  table  gives  the  analytical  data  and  geographic 
location  of  a portion  of  the  samples  analyzed: 


LOCATION 

Lime 

Phosphoric 

acid 

Potash 

Loss  on 
Ignition 

Section  19,  Tp.  20  N.,  R.  23  E 

0.70% 

0.14% 

0.31% 

4.80% 

Section  16,  Tp.  16  N.,  R.  23  E 

0.91 

0.13 

0.48 

1.70 

Section  25,  Tp.  16  N. , R.  28  E 

1.04 

0.09 

0.43 

3.70 

Section  33,  Tp.  16  N.,  R.  26  E 

1.63 

0.19 

0.87 

6.20 

Section  20,  Tp.  19  N.,  R.  24  E 

0.91 

0.11 

1.00 

3.90 

Section  35,  Tp.  17  N.,  R.  24  E 

1.27 

0.05 

0.25 

2.80 

Section  23,  Tp.  19  N.,  R.  27  E 

1.02 

0.04 

0.42 

4.80 

Section  27,  Tp.  20  N.,  R.  26  E 

0.96 

0.08 

0.42 

4.90 

Section  26,  Tp.  18  N.,  R.  23  E 

1.29 

0.137 

0.316 

4.40 

Section  8,  Tp.  20  N.,  R.  24  E 

1.06 

0.12 

0.50 

6.10 

Section  26,  Tp.  20  N.,  R.  24  E 

0.95 

0.07 

0.35 

3.00 

Section  31,  Tp.  19  N.,  R.  24  E 

1.13 

0.07 

0.31 

1.10 

Section  34,  Tp.  29  N.,  R.  23  E 

0.83 

0.11 

0.41 

4.70 

Section  1,  Tp.  16  N.,  R.  26  E 

0.95 

0.119 

0.273 

3.80 

Section  6,  Tp.  18  N.,  R.  26  E 

1.04 

0.10 

0.33 

2.40 

Section  20,  Tp.  16  N. , R.  26  E 

1.15 

0.04 

0.23 

2.00 

Section  16,  Tp.  17  N.,  R.  25  E 

0.47 

0.03 

0.31 

2.60 

Section  27,  Tp.  19  N.,  R.  24  E.. 

0.93 

0.10 

0.40 

4.00 

20 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


CLIMATE  OF  QUINCY  VALLEY. 

By  E.  J.  Saunders.* 

CLIMATIC  CONDITIONS. 

The  Quincy  Valley,  situated  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains 
in  the  Columbia  River  Basin,  although  in  the  same  latitude,  and 
not  far  removed  from  Puget  Sound  Basin,  has  a climate  as  dif- 
ferent from  that  west  of  the  mountains  as  if  it  were  in  an  en- 
tirely different  part  of  the  continent.  The  influences  of  the  to- 
pography and  of  the  prevailing  winds  are  remarkably  well  shown 
here.  This  area  is  practically  shut  off  from  the  moderating 
effects  of  the  ocean  winds  b}r  the  high  Cascades  to  the  west,  and 
it  also  lacks  the  protection  of  these  mountains  from  the  con- 
tinental extremes  of  climate,  especially  the  cold  waves  of  winter 
that  spread  from  the  east  over  this  section  of  the  country.  But 
being  near  the  ocean  the  westerly  winds  prevent,  or  break  up, 
the  cold  waves  so  that  this  section  is  not  subject  to  the  pro- 
longed winter  conditions  or  heaVy  snows  to  which  the  states  of 
the  middle  west  in  the  same  latitude  are  exposed. 

The  interception  of  the  moist  ocean  winds  by  the  Cascade 
Mountains  gives  this  valley  a very  low  annual  precipitation, 
and  the  region  of  which  it  is  a part  is  called  the  arid  belt  of  the 
state.  The  air  in  its  forced  ascent  loses  most  of  its  moisture  on 
the  western  slope  and  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  and  in 
descending  the  eastern  slope  it  is  dynamically  warmed  so  that  it 
blows  over  the  Quincy  Valley  as  a dry  wind,  able  to  take  up 
moisture  rather  than  to  cause  precipitation. 

PRECIPITATION. 

The  average  annual  precipitation  for  the  Valley  is  less  than 
eight  inches.  Of  the  Weather  Bureau  Stations  which  supplied 
data  for  this  report,  Wenatchee  has  the  greatest  average  rain- 
fall, 14.33  inches,  and  Kennewick  the  least,  6.34  inches.  (See 
table.)  This  very  low  precipitation,  as  compared  with  that  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Cascades,  as  already  stated,  is  ac- 


* Assistant  Professor  of  Geology,  University  of  Washington. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


21 


counted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  air  is  cooled  to  such  an  extent 
by  forced  ascent  in  passing  over  the  Cascade  Mountains  that 
the  greater  part  of  its  moisture  is  deposited  on  the  western 
slopes.  In  descending  the  eastern  slopes  the  air  is  dynamically 
warmed  by  increase  of  pressure  at  lower  levels,  and  its  capacity 
for  moisture  rapidly  increases,  thus  favoring  clear  skies  and 
scant  precipitation.  As  a result  of  this  decided  change  in  rela- 
tive humidity  the  annual  rainfall  gradually  decreases  as  the  air 
seeks  lower  levels  toward  the  Columbia  River,  and  Quincy  Valley 
may  be  considered  as  located  in  the  rain  shadow  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

The  monthly  distribution  of  rainfall  as  shown  on  Plate  IV  is 
of  greater  importance  than  the  average  annual  precipitation. 
In  Quincy  Valley  a wet  season  from  November  to  March,  inclu- 
sive, and  a dry  season  from  April  to  October,  inclusive,  prevails 
and  shows  the  effect  of  proximity  to  the  western  coast.  But 
the  contrast  between  the  two  seasons  is  much  less  marked  than 
on  the  coast,  and  the  summer  months  usually  show  a secondary 
maximum  rainfall  period  in  May  and  June,  but  not  with  as 
heavy  precipitation  as  the  winter  months.  This  increased  pre- 
cipitation in  May  and  June  is  very  favorable  to  dry  farming, 
and  is  a great  aid  to  all  lines  of  agricultural  development  of  the 
country. 

The  winter  maximum  is  accounted  for  by  the  larger  number 
and  greater  activity  of  the  cyclonic  or  storm  areas  during  that 
season,  the  movement  of  the  warm  moist  air  from  the  ocean  over 
a cooler  continent,  and  the  fact  that  although  deprived  of  most 
of  its  moisture  in  its  passage  over  the  Cascade  Mountains,  the 
air  is  cooled  to  a still  lower  temperature  in  moving  towards  the 
interior  and  thus  yields  additional  precipitation.  The  secondary 
summer  maximum  is  explained  by  the  occurrence  of  summer  con- 
vectional  or  thunder  storms,  causing  heavy  showers  and  occa- 
sional cloudbursts  in  this  section.  These  showers  bring  the  sum- 
mer average  up  much  higher  in  comparison  to  the  winter  aver- 
age than  it  is  on  the  coast,  and  as  we  go  farther  inland  we  find 
the  summer  precipitation  greater  than  the  winter  precipitation. 
In  this  particular  case  then  we  have  evidence  of  the  two  con- 


22 


Bulletin  No.  lJp,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


trols,  the  oceanic  with  a winter  maximum,  and  the  continental 
with  a summer  maximum,  the  former  being  more  pronounced  be- 
cause of  the  proximity  of  the  Valley  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  average  snowfall  throughout  the  Valley  is  from  10  to  24 
inches,  but  is  higher  for  some  of  the  stations  used  in  the  table, 
e.  g.,  Wenatchee  having  63.4  and  Ellensburg  29.2  inches.  The 
greatest  snowfall  recorded  at  Wenatchee  is  114.5  inches,  while 
at  Kennewick  the  highest  is  19.5  inches.  Occasionally  a winter 
will  pass  with  scarcely  any  snow  at  the  southern  and  lower  sta- 
tions. The  snow  remains  on  the  ground  for  a comparatively 
short  time  and  thus  is  not  a very  important  factor  in  the  general 
climatic  conditions  of  the  Valley. 

A rather  important  factor  in  the  climate  of  Quincy  Valley, 
especially  in  the  ripening  and  coloring  of  fruits  and  grain,  is 
the  great  number  of  clear  days.  The  average  year  will  con- 
sist of  about  190  clear  days,  79  partly  cloudy  days,  96  cloudy 
days,  and  only  36  days  on  which  more  than  .01  inches  of  pre- 
cipitation may  be  expected.  Thus  there  will  be  at  least  270  days 
per  year  with  abundant  sunshine,  and  of  the  remainder  a 
number  recorded  as  cloudy  will  be  only  partly  so. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  Valley  is  about  50  de- 
grees and  there  is  a very  slight  difference  for  the  various  sta- 
tions. But  this  tells  us  little  about  the  yearly  temperature  con- 
ditions. It  is  from  the  study  of  the  annual,  monthly  and  daily 
ranges  that  we  get  some  idea  of  the  true  temperature  conditions. 

The  average  temperature  for  the  coldest  month  varies  from 
25.3°  at  Ellensburg  to  31.2°  at  Kennewick,  giving  a winter 
average  for  the  district  of  about  27°.  The  average  for  the 
warmest  month  varies  from  77.3°  at  Wahluke  to  72.1°  at 
Odessa,  giving  a summer  average  of  about  75°  for  the  district. 
This  would  give  an  average  yearly  range  of  48°  for  the  region 
or  more  than  twice  as  great  a range  as  in  western  Washington, 
where  the  difference  from  season  to  season  is  about  20°. 

The  highest  and  lowest  temperatures  recorded  at  the  various 
stations  often  show  an  absolute  annual  range  of  110°  or  from 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project  23 


100°  to  -10°,  and  temperatures  have  been  registered  as  high  as 
106°  at  Ephrata,  107°  at  Wahluke,  and  115°  at  Kennewick, 
and  as  low  as  -21°  at  Kennewick  and  -29°  at  Ellensburg.  These 
extremes  occur  only  during  very  hot  spells  of  summer  and  cold 
waves  of  winter  and  are  of  short  duration.  On  account  of  the 
low  relative  humidity  of  the  air  the  temperature  extremes  are 
not  felt  to  the  same  extent  as  if  the  air  were  moist,  and  during 
the  warmest  weather  the  nights  are  cool  and  pleasant,  and  in 
the  coldest  spells  of  winter  the  days  are  bright  and  clear. 

The  cold  waves  of  winter  are  due  to  the  extension  of  high 
pressure  areas,  with  their  low  temperatures,  from  the  northeast 
over  this  region,  and  are  usually  accompanied  by  a slow  drift 
of  air  from  that  direction.  The  warm  waves  of  summer  are  also 
due  to  the  pressure  of  a well  developed  high  barometer  area  to 
the  east,  causing  the  highly  heated  air  from  the  interior  to  move 
westward  over  this  region.  These  warm  spells  are  frequently 
broken  by  strong  winds  from  the  west  causing  a rapid  fall  in 
temperature. 

The  daily  range  of  temperature  is  high,  especially  in  the 
summer  months,  with  an  average  daily  range  of  about  35°  and 
a somewhat  lower  range  in  the  winter  months  of  about  15°. 

The  explanation  of  the  high  annual,  monthly  and  daily 
ranges  of  temperature  is,  first,  the  slight  moderating  influence 
that  the  ocean  winds  exert  here  on  account  of  being  intercepted 
by  the  Cascade  Mountains ; second,  the  fact  that  this  district 
lacks  the  protection  of  high  mountains  from  the  extremes 
characteristic  of  the  interior ; third,  the  air,  deprived  of  most 
of  its  moisture  in  passing  over  the  Cascades,  is  usually  clear  and 
allows  of  much  greater  radiation  of  heat  during  the  night  and 
during  the  winter,  thus  increasing  the  daily  and  annual  range 
of  temperature. 

KILLING  FROSTS. 

The  dates  on  which  first  and  last  killing  frosts  occur,  being 
governed  by  the  passage  of  well  developed  high  pressure  areas, 
will  vary  considerably  from  year  to  year.  The  dates  in  the 
table  give  approximately  the  times  between  which  frosts  may  be 
expected  at  any  station.  In  general  the  higher  uplands  are  sub- 


24  Bulletin  No.  1J+,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


ject  to  frosts  earlier  and  later  than  the  lower  areas,  but  fre- 
quently the  low  flat  valleys  will  have  heavy  frosts  when  the  ad- 
jacent slopes  and  uplands  are  free  from  frost  because  of  the 
drainage  of  the  cold  heavy  air  down  the  slopes  and  its  collection 
in  the  lower  valleys. 

In  some  sections  of  the  district  frost  may  be  expected  as 
early  as  September  15,  while  in  other  parts  it  is  not  liable  to 
occur  before  October  20.  On  the  other  hand  frosts  have  oc- 
curred as  early  as  August  28  at  Ephrata,  September  10  at 
Odessa,  and  October  7 at  Trinidad. 

The  latest  frosts  in  the  spring  may  be  expected  at  Trinidad 
about  April  5,  at  Odessa  about  May  17,  and  at  Hatton  about 
May  25 ; but  killing  frosts  have  occurred  at  Trinidad  as  late 
as  April  17,  at  Odessa  as  late  as  June  8,  and  at  Hatton  as  late 
as  June  15. 


TABLE  A.  CLIMATIC  CONDITIONS  IN  CENTRAL  WASHINGTON. 


Eleva- 

tion 

Total 

precip- 

ita- 

tion 

in 

inches 

Snow- 

fall 

Days 

with 

more 

than 

.01 

inches 

precipi- 

tation 

Cloudy 

days 

Partly 

cloudy 

days 

Clear 

days 

Latest 

frost 

Earliest 

frost 

Days 

with- 

out 

frost 

Feet 

Inches 

Ephrata  

1,265 

7.71 

12.0 

30 

94 

37 

197 

Apr.  23 

Sept.  28 

158 

Ellens  burg  ... 

1,570 

9.79 

29.2 

61 

92: 

68 

205 

May  23 

Sept.  21 

121 

Hatton  

1,100 

9.14 

13.5 

67 

120 

83 

162 

May  25 

Sept.  8 

106 

Oripssa,  

1,540 

104 

101 

146 

May  17 

Sept.  25 

116 

Trinidad  — 

900 

6.56 

23.8 

32 

67 

79 

219 

Apr.  5 

Oct.  20 

198 

Wahluke 

410 

6.85 

31.5 

34 

94 

80 

185 

Apr.  21 

Oct.  4 

166 

Wenatchee  . . . 

1,169 

14.33 

63.4 

82 

103 

90 

172 

Apr.  30 

Oct.  21 

174 

(near) 

Kennewick  . . . 

367 

6.34 

10.8 

48 

78 

90 

193 

Apr.  28 

Oct.  15 

170 

Sunnyside  . . . 

740 

6.65 

8.2 

50 

106 

73 

186 

May  7 

Oct.  8 

154 

WINDS. 

The  prevailing  direction  of  the  winds  varies  considerably 
at  different  stations,  due  to  topographic  irregularities,  but 
in  general  the  winds  arc  either  wrest,  northwest,  or  southwest, 
and  only  occasionally  from  an  easterly  direction,  when  they 
bring  with  them  the  cold  spells  of  winter  or  the  warm  waves  of 
summer. 

During  the  fall  and  spring  months,  occasional  strong  and  dis- 
agreeably cool  dry  winds  blow  from  the  mountains  over  the 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Diagram  showing  average  monthly  rainfall  in  central  Washington 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


25 


plains  toward  the  east,  the  direction  at  different  stations  depend- 
ing somewhat  on  the  local  topography.  The  air  seems  to  glide 
rapidly  down  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  after  several 
warm  days,  and  the  winds  will  continue  to  blow  for  several  days 
at  a time,  often  attaining  a velocity  of  thirty  or  forty  miles  an 
hour.  When  the  winds  first  begin,  usually  along  about  noon,  or 
late  in  the  afternoon,  the  temperature  will  fall  10°  to  30°  in  a 
short  time  and  the  first  part  of  the  blow  often  creates  a dust 
storm.  The  winds  are  quite  a relief  after  a few  days  of  real  hot 
weather,  which  in  summer  they  frequently  follow. 

During  the  winter  months  there  is  very  little  strong  wind,  but 
occasionally,  following  the  passage  of  a cyclonic  area  to  the  east, 
the  air,  moving  into  it  from  the  southwest,  comes  down  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Cascades  and  is  warmed  dynamically  by  in- 
creased pressure,  due  to  its  forced  descent.  Having  lost  most 
of  its  moisture  as  it  passed  over  the  mountains,  it  blows  over 
the  valleys  east  of  the  mountains  as  a warm,  dry  wind  called 
the  “Chinook,”  often  causing  the  sudden  breaking  up  of  a cold 
stormy  spell  of  weather  and  rapidly  melting  or  vaporizing  any 
snow  or  ice  that  may  be  present. 

SUMMARY. 

The  climate  of  this  section  of  the  Columbia  River  Basin  seems 
to  be  the  result  of  a combination  of  oceanic,  continental,  and 
mountain  influences.  The  winter  maximum  of  rainfall,  the  fact 
that  the  summer  warm  waves  and  the  winter  cold  waves  are 
not  as  severe,  nor  of  as  long  duration  as  those  farther  east,  are 
evidences  of  the  oceanic  influence.  The  high  temperatures  of 
summer,  the  low  temperatures  of  winter,  and  the  summer  maxi- 
mum of  rainfall  in  May  and  June,  which  is  of  immense  import- 
ance to  the  wheat  growing  sections  of  the  country,  are  all  in- 
terior characteristics.  The  clear,  dry,  exhilarating  air  and  the 
strong  mountain  winds,  are  the  results  of  the  situation  of  the 
section  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

These  conditions  all  combine  to  give  the  Quincy  Valley  one 
of  the  best  agricultural  climates  on  the  continent,  although  the 
low  rainfall  makes  irrigation  necessary  for  the  most  advan- 
tageous crops  and  for  fruit  growing. 


26 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


IRRIGATION  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  QUINCY  VALLEY 

PROJECT. 

SOURCE  OF  WATER  SUPPLY,  STORAGE,  DELIVERY  AND  DISTRI- 
BUTION, DUTY  OF  WATER,  LENGTH  OF  IRRIGATION 
SEASON,  COST  DATA,  ETC. 

By  Joseph  Jacobs.* 

In  complying  with  the  request  of  the  State  Geologist  that  I 
prepare  a chapter  on  the  engineering  aspects  of  the  Quincy 
Valley  Project,  I would  point  out  that  in  a pamphlet  of  this 
character,  intended  as  it  is  for  general  distribution  and  largely 
for  lay  readers,  a purely  technical  discussion  of  engineering 
problems  would  be  manifestly  out  of  place,  and  I do  not  feel  at 
liberty  to  consider  these  matters  as  exhaustively  as  was  done  in 
my  initial  report  on  the  project  to  the  Quincy  Valley  Water 
Users’  Association. 

Furthermore,  a comprehensive  engineering  consideration  of 
any  irrigation  project  embraces  far  more  than  mere  detail  of 
construction  and  design,  dealing  as  it  necessarily  must  with 
soils,  crop  and  climatic  conditions,  with  water-supply,  water- 
rights  and  transportation,  and  in  fact  with  all  those  elements 
which  affect  the  commercial  as  well  as  the  physical  feasibility 
of  the  project. 

No  attempt  therefore  will  be  made  to  record  here,  in  detail, 
all  the  engineering  data  that  have  been  secured  in  pursuit  of 
the  studies  of  this  project,  and  such  presentation  as  is  here 
made  will  be  confined  to  a general  description  of  what  the 
scheme  contemplates,  a discussion  of  its  more  important  en- 
gineering features  and  a recital  of  the  character  of  the  inves- 
tigations that  have  thus  far  been  made. 

The  writer  has  been  concerned  with  the  study  of  this  project 
since  the  fall  of  1909  when  he  was  requested  by  the  Quincy  Val- 
ley Water  Users’  Association  to  make  an  investigation  and  to 
render  a report  upon  the  most  feasible  and  economical  source  of 


Consulting  Engineer,  406  Central  Building,  Seattle. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


27 


water  supply  for  irrigation  of  the  so-called  Quincy  Flats. 
Except  as  limited  by  the  funds  available  for  the  work,  no  restric- 
tions were  imposed  as  to  the  scope  of  the  investigation  and  he 
was  therefore  permitted  to  and  did  in  fact  examine  every  pos- 
sible source  of  water  supply  that  might  be  brought  into  service 
for  these  lands.  These  possible  sources  were  as  follows : 

1.  Pend  d’Oreille  River  and  Pend  d’Oreille  Lake. 

2.  Spokane  River  and  Coeur  d’Alene  Lake, 

3.  Columbia  River. 

4.  Moses  Lake  and  Crab  Creek. 

5.  Ground  water  and  artesian  supply. 

6.  Wenatchee  River  and  Wenatchee  Lake. 

Of  the  water  supply  sources  above  listed  it  is  my  purpose 
to  discuss  in  detail  only  the  one  finally  adopted,  namely  We- 
natchee River  and  Wenatchee  Lake,  but  before  proceeding  writh 
that  I would  state  briefly  the  causes  which  lead  to  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  other  supplies. 

Nos.  1,  2 and  3 were  abandoned  by  reason  of  prohibitive  cost, 
though  incidentally  No.  2 was  also  rendered  untenable  by  rea- 
son of  the  complicated  water-right  situation  involved. 

No.  4 was  abandoned  by  reason  of  its  entire  inadequacy  to 
serve  a project  of  the  magnitude  contemplated,  though  for  a 
project  of  lesser  magnitude,  or  under  certain  conditions  to 
serve  a small  portion  of  the  proposed  project,  it  was  well  worthy 
of  consideration. 

No.  5 was  abandoned  on  account  of  the  uncertainty  of  the 
supply,  on  account  of  its  inadequacy  to  serve  the  area  contem- 
plated for  irrigation,  and  finally  because  the  capitalized  value 
of  the  annual  maintenance  cost  for  pumping  was,  except  for  low 
lifts,  in  excess  of  the  estimated  ultimate  cost  involved  in  the 
gravity  scheme  adopted. 

Serious  consideration  was  given  to  this  scheme  of  pumping 
from  ground  waters,  by  reason  of  the  ease  and  cheapness  of  its 
initial  installation  and  the  fact  that  development  could  proceed 
as  rapidly  or  slowly  as  general  business  conditions  seemed  to 
warrant. 


28 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


In  my  initial  report  this  matter  was  discussed  at  length  and 
in  detail,  and  I believe  showed  conclusively  that,  for  the  irriga- 
tion of  an  area  as  large  as  that  contemplated  in  this  project,  it 
would  be  foolhardy  to  depend  upon  an  artesian  supply,  the 
existence  of  which  has  not  been  proven  and  which  in  all  prob- 
ability does  not  exist,  or  upon  pumpage  from  a ground  water 
supply  whose  quantity  and  extent  is  at  best  conjectural. 

Despite  my  positive  views,  however,  as  to  the  final  insufficiency 
of  this  source  of  water  supply,  I recognize  the  practical  aspects 
of  the  present  installation  of  wells,  where  the  pumpage  lift  is 
not  excessive,  in  that  such  development  serves  to  establish  the 
agricultural  excellence  of  the  district  and  to  enhance  land  values, 
and  because  these  installations  may  be  replaced  with  the  gravity 
supply  when  the  same  becomes  available. 

This  now  brings  us  to  a discussion  of  the  project  proper  as 
dependent  upon  the  Wenatchee  source  of  water  supply. 

CHARACTER  OP  INVESTIGATION. 

The  investigations  thus  far  made  are  as  listed  below  and  have 
been  wholly  of  a reconnaissance  nature,  unless  otherwise  stated. 

1.  An  examination  of  the  irrigable  area  as  to  topography 
and  soil  characteristics. 

2.  An  examination  into  the  character  of  land  ownership. 

3.  An  examination  of  water-rights  on  Wenatchee  Lake  and 
Wenatchee  River. 

4.  An  examination  of  route  of  main  canal. 

5.  An  examination  of  Wenatchee  River  for  possible  dam 
sites. 

6.  An  actual  survey  of  the  Lake  Wenatchee  reservoir  site. 

7.  An  examination  and  compilation  of  all  available  data, 
published  and  unpublished,  of  the  hydrography  of  the  streams 
involved  and  of  the  topography  of  the  lands  involved  in  the 
project. 

LOCATION. 

The  lands  to  be  irrigated  are  situated  in  Grant  county,  in 
the  north  central  part  of  the  state  (see  map),  and  are  embraced 
in  the  territory  roughly  bounded  as  follows:  On  the  north 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


29 


by  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  on  the  east  by  Moses  Lake,  on 
the  south  by  Crab  Creek  and  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & Puget 
Sound  Railway,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Columbia  River.  The 
tract  described  contains  about  550,000  acres  of  which  it  is 
estimated  that  about  80  per  cent,  is  irrigable  and  it  is  also 
estimated  that  there  is  sufficient  water  for  about  that  amount  of 
land. 

TOPOGRGAPHY. 

The  lands  vary  in  general  altitude  from  about  700  feet  above 
mean  sea  level  along  their  southerly  extremity  to  about  1,800 
feet  above  mean  sea  level  along  their  northerly  extremity,  with, 
however,  a narrow  zone  of  higher  land  in  between.  Extending 
easterly  and  westerly  across  the  valley,  along  a line  about  nine 
miles  from  the  southerly  boundary  and  about  eighteen  miles 
from  the  northerly  boundary,  there  is  a low,  sandy  ridge  known 
as  Frenchman  Hills,  which  at  certain  points  along  its  crest 
rises  to  elevations  of  from  1,700  feet  to  1,900  feet  above  mean 
sea  level,  the  lowest  point  in  the  ridge  being  only  1,500  feet 
above  mean  sea  level.  Along  the  easterly  edge  of  the  tract  the 
lands  slope  gradually  to  the  level  of  Moses  Lake,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  1,038  feet,  while  along  its  westerly  edge  the  general 
plateau  elevation  is  maintained  to  the  rim  of  the  Columbia  River 
bluffs  where  it  drops  abruptly  to  the  river  grade  at  an  approxi- 
mate elevation  of  600  feet  above  mean  sea  level.  The  main  body 
of  irrigable  lands,  namely  that  lying  northerly  from  French- 
man Hills,  constitutes  a slightly  rolling  plateau  practically  free 
of  marked  surface  irregularities,  while  to  the  southward  the 
lands  slope  rapidly  but  with  fair  regularity  from  the  Frenchman 
Hills  to  the  low  basaltic  bluffs  immediately  facing  Crab  Creek 
bottoms. 

Not  all  of  these  lands  are  irrigable,  certain  areas  being 
classed  as  non-irrigable,  by  reason  of  their  being  too  steep,  as 
along  the  Columbia  River  bluffs,  or  too  high  for  gravity  irri- 
gation as  are  the  higher  portions  of  the  Frenchman  Hills,  and 
certain  small  areas  also  would  be  classed  as  “scab  land,”  i.  e., 
having  such  surface  exposure  of  rock  as  to  render  their  reclama^ 
tion  impracticable. 


30 


Bulletin  No.  lip,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


SOIL. 

This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a special  chapter  which 
will  be  found  in  another  part  of  this  bulletin  and  I will  therefore 
state  here  but  a few  words  in  relation  thereto.  As  to  quality 
the  soil  may  be  classified  as  a basaltic  loam,  a type  of  soil  char- 
acteristic of  a great  portion  of  central  Washington  and  univer- 
sally recognized  as  of  high  value.  It  appears  to  be  somewhat 
heavier,  but  in  kind  related  to  the  soil  of  the  Yakima  Valley, 
and  perhaps  even  more  nearly  identical  with  that  of  the  Sunny- 
side  District,  which  alone  would  prove  its  fertility.  As  indi- 
cated by  a great  many  wells  already  put  down  for  domestic  and 
irrigation  purposes  the  soil  depth  varies  generally  from  25  feet 
to  100  feet  or  more. 

CLIMATE. 

This  too  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a special  chapter  and 
I shall  therefore  say  only  a brief  word  in  relation  thereto.  Like 
all  central  Washington  this  region  has  insufficient  rainfall  to 
insure  profitable  agriculture  without  irrigation.  The  warm 
moisture  laden  winds  of  the  Pacific  are  nearly  sapped  of  their 
water  vapor  in  passing  over  the  Cascade  Mountains,  so  that 
there  is  a wholly  deficient  precipitation  for  successful  agricul- 
ture when  the  Columbia  River  Valley  proper  is  reached. 

The  irrigable  area  under  consideration  has  long  summers 
with  very  warm  days  and  cool  nights,  and  winters  that  are  not 
excessively  cold.  The  nearest  Weather  Bureau  stations  are  at 
Ephrata,  at  an  elevation  of  1,265  feet,  and  Trinidad,  at  an 
elevation  of  900  feet,  near  the  eastern  and  western  boundaries, 
respectively,  of  the  project,  these  stations  having  been  estab- 
lished in  1903.  On  account  of  Trinidad  being  somewhat  under 
the  general  upland  level  and  on  the  slope  dropping  down  to  the 
Columbia  River,  the  record  at  Ephrata  is  more  nearly  represen- 
tative of  the  climatic  character  of  the  entire  Quincy  Valley 
and  in  deducing  the  table  which  follows  a little  further  on,  a 
slightly  greater  weight  was  given  to  the  record  of  that  station. 

As  best  indicative  of  the  character  of  climate  enjoyed  by 
Quincy  Valley  it  is  of  interest  to  compare  its  more  important 


Quincy  Valley  irrigation  Project 


31 


climatic  features  with  those  of  the  Wenatchee,  Sunny  side  and 
Yakima  districts,  which  are  in  neighboring  territory  and  all 
of  which  have  already  won  fame  for  their  exceptional  adapta- 
bility to  fruit  culture  and  for  the  resulting  high  values  of  land 
attained. 

In  the  following  table  all  data  were  deduced  from  published 
records  of  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  and  are  intended 
to  include  only  those  factors  which  have  direct  bearing  upon  ag- 
riculture and  irrigation. 


TABLE  B.  MEAN  WEATHER  CONDITIONS— VARIOUS 
STATIONS,  (a) 


ITEM 

Quincy 

Valley 

(b) 

North 

Yakima 

Sunnyside 

We- 

natchee 

(near) 

Elevation  above  sea  level 

1,200' 
4 to  8 

1,000' 
12  to  13 

764' 

1,169' 
11  to  12 

Length  of  record  (years)  (c) 

9 to  12 

Mean  annual  precipitation 

6.77" 

8.43" 

6.65" 

14.33" 

Precipitation— July,  August  and  September 
Mean  annual  temperature 

1.05" 

52.4° 

1.05" 

49.8° 

0.81" 

50.8° 

1.61" 

47.9° 

Maximum  annual  temperature 

106.° 

103.° 

102.° 

97.° 

Minimum  annual  temperature 

—2.° 

—6.° 

—2.° 

2.° 

Last  killing  frost  in  spring 

Apr.  22 
Oct.  12 

May  20 
Sept.  19 
122 

May  7 
Oct.  7 

May  1 
Oct.  22 

First  killing  frost  in  autumn 

Length  of  frost  free  period  (days) 

173 

153 

174 

(a)  The  above  records  are  to  1910,  inclusive,  the  compilation  for  1911  not  yet  having 
been  issued  by  the  Weather  Bureau. 

(b)  This  column  is  made  up  from  the  records  for  Trinidad  and  Ephrata,  a slightly 
greater  weight  being  given  to  the  latter  station. 

(c)  Observations  for  the  various  phenomena  were  not  begun  simultaneously  at  any 
station,  hence  the  two  figures  for  length  of  record. 

From  the  above  tabulation  it  is  apparent  that  Quincy  Valley 
has  certain  climatic  advantages  over  the  Yakima,  Sunnyside 
and  Wenatchee  districts,  its  salient  features  being  that  its 
weather  is  somewhat  warmer  and  that,  excepting  Wenatchee,  its 
frost  free  period  is  appreciably  longer,  which  factor  is  import- 
ant in  its  relation  to  fruit  culture  for  it  approximately  measures 
the  growing  season  for  crops.  It  is  true  that  two  of  these 
districts  show  a slightly  greater  annual  precipitation  than  does 
Quincy  Valley,  but  it  will  be  noted  that  the  summer  precipita- 
tion in  the  Quincy  Valley  is  surpassed  only  by  that  of  Wenat- 
chee. The  record  as  a whole  shows  up  exceptionally  well  for  the 
Quincy  Valley  country. 


Bulletin  No.  H,  W asking  ton  Geological  Survey 


32 


CROPS. 

At  the  present  time,  on  account  of  the  deficient  rainfall  and 
because  no  water  is  available  for  irrigation,  practically  the 
only  crops  attempted  to  be  grown  are  hay  and  grain,  and  thus 
far  these  have  scarcely  maintained  the  rancher.  Exceptions  to 
the  above  are  occasional  small  tracts  where  irrigation  by  pump- 
ing or  from  springs  has  been  successfully  applied  to  fruit  rais- 
ing, as  for  instance  the  Keigly  25-acre  tract  at  Quincy,  the 
Tolliver  20-acre  tract  at  Ephrata  and  notably  the  Techacek 
orchard  tract  on  the  shores  of  Moses  Lake.  From  the  results 
obtained  on  these  tracts  and  from  the  climatic  conditions  as  dis- 
closed in  the  records  hereinbefore  quoted,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  valley  will  successfully  grow  all  the  fruits  grown  in  the 
Wenatchee  and  Yakima  valleys.  That  all  forage  crops  such  as 
timothy,  alfalfa,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  etc.,  will  flourish  here  when 
water  is  available  has  been  abundantly  proven.  It  goes  without 
saying  that  a certain  area  will  always  be  devoted  to  these  forage 
crops,  but  on  account  of  the  great  adaptability  of  the  valley  to 
fruit  and  vegetable  culture  and  because  of  the  high  values  of 
land  attainable  under  such  culture,  it  is  believed  that  when  ir- 
rigation water  is  provided  at  least  the  major  portion  of  the 
lands  will  be  devoted  to  this  class  of  farming.  As  an  evidence 
of  the  value  of  the  soil  in  producing  fruits  and  vegetables,  it 
may  be  stated  that  Quincy  Valley  has  already  won  several  first 
prizes  for  this  class  of  culture,  not  only  at  the  successive  annual 
competitions  of  the  Spokane  Interstate  Fair,  which  embraces 
the  states  of  Idaho,  Oregon  and  Washington,  but  also  at  the 
Alaska- Yukon -Pacific  Exposition  of  1909,  which  was  interna- 
tional in  its  scope. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The  transportation  facilities  of  Quincy  Valley  are  good.  As 
will  be  noted  on  the  index  map  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
traverses  the  entire  north  boundary  of  the  tract,  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  & Puget  Sound  Railway  the  south  boundary,  the 
Connell  Northern  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  lies 
just  east  of  its  eastern  boundary  and  the  Columbia  River  forms 


Wenatchee  Lake 


Washington  Geological  Survey  Bulletin  No.  14  Plate 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

RSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


SS 


its  western  boundary.  In  addition  to  the  above  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  & Puget  Sound  Railway  has  about  ready  for  opera 
tion  a branch  from  its  main  line  to  Moses  Lake  and  the  Northern 
Pacific  cut-off  from  Ritzville  to  Ellensburg  has  partially  been 
constructed  and  this  line  traverses  the  very  heart  of  Quincy  Val- 
ley. Furthermore  the  open  and  level  character  of  the  country 
lends  itself  to  cheap  highway  construction  so  that  on  full 
development  of  the  project  the  remotest  ranch  would  need  be 
scarcely  more  than  a two  or  three  hour  drive  from  a railroad. 

LAND  OWNERSHIP. 

Practically  the  entire  project  is  included  within  the  land 
grant  limits  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  a land  grant  by 
which  the  railway  received  from  the  government  title  to  every 
odd-section  of  land.  It  appears  that,  excepting  a few  sections 
bordering  on  Moses  Lake,  the  railway  company  has  disposed  of 
these  lands  to  individuals,  title  however  remaining  in  the  name  of 
the  company  until  all  payments  on  the  purchase  contract  have 
been  satisfied.  Counting  such  lands,  however,  as  in  private 
ownership,  the  character  of  land  ownership  of  the  entire  irriga- 
ble area  is  approximately  as  follows : 


Government  land  6% 

Private  land 85% 

State  land  7% 

Railroad  land  2% 

Total  100% 


DUTY  OP  WATER. 

Experience  with  existing  irrigation  practice  in  central  Wash- 
ington, as  indicated  both  by  crop  experiments  and  by  the 
amount  of  water  guaranteed  in  the  water-right  contracts  of  var- 
ious irrigation  companies,  shows  the  water  requirements  for 
different  crops  to  be  about  as  stated  below,  the  amounts  given 
being  the  vertical  depth  of  water  delivered  to  the  land  during  the 
irrigation  season: 

Alfalfa  and  forage  crops  in  general.  .32"  to  36" 


Vegetables  30" 

Fruits  24" 

—3 


34 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


With  more  careful  cultivation  of  the  soil  and  with  a general 
improvement  in  irrigation  methods  the  tendency  is  and  will  con- 
tinue to  be  to  decrease  the  amount  of  water  applied  to  the  land, 
so  the  above  figures  may  be  assumed  to  be  at  least  a conserva- 
tive maximum  of  what  would  be  required  for  this  project.  It 
may  be  assumed  that  all  the  lands  will  not  be  devoted  to  fruit 
culture  and  I have  therefore  assumed  as  a basis  for  all  my  pre- 
liminary estimates  an  average  duty  of  30"  of  water  delivered  to 
the  land.  In  the  distribution  system,  the  laterals  being  unlined, 
I have  assumed  a loss  of  16  2-3%,  thus  making  the  requirement 
at  the  head  of  the  distribution  system,  i e.,  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  main  canal,  36". 

The  seepage  and  evaporation  losses  from  the  main  canal  will 
depend  upon  its  total  length  and  upon  the  relative  lengths  of 
lined  and  unlined  portions,  none  of  which  can  definitely  be 
determined  until  final  surveys  are  made.  The  major  portion  of 
the  main  canal,  however,  we  know  will  need  to  be  lined  and  I have 
therefore  assumed  its  seepage  losses  at  15%,  thus  making  the 
resultant  diversion  duty  of  water  42"  at  the  intake  of  the  main 
canal. 

IRRIGATION  SEASON. 

The  irrigation  season  should  extend  from  April  1st  to  October 
31st,  and  the  distribution  throughout  the  season  would  be  about 
as  follows : 

During  April  7%  of  total  supply. 

During  May  15%  of  total  supply. 

During  June  17%  of  total  supply. 

During  July  19%  of  total  supply. 

During  Aug 20%  of  total  supply. 

During  Sept 15%  of  total  supply. 

During  Oct 7%  of  total  supply. 

Total 100% 

The  maximum  draft,  i.  e.,  the  requirement  for  the  month  of 
August,  will  of  course  determine  the  necessary  capacity  of  the 
main  canal. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


85 


WATER  RIGHTS. 

Before  proceeding  with  a description  of  the  water  supply, 
which  as  already  stated  would  be  from  Wenatchee  Lake  and 
Wenatchee  River,  brief  reference  should  be  made  to  existing 
water  rights. 

The  only  water  rights  which  at  the  present  time  have  any 
bearing  on  the  project  are  those  for  existing  irrigation  systems 
in  Wenatchee  Valley  and  for  the  few  power  plants  at  and  above 
the  town  of  Wenatchee. 

The  Great  Northern  Railway  Company’s  Tumwater  Power 
Plant,  located  about  three  miles  above  Leavenworth  on  We- 
natchee River,  claims  a water  right  of  525  second-feet  and  has 
an  installation  practically  sufficient  to  utilize  that  amount  of 
water.  As  the  main  canal  diversion  for  the  Quincy  Valley  Pro- 
ject must  be  well  above  the  intake  for  this  power  plant,  the 
storage  operations  of  the  scheme  must  be  such  as  not  to  affect 
the  normal  discharge  of  the  river  when  the  same  falls  below  525 
second-feet  at  the  power  penstock  intake.  There  are  other 
power  plants  on  Wenatchee  River,  but  as  the  Tumwater  plant 
above  described  is  highest  up  on  the  river  and  requires  the 
largest  flow  of  water  for  its  operation,  any  provision  made  for  it 
would  more  than  provide  for  the  smaller  plants  below. 

The  present  area  under  irrigation  in  Wenatchee  Valley  does 
not  exceed  20,000  acres  and  with  possible  future  development  of 
existing  canals  either  by  gravity  extensions  or  by  pumping,  the 
gross  irrigable  area  will  probably  not  exceed  25,000  acres.  This 
acreage  would  require  less  water  than  that  demanded  by  the 
Tumwater  Power  Plant  and  as  the  latter  is  above  practically 
all  present  diversions  for  irrigation  its  requirements  would  re- 
main the  criterion  as  affecting  storage  operations  of  the  Quincy 
Valley  Project. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

Wenatchee  River,  including  its  tributary,  Chiwawa  Creek,  has 
a drainage  area  of  560  square  miles  above  the  proposed  reser- 
voir dam  site  hereinafter  described.  It  drains  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Cascade  Range,  reaching  an  altitude  of  8,100  feet  at  the 


36 


Bulletin  No.  lJp,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


head  of  White  River,  the  mean  altitude  for  the  entire  basin  be- 
ing about  5,000  feet.  Its  drainage  area  is  all  mountainous  and 
fairly  well  forested  with  fir,  pine  and  cedar  and  it  is  in  fact  in- 
cluded within  the  Wenatchee  National  Forest.  There  is  prac- 
tically perpetual  snow  on  the  highest  peaks  along  the  western 
rim  of  the  basin  and  over  the  entire  water  shed  a heavy  annual 
precipitation  prevails. 

The  water  supply  records  available  at  the  time  my  initial  re- 
port on  this  project  was  prepared  was  for  a single  station 
(Cashmere)  and  covered  only  a period  from  July,  1904,  to  De- 
cember, 1906,  inclusive,  the  data  subsequent  to  that  date  having 
been  withheld  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  pending 
additional  observations  to  establish  the  accuracy  of  the  original 
records.  At  the  present  time,  however,  we  have  available  actual 
published  records  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  up  to 
and  including  the  year  1909  and  the  unpublished  provisional 
data  for  the  years  1910  and  1911. 

Realizing  the  importance  of  having  a gaging  station  near 
the  proposed  reservoir  dam  site,  the  Quincy  Valley  Water  Users* 
Association  established,  in  December,  1910,  such  a station  at  a 
convenient  point  about  three  miles  below  the  said  dam  site,  which 
station  has  been  and  is  now  regularly  observed  and  records  of 
the  same  maintained  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  in 
co-operation  with  the  State  Geological  Survey. 

The  data  for  these  two  stations,  namely  the  one  at  Cashmere 
and  the  one  recently  established  and  designated  as  being  near 
Leavenworth  are  submitted  herewith  in  complete  tabular  form 
and  if  comparison  is  made  with  previously  published  records  it 
will  be  noted  that  the  government  has  revised  its  original  figures, 
the  records  now  indicating  a greatly  increased  discharge  of 
Wenatchee  River.  This  increase  in  Wenatchee  River  run-off 
permits  an  accordant  increase  in  the  area  that  may  be  reclaimed 
by  irrigation. 


DISCHARGE  OF  WENATCHEE  RIVER  AT  CASHMERE,  DRAINAGE  AREA,  1,250  SQUARE  MILES. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


37 


For  Year 
or 

Prior 

428,000 

14,900 

650 

3,380 

2,450,000 

2,000,000 

19,000 

890 

3,620 

2,620,000 

2,470,000 

2,430,000 

20,500 

725 

4,320 

3,120,000 

19,300 

620 

2,870 

2,074,800 

December 

1,590 

1,030 

1,300 

79,900 

1,280 

780 

965 

59,300 

1,480 
(c)  1,380 
1,420 
141,000 

2,350 

1,190 

1,730 

106,000 

17,100 

1,640 

4,080 

248,000 

2,940 

1,320 

1,750 

108,000 

1,800 

940 

1,340 

82,400 

November 

1,940 

690 

1,100 

65,500 

1,940 

1,190 

1,400 

88,300 

19,200 
(b)  1,940 
4,070 
113,000 

2,500 

1,120 

1,300 

77,400 

20,800 

1,040 

5,240 

312,000 

13,200 

1,800 

4,100 

244,000 

6,560 

620 

1,900 

113,000 

October 

1,280 

730 

855 

52,600 

8,760 

1,190 

2,950 

81,000 

12,400 

830 

2,420 

49,000 

1,110 

1,110 

1,110 

68,200 

8§8§ 
^ WOO 

4,840 

750 

2,870 

76,000 

775 

620 

682 

41,900  | 

September 

1,480 

830 

1,080 

64,300 

1,820 

890 

1,090 

64,900 

1,700 

830 

1,000 

59,500 

1,700 

890 

1,220 

72,600 

1,380' 

730 

930 

55,300 

1,020 

725 

873 

51,900 

1,940 
800 
1,110 
66,000  | 

August 

3,180 

1,280 

2,080 

128,000 

2,350 

1,030 

1,560 

95,900 

1,480 

890 

1,160 

71,300 

2,660 

1,110 

1,650 

95,900 

3,800 

2,060 

127,000 

1,940 

1,030 

1,510 

92,800 

2,490 

940 

1,680 

103,000 

2,020 

940 

1,290 

79,300  ] 

July 

§ oB  §)  © 

rH  I>  lO 

tf,'*  M W 

7,200 

2,500 

4,450 

274,000 

6,320 

1,590 

3,260 

200,000 

6,600 

2,500 

4,320 

266,000 

13,200 

3,800 

9,590 

590,000 

9,440 

2,660 

5,510 

339,000 

6,680 

2,580 

4,710 

290,000 

5,740 
2,020 
3,800 
234,000  ! 

June 

14,900 

6,900 

10,500 

625,000 

8,760 

3,800 

5,390 

321,000 

19,000 

5.500 

9.500 
565,000 

6,320 

11,500 

684,000 

21,400 

7,800 

13,600 

809,000 

12,200 

5,080 

7,700 

458,000 

19,300 

5,150 

10,700 

637,000 

May 

11,600 

4,740 

6,550 

403,000 

11,600 

4,740 

7,860 

483,000 

18.500 
6,320 

12.500 
769,000 

9,780 

5,760 

8,050 

495,000 

11,600 

4,380 

7,420 

456,000 

20,000 

7,920 

13,100 

806,000 

11,700 
4,130 
6,160 
379,000  ! 

April 

11,400 

2,210 

4,710 

280,000 

9,960 

3,000' 

5,860 

349,000 

7,500 

1,820 

4,670 

278,000 

llll 

00  i-H 

cl 

5,500 
(d)  4,380 
4,970 
49,300 

20,500 

2,580 

7,270 

433,000 

6,710 

2,020 

3,620 

215,000 

March 

6,040 

1,820 

4,370 

269,000 

3,180 

1,190 

1,450 

89,200 

2,660 

1,280 

2,040 

125,000 

3,580 

1.380 

2.380 
146,000 

10,500 

1,600 

4,550 

280,000 

3,290 

780 

1,600 

98,400 

February 

1,700 

650 

990 

55,000 

1,940 

1,190 

1,520 

84,400 

4,260 

960 

2,420 

134,000 

1,480 

890 

1,210 

69,600 

1,600 

1,070 

1,390 

77,200 

1,110 

780 

934 

51,900 

January 

1,100 

730 

900 

55,300 

1,700 

780 

1,040 

64,000 

1,380 

890 

1,040 

64,000 

1,700 

960 

1,390 

85,500 

2,660 

1,210 

1,590 

97,800 

1,620 

940 

1,250 

76,900 

Month 

Year 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

(c) 

TABLE  C.  DISCHARGE  OF  WENATCHEE  RIVER  AT  CASHMERE,  DRAINAGE  AREA,  1,250  SQUARE  MILES.-Coneluded. 


38 


Bulletin  No.  11^,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


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5 

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a 

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o 

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8,250 

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1,830 

1,325,800 

1,780 

910 

1,130 

69,600 

1,540 

830 

1,090 

67,000 

4,060 

520 

1,430 

85,100 

670 

520 

582 

35,800 

1,380 

670 

957 

56,900 

1,600 

920 

1,150 

70,700 

3,620 

1,710 

2,740 

168,000 

8,250 

3,480 

5,470 

326,000 

6.130 

3.130 
3,950 

243,000 

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1,600 

2,220 

132,000 

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34,700 

1910 

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, being  about  three  miles  below  the  upper  dam  site  of  proposed  Wenatchee  Lake  Reservoir. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


39 


From  the  above  table  it  will  be  noted  that  for  the  year  1911 
the  discharge  at  the  upper  gaging  station,  with  a drainage 
area  of  590  square  miles,  is  about  64%  of  that  for  the  Cashmere 
gaging  station  with  a drainage  area  of  1,250  square  miles.  As- 
suming that  this  same  ratio  would  hold  for  mean  years  and  that 
the  discharge  at  the  reservoir  dam  site,  including  the  discharge 
of  Chiwawa  Creek  which  it  is  proposed  to  divert  into  the  reser- 
voir, would  be  slightly  less  than  that  at  the  upper  gaging  sta- 
tion, I have  deduced  the  following  as  the  actual  or  the  estimated 
mean  annual  run-offs  at  those  critical  points  which  must  be  con- 
sidered in  determining  the  area  that  can  be  irrigated  on  the 
basis  of  the  water  supply,  and  the  amount  of  storage  required 
therefor : 

At  Cashmere,  1,250  square  miles  (record) 2,600,000  acre-feet 

At  Great  Northern  Power  Dam,  700  square  miles 

( estimated ) 1,920,000  acre  feet 

At  Diversion  Site  hereinafter  described,  280  square 

miles  (estimated)  1,880,000  acre-feet 

At  Reservoir  Dam  Site,  including  Chiwawa  Creek, 

560  square  miles  (estimated)  1,640,000  acre-feet 

After  making  allowance  for  evaporation  losses  from  the  pro- 
posed reservoir  hereinafter  described  (22,500  acre-feet)  and  for 
a continuous  flow  of  525  second-feet,  to  satisfy  the  requirements 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  Power  Plant,  which  latter  would 
also  satisfy  all  present  power  and  irrigation  rights  in  Wenatchee 
Valley,  I estimate  that  there  will  be  available  for  irrigation  in 
mean  years  about  1,520,000  acre-feet  of  water,  or  an  amount 
sufficient  to  irrigate  435,000  acres,  assuming,  as  hereinbefore 
set  forth,  a diversion  duty  of  42"  and  a delivery  duty  of  30". 

It  may  be  noted  here  that  if  a delivery  duty  to  the  land  of 
27"  instead  of  30"  be  assumed  there  would  be  sufficient  water 
to  irrigate  475,000  acres.  In  this  connection  I would  state 
that  the  area  actually  to  be  irrigated  can  be  determined  only  by 
a careful  examination  of  the  entire  body  of  land,  classifying  it 
section  by  section  as  irrigable  or  non-irrigable,  and  such  a sur- 
vey has  not  as  yet  been  made. 


Bulletin  No.  H,  W ashington  Geological  Survey 


STORAGE. 

It  will  be  noted  in  the  tabulation  of  run-off  previously  quoted, 
that  even  at  Cashmere  which  is  far  below  the  point  where  our  di- 
version must  be  made,  the  normal  discharge  of  Wenatchee  River 
is  not  sufficient  for  a project  of  the  size  contemplated  and  it  is 
therefore  essential  to  secure  the  maximum  storage  possible. 

I estimate  that  the  normal  storage  requirement,  i.  e.,  in  years 
of  mean  run-off,  will  be  about  637,000  acre-feet,  but  to  provide 
for  years  of  minimum  run-off,  taken  as  60%  of  mean  run-off,  the 
approximate  maximum  storage  requirement  is  1,142,000  acre^ 
feet  for  an  irrigated  area  of  435,000  acres. 

WENATCHEE  RESERVOIR. 

Wenatchee  Lake,  at  an  altitude  of  1,870  feet  and  with  an 
area  at  mean  stage  of  about  2,400  acres,  affords  a very  favorable 
reservoir  site.  It  is  sufficiently  high  to  command  the  lands  to  be 
irrigated  and  is  located  on  the  best  part  of  the  Wenatchee  River 
drainage  (See  Plate  II).  At  its  outlet  its  width  narrows  to 
form  the  regular  channel  of  the  river  and  this  point  affords  a 
fair  site  for  a low  dam,  but  a low  dam  would  not  provide  the 
storage  required  and  a high  dam  at  this  point,  on  account  of  its 
great  length,  would  be  impracticable. 

A far  more  favorable  site  for  a high  dam  is  found  in  sections 
26  and  35,  Tp.  27  N.,  R.  17  E.,  which  site  has  the  important  ad- 
vantages of  increasing  the  size  of  the  reservoir  and  of  including 
the  Nason  Creek  drainage  of  121  square  miles. 

Other  possible  dam  sites  exist  further  down  the  canyon,  sur- 
veys of  which  have  not  yet  been  made,  but  before  any  final  deci- 
sion is  reached  as  to  the  best  location  for  a dam  the  entire  canyon 
must  be  carefully  examined  and  all  possible  sites  accurately  sur- 
veyed. A favorable  site  below  the  mouth  of  Chiwawa  Creek  for 
instance  would  involve  but  little  increase  in  height  of  dam  and 
would  at  the  same  time  avoid  the  artificial  diversion  of  that 
stream  into  the  reservoir  as  will  be  necessary  if  the  upper  site  is 
adopted. 


Views  of  the  Valley  in  the  vicinity  of  Quincy 


Washington  Geolog 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


41 


For  the  present  and  until  definite  surveys  and  studies  of  this 
lower  dam  site  are  available,  all  estimates  are  made  on  the  basis 
of  the  adoption  of  the  upper  dam  site. 

It  is  proposed  to  build  here  an  earthern  dam  to  an  elevation 
of  2,000  feet  above  mean  sea  level,  being  a maximum  height  of 
146  feet  above  the  stream  bed.  The  top  length  of  this  dam  will 
be  4,446  feet  and  with  upstream  and  downstream  slopes  of  3 to  1 
and  2 to  1 respectively,  and  with  a top  width  of  20  feet,  it  will 
have  an  earth  volume  of  4,600,000  cubic  yards.  It  is  proposed 
to  protect  both  faces  of  the  dam  with  riprap  18"  thick  and  it  is 
also  planned  to  carry  two  lines  of  concrete  cut-off  walls  extend- 
ing the  entire  length  of  the  dam,  these  walls  to  go  down  and  into 
the  bed  rock  and  project  about  5 feet  into  the  main  body  of  the 
dam.  It  is  proposed  also  to  construct  a concrete  lined  spillway 
of  25,000  second-feet  capacity  around  the  southerly  end  of  the 
dam. 

SURVEY  OF  RESERVOIR. 

Pending  an  actual  survey  of  the  reservoir  site  and  recognizing 
its  strategic  relation  to  any  general  scheme  of  irrigation  in  cen- 
tral Washington,  the  government  withdrew  from  public  entry 
all  lands  within  the  Wenatchee  reservoir  site,  the  President  of 
the  United  States  having  issued  such  order  through  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  under  date  of  January  17,  1911.  This 
order  withdrew  from  entry  18,553  acres,  embracing  lands  both 
within  and  without  the  reservoir  site,  reserving  the  same  for 
use  in  connection  with  irrigation  only. 

During  the  summer  of  1911,  the  Quincy  Valley  Water  Users’ 
Association  made,  under  my  direction,  a complete  survey  of  the 
Wenatchee  Lake  reservoir  and  dam  site  and  I am  permitted  by 
that  organization  to  give  in  Table  D complete  data  as  to  the 
areas  and  the  capacities  of  this  reservoir  for  varying  heights  of 
storage. 


42 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  D.  WENATCHEE  LAKE  RESERVOIR. 
(Prom  Surveys  Completed  September,  1911.) 


CONTOUR  ELEVATION. 

Area . 
Acres . 

Capacity 

between 

contours. 

Acre-feet. 

Capacity 
to  any 
contour. 
Acre-feet. 

1,855  feet  

0 

115 

0 

1,860  feet  

46 

36,320 

115 

1,880  feet  

3,686 

94,510 

36,435 

1,900  feet  

5,865 

134,750 

130,945 

1,920  feet  

7,610 

176,290 

265,695 

1,940  feet  

10,019 

213,430 

441,985 

1,960  feet  

11,324 

239,420 

655,415 

1,980  feet  

12,618 

63,335 

894,835 

1,985  feet  

12,715 

958,170 

REMARKS.— Elevation  of  river  bed  at  dam  site,  1,854  feet.  Proposed  top  of  dam  ele- 
vation, 2,000  feet.  Proposed  spillway  elevation,  1,985  feet.  Proposed 
spillway  capacity,  25,000  second-feet.  Maximum  water  surface  elevation 
in  flood,  1,995  feet. 

As  will  be  noted  from  Table  D the  survey  indicates  a storage 
capacity  of  about  960,000  acre-feet  to  the  proposed  flow-line  of 
the  reservoir  at  an  elevation  of  1,985  feet,  this  being  the  eleva- 
tion assumed  for  the  crest  of  the  spillway  with  height  of  dam  at 
an  elevation  of  2,000  feet.  Although  this  storage  capacity  is 
somewhat  less  than  the  apparent  maximum  storage  requirement, 
under  extreme  conditions,  as  hereinbefore  set  forth,  yet  it  is  be- 
lieved that  it  will  prove  sufficient,  or  at  least  that  greater  stor- 
age need  not  be  provided  at  this  time  and  for  the  following  rea- 
sons, to-wit : 

(a)  It  will  take  at  least  15  years  after  water  is  delivered  to 
settle  up  the  entire  irrigable  area,  by  which  time  improved  ir- 
rigation methods  may  materially  improve  the  water  duty,  and 
furthermore  the  general  rise  of  the  ground  water  plane  may 
tend  to  sub-irrigate  some  of  the  low  lying  lands. 

(b)  The  increased  length  of  discharge  record  may  make  a 
better  showing  for  low  and  mean  years  than  is  indicated  by  the 
record  now  available  and  furthermore  the  lowest  year  now  of 
record  is  25%  in  excess  of  the  minimum  assumed  in  estimating 
possible  maximum  storage  requirements. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


43 


(c)  Maximum  storage  will  not  be  required  until  the  entire 
area  is  under  irrigation,  at  which  time  the  character  of  the  crops 
grown  and  the  exact  irrigation  requirements  will  be  definitely 
known,  when  additional  storage  if  needed  can  be  more  intel- 
ligently and  economically  provided. 

CHIWAWA  CREEK. 

This  creek  has  an  excellent  water  shed  of  164  square  miles, 
extending  westward  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  important  feeders  of  Wenatchee  River.  Unfortunately  it 
empties  into  the  river  below  the  dam  site  as  now  proposed,  but  to 
secure  the  great  amount  of  storage  required  for  this  project,  it 
must  in  some  manner  be  included  in  the  storage  system.  This 
can  easily  be  accomplished  by  means  of  a feed  canal  not  exceed- 
ing two  miles  in  length  extending  from  Chiwawa  Creek  to  Fish 
Lake  (see  Plate  II),  thus  making  it  in  fact  a part  of  the  main 
reservoir.  This  canal  could  be  unlined  and  would  need  to  have  a 
capacity  of  about  2,000  second-feet.  There  will  also  be  re- 
quired a low  diverting  dam  on  Chiwawa  Creek,  but  the  total  cost 
of  delivering  this  supply  into  the  reservoir  would  be  relatively 
small  and  should  undoubtedly  be  done  unless  subsequent  surveys 
prove  that  a storage  reservior  on  Chiwawa  Creek  itself  would  be 
more  economical,  which  however  in  my  opinion  is  very  doubtful. 

OTHER  SOURCES  OF  WATER  SUPPLY. 

Should  the  Wenatchee  water  supply  prove  insufficient  for  the 
area  it  is  finally  desired  to  irrigate,  or  in  the  event  that  it  is 
desired  to  expand  the  project  at  some  future  date,  other  pos- 
sible sources  of  water  supply  might  be  found  in  Entiat,  Icicle 
and  Peshastin  creeks.  They  are  at  least  worthy  of  considera- 
tion in  this  connection  and  continuous  discharge  records  on  these 
streams  would  be  extremely  valuable. 

Some  study  has  already  been  given  to  the  Entiat  possibility 
and  the  indications  are  that  on  account  of  the  complicated  water 
rights  on  this  stream  and  the  high  cost  of  its  diversion  into  the 
Wenatchee  drainage  basin  its  use  would  probably  prove  imprac- 
ticable, but  no  such  study  has  yet  been  given  to  the  other  two 
streams  named. 


44 


Bulletin  No.  H,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


POINT  OF  DIVERSION. 

To  irrigate  an  area  of  435,000  acres  there  will  be  required  a 
maximum  canal  capacity  of  nearly  5,000  second-feet.  For  a 
main  canal  length  of  65  miles,  and  the  gradients  required  for 
the  varying  types  of  conduit  which  will  need  to  be  employed,  it 
is  estimated  that  a total  head  of  about  260  feet  will  be  con- 
sumed. With  a main  canal  elevation  of  1,340  feet  at  Quincy 
this  means  that  the  canal  must  be  diverted  from  the  river  at  an 
elevation  of  1,600  feet  and  it  is  found  that  this  will  be  approxi- 
mately where  Fall  Creek  empties  into  Wenatchee  River,  about 
12  miles  below  the  proposed  reservoir  dam  site.  At  this  point 
a low  overflow  weir  and  head-works  would  need  to  be  constructed 
to  serve  the  purpose  of  diverting  Wenatchee  River  into  the  main 
canal.  It  is  proposed  to  release  the  water  from  Wenatchee  Lake 
reservoir,  as  required,  by  means  of  an  outlet  tunnel  which  would 
drain  the  reservoir  to  contour  elevation  of  1,855  feet.  This  water 
would  be  turned  directly  into  the  natural  channel  of  Wenatchee 
River,  or  it  would  be  possible  to  utilize  it  for  power  purposes  by 
carrying  it  in  a power  canal  on  low  gradients  to  a point  just 
above  the  proposed  diversion  dam  site  where  a power  house  could 
be  located.  It  is  not  known  that  such  power  development  would 
prove  economical  or  desirable  and  it  is  simply  mentioned  here  as 
a possibility. 

MAIN  CANAL. 

As  has  already  been  stated  the  capacity  of  the  main  canal  will 
need  to  be  about  5,000  second-feet  at  the  intake  and  about  4,250 
second-feet  at  its  lower  end  for  the  acreage  contemplated,  and 
for  the  gradients  now  estimated  it  would  have  a length  of  65 
miles.  It  will  be  appreciated,  of  course,  in  dealing  with  canals 
of  this  magnitude  that  only  the  most  careful  surveys  and  most 
considerate  study  can  determine  the  economic  gradients  and 
economic  routes  and,  at  least  at  the  upper  end  of  the  canal, 
alternative  routes  are  possible. 

If  the  canal  were  diverted  from  Wenatchee  River  at  the  mouth 
of  Fall  Creek,  instead  of  following  Tumwater  Canyon  on  the 
steep  mountain  side  above  the  Great  Northern  Railway  track,  it 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


45 


could  leave  the  Wenatchee  by  means  of  a three-mile  tunnel,  there- 
by bringing  it  into  Freund  Creek  Canyon.  From  this  canyon  it 
would  follow  Chumstick  Valley  to  the  north  side  of  Wenatchee 
Valley  which  it  would  parallel  for  a distance  of  31  miles,  or  to 
Columbia  River.  The  water  would  be  conveyed  under  Columbia 
River  by  means  of  a pressure  tunnel,  and  the  canal  would  con- 
tinue in  a southeasterly  direction  along  a line  approximately 
paralleling  the  Columbia  River  and  distant  from  one  to  three 
miles  therefrom,  a length  of  21  miles  to  Moses  Coulee ; thence 
easterly  from  Moses  Coulee  and  away  from  the  Columbia  River 
a distance  of  12  miles  to  the  end  of  the  main  canal,  this  point 
being  about  one  mile  north  of  the  town  of  Quincy. 

The  route  of  the  main  canal  throughout  the  major  portion  of 
its  length  is  over  hilly  and  mountainous  country,  involving  much 
rock  work  and  heavy  construction  in  general.  On  account  of  the 
rough  topography  and  the  several  canyons  and  rivers  to  be 
crossed,  all  types  of  conduits  will  need  to  be  employed,  namely 
lined  and  unlined  open  canal,  side  hill  flumes,  inverted  siphons, 
grade  tunnels,  and  one  pressure  tunnel  under  Columbia  River. 
Probably  not  to  exceed  5 or  6 miles  of  unlined  canal  can  be 
economically  employed  in  its  entire  length  and  this  at  the  ex- 
treme lower  end  of  the  canal. 

I thus  purposely  call  attention  to  the  magnitude  of  this  main 
canal  construction,  not  as  a discouraging  prospect,  for  I have 
abundant  faith  in  the  feasibility  of  the  project,  but  because  I 
desire  not  to  minimize  the  actual  difficulties  which  I know  will  be 
encountered  and  which  must  be  solved. 

Among  the  more  important  siphons  required  other  than  the 
Columbia  River  crossing,  which  is  separately  considered,  may 
be  mentioned  the  crossings  of  Chumstick  Creek,  Derby  Canyon 
and  Olalla  Canyon  westerly  from  Columbia  River,  and  Rock 
Island  Creek,  Moses  Coulee  and  Willow  Springs  Canyon  easterly 
from  Columbia  River. 

COLUMBIA  RIVER  CROSSING. 

This  proves  to  be  one  of  the  formidable  features  involved  in 
utilizing  the  Wenatchee  River  water  supply,  for  the  bed  of 


46 


Bulletin  No.  H,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Columbia  River,  at  an  elevation  of  about  600  feet  above  sea,  is 
nearly  900  feet  below  the  proposed  hydraulic  gradient  of  the 
canal  line.  It  will  therefore  require  the  construction  of  a bridge 
to  support  an  inverted  siphon  with  a maximum  head  of  about 
800  feet,  or  a pressure  tunnel  under  the  river  bed  with  a maxi- 
mum head  of  about  1,000  feet.  The  proposed  crossing  is  at  a 
point  about  three  miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  and  its  estimated 
length,  including  inclined  approaches  to  the  river  crossing 
proper,  is  about  10,000  feet.  It  being  necessary  to  conserve  as 
much  head  as  possible  and  because  of  the  heavy  friction  losses 
involved  in  conducting  the  water  in  a series  of  small  pipes,  it  is 
believed  most  economic  to  restrict  the  conduit  to  one,  or  at  most 
two  pipes.  For  a single  pipe  22  feet  is  found  to  be  the  economic 
diameter,  and  for  two  pipes  16  feet  each,  and  of  these  alterna- 
tives the  single  pipe  is  the  less  expensive  and  was  therefore 
adopted  in  arriving  at  the  preliminary  estimates  of  the  cost  of 
the  project. 

To  utilize  a bridge  for  the  support  of  a siphon  at  this  cross- 
ing, it  would  be  necessary  to  provide  a clearance  above  high 
water  sufficient  to  accommodate  all  present  and  prospective 
steamboat  traffic.  This  would  mean  the  construction  of  high 
piers  at  great  cost,  and  the  superstructure,  with  an  imposed 
load  at  least  five  times  that  put  upon  our  heaviest  modern  single 
track  railroad  bridge,  would  be  unduly  expensive,  all  of  which 
would  be  in  addition  to  the  cost  of  the  siphon  proper. 

A pressure  tunnel  below  the  river  bed  would  not  only  be  safer 
construction,  but  present  estimates  indicate  that  it  would  also 
be  far  more  economic  construction.  I have  assumed  a depth  of 
100  feet  below  the  river  bed  for  this  pressure  tunnel,  but  its 
proper  position  can  be  determined  only  by  careful  surveys  and 
extensive  borings,  which  of  course  have  not  yet  been  made. 

The  type  of  construction  contemplated  is  an  outer  shell  of 
concrete  not  less  than  18"  thick  and  properly  reinforced  to  re- 
sist internal  and  external  pressure,  and  an  inner  shell  of  steel  1" 
thick  to  insure  water  tightness  and  also  to  resist  internal  pres- 
sure. The  thickness  of  concrete  used  and  the  amount  of  rein- 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


47/ 

forcement  required  will  of  course  depend  upon  the  character  of 
rock  formation  encountered. 

Such  a pressure  tunnel  would  not  be  an  unusual  type  of  con- 
struction, as  is  indicated  by  the  Hudson  River  pressure  tunnel 
forming  a part  of  the  New  York  Aqueduct  which  is  now  under 
construction.  This  tunnel  will  have  an  internal  diameter  of  14 
feet  and  will  be  under  a maximum  head  of  1,500  feet. 

WASTEWAYS. 

To  properly  regulate  the  canal  and  to  afford  protection, 
should  rapid  unwatering  of  the  canal  be  required,  probably  not 
less  than  three  wasteways  will  need  to  be  provided;  one  just  be- 
low the  head  works,  one  at  Columbia  River  crossing,  and  one 
near  the  end  of  the  main  canal. 

DISTRIBUTION  SYSTEM. 

This  will  consist  of  one  main  lateral  extending  south  from 
Quincy  and  one  extending  as  a continuation  of  the  main  canal 
from  Quincy  to  a point  north  of  and  opposite  Ephrata,  with  a 
final  waste  channel  therefrom  draining  into  Moses  Lake.  The 
land  south  of  Frenchman  Hills  would  be  reached  by  extending 
one  of  the  main  laterals,  in  a tunnel  through  the  low  divide  in 
the  Frenchman  Hills,  or  by  an  open  canal  around  either  end  of 
the  Hills  as  future  surveys  may  prove  to  be  most  economical.  In 
addition  to  the  main  laterals  there  will  be  required  a sub-lateral 
system  together  with  patrol  houses  and  a telephone  system  for 
the  proper  operation  of  the  canal. 

Since  the  body  of  irrigable  lands  are  generally  located  very 
favorably  for  irrigation,  it  is  not  believed  the  distribution  system 
will  prove  unusually  expensive.  The  cost  should  not  exceed  from 
$5  to  $10  per  acre,  depending  upon  the  area  of  farm  unit  to 
which  the  sub-laterals  are  constructed. 

COST  OF  PROJECT. 

In  the  absence  of  actual  surveys  for  the  major  part  of  the 
work  involved  in.  this  project  one  approaches  the  matter  of  final 
cost  with  some  reluctance.  Yet  it  is  recognized  that  such  pre- 


Bulletin  No.  Ilf,,  Washington  Geological  Survey 

lary  estimates  are  necessary  as  a basis  for  future  studies 
to  point  out  the  advisability  of  making  more  detailed  in- 
vestigations. 

Based  therefore  upon  the  reconnaissance  work  that  has  al- 
ready been  done  and  upon  the  important  data  thus  far  as- 
sembled, I would  say  that  I have  arrived  at  a preliminary  es- 
timate of  approximately  $100  per  acre  for  a project  of  435,000 
acres,  which  estimate  I regard  as  conservatively  high.  The 
gross  figures  entering  into  this  estimate  are  as  follows : 


Chiwawa  Diversion  $85,000 

Storage  (960,000  acre-feet)  2,370,000 

Main  diversion  dam  and  headworks 150,000 

Main  canal,  exclusive  of  Columbiar  River 

crossing  (63  miles)  24,948,000 

Wasteways  200,000 

Columbia  River  Crossing 5,500,000 

Distribution  System  3,263,000 

Rights  of  Way  other  than  reservoir 50,000 


$36,416,000 


Engineering  and  contingencies,  20% 7,283,000 

Total  .J, $43,699,000 

FUTURE  WORK. 


There  is  yet  much  work  to  be  done  before  a final  estimate  of 
the  cost  of  this  project  can  be  determined.  Among  other  things 
there  will  be  required  an  actual  survey  of  the  canal  line,  a land 
classification  of  the  irrigable  area,  a detailed  study  of  the  dis- 
tribution system,  surveys  and  borings  of  the  Columbia  River 
crossing  and  additional  dam  surveys  in  Wenatchee  Canyon. 

LAND  VALUES. 

Granting  that  the  project  is  physically  feasible,  as  I fully 
believe  it  is,  there  yet  remains  the  important  consideration  as  to 
whether  the  final  values  attainable  by  the  lands  to  be  irrigated 
will  justify  the  expense  of  bringing  the  water  to  them. 

The  probable  range  of  land  values  that  will  obtain  on  this 
project  are  best  illustrated  by  the  actual  land  values  at  the 
present  time  in  the  Yakima  and  Wenatchee  districts.  The  sale 
of  developed  orchards  in  these  districts  at  $2,000  per  acre  is  so* 


4 Plate  VII 


V 


I 

i 

1 * 

si  7 ; i 1 

* 4 

t «...  03 

CL ' - 1 

The  upper  view  is  that  of  Ephrata  and  vicinity,  with  the  Tolliver  orchard  in  the 
foreground.  The  lower  view  is  that  of  a residence,  orchard,  and  vineyard  on  Moses  Lake. 


Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project 


frequent  as  to  no  longer  excite  comment  and  I would  hesitat  \ 
to  place  the  average  price  at  which  such  orchards  could  be  pur 
chased  at  less  than  $1,000  per  acre.  By  a developed  orchard  b 
meant  one  having  healthy  trees  of  approved  varieties,  eight  years 
old  or  more,  and  having  of  course  an  ample  water  right.  For 
good  lands  under  a canal  with  ample  water  right,  but  as  yet  un- 
planted to  orchard,  it  is  difficult  to  find  a desirable  tract  for  less 
than  $300  per  acre. 

The  above  should  be  a fair  criterion  of  what  the  Quincy  Val- 
ley lands  will  bring.  With  an  assured  water  supply  and  con- 
sidering the  exceptionally  favorable  features  of  the  project, 
namely,  its  climate,  the  fertility  of  its  soil  and  its  excellent  trans- 
portation facilities,  I believe  it  conservative  to  assume  that  these 
lands  unimproved  but  with  a water  right  will  be  worth  $300  per 
acre,  and  this  value  would  of  course  more  than  justify  the  esti- 
mated cost  of  irrigation. 

CONCLUSION. 


Before  closing  I would  call  attention  to  the  great  need  of 
opening  up  new  agricultural  areas  on  this  western  coast  to  meet 
the  land  demand  that  is  certain  to  ensue  upon  the  completion  of 
the  Panama  Canal.  The  consummation  of  that  enterprise,  it 
is  conceded  by  every  thoughtful  writer  on  the  subject,  is  bound 
to  bring  the  Pacific  Coast  an  unprecedented  immigration  from 
European  countries  and  efforts  should  be  made  to  prepare  for 
that  situation. 

There  are  a number  of  large  irrigation  projects  awaiting 
development,  not  only  in  Washington,  but  in  other  states  as 
well,  projects  which  will  ultimately  cost  from  $15,000,000  to 
$50,000,000  each  and  if  this  western  country  is  to  achieve  its 
full  development  it  must  find  some  means  of  undertaking  these 
larger  schemes  when  engineering  investigations  prove  them  to 
be  feasible  and  practical.  If  they  prove  too  large  or  for  other 
reasons  fail  to  attract  private  enterprise,  then  it  is  my  confident 
belief  that  at  some  early  day  a definite  effort  must  and  will  be 
made  to  secure  such  legislation  as  will  make  possible  their  con- 
struction through  the  guarantee  of  state  or  federal  aid,  or  per- 
haps by  means  of  both  these  agencies. 

—4 


t 


PUBLICATIONS 

OP  THE 

WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Volume  1. — Annual  Report  for  1901.  Part  1,  Creation  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  and  An  Outline  of  the  Geology  of  Washington,  by 
Henry  Landes;  part  2,  The  Metalliferous  Resources  of  Washington,  ex- 
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S.  Shedd,  and  the  Coal  Deposits  of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes;  part 
5,  The  Water  Resources  of  Washington,  by  H.  G.  Byers,  C.  A.  Ruddy 
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the  Geology  of  Washington,  by  Ralph  Arnold.  Out  of  print. 

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namental Stones  of  Washington,  by  S.  Shedd;  part  2,  The  Coal  De- 
posits of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes  and  C.  A.  Ruddy.  Postage  20 
cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

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In  preparation. 

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GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


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Part  II.  In  preparation. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No. : 

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Water  Supply  Paper  No.  272: 
ington  for  1909. 


Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range, 
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Results  of  Stream  Gaging  in  Wash- 


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Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Eastern  Part  of  the  Puget  Sound 
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CON 


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Contour  interval  100  feet  THE  QUINCY  VALLEY  IRRIGATION  PROJECT  153  Lands  owned  by  the  Stole 

A MAP  SHOWING  THE  POSITION  OF  THE  LANDS  TO  BE  IRRIGATED 

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WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


HENRY  LANDES,  State  Geologist 


BULLETIN  No.  15 


A Preliminary  Report  on  the 
Tertiary  Paleontology 

OF 

W estern  W asking-ton 


By  CHARLES  E.  WEAVER 


OLYMPIA,  WASH.  : 

E.  L.  BOARDMAN  PUBLIC  PRINTER 

1912. 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 


Governor  M.  E.  Hay,  Chairman. 

State  Treasurer  J.  G.  Lewis,  Secretary. 
President  T.  F.  Kane. 

President  E.  A.  Bryan. 


Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 

Solon  Shedd,  Assistant  State  Geologist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Governor  M.  E.  Hay , Chairman,  and  Members  of  the  Board  of 
Geological  Survey: 

Gentlemen— I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a report 
entitled  “A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Tertiary  Paleontology 
of  Western  Washington,”  by  Charles  E.  Weaver,  with  the’ 
recommendation  that  it  be  printed  as  Bulletin  No.  15  of  the 

Survey  reports.  , 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Landes, 

State  Geologist. 

University  Station,  Seattle,  August  1,  1912. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Introduction  9 

Stratigraphy  10 

General  Statement 10 

Pre-Tertiary  Bed  Rock  Complex 10 

Tertiary  Formations  11 

Eocene  12 

General  Statement  12 

Cowlitz  Formation  14 

Tejon  Formation  14 

Oligocene  15 

General  Statement  15 

Post  Eocene  17 

General  Statement  17 

Lower  Miocene 17 

Blakeley  Formation  17 

Wahkiakum  Formation  19 

Chehalis  Formation  19 

Upper  Miocene  19 

Montesano  Formation  19 

Geologic  History  22 

Description  of  Species 28 

Eocene  28 

Pelecypoda 28 

Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp 28 

Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp.  var.  landesi  n.  var 28 

Pectunculus  tejonensis  n.  sp 29 

Ostrea  olequahensis  n.  sp 29 

Ostrea  fettkei  n.  sp 30 

Pecten  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 30 

Crassatellites  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 31 

Crassatellites  washingtoniana  n.  sp 32 

Corbicula  eufaulaensis  n.  sp 32 

Corbicula  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 33 

Cardium  olequahensis  n.  sp 34 

Meretrix  landesi  n.  sp 34 

Meretrix  olequahensis  n.  sp 35 

Tapes  washingtoniana  n.  sp 35 


6 


Table  of  Contents 


Description  of  Species — Continued. 

Eocene — 

Gasteropoda  

Potamides  fettkei  

Potamides  lewisiana  n.  sp 

Rimella  canalifera  Gabb,  var.  elongata  n.  var 

Cassidaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Morio  tuberculatus  Gabb,  var.  tri-tuberculatus  n.  var 

Tritoneum  sopenahensis  n.  sp 

Ranella  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Ranella  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Nassa  eocenica  n.  sp 

Nassa  packardi  n.  sp 

Chrysodomus  clallamensis  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  sopenahensis  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  lewisiana  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  tejonensis  n.  sp 

Brachysphingus  clarki  n.  sp 

Murex  sopenahensis  n.  sp 

Murex  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Fusus  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Fusus  dickersoni  n.  sp 

Fusus  lewisensis  n.  sp 

Fasciolaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Mitra  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Ancillaria  bretzi  n.  sp 

Surcula  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Conus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Brachiopoda  

Rhynconella  washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Miocene  

Pelecypoda  

Leda  chehalisensis  n.  sp 

Yoldia  sammamishensis  n.  sp 

Pecten  porterensis  n.  sp 

Pecten  alockamenensis  n.  sp 

Mytilus  sammamishensis  n.  sp 

Mytilus  stillaguamishensis  n.  sp 

Mytilus  snohomishensis  n.  sp 

Venericardia  chehalisensis  n.  sp 

Chione  chehalisensis  n.  sp 

Chione  montesanoensis  n.  sp 

Chione  cathcartensis  n.  sp 

Marcia  oregonensis  Conrad 

Tellina  merriami  n.  sp 


Table  of  Contents 


Description  of  Species — Continued. 

Miocene — 

Pelecypoda — Page 

Tellina  kincaidii  n.  sp 64 

Macoma  montesanoensis  n.  sp 65 

Macoma  snohomishensis  n.  sp 66 

Macoma  wynootcheensis  n.  sp 66 

Semele  montesanoensis  n.  sp 67 

Semele  sylviaensis  n.  sp 67 

Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  altus  n.  var 68 

Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  elongatus  n.  var 68 

Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  robustun  n.  var 69 

Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  unduliferum  n.  var. ...  69 

Pseudocardium  landesi  n.  sp 69 

Cryptomya  washingtoniana  n.  sp 70 

Gasteropoda  70 

Turris  wynootcheensis  n.  sp 70 

Chlorostoma  arnoldi  n.  sp 71 

Caliostoma  delazinensis  n.  sp 72 

Turritella  blakeleyensis  n.  sp 72 

Turritella  porterensis  n.  sp 73 

Gyrineum  sylviaensis  n.  sp 73 

Ficus  clallamensis  n.  sp 74 

Nassa  andersoi^i  n.  sp 75 

Cuma  biplicata  var.  quadranodosum  n.  var 75 

Fusus  montesanoensis  n.  sp 76 

Pleurotoma  chehalisensis  n.  sp 77 

Pleurotoma  washingtoniana  78 

Drillia  chehalisensis  n.  sp 78 

Scaphapoda  79 

Dentalium  porterensis  n.  sp 79 

Brachiopoda  79 

Terebratula  oakvilleensis  n.  sp 79 

Crustacea  80 


A PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  THE  TERTIARY 
PALEONTOLOGY  OF  WESTERN  WASHINGTON. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  record  as  briefly  as  possible 
the  purely  scientific  facts  concerning  the  Tertiary  Palaeon- 
tology of  Western  Washington.  A short  account  is  given  of 
the  character  and  distribution  of  the  several  divisions  of  the 
Tertiary  and  their  faunas.  A northwestern  Tertiary  province 
is  recognized  and  an  attempt  is  made  to  interpret  its  history 
from  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous  to  the  present  time.  A total 
Tertiary  invertebrate  marine  fauna  of  two  hundred  and  forty- 
six  species  has  been  discovered.  Eighty-four  of  these  are  new 
and  are  described  and  figured  for  the  first  time.  This  report 
is  preliminary  to  a more  detailed  one,  which  will  appear  later 
accompanied  by  maps  and  a discussion  of  the  economic  geology 
in  relation  to  the  occurrence  of  oil. 

The  field  work  upon  which  this  report  is  based  has  been 
carried  on  by  the  writer  at  intervals  during  the  past  five  years. 
During  the  summer  of  1911  four  months  were  spent  in  the  field 
studying  and  mapping  the  areal  geology  of  southwestern  Wash- 
ington and  a strip  along  the  coast  from  Gray’s  Harbor  north- 
ward to  Cape  Flattery  and  thence  along  the  north  side  of  the 
Olympic  Peninsula  to  Port  Angeles.  Previous  to  that  year  a 
study  had  been  made  of  all  the  bed  rock  outcrops  occurring  in 
the  Puget  Sound  Basin  and  the  Quimper  Peninsula.  During 
the  summer  of  1911  the  writer  was  assisted  in  this  work  by 
Messrs.  Charles  R.  Fettke,  Donald  Ross,  T.  A.  Bonser  and 
Olaf  Stromme.  The  specific  determinations  of  the  fossils  wrere 
made  by  the  writer  in  the  Palaeontology  laboratory  of  the 
University  of  California.  The  types  of  the  new  species  described 
in  this  report  are  in  the  Palaeontological  collections  of  the  Uni- 


10 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


versity  of  Washington.  The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  ac- 
knowledgements to  all  who  have  aided  in  this  work  and  espe- 
cially to  Professor  John  C.  Merriam  and  Mr.  Bruce  Clark  of 
the  Palaeontology  Department  of  the  University  of  California, 
who  kindly  placed  at  his  disposal  their  collections  and  library 
facilities. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

The  Tertiary  formations  of  western  Washington  are  com- 
posed of  non-metamorphosed  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks 
which  rest  unconformably  upon  an  older  complex  series  of  ig- 
neous and  metamorphic  rocks.  The  Tertiary  sedimentary  for- 
mations comprise  materials  deposited  in  lake  basins,  brackish 
water  estuaries  and  marine  basins.  Those  of  lacustrine  origin 
are  confined  almost  entirely  to  eastern  Washington  and  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  deposits  in  the 
western  foothills  of  the  Cascades  are  for  the  larger  part  of 
estuarine  origin,  while  those  in  southwestern  Washington  and 
the  Puget  Sound  Basin  are  mostly  marine.  The  total  maximum 
thickness  of  the  Tertiary  formations  in  western  Washington  is 
over  thirty-four  thousand  feet.  This  thickness,  however,  is 
not  represented  in  any  one  continuous  section.  The  strata  are 
for  the  most  part  involved  in  a complex  series  of  folds.  In 
southwestern  Washington  the  entire  structure  can  be  referred 
to  two  exceedingly  complex  westerly  pitching  geosynclines. 

PRE-TERTIARY  BED  ROCK  COMPLEX. 

In  every  locality  where  the  contact  between  the  Tertiary 
and  older  formations  may  be  observed  there  is  a marked  uncon- 
formity. These  older  rocks  compose  the  entire  central  core  of 
the  Olympic  Peninsula,  the  San  Juan  Islands  and  the  bulk  of  the 
northern  portion  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  In  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Cascades  the  older  rocks  pass  beneath  a thick 
covering  of  Tertiary  lavas.  They  do  not  occur  in  southwestern 
Washington,  but  seem  to  pass  down  below  sea  level  from  the 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


11 


southern  foothills  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  until  they  again 
reappear  in  the  northern  foothills  of  the  Klamath  Mountains 
of  southern  Oregon.  Isolated  occurrences,  however,  may  occur 
in  the  northern  coast  ranges  of  Oregon.  The  older  rocks  rep- 
resent a series  of  sandstones,  shales,  limestones,  conglomerates, 
interbedded  volcanic  tuffs  and  lavas  which  have  been  extensively 
metamorphosed,  largely  as  the  result  of  numerous  intrusions 
of  acidic  and  basic  magmas.  The  intrusions  of  igneous  magmas 
seem  to  have  occurred  at  or  near  the  close  of  the  Jurassic. 

The  metamorphic  rocks  belong  largely  to  the  Carboniferous, 
Triassic  and  Jurassic,  and  bear  a very  striking  resemblance 
to  the  Franciscan  formation  of  California  and  southern  Oregon. 

On  the  northern  shore  of  Vancouver  Island  and  on  the  north- 
ern fringe  of  the  San  Juan  Islands  the  Upper  Cretaceous  occurs 
resting  unconformably  upon  the  older  metamorphic  complex. 
These  rocks  are  not  metamorphosed.  The  Lower  Cretaceous 
is  absent.  No  deposits  of  Cretaceous  age  are  definitely  known 
to  exist  in  any  other  part  of  western  Washington,  although  they 
may  lie  deeply  buried  beneath  the  later  Tertiary  formations. 

TERTIARY  FORMATIONS. 

The  following  subdivisions  have  been  made  of  the  Tertiary 
formations  in  western  Washington: 

Pleistocene — 

Pliocene — wanting. 


r Upper. . 

1 

Miocene 

Lower.. 

1 

l Chehalis  formation. 

. . . j Wahkiakum  formation. 
( Blakeley  formation. 

Oligocene. . . . 

formation. 

Eocene 

f 

| Upper. . 
....  \ 

j Tejon  formation. . . . j 
( Cowlitz  formation..  ) 

Puget 
Brackish 
water  group 

[ Lower — wanting. 


12 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


EOCENE. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

The  Eocene  of  western  Washington  consists  of  two  divisions, 
an  older  which  is  provisionally  termed  the  Cowlitz  formation,  j 
and  a later  one  which  is  distinctly  Tejon.  Both  belong  to  the 
Upper  Eocene.  The  rocks  composing  these  formations  are 
sandstones,  shales,  conglomerates  and  subordinate  amounts  of  j 
shaly  limestone,  together  with  numerous  intercalated  layers  of 
tuff  and  basaltic  lava.  The  sediments  are  partly  of  marine 
and  partly  of  brackish  water  origin.  The  former  prevail  in 
the  western  part  of  the  area  examined  and  the  latter  to  the 
east,  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascades.  Eocene  strata 
form  the  surface  outcrops  over  an  area  of  about  4,000  square 
miles.  This  area  would  be  much  larger  if  the  thick  veneer  of 
glacial  drift  in  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  were  to  be  stripped  off. 

The  formations  outcropping  in  the  Cowlitz  Valley  from  the 
Columbia  River  northward  into  Thurston  County  are  Eocene. 
They  are  partly  marine  and  partly  brackish  water  deposits.  I 
In  western  Lewis,  Cowlitz,  Wahkiakum,  eastern  Pacific,  Che- 
halis  and  western  Thurston  counties,  the  marine  sediments  pre-  * 
vail.  To  the  east  they  thin  out  and  are  replaced  by  brackish 
water  and  occasionally  fresh  water  materials.  West  of  the  ; 
Cowlitz  River  marine  sediments  prevail.  In  Pierce  and  King 
counties  they  attain  a thickness  of  over  eight  thousand  feet. 
They  have  been  described  as  the  Puget  Group*  which  is  the  coal 
bearing  horizon  of  western  Washington.  The  Puget  formation 
is  composed  exclusively  of  brackish  water  sediments  together 
with  interbedded  lava  flows.  It  extends  eastward  into  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  and  passes  unconformably  beneath  later  Mio- 
cene and  Pliocene  lava  flows.  The  first  Eocene  deposits  to  re- 
appear on  the  eastern  margin  of  these  later  Tertiary  lavas  are 
a part  of  the  Roslyn  formation  which  is  coal  bearing  and  be- 
longs to  the  upper  portion  of  the  Eocene.  These  deposits  are 
regarded  as  lacustrine  in  origin.  The  maximum  thickness  of 
the  Eocene  is  at  least  ten  thousand  feet.  In  the  type  sections 


*Tacoma  Folio  No.  54,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington  13 


where  detailed  stratigraphic  sections  have  been  made,  the  base 
of  the  series  has  not  been  reached.  In  Pierce  County  the  Puget 
group  has  been  divided  into  a three-fold  division  on  the  basis 
of  its  lithologic  character.  There  it  has  a thickness  of  at  least 
nine  thousand  feet.  In  King  County  stratigraphic  measure- 
ments give  a thickness  of  nearly  eight  thousand  feet  of  sedi- 
ments which  may  also  be  divided  into  three  divisions.  In  the 
western  part  of  King  County,  south  of  Seattle,  these  brackish 
water  sediments  become  partially  marine  and  yield  a distinctly 
Tejon  fauna.  South,  in  Lewis  County,  distinctly  Tejon  marine 
faunas  occur  interbedded  with  the  brackish  water  beds. 

In  southern  Lewds  County,  east  of  Little  Falls,  there  exist 
shales  and  shaly  limestones  containing  a fauna  seemingly  older 
than  the  typical  Tejon,  but  more  closely  related  to  it  than  to 
the  Martinez  or  Lower  Eocene  of  California.  A very  large  num- 
ber of  the  species  are  new  and  the  fauna  may  represent  a transi- 
tion from  the  Martinez  to  the  Tejon — a fauna  which  as  yet  is 
unknown  in  California.  In  order  to  distinguish  this  from  the 
typical  Tejon,  the  term  Cowlitz  formation  is  suggested. 

The  basaltic  lavas  and  tuffs  occurring  within  the  Eocene 
of  western  Washington  have  a thickness  ranging  from  fifteen 
hundred  to  two  thousand  feet.  They  do  not  constitute  a single 
flow  but  rather  a series  of  flows  poured  out  on  the  sea  floor  at 
intervals  during  the  deposition  of  the  sediments.  They  vary  in 
thickness  from  point  to  point.  Much  of  this  material  is  tuf- 
faceous  and  agglomeratic  and  for  the  most  part  has  been  forced 
up  from  below  through  numerous  fissures  and  small  vents 
rather  than  through  large  central  volcanic  cones. 

During  the  Tejon,  volcanic  activity  prevailed  over  all  of 
western  Washington  with  the  exception  of  the  central  and  north- 
western portion  of  the  Olympic  Peninsula.  The  same  may  be 
said  concerning  the  Coast  Ranges  of  northwestern  Oregon. 
With  one  or  two  local  exceptions,  no  volcanic  materials  are 
found  associated  with  any  of  the  Oligocene  or  Miocene  strata  in 
western  Washington.  In  the  Cascades  and  eastern  Washing- 
ton they  constitute  the  larger  part  of  the  later  Tertiary. 


14 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


COWLITZ  FORMATION. 

The  Cowlitz  formation  contains  the  following  fauna : 


PELECYPODA. 


Barbatia  morsei  Gabb 
Cardium  breweri  Gabb 
Cardium  cooperi  Gabb 
Corbula  sp. 

Crassatella  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Crassatella  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 


Meretrix  olequahensis  n.  sp. 
Ostrea  fettkei  n.  sp. 

Pecten  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Plauconomia  inornata  Gabb 
Venericardia  alticosta  Gabb 
Venericardia  planicosta  Lamarck 


GASTEROPODA. 


Ancillaria  bretzii  n.  sp. 

Cassidaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Conus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Cylichna  costata  Gabb 
Fusus  lewisensis  n.  sp. 

Fusus  dickersoni  n.  sp. 

Fusus  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Galerus  excentricus  Gabb 
Hemifusus  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 
Hemifusus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Hemifusus  lewisensis  n.  sp. 
Hemifusus  tejonensis  n.  sp. 
Hemifusus  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Fasciolaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Lunatia  lewisii  Gould 


Murex  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 
Murex  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Mitra  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Morio  tuberculatus  Gabb.  var. 

trituberculatus  n.  var. 
Nassa  eocenica  n.  sp. 

Nassa  packardi  n.  sp. 
Naticinia  obliqua  Gabb. 
Ranella  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Ranella  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Ramilla  canalifera  Gabb  var. 

elongata  n.  var. 

Sircula  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Tritonium  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 
Turritella  uvasana  Conrad. 


BRACHYOPODA. 

Rhynconella  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 


shark’s  teeth. 


There  is  a total  of  forty-five  species  occurring  in  this  forma- 
tion. Out  of  the  total  fauna  thirty  are  new  species.  The  base 
of  this  formation  is  unknown.  Its  known  thickness  is  at  least 
five  hundred  feet.  Future  studies  may  show  this  to  be  really 
a part  of  the  Tejon  formation. 

TEJON  FORMATION. 

The  Tejon  formation  contains  the  following  fauna: 

PELECYPODA. 

Barbatia  morsei  Gabb.  Ostrea  idriaensis  Gabb. 

Cardium  breweri  Gabb.  Ostrea  olequahensis  n.  sp. 

Cardium  olequahensis  n.  sp.  Pecten  peckhami  Gabb. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


15 


Crassatellites  grandis  Gabb. 
Corbicula  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 
Corbicula  eufaulaensis  n.  sp. 
Leda  gabbi  Conrad. 

Meretrix  landesi  n.  sp. 
Meretrix  horni  Gabb. 
Meretrix  ovalis  Gabb. 
Meretrix  uvasana  Conrad. 
Modiola  ornata  Gabb. 
Nerverita  subglobosa  Gabb. 


Planconomia  inornata  Gabb. 
Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp. 
Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp.  var. 

landesi  n.  var. 

Pectunculus  tejonensis  n.  sp. 
Pectunculus  sagittata  Gabb. 

Solen  parallelus  Gabb. 

Tapes  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Tellina  horni  Gabb. 

Venericardia  planicosta  Lamarck. 


GASTEROPODA. 


Amauropsis  alveata  Conrad. 
Brachysphingus  clarkii  n.  sp. 
Cylichna  costata  Gabb. 

Ficus  mammilatus  Gabb. 
Fusus  remondi  Gabb. 


Fusus  sp. 

Potamides  lewisensis  n.  sp. 
Potamides  fettkei  n.  sp. 
Potamides  carbonicola  Cooper. 
Turritella  uvasana  Conrad. 


SCAPHAPODA. 

Dentalium  cooperi  Gabb. 


This  fauna  is  characteristic  wherever  the  marine  Upper 
Eocene  is  found.  It  is  typically  Tejon  and  it  seems  best  to 
retain  that  formational  name  within  this  state.  The  strata 
involved  in  the  Puget  formation  are  the  brackish  water  equiva- 
lents of  the  marine  Tejon.  The  Tejon  is  widely  distributed 
and  composes  practically  all  of  the  Eocene  outcrops  in  western 
Washington.  Indirect  evidence  suggests  its  correlation  with 
the  Roslyn  formation  of  eastern  Washington.  The  data  bear- 
ing upon  this  subject  will  be  presented  in  a future  paper. 


OLIGOCENE. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

In  southern  Thurston  County  strata  occur  containing  a 
fauna  having  a very  close  relationship  to  the  Tejon  below. 
No  distinct  unconformity  can  be  recognized.  So  far  as  ob- 
served the  strata  are  entirely  of  marine  origin.  The  known  area 
is  so  small  that  it  has  not  been  represented  upon  the  accompany- 
ing map.  The  best  exposures  outcrop  on  Lincoln  Creek  near 
the  boundary  line  between  Lewis  and  Thurston  counties.  The 
total  thickness  is  less  than  one  thousand  feet.  Upwards  it 
grades  into  the  Porter  shales  which  are  correlated  with  the 
lower  portion  of  the  Blakeley  formation  in  the  type  section  in 
Kitsap  County.  Many  of  the  species  occurring  at  Lincoln 


16 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Creek  are  identical  with  those  at  Porter,  but  the  fauna  as  a 
whole  contains  a larger  percentage  of  distinctly  Tejon  species. 
These  strata  may  be  designated  as  the  Lincoln  formation.  So 
far  as  the  writer  has  been  able  to  ascertain  they  are  marine 
deposits  which  as  yet  have  not  been  definitely  recognized  at  any 
other  locality  on  the  coast.  They  seem  to  correspond  to  the 
time  interval  represented  by  unconformities  elsewhere.  Litho- 
logically they  are  largely  composed  of  shales  or  sandy  shales 
with  a very  little  sandstone  and  no  volcanic  material.  Volcanic 
activity  in  western  Washington  seems  to  have  entirely  ceased  at 
the  close  of  the  Eocene. 

In  the  type  section  of  the  Blakeley  formation  at  Restoration 
Point,  there  is  a series  of  shales  and  sandy  shales  which  are  non- 
fossiliferous  and  lie  below  the  fossiliferous  beds  at  Port  Blake- 
ley and  which  seem  to  rest  upon  an  old  basaltic  mass  of  probable 
Eocene  age  which  may  possibly  correspond  to  the  fossiliferous 
beds  in  the  Lincoln  formation.  These  outcrop  on  the  south  side 
of  Sinclair  Inlet  opposite  Seattle.  In  the  thick  series  of  sedi- 
ments exposed  in  the  Cape  Flattery  section  there  are  about 
5,000  feet  of  non-fossiliferous  shales  and  sandy  shales.  These 


underlie  the  thick  massive  conglomerates  forming  the  backbone 


of  the  Cape  and  are  above  the  old  Mesozoic  metamorphic  mass 
which  constitutes  Portage  Head.  These  beds  also  may  repre- 
sent those  at  Lincoln  Creek  but  at  present  there  is  no  definite 
evidence  to  make  such  a correlation. 

The  following  list  of  species  constitutes  the  fauna  character- 
istic of  the  Lincoln  formation  : 


PELECYPODA. 


Pecten  porterensis  n.  sp. 
Solen  conradi  Dali. 

Solen  parallelus  Gabb. 


Anomia  cf  subcostata  Conrad. 

Leda  gabbi  Conrad. 

Marcia  oregonensis  Conrad. 

Meretrix  uvasana  Conrad. 

GASTEROPODA. 

Pleurotoma  fresnoensis  Arnold.  Pleurotoma  lincolnensis  n.  sp. 


CEPHAEOPODA. 


Aturia  angustata  Conrad. 


BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  oakvillensis  n.  sp. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Pl.  A 


Bulletin  No.  15 


<W  Flattery 


n^CU.11 


imisfi 


A Ion  resano 
For  mo  tion 


Wohkiak  um 
Formation 


Blakely 


•Undiffcrenhal%d\ 

L o ner-  Mi  O cene 


PRELIMINARY 

AREAL  GEOLOGICAL  MAF 


3 Marine 
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ithlamet 


WESTERN  WASHINGTON 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashington 


17 


POST  EOCENE. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

The  Miocene  is  distinctly  separated  into  an  upper  and  lower 
division  by  a well  marked  unconformity.  The  lower  division  is 
widely  distributed,  is  marine,  and  can  be  subdivided  into  three 
formations  on  a stratigraphic,  lithologic,  and  fauna  basis.  It 
has  a maximum  thickness  of  twenty  thousand  feet.  The  Upper 
Miocene  is  restricted  to  two  small  areas,  has  a thickness  of 
five  thousand  feet  and  a large  and  distinctive  fauna  somewhat 
similar  to  the  San  Pablo  of  California. 

The  Lower  Miocene  deposits  are  by  far  the  best  developed  and 
constitute  a large  part  of  the  areal  geology  from  the  Columbia 
River  northward  to  the  southern  foothills  of  the  Olympic  Moun- 
tains and  extend  also  as  a narrow  belt  around  the  central  core 
of  those  mountains.  Where  not  covered  over  with  glacial 
drift  they  outcrop  in  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  and  in  the  lower 
foothills  of  the  Cascades.  The  Lower  Miocene  may  be  divided 
into  three  divisions  which  may  be  termed  the  Blakeley,  Wahkia- 
kum and  Chehalis  formations.  Those  deposits  in  the  Upper 
Miocene  may  be  designated  as  the  Montesano  formation. 

No  Pliocene  deposits  are  known. 

LOWER  MIOCENE. 

BLAKELEY  FORMATION. 

The  type  section  of  this  formation  occurs  at  Restoration 
Point,  Kitsap  County,  opposite  Seattle,  and  consists  of  about 
eight  thousand  feet  of  shales  and  alternating  beds  of  shales  and 
sandstones  overlaid  with  nearly  one  thousand  feet  of  conglom- 
erates which  are  non-fossiliferous.  The  Blakeley  beds  are  ex- 
posed in  part  at  Alki  Point,  Georgetown,  the  Newcastle  Hills, 
Cathcart,  the  Quimper  Peninsula,  in  Chehalis  County,  and  at 
various  points  along  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  At  all  of 
these  localities  the  rocks  contain  a similar  fauna.  In  this  re- 
port the  Cape  Flattery  section  is  regarded  as  Lower  Miocene 
but  has  not  been  differentiated  into  three  divisions ; nevertheless 
a large  part  of  it  corresponds  to  the  Blakeley  beds  at  Restora- 
—2 


18 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


tion  Point.  These  strata  have  been  considered  Oligocene,  or 
at  least  in  part  Oligocene,  but  with  the  data  now  at  hand  the 
writer  feels  warranted  in  placing  them  in  the  Lower  Miocene. 
When  a definite  understanding  has  been  arrived  at  as  to  what  is 
to  constitute  the  Oligocene  it  may  be  possible  to  assign  them 
permanently  to  that  period.  The  following  fauna  is  char- 
acteristic of  the  Blakeley  formation : 


PELECYPODA. 


Cardium  cooperi  Gabb  var. 

lorenzianum  Arnold. 

Cardium  vaqueroensis  Arnold. 
Chione  cathcartensis  n.  sp. 
Crenella  porterensis  n.  sp. 
Macoma  calcarea  Gmelin. 

Macoma  moliana  Dali. 

Marcia  oregonensis  Conrad. 
Modiolus  inflatus  Dali. 

Modiolus  directus  Dali. 

Mytillus  stillaguamishensis  n.  sp. 
Mytillus  sammamishensis  n.  sp. 
Mytillus  snohomishensis  n.  sp. 
Macoma  snohomishensis  n.  sp. 
Malitia  chehalisensis  Arnold. 
Nucula  dalli. 


Nucula  gettysburgensis  Reagan. 
Ostrea  veatchii  Gabb. 

Pecten  peckhami  Gabb. 

Pecten  fucanus  Dali. 

Pecten  propatulus  Conrad. 

Pecten  coosensis  Shumard. 
Phacoides  acutilineatus  Conrad. 
Solemya  ventricosta  Conrad. 
Tellina  oregonensis  Conrad. 
Tellina  conjesta  Conrad. 

Teredo  sp. 

Thracia  trapezoidea  Conrad. 
Thyasira  bisecta  Conrad. 

Yoldia  submontereyensis  Arnold. 
Yoldia  sammamishensis  n.  sp. 


h 

SCAPHAPODA. 

Dentalium  conradi  Dali. 

GASTEROPODA. 


Ampulina  oregonensis  Dali. 
Astraea  sp. 

Chlorostoma  arnoldi  n.  sp. 
Caliostoma  delazinensis  n.  sp. 
Chrysodomus  rectrorostris  Car- 
penter. 

Chrysodomus  clallamensis  n.  sp. 
Drillia  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 
Epitonium  condoni  Dali. 
Epitonium  oregonensis  Dali. 
Epitonium  rugiferum  Dali. 


Epitonium  petrosum. 

Eudolium  petrosum  Conrad. 
Fusinus  coosensis  Dali. 

Fusus  stanfordensis. 

Miopleiona  indurata  Conrad. 
Pleurotoma  fresnoensis  Arnold. 
Pleurotoma  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Scaphander  oregonensis  Dali. 
Turritella  blakeleyensis  n.  sp. 
Turritella  porterensis  n.  sp. 
Turcicula  washingtoniana  Dali. 


CEPHALOPODA. 

Aturia  angustata  Conrad. 


Cidaroid  spines. 


ECHINODEKMATA. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashing  ton 


19 


CRUSTACEA. 

Crabs  (very  abundant). 

WORM  BORINGS. 
PLANT  REMAINS. 


WAHKIAKUM  FORMATION. 


Certain  strata  occurring  on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia 
River  in  Wahkiakum  County  near  the  head  of  the  Alockaman 
River  have  a fauna  quite  different  from  that  characteristic  of 
the  Blakeley  formation.  These  strata  consist  of  approximately 
four  thousand  feet  of  sandstones,  shales  and  grits,  with  sand- 
stones predominating.  They  rest  unconformably  upon  a series 
of  shales  whose  faunal  position  cannot  be  definitely  ascertained, 
although  it  seems  to  correspond  to  the  Blakeley  and  the  Astoria 
in  Oregon.  It  is  largely  covered  with  Pleistocene  sands  and 
gravels.  These  beds  seem  to  be  most  closely  related  to  the  lower 
Monterey  of  California.  The  following  species  have  been  found 
in  this  formation. 

PELECYPODA. 


Area  montereyana. 

Chione  securis  Shumard. 
Diplodonta  paralis  Conrad. 

Leda  acuta  Conrad. 

Mactra  coalingensis  Arnold. 
Marcia  oregonensis  Conrad. 
Macrocallista  vespertina  Conrad. 
Nucula  gettysburgensis  Reagan. 
Nucula  conradi  Meek. 


Nucula  dalli. 

Pecten  propatulus  Conrad. 
Pecten  alockamanensis  n.  sp. 
Phacoides  acutilineatus  Conrad. 
Solen  conradi  Dali. 

Spisula  albaria  Conrad. 

Tellina  albaria  Conrad. 

Thracia  trapezoidea  Conrad 
Yoldia  strigata  Dali. 


SCAPHAPODA. 

Dentalium  conradi  Dali. 


Calyptraea  filosa  Gabb. 
Fusus  stanfordensis. 
Fusinus  coosensis  Dali. 


GASTEROPODA. 

Cuma  biplicata  Gabb  var.  quad- 
ranodosum  n.  var. 

Crepidula  princeps  Conrad. 
Strepsidura  oregonensis  Dali. 


CEPHALOPODA. 

Aturia  angustata  Conrad. 

CHEHALIS  FORMATION. 

Certain  strata  possessing  a fairly  constant  lithologic  char- 
acter and  a fairly  distinct  fauna  occur  in  the  hills  south  of  the 


20 


Bulletin  No.  15 , W ashingt on  Geological  Survey 


Chehalis  River  in  Chehalis  County.  These  are  designated  as 
the  Chehalis  formation.  They  are  prevailingly  sandy  shales  and 
shaley  sandstones,  the  former  predominating.  They  have  a 
characteristic  gray  to  browinsh  gray  color  and  a maximum 
thickness  of  about  seven  thousand  feet.  They  rest  unconform- 
ably  upon  the  Blakeley  formation  as  well  as  beneath  the  Upper 
Miocene  sandstones  although  in  one  locality  the  upper  portion 
of  the  formation  may  be  transitional  into  the  Upper  Miocene.  If 
so  this  portion  represents  sediments  deposited  during  the  time 
interval  between  the  Lower  and  Upper  Miocene.  A part  of  the 
fauna  ranges  down  into  the  Blakeley  and  a part  up  into  the 
Upper  Miocene,  yet  there  are  many  species  which  are  distinctive 
of  these  strata  only.  It  is  quite  possible  that  these  beds  may  be 
the  equivalent  of  the  upper  Monterey  of  California.  The  follow- 
ing fauna  occurs  in  this  formation : 


PELECYPODA. 


Leda  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 
Macoma  wynootcheensis  n.  sp. 
Macoma  calcarea  Gmelin. 
Mytilus  inflatus. 

Nucula  dalli  Arnold. 

Nassa  andersoni  n.  sp. 

Pecten  coosensis  Shumard. 


Phacoides  acutilineatus  Conrad. 
Phacoides  annulatus. 

Solemya  ventricosta  Conrad. 
Spisula  albaria  Conrad. 

Thracia  trapezoidea  Conrad. 
Thyasira  bisecta  Conrad. 
Venericardia  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 


GASTEROPODA. 


Argobuccinium  cammani  Dali. 
Argobuccinium  coosensis  Dali. 
Chrysodomus  clallamensis  n.  sp. 
Cryptomya  oregonensis  Dali. 
Ficus  clallamensis  n.  sp. 

Ficus  n.  sp. 


Liomesus  sulcatus  Dali. 
Natica  oregonensis  Conrad. 
Polynices  lewisi  Gould. 
Turris  wynootchensis  n.  sp. 
Turris  cammani  Dali. 
Turris  coosensis  Dali. 


CEPHALOPODA. 

Aturia  angustata  Conrad. 

SCAPHAPODA. 

Dentalium  conradi  Dali. 

PLANT  REMAINS. 


UPPER  MIOCENE. 

MONTESANO  FORMATION. 

Strata  of  Upper  Miocene  age  outcrop  in  Chehalis  County, 
north  of  the  Chehalis  River,  in  the  vicinity  of  Montesano.  They 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


21 


consist  largely  of  massive  coarse-grained  sandstones  of  a light 
brown  color  containing  many  intercalated  lenses  of  conglom- 
erate and  grit.  Shales,  while  subordinate  in  the  lower  portion  of 
the  formation,  are  common  in  the  upper.  These  beds  may  be 
designated  as  the  Montesano  formation.  They  possess  a maxi- 
mum thickness  of  approximately  five  thousand  feet  and  contain 
a fairly  large  fauna  which  is  quite  distinct  from  that  in  the 
Lower  Miocene.  This  fauna  appears  in  abundance  in  the  basal 
conglomerates  and  is  quite  persistent  throughout  the  sand- 
stone phase.  A very  rich  fossil  locality  occurs  on  Sylvia  Creek 
in  conglomerate  about  six  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Montesano 
in  Chehalis  County. 

The  outcrops  of  this  formation  occupy  an  area  of  about  1,000 
square  miles  in  Chehalis  County.  Farther  north  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Olympic  Mountains,  in  the  basin  of  the  Soleduck 
and  Bogachiel  rivers,  fossiliferous  sandstones  and  shales  occur 
whose  fauna  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the  sandstone  portion 
of  the  Montesano  formation  in  Chehalis  County.  It  has  an 
estimated  thickness  of  about  500  feet  and  has  been  referred  to 
by  Reagan*  in  his  report.  No  deposits  of  Montesano  age 
are  known  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  the 
Puget  Sound  Basin,  or  the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of 
southwestern  Washington.  Apparently  these  portions  of  the 
state  were  land  areas  during  all  of  the  Upper  Miocene  as  well 
as  Pliocene. 

This  formation  is  closely  related  to  the  Empire  of  Coos  Bay, 
Oregon,  and  to  the  San  Pablo  of  California.  It  possesses  a 
characteristic  fauna  of  61  specimens  which  are  listed  below: 


PELECYPODA. 


Area  trilineata  Conrad. 

Area  sp. 

Cardium  corbis  Martyn. 
Cardium  coosensis  Dali. 
Cardium  meekianum  Gabb. 
Chione  securis  Shumard. 
Chione  bisculpta  Dali. 

Chione  temblorensis  Anderson. 


Nucula  conradi  Meek. 
Panopaea  generosa  Gould. 
Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond 


var.  robustum  n.  var. 
Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond 


var.  undiliferum  n.  var. 
Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond 


var.  elongatus  n.  var. 


♦Kansas  Academy  of  Science. 


22 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Chione  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 
Chione  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 
Diplodonta  paralis  Conrad. 
Glycimeris  gabbi  Dali. 

Macoma  secta  Conrad. 

Macoma  nasuta  Conrad. 
Macoma  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 
Mactra  coalingensis  Arnold. 
Modiolus  piercei. 

Mytilus  condoni  Dali. 


Pseudocardium  landesi  n.  sp. 
Solen  conradi  Dali. 

Spisula  albaria  Conrad. 
Spisula  catiliformis. 

Semele  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 
Semele  sylviaensis  n.  sp. 
Tellina  kincaidi  n.  sp. 

Tellina  merriami  n.  sp. 
Tellina  albaria  Conrad. 

Tapes  staleyi  Gabb. 


GASTEROPODA. 


Bathytoma  gabbiana  Dali. 
Buccinium  bogachieli  Reagan. 
Calyptraea  filosa  Gabb. 
Chrysodomus  imperallis  Dali. 
Chrysodomus  bairdi  Dali. 
Chrysodomus  giganticus  Reagan. 
Columbella  ganspata  Gould. 
Crepidula  princeps  Conrad. 
Cryptomya  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Eulima  smithi  Reagan. 

Eulima  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 
Fusinus  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 


Gyrineum  sylviaensis  n.  sp. 
Gyrineum  mediocre  var.  corbi- 
culatum  Dali. 

Natica  clausa  Broderip  and  Sowerby 
Natica  oregonensis  Conrad. 
Neptunea  maxfieldi  Reagan. 

Olivella  pedroana  Conrad. 

Phalium  aequisulcatum  Dali. 
Polynices  lewisi  Gould. 

Ranella  marshalli  Reagan. 

Sinum  scopulosum  Conrad. 

Thais  etchegoinensis  Arnold 


SCAPHAPODA. 

Dentalium  conradi  Dali. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Scutella  gabbi  Remond. 

shark’s  teeth. 

PLANT  REMAINS. 


GEOLOGIC  HISTORY. 


Concerning  the  geological  conditions  in  western  Washington 
during  the  Palaeozoic,  very  little  data  is  at  hand.  Exposures 
in  the  western  Cascades  suggest  that  the  region  at  least  during 
the  Carboniferous  was  an  open  sea  with  islands  or  the  mainland 
not  far  away.  Lavas  and  tuffs  seem  to  have  been  poured  out 
over  the  sea  floor  where  they  now  occur  interbedded  with  sedi- 
ments. Similar  conditions  seem  to  have  prevailed  during  the 
Triassic  and  Jurassic.  Deep  sea  marine  deposits  laid  down 
during  these  two  periods  occur  in  the  Olympic  Mountains,  in 
the  San  Juan  Islands,  in  Vancouver  Island  and  in  the  Cascade 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington  23 

Mountains.  There  is  a strong  suggestion  that  they  were  a part 
of  the  same  seas  which  are  known  to  have  existed  in  Idaho  and 
northern  Nevada.* 

In  Washington  at  or  near  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  there 
was  a series  of  crustal  movements  accompanied  by  intrusions  of 
basic  and  acidic  plutonic  magmas.  The  larger  part  of  Wash- 
ington seems  to  have  been  uplifted  above  sea  level  and  the  older 
sedimentary  formations  metamorphosed.  Evidence  obtained  in- 
dicates that  the  upward  movement  of  the  earth’s  crust  was  dif- 
ferential, resulting  in  the  development  of  an  elevated  mountain 
mass  trending  in  a general  northwest  direction  and  occupying 
the  present  position  of  the  Okanogan  Highlands,  the  northern 
Cascades  and  Vancouver  Island.  The  San  Juan  Islands  and  the 
Olympic  Mountains  are  included  in  this.  A similar  uplift  at  the 
same  time  occurred  in  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

The  area  involved  between  this  mountain  mass  in  northern 
Washington  and  the  Klamath  Mountains  in  southern  Oregon, 
appears  for  the  most  part  to  have  been  above  sea  level  during  the 
Cretaceous.  No  Cretaceous  deposits  of  any  kind  are  known  to 
occur  within  this  area,  although  it  is  possible  there  may  have 
been  a marine  connection  with  eastern  Oregon,  somewhere  to  the 
north  or  south  of  the  present  site  of  the  Columbia  River. 

In  southern  Oregon  arms  of  the  sea  are  known  to  have  ex- 
tended southward  into  the  Klamath  Mountains.  On  the  north 
side  of  Vancouver  Island  and  the  San  Juan  Islands,  non -meta- 
morphosed marine  Cretaceous  deposits  do  occur.  They  are 
restricted,  however,  to  the  Chico  formation  or  Upper  Cretaceous. 
In  the  Klamath  region  all  three  divisions  of  the  Cretaceous  are 
present. 

Crustal  movements  initiated  at  or  near  the  close  of  the 
Jurassic,  and  continuing  in  a milder  form  during  the  Cretaceous, 
are  assumed  to  have  developed  a structural  basin  which  has 
served  for  the  accumulation  of  marine,  brackish  and  fresh 
water  sediments  together  with  lavas  and  tuffs  during  the  whole 
of  the  Tertiary  era.  The  Tertiary  history  of  this  area  is  a 


*22nd  Ann.  Rep’t  U.  S.  G.  S.,  pt.  2,  p.  580,  1901. 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


24 


distinct  unit  in  itself  and  may  be  referred  to  as  the  Pacific 
Northwest  Tertiary  Province. 

In  western  Washington  the  Eocene  seems  to  have  been  ushered 
in  by  a gradual  and  differential  submergence  of  the  land  area 
allowing  the  marine  seas  to  transgress  eastward.  Embayments 
developed  and  extended  eastward  to  the  present  position  of  the 
western  slope  of  the  Cascades.  The  southern  portion  of  this 
range  of  mountains  apparently  did  not  exist  as  such  during  the 
Eocene  and  Miocene  but  seems  to  have  been  occupied  by  a series 
of  fresh  water  lakes  which  at  times  may  have  been  connected  with 
the  brackish  water  estuaries  farther  to  the  west. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  land  and  water  areas  was 
continually  shifting  during  the  Eocene.  This  was  caused  partly 
by  a continual  differential  elevation  and  depression  of  the  entire 
area  involved  in  this  province  and  partly  by  the  silting  up  of 
the  basins  of  deposition.  Evidences  from  fauna  and  flora  point 
to  tropical  conditions  during  the  Eocene.  At  intervals  arms  of 
the  sea  appear  to  have  been  cut  off  and  to  have  become  brackish, 
and  certain  of  its  marine  fauna  developed  into  brackish  water 
types. 

The  Eocene  as  a whole  may  be  characterized  by  a continual 
shifting  of  shore  lines.  The  present  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad  between  Seattle  and  Portland  may  be  taken  roughly  as 
the  eastern  limit  of  the  marine  shore  line  although  at  times 
marine  embayments  seem  to  have  extended  further  east.  At 
times  the  shore  line  was  farther  west. 

The  later  portion  of  the  Eocene  was  also  characterized  by 
the  extrusion  of  basaltic  lavas  and  tuffs  which  came  up  through 
numerous  fissures.  These  deposits  of  igneous  material  often 
accumulated  on  the  sea  floor  and  were  covered  by  marine  sedi- 
ments and  then  again  by  further  outpourings  of  basaltic  ma- 
terials. This  seems  to  have  been  repeated  many  times  until  it 
absolutely  ceased  at  the  close  of  the  Eocene.  Volcanic  activity 
did  not  occur  during  the  Miocene  or  Pliocene  west  of  the  present 
foothills  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

In  Washington  the  time  interval  immediately  following  Eo- 


25 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


cene  sedimentation  and  vulcanism  is  characterized  by  evolution 
of  the  marine  faunas.  This  change  consisted  in  the  development 
of  species  adapted  to  the  environment  of  a colder  climate  than 
that  of  the  Eocene.  This  time  interval  is  designated  as  the 
Oligocene. 

No  sharp  break  separates  the  Miocene  from  the  Oligocene. 
The  conditions  existing  during  the  early  portion  of  the  Miocene 
were  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the  Eocene.  Oscillations  of 
the  sea  floor  were  more  or  less  continuous  and  the  marine  fauna 
has  a much  closer  relationship  to  that  of  the  present  day.  No 
brackish  water  beds  are  known  to  have  existed  nor  have  any  evi- 
dences of  volcanic  activity  been  observed.  About  the  middle  of 
the  Miocene  there  appears  to  have  been  an  extensive  elevation  of 
the  sea  floor  so  as  to  have  elevted  above  sea  level  almost  the 
entire  area  of  this  northwestern  Tertiary  province.  During  the 
upper  Miocene,  local  depressions  or  embayments  were  developed 
in  which  accumulated  the  sandstones  and  shales  of  the  Monte- 
sano  formation.  These  are  typically  developed  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Chehalis  Valley  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Soleduck  and 
Bogachiel  rivers  in  the  Olympic  Peninsula. 

Nearly  all  of  southwestern  Washington,  the  Puget  Sound 
Basin,  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  seem  to  have  been  land 
areas  during  the  upper  Miocene. 

In  western  Washington  no  marine  deposits  of  Pliocene  age 
are  known.  The  region  appears  to  have  been  undergoing  ero- 
sion. Near  the  close  of  the  Pliocene,  or  perhaps  during  early 
Pleistocene  a series  of  crustal  movements  culminated  in  the  up- 
lift of  the  Cascade  mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington  into 
approximately  their  present  position.  Within  Washington  the 
Cascades  are  considered  to  have  been  a comparatively  level  plain. 
Ample  evidence  is  at  hand  to  suggest  that  this  plane  was  ele- 
vated as  a differentially  warped  dome.  Its  structure  consists 
of  a number  of  folds  whose  axes  have  a general  northwest  to 
southeast  direction.  Within  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  the  Ter- 
tiary formations  seem  to  have  been  also  involved  in  a series  of 
closely  folded  anticlines  and  synclines,  much  faulting  accom- 


^6 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


panying  these  movements.  In  southwestern  Washington  the 
structure  resulting  from  these  movements  has  produced  two  ex- 
tensive pitching  geosynclines.  All  the  Tertiary  formations 
in  southwestern  Washington,  extending  from  the  Columbia  River 
northward  to  the  foothills  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  are  in- 
volved in  these  two  geosynclines.  The  larger  of  these  occupies 
most  of  the  drainage  basin  of  the  Chehalis  River  and  a portion 
of  the  Willapa.  The  other  lies  largely  within  the  drainage  basin 
of  Columbia  River  and  Willapa  Bay.  The  southern  limb  of  this 
one  diagonally  crosses  the  Columbia  from  Wahkiakum  County 
to  Astoria,  Oregon.  The  sandstones  and  shales  at  the  town  of 
Astoria,  including  the  underlying  basalt  at  Tongue  Point,  rep- 
resent a part  of  the  Eocene  and  Miocene  series  involved  in  the 
south  limb  of  this  structural  geosyncline.  The  elevated  anti- 
clinal ridge  which  separates  the  two  geosynclines  forms  the 
drainage  divide  between  the  Columbia  on  the  south  and  the 
Willap  a and  Chehalis  valleys  on  the  north.  It  is  composed  al- 
most entirely  of  Eocene  basaltic  lavas  and  appears  originally 
to  have  been  covered  over  by  Miocene  sediments  which  are  found 
to  the  north  and  south  in  the  synclinal  folds.  These  strata  seem 
to  have  been  stripped  off  by  erosion. 

Extending  northward  along  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  Olympic 
Peninsula  there  are  numerous  exposures  of  Miocene  sediments 
which  have  also  been  involved  in  a series  of  northwesterly  pitch- 
ing synclines.  These  are  separated  by  broad  outcrops  of  the 
older  formations.  Many  extensive  faults  have  accompanied  this 
folding. 

In  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  the  Miocene  formations  have 
been  folded  into  a series  of  northwesterly  pitching  synclines. 
These  extend  diagonally  across  the  Strait  and  are  represented 
on  the  south  side  of  Vancouver  Island  by  a very  narrow  fringe 
resting  upon  the  upturned  edges  of  the  older  metamorphics. 
This  fringe  is  more  or  less  continuous  from  Port  San  Juan  to 
Sooke  Bay.* 

A further  uplift  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  seems  to  have 


*Unpublished  data  obtained  by  writer. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


n 


occurred  at  this  time  and  extensive  erosion,  aided  by  a struc- 
tural depression,  partially  developed  the  channels  of  Puget 
Sound  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

The  character  of  the  faunas  and  floras  during  the  progression 
of  the  Tertiary  period  indicate  the  gradual  approach  of  a colder 
climate.  During  the  Pleistocene,  conditions  allowed  the  ac- 
cumulation of  extensive  ice  fields  in  the  higher  portions  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains.  These  gradually  increased  in  volume  and 
traveled  down  the  various  river  valleys  until  they  coalesced  along 
the  eastern  margins  of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  forming  a great 
piedmont  glacier.  Similar  conditions  occurred  along  the  Pacific 
coast  of  British  Columbia.  These  vast  ice  streams  traveled 
southward  until  they  joined  with  those  in  the  Puget  Sound  Basin 
forming  one  great  ice  field  extending  from  the  Cascades  on  the 
east  up  into  the  valleys  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  on  the  west. 
One  arm  of  this  ice  field  seems  to  have  turned  westward,  passed 
around  the  northern  side  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  and  extended 
out  to  sea  through  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  The  southern 
margin  of  this  arm  may  be  found  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Olympics  a short  distance  below  Ozette  Lake.  The  southern 
limits  of  the  Puget  Sound  ice  field  seem  to  have  extended  below 
Olympia. 

Two  advances  of  the  ice  have  been  recorded  with  one  inter- 
glacial period.  Since  the  final  retreat  of  the  glaciers  an  uplift, 
ranging  from  ten  to  forty  feet  has  occurred.  Evidence  of  this 
may  be  seen  in  raised  beaches. 


28 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES. 

UPPER  EOCENE  SPECIES. 

PELECYPODA. 

genus  PECTUNCULUS  lamarck. 

Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figures  52,  53. 

Description. — Shell  sub-circular,  thin,  equivalve,  and  nearly 
equilateral ; base  regularly  convex ; sides  sloping  down  directly 
from  the  beak,  the  anterior  side  much  more  steeply  rounded  than 
the  posterior,  the  latter  being  regularly  convex;  junction  of 
posterior  end  and  base  very  slightly  truncated.  Surface  marked 
by  forty  broad  nearly  flat-topped  radiating  ribs  with  very  nar- 
row interspaces,  between  which  are  raised  threads ; four  or  five 
very  prominent  lines  of  interrupted  growth  are  present  with 
fainter  intervening  concentric  lines.  Hinge  robust  with  radiat- 
ing teeth ; palial  line  very  distinct,  inner  margin  coarsely  crenu- 
lated. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  23  mm. ; longitude  25  mm. ; thickness 
7 mm. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  227.  (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Pectunculus  eocenica  n.  sp.  var.  landesi  n.  var. 

Plate  Y,  Figure  54. 

Description. — Shell  sub-oval,  thin,  equivalve,  inequilateral; 
base  regularly  rounded ; posterior  margin  sloping  down  sharply 
to  the  posterior  end ; anterior  margin  sloping  at  an  angle  of  25 
degrees  for  a short  distance,  then  broadly  rounded  toward  the 
anterior  end;  beaks  small  and  moderately  incurved.  Surface 
marked  by  thirty  radiating  ribs,  broad  and  flat-topped  with 
narrow  interspaces.  Interior  margin  coarsely  crenulated ; 
hinge  robust  with  radial  teeth.  A large  number  of  specimens  of 
this  variety  have  been  collected  and  each  is  characterized  by  the 
steeply  sloping  truncated  posterior  margin. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


29 


Dimensions. — Altitude  29  mm. ; longitude  27  mm. ; thickness 

7.5  mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  227  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Pectunculus  tejonensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XV,  Figure  134. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  large,  thick,  elongated,  equi- 
valve  and  nearly  equilateral ; posterior  and  anterior  margins 
very  slightly  convex,  sloping  steeply  and  nearly  equally  from 
the  beak  where  they  meet  at  a sharp  angle ; below  they  grad- 
ually grade  into  the  base  which  is  broadly  and  regularly  rounded 
(posterior  margin  slightly  more  convex  than  anterior)  ; beaks 
fairly  prominent  and  incurved ; a very  slight  depression  on  the 
posterior  side  of  the  umbones.  Surface  sculptured  by  numerous 
well-developed  lines  of  growth  and  about  thirty  fairly  distinct 
radiating  ribs  which  are  broad  and  flat  with  very  narrow  inter- 
mediate grooves. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  33  mm. ; longitude  29  mm. ; thickness 

11  mm. 

Occurrence. — Abundant  at  Loc.  No.  227.  (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  OSTREA  LINNAEUS. 

OsTREA  OEEQUAHENSIS  n.  Sp. 

Description. — Shell  medium  sized,  slightly  inequilateral,  wide, 
thick,  slightly  curved;  lower  valve  very  convex  and  nearly 
smooth  except  for  irregular  wavy  lines  of  growth ; a faint  radial 
sculpture  is  present  in  some  specimens.  Central  portion  of 
valve  most  convex  with  marked  slope ; posterior  margin  sloping 
at  a steep  angle  and  broadly  rounded ; anterior  margin  grad- 
ually and  nearly  straight  to  the  anterior  end  which  is  acutely 
rounded;  base  broadly  rounded;  upper  valve  about  one-half  as 
convex  as  lower. 


30 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Dimensions — Altitude  55  mm. ; longitude  48  mm. ; thickness 
of  lower  valve  24  mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  2 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection).  On  Olequah  Creek,  one 
mile  above  junction  of  Olequah  and  Stillwater  creeks,  back  of 
the  Cantwell  place  in  Sec.  29,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

OsTREA  FETTKEI  n.  Sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figures  37,  39. 

Description. — Shell  small,  thin,  somewhat  curved,  right  valve 
nearly  flat,  left  valve  convex ; hinge  deflected  to  the  left  and 
median  groove  very  well  marked ; internal  margins  in  both  old 
and  young  forms  are  pitted ; shell  inequivalve  and  slightly  in- 
equilateral ; left  valve  ornamented  by  a marked  median  ridge 
extending  from  beak  to  basal  margin ; anterior  to  this  ridge  are 
two  radiating  ribs  becoming  obsolete  toward  the  beaks ; pos- 
terior surface  with  six  radiating  ribs  extending  to  the  beak; 
these  are  crossed  by  a large  number  of  concentric  ribs  and  lines 
of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Left  valve,  altitude  27  mm. ; longitude  17  mm. ; 
thickness  7 mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection).  One-half  mile  east  of 
Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  the  bank  of  the  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  PECTEN  MULLER. 

Pecten  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figure  46. 

Description. — Shell  small,  somewhat  higher  than  long,  thin, 
nearly  equivalve,  equilateral,  and  with  very  slightly  serrate  mar- 
gins ; anterior  and  posterior  margins  slightly  concave,  sloping 
equally  and  steeply  from  the  beak  and  merging  into  the  regu- 
larly rounded  base;  angle  at  which  margins  intersect  at  beak  is 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


31 


80°  ; surface  ornamented  by  forty-four  equally  spaced  broadly 
rounded  radiating  ribs,  separated  from  each  other  by  narrower 
flat-bottomed  to  slightly  concave  interspaces ; hinge  line  nearly 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell;  ears  unequal;  surface  sculp- 
tured by  numerous  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  17  mm. ; longitude  14.5  mm. ; thick- 
ness 2.5  mm. 

Occurrence. — -At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection).  One  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  CRASSATELLITES  kruger. 

Crassatellites  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figure  40. 

Description. — Shell  small,  comparatively  thin,  sub-triangular 
to  sub-quadrate ; beak  situated  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  anterior  end ; anterior  margin  slopes  down  steeply 
at  first  and  then  at  an  angle  of  30°  to  the  anterior  end, 
which  is  sharply  arcuate ; base  broadly  rounded,  with  pro- 
nounced upward  slope  at  the  anterior  end;  posterior  margin 
nearly  straight  and  sloping  down  to  the  posterior  end  where  it 
is  abruptly  truncated ; an  angular  ridge  extends  from  beak  to 
posterior  end  and  is  situated  a little  in  front  of  the  posterior 
margin.  Surface  sculptured  by  numerous  well  developed  con- 
centric lines  of  growth.  Lunule  long,  narrow,  and  not  very 
deeply  impressed ; escutcheon  absent ; hinge  plate  not  very 
heavy ; muscular  scars  well  developed  as  well  as  palial  line. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  20  mm. ; longitude  26  mm. ; thickness 
5 mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pal- 
aeontological Collection).  One  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 


m 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Crassateeeites  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figure  42,  and  Plate  V,  Figure  51. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  elongate,  sub-trigonal, 
thick,  equivalve,  and  very  inequilateral;  beaks  about  one-fourth 
of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  end;  incurved  and 
pointing  slightly  forwards ; anterior  margin  straight  and  slop- 
ing downwards  steeply  at  an  angle  of  60°.  It  is  then  broadly 
rounded  and  merges  into  the  base;  posterior  margin  very 
slightly  convex  and  sloping  downwards  at  an  angle  of  25°  ; 
posterior  end  broadly  truncated ; base  broadly  rounded ; a fairly 
distinct  ridge  passes  downwards  on  the  surface  from  beak  to 
posterior  end  and  is  situated  a little  in  front  of  the  posterior 
margin ; lunule  cordate,  fairly  large,  distinct  and  deeply  im- 
pressed. Surface  sculptured  by  a well  defined  series  of  con- 
centric ribs  and  lines  of  growth.  Palial  line  distinct  and  some 
distance  from  margin  of  shell;  muscle  scars  strong  and  nearly 
equally  developed ; hinge  plate  heavy  and  teeth  typically  de- 
veloped. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  26  mm. ; longitude  34  mm. ; thickness 
10  mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection).  One  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  banks  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  CORBICULA  megerle. 

CORBICUEA  EUFAULAENSIS  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIV,  Figure  119,  and  Plate  XV,  Figure  131. 

Description. — Shell  sub-circular,  about  one-fifth  longer  than 
high  and  very  thick ; beaks  very  prominent  and  situated  nearly 
central,  sometimes  anterior  to  the  center ; valves  very  convex ; 
anterior  and  posterior  margins  sloping  at  nearly  the  same  angle, 
the  former  very  slightly  concave  and  the  latter  very  slightly 
convex ; both  ends  acutely  but  evenly  rounded.  Surface  sculp- 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


33 


tured  by  prominent  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Hinge  plate 
and  teeth  well  developed. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  32  mm. ; longitude  38  mm. ; thickness 
12.5  mm. 

Notes. — Beds  over  five  feet  in  thickness,  composed  exclusively 
of  the  remains  of  this  genus.  These  beds  represent  a brackish 
water  phase  of  the  Tejon  formation  and  are  overlaid  and  under- 
laid by  marine  beds.  This  intercalation  of  marine  and  brackish 
water  strata  is  repeated  several  times  in  Cowlitz  and  Lewis 
counties. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  8 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  on  Coal  Creek,  one 
mile  north  of  Inmann-Polson  store,  Cowlitz  County,  Sec.  35,  T. 

9 N.,  R.  3 W. 

Horizon.- — Brackish  water  Tejon,  Upper  Eocene. 

CoRBICULA  COWLITZENSIS  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIV,  Figure  117,  and  Plate  XV,  Figures  132,  135. 

Description. — Shell  sub-triangular  in  outline,  nearly  one- 
fourth  longer  than  high,  thick ; beaks  prominent,  elevated  and 
situated  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  shell  from  the  anterior 
end ; valves  convex ; anterior  margin  slightly  concave,  short 
and  sloping  downwards  at  an  angle  of  50°  ; anterior  end  broadly 
rounded ; basal  mhrgin  evenly  but  very  slightly  rounded ; pos- 
terior margin  nearly  straight,  long  and  sloping  downwards  at 
an  angle  of  30°  ; posterior  end  obliquely  truncated  and  narrow. 
Surface  marked  by  well  developed  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
Hinge  plate  thick,  cardinal  teeth  very  large,  lateral  teeth 
prominent. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  28  mm. ; longitude  36  mm. ; thickness 

10  mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  8 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  on  Coal  Creek  one  mile 
north  from  Inmann-Polson  store,  Cowlitz  County,  Sec.  35,  T. 
9 N.,  R.  3 W. 

Horizon. — Brackish  water  Tejon,  Upper  Eocene. 

—3 


34 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


GENUS  CARDIUM  LINNAEUS. 

Cardium  olequahensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figure  55. 

Description. — Shell  moderate  in  size,  inequilateral,  and  about 
as  long  as  wide ; beak  central,  incurved  and  inclined  considerably 
forwards ; anterior  margin  slightly  concave  sloping  downwards 
rather  steeply  and  merging  into  the  base  which  is  regularly 
rounded ; posterior  margin  convex  sloping  downward  steeply 
and  finally  becoming  vertical ; posterior  end  slightly  truncated. 
A prominent  ridge  extends  from  the  beak  to  the  base  on  the 
surface  of  the  shell  a little  in  front  of  the  posterior  margin. 
Surface  ornamented  by  forty  very  slightly  rounded  radiating 
ribs  which  are  very  prominent  on  the  central  portion  of  the 
surface  but  less  distinct  near  the  anterior  margin;  interspaces 
are  flat  and  about  three-fourths  the  width  of  the  ribs.  These  are 
crossed  by  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  20  mm. ; longitude  20  mm. ; thickness 
6.5  mm. 

Occurrences. — At  Loc.  No.  6 (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection).  About  one  mile  west  of  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Stillwater  and  Olequah  creeks,  on  the  former  stream. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  MERETRIX  lamarck. 

Meretrix  eandesi  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figures  41,  43. 

Description. — Shell  large,  sub-triangular  and  thick ; beak 
situated  slightly  anterior  to  the  center,  prominent  and  directed 
forwards ; anterior  margin  slightly  concave  and  sloping  down- 
ward at  an  angle  of  45°;  anterior  end  acutely  rounded;  pos- 
terior margin  slightly  concave  and  sloping  less  steeply  to  the 
posterior  end;  base  broadly  and  evenly  rounded;  surface  or- 
namented by  well  developed  nearly  equally  spaced  concentric 
lines  of  growth ; no  radiating  ribs  present.  Lunule  large,  cor- 
date, and  deeply  impressed;  escutcheon  much  larger  and  also 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


35 


impressed ; hinge  plate  heavy ; lateral  teeth  well  developed ; 
muscular  scars  large. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  53  mm. ; longitude  68  mm. ; thickness 
20  mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  2 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection).  On  Olequah  Creek  one  mile  above 
junction  with  Stillwater  Creek,  back  of  the  old  Cantwell  place. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Meretrix  oeequahensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figures  47,  48,  49,  50. 

Description. — Shell  thick,  robust,  somewhat  inflated,  sub-tri- 
angular ; beaks  nearly  central,  prominent  and  strongly  incurved ; 
anterior  margin  sloping  downward  steeply  and  nearly  straight, 
then  extending  outward  with  a decreasing  slope  until  broadly 
truncated  at  the  anterior  end ; base  evenly  rounded ; posterior 
margin  sloping  steeply  at  first  then  decreasing  and  merging 
into  the  broadly  rounded  posterior  end.  Surface  sculptured 
with  somewhat  prominent  concentric  ribs.  No  radiating  ribs 
are  present.  Surface  deeply  excavated  under  the  beaks.  Inner 
surface  smooth  with  strong  pits  and  moderately  deep  palial 
sinus ; lateral  teeth  well  developed. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  35  mm. ; longitude  38  mm. ; thickness 
15  mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  2 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection).  On  Olequah  Creek,  one  mile  above 
junction  of  Olequah  and  Stillwater  creeks,  west  of  the  Cantwell 
place. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  TAPES  MEGERLE. 

Tapes  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  thin  and  inequilateral ; 
beaks  about  one-third  the  length  of  shell  from  anterior  end  and 
directed  forwards ; anterior  margin  concave  and  sloping  at  an 
angle  of  45°  to  the  anterior  end  which  is  very  acutely  rounded; 


36 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


base  broadly  rounded ; posterior  margin  slightly  convex  and 
sloping  at  a very  low  angle  to  the  posterior  end  where  it  is 
broadly  truncated.  Surface  ornamented  by  numerous  well  de- 
veloped concentric  ribs  and  lines  of  growth ; no  radiating  ribs 
present.  Lunule  large,  distinct  and  somewhat  narrow,  escutch- 
eon absent. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  25  mm. ; longitude  32  mm. ; thickness 
7 mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  6 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection).  About  one  mile  west  of  the  junction 
of  Stillwater  and  Olequah  creeks,  on  the  former. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GASTEROPODA. 

genus  POTAMIDES  brongt. 

POTAMIDES  FETTKEI  n.  Sp. 

Plate  II,  Figures  23,  24. 

Description. — Shell  small,  elongated,  and  turreted ; whorls 
nine,  very  slightly  convex  and  somewhat  angulated ; suture 
fairly  distinct  and  linear.  Surface  ornamented  with  thirteen 
revolving  ribs,  three  above  and  ten  below  the  revolving  angle ; 
each  rib  is  set  with  numerous  small  beadlike  nodes.  Between 
each  set  of  nodose  ribs  there  is  a small  revolving  thread  which  is 
smooth.  The  revolving  angle  is  set  with  ten  large  flattened 
nodes ; whorls  of  spire  similarly  sculptured.  Aperture  mod- 
erately broad,  ovate;  inner  lip  very  slightly  thickened;  outer 
lip  smooth. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  19  mm. ; diameter  5 mm. ; angle  of 
spire  23°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  2 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection).  On  Olequah  Creek  one 
mile  above  junction  with  Stillwater  Creek,  back  of  Cantwell 
place,  Sec.  29,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 


37 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


PoTAMIDES  EEWISIANA  n.  Sp. 

Plate  II,  Figures  22,  25. 

Description. — Shell  small,  elongate,  turreted ; whorls  nine  to 
ten,  slightly  convex  and  in  some  specimens  faintly  angulated. 
Suture  distinct  and  impressed.  Surface  sculptured  by  fourteen 
distinct  revolving  ribs  each  of  which  is  set  with  small  beadlike 
nodes ; no  intervening  revolving  threads  present.  Longitudinal 
ribs  are  sometimes  present,  sometimes  confined  to  the  whorls 
of  the  spire  only  and  sometimes  confined  to  the  body  whorl. 
The  faint  angulation  which  is  often  present  is  confined  to  the 
surface  just  bekw  the  suture.  Aperture  narrow  and  elliptical; 
inner  lip  incrusted ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  24  mm. ; diameter  7 mm. ; angle  of 
spire  20°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  2 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection.)  On  Olequah  Creek  one 
mile  above  junction  with  Stillwater  Creek,  back  of  Cantwell 
place,  Sec.  29,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  RIMELLA  agassiz. 

Rimella  canalifera  gabb,  var.  elongata  n.  var. 

Plate  II,  Figures  18,  19. 

Description. — Shell  small,  fusiform,  elongate;  spire  very 
much  elevated;  whorls  ten  (a  constant  character),  slightly  con- 
vex ; suture  moderately  deep.  Surface  marked  by  twenty-three 
narrow  knife-like  longitudinal  ribs.  These  extend  over  all  the 
whorls  except  the  last  two  which  form  the  apex ; interspaces 
twice  as  broad  as  the  ribs  and  broadly  concave.  These  ribs 
extend  over  the  upper  two-thirds  of  the  body  whorl  and  over 
all  the  whorls  of  the  spire.  They  are  crossed  by  thirty-three 
distinct  revolving  ribs  which  are  very  closely  spaced  on  that 
part  of  the  surface  where  the  longitudinal  ribs  are  present ; 
below  that  the  revolving  ribs  are  twice  as  far  apart.  Aperture 
long  and  narrow ; posterior  angle  of  the  mouth  is  continued  in 
a deep  canal  (in  some  specimens  fairly  broad),  slightly  curved 


38 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


along  the  spire  to  the  apex;  anterior  canal  short;  outer  lip 
somewhat  thickened;  inner  lip  heavily  incrusted  by  a callous. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  19  mm. ; diameter  7 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  11  mm. ; angle  of  spire  32°. 

Notes. — This  variety  is  characterized  by  ten  instead  of  six 
or  seven  whorls,  by  its  more  slender  form,  and  differences  in  ex- 
ternal ornamentation.  Specimens  are  numerous  and  excellently 
preserved. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection),  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  CASSIDARIA  lamarck. 

Cassidaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  28. 

Description. — Shell  large,  thick,  angulated,  globularly  ovate 
and  profusely  ornamented ; whorls  eight,  upper  three  smooth 
and  rounded ; body  whorl  large ; spire  relatively  short.  On  the 
spire  are  two  very  large  revolving  ribs  or  carinae  which  are  set 
with  tubercles  or  spines.  The  carinae  form  an  upper  and  lower 
angle  to  the  whorl ; between  these  the  surface  is  concave ; above 
the  upper  angle  the  surface  is  flat  and  forms  nearly  a right 
angle  with  the  surface  of  the  central  part  of  the  whorl.  Surface 
below  the  lower  angle  slightly  concave  and  sloping  downwards 
to  the  canal;  on  it  are  two  less  prominent  revolving  ribs  carry- 
ing spines.  Whorls  of  spire  are  similarly  developed.  Surface 
ornamented  by  eleven  longitudinal  ribs  beginning  at  the  suture 
and  covering  the  whorl  but  less  conspicuous  on  the  lower  por- 
tion of  whorl.  Surface  crossed  by  nine  prominent  revolving 
ribs ; the  upper  two  situated  on  the  angle  of  the  whorl  form- 
ing the  carinae.  Where  these  intersect  the  longitudinal  ribs, 
nodes  or  spines  are  developed.  Sometimes  a third  carinae  is 
developed.  Between  each  set  of  the  large  revolving  ribs  is 
one  less  prominent  rib  and  on  either  side  of  that,  two  small  re- 


39 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 

volving  threads.  Spire  similarly  ornamented.  Suture  distinct 
and  slightly  undulating.  Inner  lip  expanded  and  with  heavy 
callous  covering  the  surface  up  to  the  upper  angle  of  the  body 
whorl;  outer  lip  thick  and  crenulated ; posterior  sinus  distinct 
but  small;  aperture  broad  and  oval;  canal  broken. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  from  broken  end  of  spire  M mm. ; 
diameter  32  mm. ; altitude  of  spire  13  mm. ; angle  of  spire  98°. 

Notes. — These  specimens  are  beautifully  preserved  and  in 
some  cases  show  the  original  coloring. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sopenah 
(Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec.  21, 
T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  MORIO  MONTP. 

Morio  tuberculatus,  gabb,  var.  tri-tuberculatus  n.  var. 

Plate  III,  Figure  35. 

Description. — This  form  is  undobutedly  M.  tuberculatus 
Gabb,  as  described  in  Vol.  1,  Palaeontology  of  California,  but 
there  are  certain  variations  from  his  original  description  which 
are  constant  on  every  specimen  collected  in  Washington.  Since 
the  California  and  Washington  localities  are  so  widely  separated 
and  the  material  here  so  perfectly  preserved  it  seems  best  to 
place  this  form  on  record  as  a variety.  Gabb  states  that  his 
figure  is  partially  a restoration  based  on  several  fragments 
especially  the  aperture.  Gabb’s  description  is  here  quoted: 

“Shell  short,  robust,  thin ; whorls  seven,  spire  low.  Surface 
marked  by  two,  rarely  three,  rows  of  small  tubercles ; two 
bounding  the  widest  portion  of  the  volution,  with  a plane  or 
slightly  concave  surface  between  them ; the  third,  Avhich  occurs 
rarely,  is  placed  below  the  others ; besides  these,  the  whole  sur- 
face is  ornamented  by  fine  revolving  striae.  Aperture  broad ; 
outer  lip  thick,  longitudinally  striate  externally,  inner  surface 
crenulate;  columellar  lip  covered  by  a broad  plate,  plicate  or 
crenulate  anteriorly.  Canal  strongly  recurved.  A distinct 


40 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


varix,  nearly  as  large  as  the  outer  lip,  occurs  on  the  body  whorl, 
and  sometimes  there  is  a smaller  one  on  the  penultimate  volution. 
I have  not  always  been  able  to  detect  the  latter.” 

In  the  variety  of  tri-tuberculatus  the  whorls  always  carry 
three  rows  of  tubercles  (never  only  two).  The  varix  on  the 
body  whorl  is  much  smaller ; canal  much  more  strongly  recurved 
than  shown  in  Gabb’s  figure ; columellar  lip  less  extensively  de- 
veloped ; aperture  narrower.  These  variations  are  characteris- 
tic of  all  specimens  collected. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  24  mm. ; diameter  17  mm. ; altitude 
of  spire  4 mm. ; angle  of  spire  85°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  TRITONIUM  link. 

- 

Tritonium  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figure  6. 

Description. — Shell  fusiform,  small  and  robust ; whorls  seven 
and  convex ; spire  moderately  elevated.  Surface  ornamented 
by  ten  very  prominent,  narrow,  rounded  longitudinal  ribs  which 
extend  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  shell  except  the  very  lower- 
most part  of  the  body  whorl.  These  ribs  are  crossed  by  twenty- 
one  wTell  defined,  sinuous,  equally  spaced  and  developed  revolving 
ribs  with  broad  concave  interspaces.  Suture  distinct,  impressed 
and  sinuous.  Aperture  subelliptical,  narrow  and  prolonged  as 
nearly  closed  canal  anteriorly.  Canal  short  and  slightly  bent 
backwards ; inner  lip  smooth ; outer  lip  crenulated  within ; 
varices  few  and  small. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  18  mm. ; diameter  8 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  7 mm. ; angle  of  spire  58°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  in  banks  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  LTpper  Eocene. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


41 


genus  RANELLA  lamarck. 

Ranella  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  14. 

Description. — Shell  medium  size  and  robust  ; spire  moderately 
high;  whorls  seven  to  eight,  angulated  and  convex,  last  two  of 
apex  being  smooth  and  not  sculptured;  body  whorl  with  pro- 
nounced revolving  angle  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
whorl  down  from  the  suture ; surface  between  angle  and  suture 
nearly  straight  (occasionally  slightly  concave)  ; surface  below 
the  angle  broadly  convex.  Suture  compressed,  distinct  but 
somewhat  undulating;  varices  prominent,  bladelike  and  continu- 
ous. In  addition  to  the  varices  the  surface  is  ornamented  by 
nine  distinct  longitudinal  ribs.  These  are  crossed  by  seventeen 
prominent  revolving  lines.  The  one  on  the  angle  and  the  four 
immediately  below  it  are  set  with  sharp  spine  like  nodes  at  the 
intersection  with  the  longitudinal  ribs.  Surface  above  the  angle 
sculptured  by  a very  large  number  of  fine  revolving  threads 
but  no  prominent  revolving  ribs.  Between  the  more  prominent 
revolving  ribs  below  the  angle  there  are  numerous  fine  revolving 
threads.  Aperture  broad,  sub-oval,  narrowing  at  the  posterior 
end ; inner  lip  not  heavily  incrusted ; canal  short  and  not 
strongly  recurved ; outer  lip  thickened  by  the  varix. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  35  mm. ; diameter  23  mm. ; altitude 
of  spire  17  mm.;  angle  of  spire  60°. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Ranella  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  15,  and  Plate  III,  Figures  26,  27. 

Description. — Shell  small  and  robust ; spire  high ; whorls  six, 
convex  and  without  any  angle.  Suture  distinct  and  impressed. 
Varices  very  large  and  extending  over  all  of  the  whorls.  Sur- 
face sculptured  by  eight  unequally  developed  longitudinal  ribs 


42 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


extending  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  whorls.  These  are 
crossed  on  the  body  whorl  by  nine  equally  developed  and  equally 
spaced  revolving  ribs.  Where  these  intersect  the  longitudinal 
ribs,  low  rounded  nodes  are  developed,  which  are  most  con- 
spicuous on  the  central  part  of  the  whorl.  Between  each  of 
the  revolving  ribs  there  are  four  or  five  fine  revolving  threads. 
Aperture  small,  elliptical,  equally  acuminate  above  and  below, 
anterior  end  forming  a nearly  closed  canal  which  is  short  and 
strongly  curved  backwards.  Inner  lip  very  heavily  incrusted ; 
outer  lip  thick  and  crenulated. 

Description. — Shell  small,  fusiform ; spire  moderately  high ; 
spire  12  mm. ; angle  of  spire  40°. 

Notes. — Specimens  of  this  species  are  exceedingly  well  pre- 
served. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  NASS  A MARTINI. 

Nassa  eocenica  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  32. 

Description. — Shell  small  fusiform ; spire  moderately  high ; 
whorls  eight  and  convex,  last  two  on  apex,  smooth,  rounded  and  : 
without  ornamentation ; upper  portion  of  each  whorl  surrounded 
by  a deep  depression,  above  which  a low  collar  extends  upward 
to  the  suture ; suture  distinct.  Surface  of  shell  ornamented  by  , 
eighteen  longitudinal  ribs  which  are  very  distinct  on  the  spire 
but  faint  in  the  body  whorls ; they  begin  at  the  suture  and  extend 
the  length  of  the  whorls  with  the  exception  of  the  body  whorl 
where  they  disappear  a short  distance  below  the  convex  portion ; 
body  whorl  sculptured  by  eleven  very  prominent  revolving  ribs ; 
alternating  with  these  are  eleven  less  prominent  revolving  lines 
on  either  side  of  which  is  a fine  but  distinct  revolving  thread. 
Sculpture  similar  on  the  spire.  Canal  short  and  fairly  strongly 


43 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashington 


recurved ; aperture  moderately  narrow  and  tapering  towards 
the  end  of  the  canal ; inner  lip  slightly  incrusted ; outer  lip  crenu- 

lated. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  18  mm. ; diameter  10  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  6 mm. ; angle  of  spire  57°. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Nassa  Packardi  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  34. 

Description. — Shell  small,  short,  fusiform  ; whorls  five ; suture 
distinct;  body  whorl  very  convex;  upper  surface  below  suture 
broadly  grooved.  Surface  ornamented  by  twenty-five  longitud- 
inal ribs  which  extend  from  upper  groove  to  base  of  whorl ; 
these  are  crossed  by  sixteen  equally  spaced  revolving  ribs. 
Aperture  broad,  elliptical  and  evenly  rounded.  Canal  short  and 
not  strongly  recurved.  Columella  strongly  incrusted. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  15  mm. ; diameter  9 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  5 mm. ; angle  of  spire  65°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  So- 
penah (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County, 
Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  CHRYSODOMUS  swains. 

Chrysodomus  ceaelamensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XV,  Figure  136. 

Description. — -Shell  of  moderate  size,  sub-fusiform ; spire 
moderately  high ; whorls  seven,  convex ; body  whorl  regularly 
convex  with  very  faint  angulation  a short  distance  below  the 
suture;  suture  distinct  and  impressed.  Surface  ornamented 
with  thirty  very  low  revolving  ribs  between  each  pair  of  which 


44 


Bulletin  No.  15,  W a shin gt  on  Geological  Survey 


there  is  a very  fine  revolving  thread ; about  twenty-five  faint 
longitudinal  ribs  are  present.  This  sculpture  is  present  on  all 
the  whorls.  Canal  of  medium  length  and  somewhat  bent  back- 
wards ; inner  lip  incrusted ; outer  lip  somewhat  thickened ; aper- 
ture broad. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  37  mm. ; diameter  18  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  16  mm. ; angle  of  spire  45°. 

Occurrence. — -At  Loc.  No.  105  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection)  at  Slip  Point  just  east  of  Clallam 
Bay,  Clallam  County. 

Horizon. — Upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

genus  HEMIPUSUS  SWAIN SON. 

Hemifusus  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figures  2,  3. 

Description. — Shell  large,  robust,  moderately  elongate  and 
convex;  whorls  seven  to  eight  and  very  convex;  suture  undu- 
lating and  fairly  distinct ; middle  three-fifths  of  each  whorl  con- 
vex ; upper  part  concave,  then  ^vertical  to  the  suture ; lower  part 
slightly  concave;  upper  or  seventh  whorl  of  shell  smooth  and 
rounded;  other  whorls  highly  ornamented.  Surface  ornamented  ' 
by  ten  very  prominent  longitudinal  ribs  which  extend  over  almost  ; 
the  whole  shell,  except  a small  area  just  below  the  suture;  at 
the  extreme  lower  portion  of  the  body  whorl  they  become  some- 
what obscure.  Surface  of  body  whorl  up  as  far  as  the  upper 
portion  of  the  convex  part  sculptured  by  fifteen  very  prominent 
revolving  ribs.  Alternating  with  these  is  a less  prominent  rib,  { 
on  either  side  of  which  is  a fine  raised  thread.  This  sculpture  ' 
extends  to  the  end  of  the  canal.  Surface  of  the  whorl  above  < 
upper  end  of  convex  portion  is  sculptured  by  seven  revolving 
ribs  alternating  with  fine  threads.  At  the  intersection  of  the 
revolving  lines  and  longitudinal  ribs  on  the  convex  part  of  the 
shell,  distinct,  short  spines  are  developed ; sculpture  of  whorls  on 
spire  similar.  Canal  short  and  bent  to  the  left.  Anterior  sinus 
fairly  deep;  inner  lip  smooth  and  calloused;  outer  lip  smooth; 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


45 


aperture  large,  semi-elliptical  and  extending  to  the  end  of  the 
canal. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  45  nnn. ; diameter  22  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  15  mm. ; angle  of  spire  45°. 

Notes. — Exceedingly  well  preserved. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Hemifusus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figures  1,  4. 

Description. — Shell  unequally  fusiform,  spare  low,  whorls 
five,  the  last  always  tri-carnate,  the  others  with  rounded  carinae. 
Last  two  whorls  forming  the  apex  smooth  and  rounded.  Whorls 
convex ; portions  between  the  carinae  concave ; that  above  the 
upper  carina  nearly  straight  and  sloping  up  at  a low  angle  to 
the  suture;  that  below  the  lower  carina  very  slightly  concave. 
Surface  of  body  whorl  sculptured  by  three  carinae  which  are 
crossed  by  twenty-six  longitudinal  ribs  extending  from  the 
suture  to  the  extreme  lower  end  of  the  shell.  Their  intersections 
are  marked  by  nodes  or  tubercles.  Between  the  longitudinal 
ribs  are  lines  of  growth.  Between  the  carinae  above  and  below 
them  are  numerous  distinct  revolving  threads ; eight  above  the 
upper  carina,  eight  between  upper  and  middle  carinae,  seven  be- 
tween the  middle  and  lower,  and  twenty-three  on  the  surface 
below  the  lowest  carina.  On  the  lower  surface  every  alternating 
thread  is  a little  more  distinct.  Aperture  generally  broad  and 
extending  to  the  end  of  the  canal ; canal  much  longer  than  spire 
and  slightly  curved  outwards ; inner  lip  smooth  and  somewhat 
calloused ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  40  mm.  and  32  mm. ; diameter  22  mm. 
and  18  mm.;  altitude  of  spire  5 mm  and  3 mm.;  angle  of  spire 

65°  and  61°. 


46 


Bulletin  No.  15,  W ashingt on  Geological  Survey 


Notes. — This  species  resembles  somewhat  Fusu  horni  Gabb 
but  has  a greater  number  of  longitudinal  ribs.  Specimens  are 
abundant  and  as  well  preserved  as  though  living. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Hemifusus  eewisiana  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figure  9. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  elongate  and  fusiform ; 
spire  high  and  acute;  whorls  seven  and  rounded;  upper  two 
smooth  with  no  ornamentation ; body  whorl  convex ; whorls  of 
spire  slightly  convex  and  relatively  long;  suture  distinct.  Sur- 
face ornamented  by  eighteen  fairly  distinct  longitudinal  ribs 
which  are  more  prominent  on  the  spire  than  on  body  whorl;  they 
become  indistinct  on  lower  surface  of  body  whorl ; these  are 
crossed  by  nineteen  distinct  flat  topped  revolving  ribs  alter- 
nating  with  nineteen  fine  revolving  threads.  Aperture  mod- 
erately large,  relatively  narrow ; canal  short  and  slightly  de- 
flected outwards ; two  indistinct  plications  are  generally  pres- 
ent ; inner  lip  moderately  calloused ; outer  lip  thick  and  crenu- 
lated  within. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  25  mm. ; diameter  10  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  10  mm. ; angle  of  spire  37°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa-  , 
laeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec.  j 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Hemifusus  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figures  11,  12. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size  and  fusiform ; whorls 
eight,  convex,  and  slightly  angulated ; body  whorl  concave  above 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


47 


angle;  suture  distinct  and  sinuous.  Surface  ornamented  with 
thirteen  longitudinal  ribs  which  are  most  prominent  on  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  whorl.  These  are  crossed  by  twenty  distinct  re- 
volving ribs  which  are  set  with  spiny  nodes  at  the  intersections 
with  the  longitudinal  ribs.  Alternating  with  each  revolving  rib 
is  a revolving  thread.  Aperture  moderately  broad,  somewhat 
elongated  and  continuing  to  end  of  canal.  Canal  straight  and 
moderately  long ; inner  lip  smooth  and  calloused ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  29  mm. ; diameter  15  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  10  mm. ; angle  of  spire  57°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Hemifusus  tejonensis  n.  sp. 

Description, — Shell  of  moderate  size,  robust ; spire  moderately 
low ; whorls  seven  and  very  slightly  convex ; upper  portion  of 
body  whorl  very  slightly  concave;  suture  not  very  distinct  and 
slightly  sinuous.  Surface  ornamented  by  fifteen  fairly  well 
developed  longitudinal  ribs  which  are  most  prominent  on  middle 
portion  of  whorl.  They  are  not  present  on  the  extreme  upper 
and  lower  portions.  These  ribs  are  crossed  by  eighteen  prom- 
inent revolving  ribs,  alternating  with  as  many  minor  revolving 
threads.  Low  nodes  are  present  on  middle  six  or  seven  revolving 
ribs  at  the  intersections  with  the  longitudinal  ribs.  Aperture 
moderately  broad,  acute  at  posterior  and  anterior  ends ; canal 
straight;  inner  lip  smooth  and  much  calloused ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  28  mm. ; diameter  16  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  7 mm. ; angle  of  spire  63°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 


48 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


genus  BRACHYSPHINGUS  gabb. 

Brachysphingus  clarki  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figure  38,  and  Plate  VI,  Figure  57. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  length,  heavy  and  thick ; 
spire  moderately  high  (never  as  low  as  in  B.  sinuatus  Gabb)  ; 
body  whorl  very  large ; whorls  of  spire  five  and  distinct  (never 
hidden)  ; suture  linear  and  distinct;  body  whorl  moderately  con- 
vex with  often  a faint  depression  on  the  upper  portion  just  be- 
low the  suture.  Surface  smooth  except  for  well  developed  sinu- 
ous lines  of  growth ; no  revolving  ribs  are  present  on  any  speci- 
mens examined.  Aperture  broad  and  long,  and  very  deeply 
notched  at  the  anterior  end ; a prominent  fold  extends  from  the 
upper  part  of  this  notch  around  lower  part  of  whorl ; inner  lip 
thickly  incrusted ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  84  mm. ; diameter  18  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  8 mm. ; angle  of  spire  65°. 

Locality. — At  Loc.  No.  5 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection). 

Horizon. — Tejon  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  MTJREX  LINNAEUS. 

Murex  sopenahensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figure  8. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  large,  heavy  and  somewhat 
spinose ; spire  moderately  high ; whorls  nine  and  angular ; body 
whorl  with  revolving  angle  at  base  of  upper  third  of  whorl ; 
surface  above  this  angle  straight  to  slightly  convex ; surface 
below  angle  slightly  convex.  Surface  sculptured  by  eight  prom- 
inent revolving  ribs  below  the  angle  and  between  each  two  there 
are  three  minor  revolving  threads ; above  the  angle  there  are  ten 
small,  but  well  developed  revolving  threads.  Varices  are  present 
but  weakly  developed.  On  the  angle  at  the  intersections  with 
the  varices  are  flattened  or  spinose  nodes ; sometimes  these  are 
present  on  the  varices  a short  distance  below  the  angle.  Angle 
formed  by  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  body  whorl  is  88°. 
Aperture  broad  and  oval  and  narrowing  a short  distance  from 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


49 


anterior  end  of  canal.  Canal  long  and  bent;  inner  lip  smooth 
and  calloused ; outer  lip  moderately  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  to  broken  end  28  mm. ; diameter  19 
mm.;  altitude  of  spire  11  mm.;  angle  of  spire  63°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east 
of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County,  Sec.  27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Murex  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figure  7. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  heavy  and  spinous ; 
spire  short ; whorls  six,  angulated  and  with  six  varices  continu- 
ous on  all  whorls ; angle  situated  on  upper  third  of  body  whorl ; 
surface  below  angle  very  slightly  concave;  surface  above 
straight  and  sloping  upward  at  a low  angle ; angle  between 
upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  whorl  78°  ; suture  impressed  and 
distinct.  Whorls  of  spire  flattened.  Surface  ornamented  with 
fifteen  revolving  ribs  each  of  which  is  separated  from  the  adjoin- 
ing one  by  two  very  small  closely  set  revolving  striae.  At  the 
intersection  of  angle  and  varices  large  rough  spines  are  de- 
veloped. Aperture  broad,  oval,  nearly  closed  at  anterior  end 
and  extending  nearly  to  the  end  of  canal.  Canal  long,  heavy 
and  bent ; inner  lip  heavily  calloused ; outer  lip  moderately  thick. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  40  mm. ; diameter  28  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  11  mm. ; angle  of  spire  80°. 

Occurrence. — -At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

—4 


50 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


GENUS  FUSUS  LAMARCK. 

Fusus  WASHINGTONIANA  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  10. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  small ; spire  pagodaform  and 
elongate ; whorls  eleven  and  very  sharply  angulated ; body  whorl 
with  angle  at  lower  half  of  middle  third  of  surface.  Surface  I 
above  angle  straight  and  sloping  upwards  at  an  angle  of  45°  ; ■ 
lower  surface  straight  and  sloping  downwards  making  an  angle  - 
with  the  upper  surface  of  100°  ; lower  surface  of  whorls  of  spire  • 
straight  and  nearlv  horizontal.  Surface  ornamented  with  thir- 
teen  longitudinal  ribs  which  are  limited  to  flattened  nodes  on 
the  angle  and  gradually  disappear  toward  the  suture ; twenty-  ' 
eight  equally  spaced  revolving  ribs  are  present.  Suture  distinct 
and  undulating.  Longitudinal  lines  of  growth  well  developed. 
Canal  long  and  straight ; inner  lip  incrusted ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude,  apex  to  broken  end  of  spire  25  mm. ; 
diameter  13  mm. ; altitude  of  spire  15  mm. ; angle  of  spire  50°. 

, 

Notes. — This  species  is  very  well  preserved  and  resembles  very 
closely  F.  pagodaformis  of  the  Clayborne  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa-  1 
laeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Fusus  dickersoni  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  29,  and  Plate  XIV,  Figure  124. 

Description. — Shell  elongated,  slender  and  fusiform ; spire  < 
longer  than  aperture ; whorls  eleven,  very  slightly  convex ; suture  j 
very  distinct,  impressed  and  linear.  Surface  ornamented  with 
fifteen  prominent  longitudinal  ribs  which  extend  over  all  the 
whorls ; these  are  crossed  by  twenty-two  revolving  ribs  on  the 
body  whorl ; between  these  ribs  are  broad,  deep,  flat-bottomed 
interspaces.  Aperture  narrow  ; inner  lip  highly  incrusted ; outer  S 
lip  thin.  Canal  moderately  long. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


51 


Dimensions. — Altitude  45  mm. ; diameter  9 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  28  mm. ; angle  of  spire  23°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

Fusus  lewisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  33. 

Description. — Shell  moderate  in  size,  fusiform ; whorls  eight 
to  nine  and  somewhat  angulated ; body  whorl  convex  in  middle 
portion ; nearly  straight  above  and  sloping  up  steeply  to  the 
suture.  Suture  distinct  and  slightly  sinuous.  Surface  orna- 
mented by  eleven  not  very  distinct  longitudinal  ribs ; these  are 
most  prominent  on  the  convex  portion  of  the  surface ; above  the 
angle  they  are  faint  and  disappear  before  reaching  the  suture; 
they  are  entirely  absent  from  lower  portion  of  body  whorl ; they 
are  present  on  all  whorls  of  spire.  The  longitudinal  ribs  are 
crossed  by  fifteen  distinct  revolving  ribs,  four  of  which  on  the 
convex  part  of  whorl  carry  sharp  spinose  nodes ; between  each 
of  the  prominent  ribs  there  are  four  or  five  less  distinct  revolving 
threads  with  broad  deep  interspaces.  Aperture  moderately 
broad ; inner  lip  smooth  and  slightly  calloused ; outer  lip 
smooth ; canal  moderately  long  and  bent  outwards. 

Dimensions.— Altitude  28  mm. ; diameter  13  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  8 mm. ; angle  of  spire  49°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec. 
27,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 


52 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


genus  FASCIOLARIA  lamarck. 

Fasciolaria  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  I,  Figure  5. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  large,  robust  and  turreted; 
spire  high ; whorls  eight,  angulated ; angle  situated  at  lower 
part  of  upper  third  of  body  whorl,  concave  above  and  concave  to 
flat  below.  Surface  ornamented  by  thirteen  very  distinct  revolv- 
ing ribs  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  angulated  area  where 
they  exist  as  short  spine-like  nodes ; twenty-five  revolving  ribs 
are  present  each  of  which  is  separated  from  the  one  next  to  it 
by  a very  small  revolving  thread ; they  all  appear  beaded,  due  to 
the  intersections  with  the  prominent  lines  of  growth.  Lines  of 
growth  are  sinuous  and  above  the  angle  curved  to  the  right  in 
accordance  with  the  posterior  sinus.  Suture  distinct  and  sinu- 
ous. Canal  very  narrow,  angle  in  outer  lip ; columella  slightly 
bent  in  advance  with  two  very  faint  plications ; inner  lip  cal- 
loused ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  44  mm. ; diameter  22  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  8 mm. ; angle  of  spire  49°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County,  Sec*  , 
21,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2 W. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

b 

GENUS  MITRA  LAMARCK. 

Mitra  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  16. 

3 

Description. — Shell  very  small,  sub-fusiform  and  smooth ; 
spire  moderately  long ; whorls  seven  and  very  convex ; body  ! 
whorl  regularly  convex ; suture  distinct  and  moderately  deep ; 
surface  sculptured  by  fine  microscopic  revolving  threads  and 
very  fine  closely  set  lines  of  growth.  This  sculpture  is  very 
indistinct  with  the  unaided  eye  but  can  clearly  be  made  out  with 
a hand  lens ; the  upper  surface  of  each  whorl  immediately  be- 
low the  suture  is  set  with  minute,  closely-spaced  longitudinal 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


53 


ribs  which  disappear  a short  distance  below  on  the  whorl.  Aper- 
ture narrow,  elongate,  continuing  but  becoming  very  narrow  at 
end  of  canal ; canal  short ; inner  lip  somewhat  incrusted  and  set 
with  four  oblique  folds,  the  posterior  of  which  are  the  larger. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  12  mm.;  diameter  5.5  mm.;  altitude  of 
spire  4.5  mm. ; angle  of  spire  58°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east 
of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

genus  ANCILLARIA  lamaeck. 

Ancilearia  bretzi  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  21. 

Description. — Shell  small,  robust ; spire  high ; whorls  seven, 
convex;  suture  distinct;  just  below  the  suture  there  is  a small 
band  formed  by  a grooving  of  the  upper  margin  of  whorl.  Sur- 
face of  shell  sculptured  with  twenty-five  longitudinal  transverse 
ribs  extending  over  the  entire  whorl  from  suture  to  plications ; 
between  each  rib  are  five  fine  longitudinal  threads ; no  revolving 
lines  are  present.  Aperture  broad ; posterior  end  narrowing ; 
anterior  very  wide ; inner  lip  somewhat  incrusted ; columella  with 
four  plications  ; outer  lip  thin  ; anterior  sinus  deep. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  15  mm. ; diameter  8 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  4 mm. ; angle  of  spire  52°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  Countv. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  SURCULA  H.  AND  A.  ADAMS. 

SURCULA  COWLITZENSIS  n.  Sp. 

Plate  III,  Figures  30,  36,  and  Plate  IX,  Figure  86. 

Description. — Shell  slender,  elongate,  biconical  and  fusiform; 
length  of  spire  equal  to  that  of  canal ; whorls  eleven  and  sharply 


Bulletin  No.  15 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 


54 


angulated;  suture  distinct,  impressed  and  linear;  surface  below 
angle  slightly  convex,  that  above  distinctly  concave ; surface 
of  body  whorl  ornamented  with  fifteen  longitudinal  ribs  which 
extend  over  wThorls  of  spire;  these  entirely  disappear  just  above 
the  angle  and  a short  distance  below  and  form  conspicuous  nodes 
on  the  angle;  there  are  sixteen  equally  spaced  revolving  ribs 
from  base  to  angle  and  between  each  is  a broad  flat-bottomed 
interspace  containing  a fine  revolving  thread ; in  addition  there 
are  fine  lines  of  growth  which  are  sinuous  and  conform  to  the 
posterior  sinus.  Aperture  narrow  and  elongate  terminating  in 
a long  narrow  canal ; posterior  end  with  deep  sinus ; inner  lip 
smooth  and  incrusted ; outer  lip  thin ; canal  long  and  straight. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  45  mm. ; diameter  7 mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  22  mm. ; angle  of  spire  30°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

GENUS  CONUS  LINNAEUS. 

Conus  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figure  20. 

Description. — Shell  biconical ; spire  a little  over  one-fourth  of 
total  length ; whorls  seven  and  a half  to  eight,  and  very  sharply 
angulated ; upper  two  forming  the  apex  are  smooth  and 
rounded ; angle  set  with  nodes.  Body  whorl  conical  below  the 
angle ; nearly  flat  above  but  sloping  close  to  the  suture  making 
the  upper  surface  of  each  whorl  decidedly  convex ; eighteen  very 
distinct  nodes  on  the  angle ; these  do  not  continue  above  or  below 
as  ribs ; although  blunt  and  rounded  they  are  pointed  slightly 
to  the  left.  Surface  marked  by  forty  revolving  lines  below  the 
angle  which  are  more  distinct  toward  base  of  whorl;  portion  of 
whorl  above  angle  obscurely  sculptured  by  revolving  lines.  Nu- 
merous faint  lines  of  growth  are  present.  Aperture  linear  and 
narrow,  and  extending  to  end  of  spire.  The  spire  varies  some- 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


what  in  length,  but  the  upper  surface  of  whorls  are  extremely 
convex. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  88  mm. ; diameter  15  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  18  mm.;  angle  of  spire  50°  ; angle  of  lower  part  of  body 

whorl  88°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east 
of  Sopenah  (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis 
County. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 

BRACH IOPODA. 

genus  RHYNCONELLA  fischer. 

Rhynconella  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figures  44,  45. 

Description. — Shell  sub-circular  medium  size,  thin  and  very 
slightly  longer  than  wide;  hinge  line  narrow  and  situated  at 
middle  of  shell;  dorsal  valve  evenly  convex,  sub-circular  with 
no  trace  of  medial  fold ; ventral  valve  with  same  convexity  as 
dorsal;  sinus  distinct;  margin  sloping  down  at  an  angle  of  40° 
from  beak  ; base  arcuate  ; beak  prominent,  incurved.  Sculptured 
with  about  thirty  radiating  ribs,  many  of  which  are  dichoto- 
mous ; these  are  crossed  by  numerous  concentric  lines  of  growth ; 
medial  groove  fairly  distinct,  but  not  deep ; more  pronounced 
towards  basal  margin. 

Dimensions. — Ventral  valve,  altitude  20  mm. ; longitude  17 
mm. ; thickness  2.5  mm.  Dorsal  valve,  altitude  18  mm. ; longi- 
tude 18  mm. ; thickness  2.5  mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  1 (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Sope- 
nah (Little  Falls)  in  bank  of  Cowlitz  River,  Lewis  County. 

Horizon. — Cowlitz  formation,  Upper  Eocene. 


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Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


MIOCENE  SPECIES. 

PELECYPODA. 

GENUS  LEDA  SCHUMACHER. 

. . Leda  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figures  104,  105. 

Description. — Shell  small,  moderately  convex,  equivalve  and 
nearly  equilateral;  beaks  slightly  elevated  and  curved  forwards; 
lunule  very  large ; cordate  elongate  and  fairly  deeply  impressed ; 
escutcheon  long  and  narrow ; anterior  margin  of  shell  concave, 
at  first  sloping  steeply  for  a short  distance  from  the  beaks,  and 
then  straight  to  the  anterior  end ; anterior  end  bluntly  truncated 
upward ; base  broadly  rounded ; posterior  margin  very  slightly 
convex  and  sloping  downwards  at  a low  angle ; posterior  end 
acutely  rounded.  Sculptured  by  equally  spaced  closely  set  con- 
centric ribs  with  deeply  grooved  interspaces  equal  in  width  to  the 
ribs. 

Dimensions.—  Altitude  10  mm.;  longitude  15  mm.;  thickness 
3.5  mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  63,  in  northwest  quarter  of  Sec- 
tion 28,  T.  17  N.,  R.  17  W. 

Horizon. — Chehalis  formation,  upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  YOLDIA  MOLLER. 

Yoldia  sammamishensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  106. 

Description. — Shell  thin,  moderately  compressed,  equivalve, 
slightly  inequilateral.  Anterior  end  slightly  longer  than  pos- 
terior; anterior  margin  slopes  slightly  upwards  from  the  beak, 
then  bends  rather  sharply,  passes  broadly  around  the  anterior 
end  and  slopes  at  45°  to  the  base.  Basal  margin  straight  for 
some  distance  and  then  slopes  upward  at  20°  and  finally  is 
obliquely  truncated  upwards  at  the  posterior  end ; posterior 
margin  slopes  down  45°  from  beak  and  then  extends  at  an  angle 
of  15°  to  the  posterior  end;  posterior  end  slightly  bent.  Beaks 
low  and  directed  posteriorly.  Surface  ornamented  by  mod- 
erately coarse  to  fine  evenly  spaced  concentric  ridges.  There 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashington 


57 


are  nineteen  posterior  hinge  teeth,  anterior  number  undeter- 
minable. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  60  mm. ; altitude  32  mm. ; diameter 

9 mm. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  in  the  basal  Miocene  overlying  the  Puget 
[Eocene]  sandstones,  two  miles  northeast  of  Issaquah,  King 
County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  PECTEN  MULLEK. 

Pecten  porterensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  VIII,  Figures  70,  72. 

Description. — Shell  slightly  higher  than  long,  inequivalve, 
equilateral.  Margins  somewhat  serrate,  base  rounded ; sides 
sloping  above;  sides  considerably  concave  above,  the  posterior 
being  more  so  than  the  anterior ; right  valve  with  twenty  nearly 
equal  slightly  rounded  radiating  ribs,  which  are  always  dichoto- 
mous and  often  trichotomous,  and  begin  so  about  40  mm.  from 
the  beak ; interspaces  unequal,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  the  ribs 
and  always  ornamented  by  at  least  one  auxiliary  rib  which  begins 
near  the  beak  and  often  attains  at  least  one-half  the  size  of  the 
regular  ribs.  The  four  anterior  interradials  are  strongly  im- 
bricated or  crenulated.  Whole  surface  ornamented  by  very  fine 
concentric  striations ; ears  subequal ; anterior  ear  with  six 
radials  and  moderately  fine  concentric  lines ; byssal  notch  very 
pronounced;  posterior  ear  with  eight  radials,  strongly  crenu- 
lated and  truncated  by  a convex  curve. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  86  mm. ; altitude  100  mm. ; diameter 
23  mm. 

Occurrence.- — In  the  sandstones  overlying  the  basalt,  one  mile 
west  of  Oakville,  Chehalis  County,  in  Northern  Pacific  railroad 
cut. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 


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Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Pecten  aeockamanensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  115. 

Description. — Shell  small,  much  higher  than  long,  equivalve, 
equilateral;  sides  straight  and  sloping  regularly  at  an  angle 
of  50°  from  the  beak;  base  regularly  rounded;  left  valve  has 
18  or  14  equally  rounded  ribs  which  are  not  sulcated;  inter- 
spaces are  flat-bottomed  and  slightly  wider  than  the  radiating 
ribs.  Surface  ornamented  with  fine  incremental  lines ; anterior 
ear  about  one-third  longer  than  posterior;  byssal  area  moder- 
ately deep ; posterior  ear  truncated  and  both  ornamented  by 
fine  concentric  lines. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  18  mm. ; altitude  24  mm. ; diameter 
8 mm. 

Occurrence.— Common  at  Loc.  No.  54  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  near  the  head  of  Alock- 
aman  River,  Cowlitz  County,  in  Sec.  2,  T.  9 N.,  R.  5 W. 

Horizon. — Near  base  of  Wahkiakum  formation,  Lower  Mio- 
cene. 

GENUS  MYTILUS  LINNAEUS. 

Mytilus  sammamishensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  111. 

Description. — Shell  small,  moderately  thick,  elongate ; left 
valve  larger  than  right ; beaks  small,  terminal ; anterior  margin 
nearly  straight  with  an  upward  slope  for  some  distance  from 
the  beaks  and  then  broadly  rounded  to  the  posterior  end ; basal 
margin  nearly  straight  but  curving  slightly  toward  the  beak. 
Shell  thickest  about  one-third  distance  up  from  the  base,  sloping 
sharply  to  the  base  and  gradually  to  the  anterior  margin.  Sur- 
face ornamented  by  numerous  faint  concentric  striations  and  a 
few  irregular  lines  of  growth.  Still  possesses  dark  coloration. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  80  mm. ; altitude  17  mm. ; diameter 
8 mm. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  abundantly  two  miles  northeast  of  Issa- 
quah,  King  County,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Blakeley  formation. 

Loc.  No.’ (University  of  Washington  Palaeontological 

Collection). 

Horizon. — Lower  Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


59 


Mytilus  stillaguamishensis  n.  sp. 

Description. — Shell  large,  thick,  elongated ; beaks  terminal 
and  not  prominent;  anterior  margin  broadly  arcuate,  basal 
margin  nearly  straight  but  in  some  specimens  slightly  concave ; 
posterior  end  sharply  rounded ; greatest  thickness  of  the  shell 
about  one-fourth  the  distance  up  from  the  base.  Surface  slop- 
ing steeply  to  the  base  and  gradually  to  the  anterior  margin ; 
surface  ornamented  by  faint  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  90  mm. ; altitude  37  mm. ; diameter 
28  mm. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  abundantly  in  the  sandstones  in  the 
banks  of  the  Stillaguamish  River  about  four  miles  northwest  of 
the  town  of  Granite  Falls,  Snohomish  County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

Mytilus  snohomishensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  110. 

Description * — Shell  small,  moderately  thick,  elongate,  nar- 
row ; beaks  terminal  and  small ; dorsal  slope  arcuate  with  a pro- 
nounced angle  about  one-third  distance  from  the  beak ; base 
straight  or  very  slightly  concave ; posterior  end  sharply 
rounded.  Surface  convex,  sloping  at  a lower  angle  to  the  dorsal 
area  and  steeply  to  the  base ; ornamented  by  fine  concentric 
striae  and  irregular  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  33  mm.;  altitude  15  mm. ; diameter 
7 mm.  * 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Fiddler’s  Bluff,  three  miles  south 
of  Snohomish  City,  Snohomish  County.  Loc.  No.  228  (Univer- 
sity of  Washington  Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

genus  VENERICARDIA  lamarck. 

Venericardia  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figures  101,  102,  and  Plate  XV,  Figures  133,  137. 

Description. — Shell  robust,  thick,  sub-triangular,  equivalve 
and  inequilateral;  beaks  not  especially  prominent  for  the  genus 


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Bulletin  No.  15 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


with  anteriorly  recurved  umbones ; lunule  very  small,  cordate ; 
escutcheon  absent ; anterior  margin  very  slightly  concave  and 
slopes  at  about  45°  to  anterior  end  where  it  rounds  and  merges 
into  the  base,  which  slopes  at  an  angle  of  40°  to  the  posterior 
end,  when  it  curves  sharply  upwards ; posterior  margin  slopes 
gently  at  first  from  the  beak  for  a short  distance  and  then  drops 
decidedly  to  the  posterior  end.  Surface  ornamented  by  twenty 
equally  spaced  radiating  rounded,  fairly  well  marked  ribs ; the 
interspaces  are  not  deep  and  are  nearly  as  wide  as  the  ribs. 
These  are  crossed  by  numerous  well  developed  concentric  lines 
of  growth.  Hinge  plate  large  ; muscular  scars  very  pronounced ; 
palial  line  distinct  and  about  one-sixth  the  distance  of  shell 
from  margin. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  23  mm. ; altitude  28  mm. ; diameter 
10  mm. 

Occurrence. — One  of  the  most  common  species  in  the  Chehalis 
formation.  Two  miles  southwest  of  Montesano. 

Horizon. — Chehalis  formation,  upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  CHIONE  MEGERLE. 

Chione  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  VIII,  Figure  71. 

Description. — Shell  large,  sub-trigonal,  very  inequilateral, 
very  thick,  equivalve;  beaks  elevated,  situated  at  the  anterior 
fourth  of  the  shell,  medium  sized  and  pointing  anteriorly ; lunule 
short,  cordate  and  strongly  impressed ; escutcheon  large  and 
elongate  but  not  very  well  defined ; posterior  margin  rounded  and 
gradually  sloping  from  the  beaks  until  it  becomes  vertical;  it  is 
sharply  flexed  where  it  joins  the  basal  margin.  Basal  margin 
evenly  arcuate  and  sharply  inclined  upward  to  the  anterior  end. 
Anterior  end  slopes  down  abruptly  from  the  beaks  and  then 
slopes  about  40°  to  the  anterior  end ; posterior  portion  of  shell 
curved  around  broadly  so  as  to  form  an  angle  of  110°  bringing 
the  real  posterior  margin  10  mm.  anterior  to  the  axis  of  the 
fold.  Surface  sculptured  with  about  eighty  rounded  radial 
ribs  which  show  up  prominently  as  the  outer  surface  of  the  shell 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W a shin gt  on 


61 


becomes  worn.  The  anterior  twenty  and  the  posterior  twelve 
ribs  are  very  fine  and  closely  set,  the  medial  forty-eight  are 
about  1 mm.  broad  and  1 mm.  apart,  and  more  pronounced  to- 
ward the  base  than  towards  the  beak.  These  are  crossed  by 
numerous  irregularly  spaced  crenate  concentric  lamellae. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  65  mm. ; altitude  65  mm. ; diameter 
33  mm. 

Notes. — This  species  occurs  with  Chione  securis,  but  differs 
from  it  in  its  sub-trigonal  form,  pronounced  in-bending  of  pos- 
terior end,  thickness  and  escutcheon. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  46  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  about  one-half  way  between 
Montesano  and  Aberdeen  on  the  south  side  of  the  Chehalis 
River,  in  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  of  Upper 
Miocene. 

Chione  Montesanoensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figures  95,  97,  103. 

Description. — Shell  small,  sub-angular  to  rounded,  moder- 
ately thick,  inequilateral,  equivalve ; lunule  cordate,  concen- 
trically striated,  projecting  along  the  medial  line  and  surrounded 
by  a moderately  deep  groove.  No  escutcheon  observed ; beaks 
moderately  high.  Posterior  dorsal  margin  nearly  straight  ex- 
cepting just  behind  the  beak  where  it  is  slightly  concave.  It 
slopes  downwards  at  an  angle  of  45°  and  then  drops  nearly 
vertical  and  merges  into  the  evenly  rounded  base ; anterior 
margin  slopes  steeply  from  the  beak  and  then  flares  out  and  is 
slightly  truncated  at  the  anterior  end,  where  it  gently  curves 
and  merges  into  the  basal  margin.  Surface  sculptured  by  nu- 
merous concentric  ridges  evenly  spaced  and  nearly  equally  de- 
veloped from  the  beak  to  the  base ; these  ridges  are  crossed  by 
twenty-eight  prominent  radiating  ribs  which  are  equally  de- 
veloped from  the  beak  to  the  base ; at  the  posterior  end  of  the 
shell  these  ribs  are  narrow ; in  the  center  and  on  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  shell  they  are  broad  with  deep  narrow  grooves 


62 


Bulletin  No.  15,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


between  them.  The  beak  is  sculptured  as  well  as  the  surface  of 
the  shell.  Hinge  with  three  cardinal  teeth  and  one  obscure  pos- 
terior lateral ; muscular  scars  prominent ; palial  line  distinct 
with  a small  triangular  sinus  only  extending  into  the  shell  about 
4 mm. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  25  mm. ; altitude  18  mm. ; diameter 
8 mm. 

Notes. — C.  Montesanoensis  is  most  closely  related  to  C.  bis- 
culpta  Dali,  but  may  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the  difference 
in  the  sculpture  which  does  not  vary  in  a large  number  of  un- 
wrorn  specimens,  in  the  smaller  size  of  the  palial  sinus  and  in 
the  greater  altitude  compared  with  length.  It  is  common  in  the 
conglomerate  of  the  Montesano  formation. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  abundantly  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University 
of  Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  Montesano 
conglomerate  on  Sylvia  Creek  about  six  miles  north  of  Monte- 
sano, Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  of  Upper 
Miocene. 

Chione  cathcartensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  X,  Figure  79. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  subtriangular,  thick  and 
very  inequilateral ; beaks  situated  a distance  of  one-sixth  of  the 
length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  end,  and  strongly  inclined 
forwards ; anterior  margin  slightly  concave  and  sloping  down- 
wards at  an  angle  of  65°;  anterior  end  very  acutely  rounded; 
posterior  margin  arcuate  from  beak  to  posterior  end,  where  it 
forms  a sharp  angle  with  the  base  which  slopes  up  decidedly  to 
the  anterior  end  and  gradually  to  the  posterior;  sharp  angular 
ridge  extending  from  beak  to  posterior  end  and  situated  just 
in  front  of  posterior  margin;  surface  sculptured  by  numerous 
well  developed  roughened  concentric  lines  of  growth ; lunule 
moderately  large  but  not  much  impressed. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  33  mm. ; longitude  44  mm. ; thickness 
10  mm. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


63 


Occurrence. — At  Loc.  N.  228  (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  at  Fiddler  Bluff,  Cathcart,  in  North- 
ern Pacific  Railway  cut. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  MARCIA  ADAMS. 

Marcia  oregonensis  conrad. 

Plate  XII,  Figure  96. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  the  Lincoln  and  Blakeley 
formations.  It  varies  somewhat  in  shape  but  the  specimen 
figured  in  this  report  is  most  characteristic  and  was  collected 
from  the  Lincoln  shales  in  southern  Thurston  County.  It 
ranges  up  into  the  Wahkiakum  and  Chehalis  formations  but  is 
not  especially  common. 

genus  TELLINA  linnaeus. 

Teleina  merriami  n.  sp. 

Plates  IX,  X,  XIII,  Figures  74,  81. 

Description. — Shell  elongate,  attenuated  posteriorly,  com- 
pressed slightly,  inequivalve  and  nearly  equilateral ; surface 
smooth;  beaks  low,  curved  slightly  forward;  anterior  margin 
very  slightly  convex  and  sloping  at  an  angle  of  15°  which  in- 
creases to  30°  near  the  anterior  end,  which  terminates  in  a 
sharp  angle  and  is  evenly  rounded ; posterior  margin  slopes 
from  beak  at  an  angle  of  about  40°  wuth  a very  slight  convexity 
midway  between  beak  and  posterior  end ; posterior  end  abruptly 
truncated;  basal  margin  a broad  regularly  curved  line  except- 
ing just  anterior  to  the  posterior  end,  when  it  is  very  slightly 
concave;  posterior  surface  of  right  valve  flexed,  making  an 
angle  of  about  125°  and  forming  a ridge  from  the  beak  to 
posterior  extremity ; an  obscure  groove  extends  from  beak  to 
posterior  end  of  basal  margin.  Surface  sculptured  by  fine  con- 
centric incremental  lines  and  near  the  margin  a few  prominent 
lines  of  interrupted  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  48  mm. ; altitude  28  mm. ; diameter 


i mm. 


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Notes. — T.  merriami  is  very  close  to  T.  kincaidi  but  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  more  central  position  of  the  beaks,  the 
more  attenuated  posterior  end  and  the  more  pronounced  fold- 
ing of  the  posterior  margin.  It  occurs  with  T.  kincaidi  in 
the  conglomerate  of  the  Montesano  formation. 

Occurrence.- — Occurs  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  basal  conglomerate 
of  the  Montesano  formation  on  Sylvia  Creek,  six  miles  north  of 
the  town  of  Montesano,  in  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  of  Upper 
Miocene. 

Teelina  kincaidi  n.  sp. 

Plate  X,  Figure  82. 

Description. — Shell  elongate,  sub-oval,  moderately  narrow, 
compressed,  inequilateral,  slightly  inequivalve,  attenuated  an- 
teriorly ; beaks  low  and  situated  about  one-third  the  distance 
from  the  posterior  end  of  shell.  Anterior  dorsal  margin  of 
shell  nearly  straight  and  sloping  downward  to  anterior  end  of 
shell  at  an  angle  of  about  15°.  At  the  anterior  end  it  is 
sharply  angulated  and  sharply  curved  to  the  basal  margin 
which  is  nearly  straight  except  near  posterior  end,  where  it 
is  slightly  incurved,  due  to  the  minor  flexing  of  the  valve. 
Posterior  margin  is  slightly  convex  and  slopes  at  an  angle  of 
65°  from  beak  to  posterior  end  of  shell  where  it  forms  a sharp 
angle  of  60°  with  the  base.  Posterior  margin  sharply  bent 
inwards  forming  a prominent  ridge  from  beak  to  base;  just 
anterior  to  this  ridge  is  an  obscure  groove  more  prominent  near 
base.  Surface  sculptured  by  numerous  fine  concentric  incre- 
mental lines  irregularly  spaced  and  occasional  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  52  mm. ; latitude  30  mm. ; diameter 
7 mm. 

Notes. — This  form  is  common  in  the  conglomerate  at  the 
base  of  the  Montesano  formation  and  is  generally  fairly  well 
preserved.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Trevor  Kincaid  of  the 
Department  of  Zoology  at  the  University  of  Washington. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


65 


Occurrence. — Occurs  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  basal  conglomerate 
of  the  Montesano  formation  on  Sylvia  Creek,  six  miles  north  of 
the  town  of  Montesano,  in  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  of  Upper 
Miocene. 

GENUS  MACOMA  LEACH. 

Macoma  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  X,  Figure  80. 

Description. — Shell  large,  sub-oval  to  rounded  triangular,  in- 
equilateral, slightly  inequivalve;  valves  moderately  convex,  con- 
centrically sculptured ; beaks  low,  small,  situated  nearly  me- 
dial, but  in  some  specimens  slightly  posterior  to  middle.  The 
anterior  dorsal  margin  slopes  gently  at  an  angle  of  about  15° 
for  a short  distance,  then  curves  more  steeply ; anterior  end 
evenly  rounded ; posterior  dorsal  margin  very  slightly  con- 
cave, sloping  at  an  angle  of  45°  to  the  posterior  end  where  it 
is  sharply  truncated ; ventral  margin  regularly  curved.  On  the 
right  valve  a sharp  ridge,  forming  an  angle  of  75°  to  80° 
extends  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity ; immediately 
in  front  of  this  there  is  a very  slight  obscure  fold  more  notice- 
able near  the  margin.  A very  faint  ridge  is  noticeable  along 
the  anterior  margin.  Surface  sculptured  by  numerous  im- 
pressed inqremental  lines  somewhat  irregularly  distributed.  In- 
terior inaccessible. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  68  mm. ; altitude  50  mm. ; diameter 
of  right  valve  10  mm. 

Notes. — M.  montesanoensis  resembles  M.  piercei  Arnold, 
but  can  be  distinguished  from  it  by  its  more  trigonal  shape, 
the  greater  slope  of  the  posterior  margin,  the  convexity  of  the 
posterior  margin,  the  more  posterior  position  of  the  beak  and 
the  sculpture.  It  is  fairly  abundant  in  a fine  conglomerate  at 
the  base  of  the  Montesano  formation  on  Slyvia  Creek,  six  miles 
north  of  the  town  of  Montesano  in  Chehalis  County.  It  has 
been  found  only  at  Locality  No.  68  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

—5 


66 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Macoma  snohomishensis  n. 


sp. 


Plate  XIII,  Figure  109. 


" f 


Description. — Shell  small,  thin,  decidedly  inequilateral, 
slightly  inequivalve,  attenuated  posteriorly.  Surface  smooth 
and  sculptured  with  fine  concentric  lines ; beaks  small,  low  and 
situated  near  the  anterior  end ; posterior  margin  straight  and 
slopes  at  an  angle  of  15°  ; posterior  end  evenly  rounded;  basal 
margin  nearly  straight.  Anterior  margin  short  and  slopes 
down  45°  from  the  beak  and  then  slopes  gradually  around  the 
anterior  end  and  merges  with  the  base. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  23  mm. ; altitude  \2  mm. ; diameter 
of  entire  shell  8 mm.  (4  mm.  for  each  valve). 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Fiddler’s  Bluff,  3 miles  south  of 
Snohomish,  Snohomish  County.  Locality  No.  228  (University 
of  Washington  Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 


Macoma  wynootcheensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XV,  Figures  128,  129,  130. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  thin,  cquivalve,  inequi- 
lateral ; beaks  small  and  situated  about  two-fifths  the  length  of 
shell  from  anterior  end.  Anterior  margin  slightly  concave  and 
sloping  downward  at  an  angle  of  37°,  obliquely  truncated  at 
anterior  end ; base  broadly  rounded ; posterior  margin  straight 
and  sloping  at  an  angle  of  18°  to  anterior  end,  which  is  acutely 
rounded.  Surface  sculptured  by  close  set  fine  concentric  lines 
of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  37  mm. ; longitude  50  mm. ; thick- 
ness of  both  valves  14  mm. 


Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  131  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection)  at  a point  one  mile  west  of  the 
town  of  Montesano  on  logging  road  cut. 

Horizon. — Chehalis  formation,  upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashing  ton 


67 


GENUS  SEMELE  SCHUMAECK. 

Semele  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figures  98,  99. 

Description. — Shell  medium  sized,  sub-quadrate,  inequilateral, 
•equivalve,  and  moderately  inflated ; beaks  somewhat  prominent, 
pointing  forwards  and  situated  about  two-thirds  distance  from 
the  anterior  end.  Posterior  margin  slopes  nearly  straight  at 
an  angle  of  about  50°  from  beak  to  a point  about  two-thirds 
the  distance  up  from  the  base,  where  it  is  truncated  at  the  pos- 
terior end ; base  broadly  rounded ; anterior  margin  slopes  down 
sharply  from  the  beak  for  a very  short  distance  and  slopes  off 
at  a lower  angle  for  about  6 mm.  and  then  passes  as  a broad 
curve  around  the  anterior  end  where  it  merges  with  the  base. 
Surface  ornamented  with  well  defined  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
Shell  material  moderately  thin  and  interior  of  right  valve  show- 
ing cardinal  and  lateral  teeth  fairly  well  developed ; palial  line 
distinct. 

Dimensions. — -Longitude  29  mm. ; altitude  24  mm. ; diameter 

8 mm. 

Occurrence. — This  species  is  very  common  at  Loc.  No.  68 
(University  of  Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  on 
Sylvia  Crqek,  six  miles  above  town  of  Montesano,  Chehalis 
County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

Semeee  sylviaensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figure  100. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  large,  nearly  as  high  as  long, 
sub-equivalve,  nearly  equilateral,  sub-oval  and  moderately  thick ; 
beaks  not  very  prominent  and  pointing  slightly  forwards,  and 
situated  nearly  central.  Anterior  margin  sloping  downwards 
about  45°  just  in  front  of  beaks  and  then  sloping  gradually 
downwards  at  80°  to  the  anterior  end,  which  is  truncated  and 
then  rounds  off  into  the  base.  Base  regularly  rounded ; posterior 
margin  slightly  convex  and  sloping  about  45°  to  posterior  end, 


68 


Bulletin  No.  15,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


which  is  sharply  rounded.  Surface  ornamented  by  fairly  well 
developed  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  33  mm. ; altitude  29  mm. ; diameter 
9 mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  in  conglomerate  on  Sylvia 
Creek,  six  miles  north  of  Montesano,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

genus  PSEUDOCARDIUM  gabb. 

Pseudocaudium  gabbi  Remond  var.  altus  n.  var. 

Plate  VII,  Figure  69. 

Description. — This  variety  is  large,  somewhat  compressed ; 
beaks  moderately  high  but  not  especially  prominent  for  the 
genus.  Anterior  and  posterior  margins  have  steep  slopes,  the 
latter  being  more  pronounced.  The  altitude  is  much  greater  in 
proportion  to  the  longitude  than  in  the  case  of  the  other  varities. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  75  mm.;  altitude  78  mm.;  diameter 
30  mm. 

Occurrence.—^ Common  in  the  uppermost  Montesano  massive 
sandstone  about  two  miles  northwest  of  Elma,  Chehalis  County, 
Loc.  No.  61  (University  of  Washington  Palaeontological  Col- 
lection). 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

Pseudocaudium  gabbi  Remond  var.  elongatus  n.  var. 

Plate  X,  Figure  78. 

Description. — This  variety  differs  from  variety  altus  in  its 
relatively  greater  length  and  thickness.  It  might  seem  best  to 
regard  them  as  the  same,  but  out  of  a large  number  of  specimens 
they  can  be  distinctly  separated  and  do  not  show  gradations 
from  one  to  the  other.  They  occur  at  a definite  horizon  in  the 
same  formation  and  can  be  used  for  stratigraphic  purposes. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  73  mm.;  altitude  55  mm.;  diameter 
34  mm. 

Occurrence. — Six  miles  northeast  of  Satsop,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Upper  Monterey  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 


69 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  W estern  Washington 


Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  robustum  n.  var. 

Plate  VII,  Figure  68. 

Description. — A line  passed  from  the  beak  along  the  outer 
surface  of  the  shell  to  the  base  forms  a nearly  perfect  semi- 
circle; just  back  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  shell  a prominent 
ridge  occurs  on  this  point ; about  two  thirds  distance  from  the 
beak  is  a blunt  protuberance  or  shoulder ; a less  marked  one 
occurs  on  the  posterior  margin. 

Dimensions . — Longitude  80  mm. ; altitude  70  mm. ; diameter 
35  mm. 

Occurrence. — Two  miles  northeast  of  Satsop,  Chehalis 
County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  undiliferum  n.  var. 

Plate  IX,  Figure  76. 

Description. — Shell  typically  small,  anterior  margin  slightly 
convex  with  a slope  of  60°  ; posterior  margin  nearly  straight 
with  slope  of  45°  ; posterior  surface  of  shell  undulatory  because 
of  broad  groove  extending  from  beak  to  margin.  These  char- 
acters are  constant  and  do  not  seem  to  grade  into  the  other 
varieties.  Several  hundred  specimens  from  the  same  locality 
show  these  characteristics. 

Dimensions.—  Longitude  50  mm. ; altitude  40  mm. ; diameter 
20  mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  in  the  basal  Montesano  conglomerate 
on  Sylvia  Creek,  six  miles  north  of  Montesano,  Chehalis  County, 
Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Washington  Palaeontological  Col- 
lection ) . 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  # of  Upper 
Miocene. 

Pseudocardium  eandesi  n.  sp. 

Plate  IX,  Figure  75. 

Description. — Shell  thick,  equivalve,  nearly  equilateral ; an- 
terior and  posterior  margins  sloping  steeply  and  at  about  same 
angle ; base  evenly  rounded ; beaks  prominent  and  pointing 


70  Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


slightly  forwards ; escutcheon  narrow  but  fairly  well  defined. 
Surface  ornamented  with  heavy  concentric  lines  of  growth ; 
hinge  moderately  heavy. 

Dimensions. — -Longitude  45  mm. ; altitude  53  mm. ; diameter 
25  mm. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  fairly  abundant  in  the  conglomerate  at 
the  base  of  the  Montesano  formation,  six  miles  north  of  Monte- 
sano,  Chehalis  County,  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  lower  part  of  Upper 
Miocene. 

genus  CRYPTOMYA  conrad. 

Cryptomya  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  114. 

Description. — Shell  small,  slightly  inequilateral,  inequivalve, 
beaks  small ; posterior  margin  sloping  abruptly  for  a very 
short  distance  and  then  nearly  straight  at  an  angle,  of  45°  until 
it  drops  off  nearly  vertical  to  the  posterior  end ; base  evenly 
arcuate.  Anterior  margin  straight  and  slopes  at  about  20° 
to  the  anterior  end  which  is  regularly  rounded  and  merges  into 
the  base.  Surface  ornamented  by  fairly  well  developed  con- 
centric lines  of  growth. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  31  mm. ; altitude  24  mm. ; diameter 
5 mm. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  on  Sylvia  Creek,  six  miles 
north  of  Montesano,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

GASTEROPODA. 

GENUS  TURRIS  BOLTEN. 

Turris  wynootcheensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figures  87,  88,  89,  94. 

Description.- — Shell  large  with  eight  whorls ; each  whorl 
sharply  angulated  by  a carina  near  the  upper  portion ; surface 
of  body  whorl  below  angle  convex,  above  very  concave ; it  slopes 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


71 


at  a sharp  angle  from  the  carina  and  then  just  below  the  suture 
abruptly  bends  and  extends  outward  to  the  suture  where  it 
terminates  in  a very  narrow  band  or  cord ; the  surface  of  each 
whorl  of  the  spire  below  the  carina  is  nearly  flat  and  nearly  ver- 
tical ; the  surface  above  the  carina  is  similar  to  the  body  whorl ; 
the  carina  is  crossed  with  ribs,  producing  fourteen  sharp  nodes 
which  entirely  disappear  on  the  surface  immediately  above  the 
carina  as  well  as  within  2 mm.  below  it,  except  on  the  whorls  of 
the  spire  where  they  extend  down  to  the  suture ; transverse  sculp- 
ture consists  of  numerous  spiral  threads  which  are  much  more 
pronounced  on  the  surface  of  the  whorl  below  the  carina  than 
above;  on  body  whorl,  below  carina,  there  are  fourteen  evenly 
spaced  major  threads;  midway  between  each  of  these  is  a less 
prominent  thread  and  on  each  side  of  this  a minor  thread ; above 
the  carina  up  to  the  suture  the  same  sculpture  prevails,  only 
less  prominent ; axial  sculpture  consists  of  numerous  lines  of 
growth  conforming  to  the  posterior  sinus  whose  angle  is  above 
the  carina.  Inner  lip  smooth  and  calloused ; outer  lip  smooth ; 
aperture  moderately  broad.  Extreme  end  of  canal  broken  in 
every  specimen  but  tending  to  bend  slightly  outwards.  Older 
specimens  relatively  more  elongate. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  35  mm.  and  60  mm. ; diameter  17  mm. 
and  25  mm.;  elevation  of  spire  14  mm.  and  22  mm.  Angle  of 
spire  52°  and  38°. 

Occurrence. — Common  at  Loc.  No.  31  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  shales  about  one  mile 
west  of  town  of  Montesano,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Chehalis  formation,  upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  CHLOROSTOMA  swains. 

Chlorostoma  arnoldi  n.  sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figure  62. 

Description. — Shell  very  small ; spire  low,  whorls  five ; suture 
distinct  and  impressed ; body  whorl  flattened ; convex  above ; 
sharply  angulated  and  flat  below ; sculptured  by  five  distinct  re- 
volving ribs  on  upper  surface  and  set  with  nodes ; between  these 


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ribs  the  interspaces  are  broad  and  concave;  under  surface  sim- 
ilarly sculptured. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  9 mm. ; diameter  13  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  4 mm.;  angle  of  spire  110°. 

Locality. — No.  160  (University  of  Washington  Palaeonto- 
logical Collection)  at  Porter  Bluff,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

genus  CALIOSTOMA  swains. 

Caeiostoma  deeazinensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figures  59,  60,  61,  63. 

Description. — Shell  small,  largest  specimens  not  over  12  mm. 
in  altitude,  conical ; whorls  six,  convex ; body  whorl  with  upper 
surface  very  slightly  convex  and  sloping  up  to  suture  at  an 
angle  of  45°  ; lower  surface  broadly  convex  and  nearly  horizon- 
tal; sculpture  on  body  whorl  with  eight  prominent  revolving 
ribs  above  the  angle  and  ten  below,  all  equally  spaced ; lines  of 
growth  fairly  well  marked ; on  some  specimens  these  ribs  are 
very  slightly  nodose,  but  it  is  not  characteristic.  Interspaces 
concave,  smooth  and  contain  no  revolving  thread.  Sculpture  of 
spire  similar  to  body  whorl.  Suture  distinct  and  impressed ; 
aperture  sub-oval ; inner  lip  smooth ; outer  lip  thin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  13  mm.;  diameter  20  mm.;  altitude  of 
spire  8 mm. ; angle  of  spire  80°. 

Locality. — Six  miles  up  Delazine  Creek,  Chehalis  County,  in 
T.  17  N.,  R.  6 W.,  Sec.  20.  Loc.  No.  44  (University  of  Wash- 
ington Palaeontological  Collection). 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

genus  TURRITELLA  lamarck. 

Turriteeea  blakeleyensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figure  85,  and  Plate  VI,  Figures  64,  67. 

Description. — Shell  elongated ; whorls  twelve  and  flattened 
to  slightly  concave;  suture  impressed;  just  above  the  suture  is 
one  small  revolving  rib ; above  that  a deep  groove ; then  the  sur- 
face slopes  outwards  and  upwards  forming  an  angle;  on  this 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


73 


angle  are  one  or  two  large  revolving  ribs ; the  remainder  of  the 
surface  up  to  the  suture  is  flat  to  concave  and  sculptured  with 
five  not  very  distinct  revolving  ribs ; aperture  sub-oval. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  65  mm.;  width  of  base  16  mm.;  angle 

of  spire  14°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  13  (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  at  Restoration  Point,  Kitsap  County, 
on  north  side  of  Point. 

Horizon. — Near  top  of  Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

Turriteeea  porterensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figures  83,  84. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  elongated,  sub-conical; 
whorls  ten  to  twelve,  convex;  suture  impressed;  the  lower  third 
of  each  whorl  is  broadly  angulated;  there  are  three  revolving 
ribs  on  the  angulated  area ; above  this  convex  angulated  por- 
tion of  the  whorl  the  surface  slopes  decidedly  upwards ; it  is 
flat  to  slightly  concave ; near  the  suture  the  upper  portion  of 
whorls  become  decidedly  impressed ; at  the  base  of  each  whorl 
is  a deep  wide  unsculptured  groove;  aperture  ovoid,  broadly 
rounded  below;  inner  lip  incrusted;  outer  lip  simple. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  34  mm. ; width  of  body  whorl  10.5 
mm. ; angle  of  spire  19°. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  at  Loc.  No.  160  (University  of 
Washington  Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  bluff  along 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad  track  at  Porter,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

genus  GYRINEUM  link. 

Gyrineum  sylviaensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIV,  Figure  126. 

Description. — Shell  large,  moderately  elongated,  with  six 
rounded  whorls ; suture  distinct ; four  continuous  rounded  lateral 
varices,  which  are  very  distinct,  on  the  body  whorl  and  the  first 
whorl  of  the  spire ; on  the  remaining  whorls  they  are  obscure : 
between  each  of  the  varices  there  are  four  distinct  broad  rounded 


74 


Bulletin  No.  15 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


ribs  extending  from  suture  to  suture  over  the  body  whorl  and 
all  of  the  whorls  of  the  spire;  interspaces  equally  developed 
(about  two-thirds  the  width  of  the  ribs  and  concave)  ; canal 
moderately  short  and  curved.  On  the  specimen  figured  it  is 
broken  ; aperture  obscured.  Surface  of  body  whorl  sculptured 
by  23  broad  nearly  flat  topped  revolving  ribs  separated  by  mod- 
erately deep  grooves  each  of  which  contains  a smaller  inter- 
mediate riblet ; the  same  sculpture  occurs  on  each  whorl  of  the 
spire. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  of  figured  specimen  from  base  of 
broken  canal  56  mm. ; maximum  diameter  30  mm. ; elevation  of 
spire  20  mm. ; angle  of  spire  30  mm. 

Occurrence. — Occurs  at  Loc.  No.  68  (University  of  Washing- 
ton Palaeontological  Collection)  in  basal  conglomerate  of  Mon- 
tesano  formation  on  Sylvia  Creek,  six  miles  north  of  Montesano, 
Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 

GENUS  FICUS  CONRAD. 

Ficus  claklamensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  IX,  Figure  73. 

Description. — Shell  large,  subpyroform,  robust,  sub-angu- 
lated ; top  of  body  whorl  flattened,  and  very  slightly  convex ; 
upper  part  of  whorl  sharply  angulated,  angle  about  125°,  and 
carries  a series  of  thirteen  unequally  spaced  nodes  which  are 
more  or  less  flattened  towards  the  outer  lip ; interspaces  between 
the  nodes  equal  in  width  to  the  nodes ; these  nodes  die  out  a short 
distance  above  the  angle  as  well  as  below ; an  obscure  lower  angle 
occurs  but  carries  no  nodes ; spire  very  low  but  rises  as  a dis- 
tinct cone  above  the  nearly  level  upper  surface  of  the  body 
wliorl ; whorls  four ; surface  of  body  whorl  ornamented  with 
fourteen  widely  spaced  but  not  very  prominent  revolving  ribs, 
four  of  which  are  above  the  row  of  nodes  and  ten  below ; inter- 
spaces broad  and  flat  with  no  additional  ribs.  Surface  of  shell 
crossed  by  numerous  very  fine  lines  of  growth.  Aperture  broad 
and  canal  short. 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  W ashington 


75 


Dimensions. — Altitude  of  shell  90  mm.  from  broken  portion 
of  canal;  latitude  75  mm.;  altitude  of  body  whorl  from  broken 
portion  of  canal  83  mm. ; altitude  of  spire  above  body  whorl 

6 mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  107  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection).  Slip  Point,  just  east  of  Clallam 
on  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Horizon. — Upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  NASSA  MARTINI. 

Nassa  andersoni  n.  sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figure  56. 

Description. — Shell  small  and  symmetrical ; spire  moderately 
high ; body  whorl  somewhat  inflated ; surface  of  body  w horl 
evenly  convex ; suture  distinct ; linear  and  slightly  impressed ; 
aperture  elliptical  to  oval ; columella  very  short  and  sharply 
bent  backwards  with  a distinct,  though  not  especially  deep, 
sulcus ; inner  lip  incrusted ; outer  lip  wTith  well  developed  varix. 
Surface  sculptured  with  especially  well  developed  longitudinal 
and  revolving  ribs ; body  whorl  with  twenty-twm  equally  de- 
veloped and  equally  spaced  longitudinal  ribs,  crossed  by  eight 
equally  spaced  and  equally  developed  flat  topped  revolving 
ribs  w ith  flat-bottomed  interspaces  of  double  width ; these  are 
equally  prominent  between  the  longitudinal  ribs  as  well  as  upon 
them. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  9 mm. ; diameter  L5  mm. ; altitude  of 
spire  4 mm. ; angle  of  spire  50°. 

Occurrence.- — At  Loc.  No.  117  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection)  from  middle  fork  of  Wishkah 
River,  in  Sec.  31,  R.  8 W.,  T.  20  N. 

Horizon. — Chehalis  formation,  upper  part  of  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  CUMA  HUMPH. 

Cuma  biplicta  var.  qjjadranodosum  n.  var. 

Plate  XI,  Figures  91,  92,  93,  and  Plate  XIV,  Figure  122. 

Description.- — Shell  small,  thick,  with  five  angulated,  sculp- 
tured w horls ; the  two  whorls  of  apex  rounded  and  smooth ; each 


76 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


of  the  remaining  whorls  has  its  upper  portion  terminating  in 
a collar  set  with  nodes  agreeing  in  number  with  those  on  the 
body  of  the  whorl ; body  whorl  convex  in  center,  straight  or  very 
slightly  concave  above  the  center  and  just  below  the  collar. 
Same  true  on  lower  two  whorls  of  spire.  Spire  moderately 
low;  on  the  surface  are  sixteen  to  eighteen  axial  ribs  which 
extend  down  to  the  base  of  the  body  whorl  although  less  dis- 
tinct than  on  the  center;  they  do  not  extend  up  to  the  collar 
but  reappear  as  nodes  on  the  rim  of  the  collar.  These  are  crossed 
by  eleven  or  twelve  smaller  revolving  ribs  which  are  closely  set 
on  the  lower  part  of  whorl,  but  more  widely  spaced  on  convex 
portion  where  their  intersection  with  axial  ribs  produces  nodes. 
In  over  100  specimens  examined  there  are  always  four  nodes  to 
each  axial  rib  on  the  convex  part  of  whorl  and  16  to  18  rows. 
Spire  moderately  low;  suture  distinct;  canal  short;  slightly 
bent  with  two  plications ; inner  lip  heavily  calloused,  extending 
up  to  central  part  of  convex  portion  of  shell;  outer  lip  thin; 
aperture  broad. 

H 

Dimensions— Altitude  32.5  mm.;  diameter  22  mm.;  eleva- 
tion of  spire  6 mm. ; angle  of  spire  70°. 

Occurrence.— Loc.  No.  57  (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  up  branch  of  Wilson  Creek,  Sec.  36, 
T.  10  N.,  R.  6 W.,  Wahkiakum  County. 

Horizon.  Whhkiakum  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  FUSUS  LAMARCK. 

Fusus  Montesanoensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figure  58. 

Description.  Shell  large,  solid,  with  six  rounded  whorls ; 
suture  distinct  and  slightly  appressed ; apex  acute ; body  whorl 
plump  with  four  faint  but  distinct  angles,  the  upper  one  being 
most  pronounced;  spirally  sculptured  by  five  major  revolving 
ribs  between  each  of  which  are  four  or  five  less  distinct  ribs; 
about  13  or  14  faint  varices  cross  the  whorls  and  appear  espe- 
cially on  the  angles  of  the  whorls  of  the  spire  as  nodes.  They 
are  not  very  prominent  on  the  body  whorl.  In  addition  there 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


are  numerous  barely  noticeable  fine  incremental  lines;  aperture 
moderately  wide ; canal  long  and  nearly  straight.  Some  of  these 
specimens  retain  their  original  coloring. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  of  specimen  60  mm. ; maximum  diam- 
eter 37  mm. ; apical  angle  35°. 

Occurrence. — -At  Station  No.  68  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection)  in  the  basal  conglomerates  of  Mon- 
tesano  formation  on  Sylvia  Creek  about  six  miles  north  of  Mon- 
tesano,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Montesano  formation,  Upper  Miocene. 


genus  PLEUROTOMA  lamarck. 

Pleurotoma  chehaeisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figure  90. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  large,  slender*  fusiform  ; apex 
acute,  whorls  nine,  nodose,  spirally  sculptured  and  dis- 
tinctly angulated ; surface  of  whorls  above  angle  flat  to  concave ; 
lower  surfaces  flat  in  whorls  of  spire  but  decidedly  concave  on 
body  whorl;  an  obscure  angle  occurs  on  lower  part  of  body 
whorl;  on  the  angle  of  the  body  whorl  there  are  18  not  very 
well  developed  nodes  which  disappear  immediately  above  and 
below  the  angle,  with  interspaces  of  about  twice  their  width. 
On  the  whorls  of  the  spire  they  keep  becoming  more  pronounced 
and  extend  as  ridges  from  the  angles  down  to  the  suture  and 
range  in  number  from  10  to  14.  These  nodes  do  not,  however, 
extend  on  the  surface  from  the  angle  up  to  the  suture.  Surface 
of  all  the  whorls  is  ornamented  by  numerous  clearly  defined  regu- 
larly alternating  major  and  minor  raised  revolving  lines;  pos- 
terior sinus  well  developed ; surface  of  all  whorls  crossed  by 
numerous  bowing  incremental  lines  which  conform  to  the  pos- 
terior sinus ; inner  lip  smooth,  extreme  end  of  canal  broken,  but 
apparently  nearly  straight;  aperture  elliptical;  angle  of  spire 
40°. 


Dimensions. — Altitude  from  end  of  spire  to  broken  end  of 
canal  44  mm. ; restored  length  52  mm. ; latitude  20  mm. ; length 
of  spire  25  mm. 


78 


Bulletin  No.  15,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Occurrence. — At  Station  No.  31  (University  of  Washington 
Palaeontological  Collection)  in  sandy  shale  one-half  mile  west 
of  Lincoln  Creek  Station,  Thurston  County,  in  railway  cut. 

Horizon. — Lincoln  formation,  Oligocene. 

Pleurotoma  washingtoniana  n.  sp. 

Plate  III,  Figure  31. 

Description. — Shell  small,  slender,  apex  acute;  whorls  7 to  8, 
distinctly  angulated  and  nodose;  lower  surface  of  whorl  slightly 
convex;  upper  surface  concave;  surface  of  body  whorl  sculp- 
tured by  ten  distinct  revolving  ribs  all  of  which  are  confined  to 
the  angulated  ridge  and  the  surface  below  it.  Three  obscure 
ribs  appear  above  in  some  specimens ; of  those  occurring  below 
three  are  stronger  than  the  remainder ; angular  ridge  of  body 
whorl  set  with  16  nodes  which  also  occur  on  all  whorls  of  spire; 
surface  of  shell  strongly  sculptured  with  incremental  lines 
which  are  undulating  and  correspond  to  the  sharply  incised 
posterior  sinus ; apex  of  sinus  above  angular  ridge.  Canal  mod- 
erately long  and  nearly  straight  with  one  faint  plication ; inner 
lip  smooth ; outer  lip  thin ; aperture  narrow,  and  elongate. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  to  broken  end  of  canal  28  mm. ; diam- 
eter 10  mm. ; elevation  of  spire  16  mm. ; angle  of  spire  20°. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  90  (University  of  Washington  Pa- 
laeontological Collection)  in  bluff  one-half  mile  west  of  Porter, 
Chehalis  County,  along  railway  track. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

GENUS  DRILLIA  GRAY. 

Drileia  chehaeisensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figures  65,  66. 

Description. — Shell  large,  slender,  fusiform ; apex  acute ; 
whorls  9 or  10,  angulated,  very  slightly  concave  above  the  angle, 
slightly  convex  below  the  angle  on  the  body  whorl,  but  ap- 
proximately straight  on  the  whorls  of  the  spire ; suture  distinct, 
appressed.  Ten  well  defined  wave-like  ridges  cross  each  whorl 
at  the  angle  forming  nodes ; above  the  angle  these  twist  to  the 
right  and  dwindle  away  half  way  to  the  suture ; below  the  angle 


Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Western  Washington 


79 


they  twist  downwards  to  the  left  for  a very  short  distance  and 
disappear.  Body  whorl  sculptured  by  80  rounded,  well  defined, 
equally  developed  revolving  lines ; between  each  of  these  are  one 
and  sometimes  two  minor  revolving  lines.  This  ornamentation 
is  also  characteristic  of  the  spire.  Canal  long  and  twisted  out- 
ward; inner  lip  smooth  and  heavily  incrusted  with  callous.  Outer 
lip  sharp ; posterior  sinus  fairly  well  marked ; aperture  elon- 
gate and  elliptical ; surface  ornamented  by  numerous  lines  of 
growth  corresponding  in  curvature  to  the  posterior  sinus ; angle 
of  spire  25°. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  80  mm.  and  75  mm.;  diameter  25  mm. 
and  22  mm. ; length  of  spire  89  mm.  and  87  mm. 

Occurrence. — Very  common  and  characteristic  at  Porter ; 
Loc.  No.  160  (University  of  Washington  Palaeontological  Col- 
lection) and  Port  Blakeley  Loc.  No.  18. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

SCAPHAPODA. 

genus  DENTALIUM  linnaeus. 

Dentalium  porterensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  113. 

Description. — Shell  large,  slightly  curved;  angle  of  diverg- 
ence 9°  to  14°  ; cross  section  circular ; shell  substance  very  thick 
in  both  young  and  old  specimens ; surface  nearly  smooth  but 
showing  about  85  very  faint  longitudinal  lines ; maximum  diam- 
eter 9 mm. 

Occurrence. — At  Loc.  No.  90 — about  one-half  mile  west  of 
Porter  on  bluff  on  north  side  of  Chehalis  River,  Chehalis  County. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

BRACH IOPODA. 

genus  TEREBRATULA  klein. 

Terebratuea  oakvilxeensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figure  107. 

Description. — Shell  medium  sized,  elongate ; posterior  valve 
thin,  beak  small  and  moderately  incurved ; greatest  width  about 


80 


Bulletin  No.  15,.  Washington  Geological  Survey 


two-fifths  the  length  of  the  shell  from  posterior  end;  above  this 
the  margins  of  shell  taper  sharply  and  evenly  to  the  beak ; 
anterior  end  very  evenly  and  broadly  rounded ; dorsal  valve 
thin  but  slightly  more  convex  than  the  ventral.  There  is  no 
distinguishable  fold  on  the  dorsal,  nor  sinus  on  the  ventral  valve. 
Surface  of  both  valves  ornamented  by  numerous  very  fine  con- 
centric striae.  There  are  no  radiating  ribs. 

Occurrence. — From  Station  No.  — (University  of  Washing- 
ton Palaeontological  Collection)  about  one  mile  west  of  Oak- 
ville on  Northern  Pacific  track,  in  sandstone  overlying  basalt. 

Horizon. — Blakeley  formation,  Lower  Miocene. 

ARTHROPODA. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Certain  portions  of  the  Blakeleys  formation  are  characterized 
by  hard  flinty  semi-calcareous  concretions  which,  when  cracked 
open  nearly  always  contain  the  fossil  remains  of  crabs.  Many 
of  these  are  well  preserved.  They  occur  most  abundantly  in 
the  shale  bluffs  at  Porter,  Chehalis  County  and  in  the  northern 
part  of  Pacific  County,  north  of  the  town  of  Menlo. 


i 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  I 


1.  Hamifusus  cowlitzensis. 

2.  Hemifusus  sopenahensis. 

3.  Hemifusus  sopenahensis. 

4.  Hemifusus  cowlitzensis. 

o.  Fasciolaria  washingtoniana. 

(All 


0.  Tritonitim  sopenahensis. 

7.  Murex  cowlitzensis. 

8.  Murex  sopenahensis. 

9.  Hemifusus  lewisiana. 

new  species.) 


Pl.  II 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


10.  Fusus  washingtoniana. 

11.  Hemifusus  washingtoniana. 

12.  Ilemifusus  washingtoniana. 

13.  Hemifusus. 

18.  Rimella  canalifera  Gabb 

19.  Rimella  canalifera  Gabb 

20.  Conus  cowlitzensis. 

22.  Potamides  lewisiana. 

23.  Potamides  fettkei. 

(All 


14.  Iianella  washingtoniana. 

15.  Ranella  cowlitzensis. 

16.  Mitra  washingtoniana. 

17.  Conus  horni  Gabb. 
var.  elongata  n.  var. 
var.  elongata  n.  var. 

21.  Ancillaria  bretzi. 

24.  Potamides  fettkei. 

25.  I’otamides  lewisiana. 
new  species.) 


1 Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  Ill 


16. 

8. 

|9. 


Ranella  cowlitzensis. 

30, 

Ranella  cowlitzensis. 

31, 

Cassidaria  washingtoniana. 
Fusus  dickersoni. 

32, 

33.  Fusus  lewisensis. 

34.  Xassa  packardi.  (Enlarged 

35.  Morio  tuberculatus  Gabb, 

36.  Surcula  cowlitzensis. 


Surcula  cowlitzensis. 
Pleurotoma  washingtoniana. 
Nassa  eocenica. 

(Enlarged  twice.) 

twice.) 

var.  tri- tuberculatus. 


(All  new  species.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


pl.  rvj 


37 


40 


37.  Ostrea  fettkei. 

88.  Brachysphingus  charki. 

30.  Ostrea  fettkei. 

40.  Crassatellites  cowlitzensis. 


41.  Meretrix  landesi. 

42.  Crassatellites  wasliingtoniana. 

43.  Meretrix  landesi. 


(All  new  species.) 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  V 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


ht-  Rbynconella  washingtoniana.  47.  Meretrix  olequahensis. 

"kynconella  washingtoniana.  48.  Meretrix  olequahensis. 

-Pecten  cowlitzensis.  49.  Meretrix  olequahensis. 

50.  Meretrix  olequahensis. 

51.  Crassatellites  washingtoniana. 

52.  Pectunculus  eocenica.  (Natural  Size.) 

53.  Pectunculus  eocenica.  (Natural  Size.) 

54.  Pectunculus  eocenica,  var.  landesi  n.  var.  (Natural  Size.) 

55.  Cardium  olequahensis.  (Natural  Size.) 

(All  new  species.) 


56.  Nassa  andersoni.  (Enlarged  twice.) 

57.  Brachysphingus  clarkii. 

58.  Fusus  montesanoensis. 

59.  Caliostoma  delazinensis. 

(50.  Caliostoma  delazinensis. 

61.  Caliostoma  delazinensis. 


C52.  Chlorostoma  arnoldi. 

63.  Caliostoma  delazinensis. 

64.  Turritella  blakeleyensis. 

65.  Drillia  chekalisensis. 

66.  Drillia  chehalisensis. 

67.  Turritella  blakeleyensis. 


(All  new  species.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


rL.  yi i 


68.  Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  robustum. 

69.  Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  altus. 


(New  varieties.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15  Pl.  YIII 


70.  Pecten  porterensis. 

71.  Chione  chehalisensis. 

72.  Pecten  porterensis. 


(All  new  species.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  IX 


73.  Ficus  clallamensis  n.  sp. 

74.  Tellina  merriami  n.  sp. 

75.  Pseudocardium  landesi  n.  sp. 

76.  Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  undiliferum  n.  var. 

77.  Spisula  albaria  Conrad. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl 


78.  Pseudocardium  gabbi  Remond  var.  elongatus  n.  var. 

79.  Chione  catbcartensis  n.  sp. 

80.  Macoma  montesanoensis  n.  sp. 

81.  Tellina  merriami  n.  sp. 

82.  Tellina  kincaidi  n.  sp. 


PL.  XI 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


63  84 


91  92 


83.  Turritella  porterensis. 

84.  Turritella  porterensis. 

85.  Turritella  blakeleyensis. 

86.  Surcula  cowlitzensis. 

87.  Turris  wynootcheensis. 

88.  Turris  wynootcheensis. 

(All  new 


93  94 


89.  Turris  wynootcheensis. 

90.  Pleurotoma  chehalisensis. 

91.  Cuma  biplicata  var.  quadranodosum. 

92.  Cuma  biplicata  var.  quadranodosum. 

93.  Cuma  biplicata  var.  quadranodosum. 

94.  Turris  wynootcheensis. 
species.) 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  X 


101 


104 


10B 


100 


105 


103 


95. 

96. 


98. 

99. 
100. 


Chione  montesanoensis. 
Marcia  oregonensis. 
Cliione  montesanoensis. 
Semele  montesanoensis. 
Semele  montesanoensis. 
Semele  sylviaensis. 


101.  Venericardia  chehalisensis. 

102.  Venericardia  chehalisensis. 

103.  Chione  montesanoensis. 

104.  Leda  chehalisensis. 

105.  Leda  chehalisensis. 


(All  new  species.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


Pl.  XIII 


100. 

Yoldia  sammamishensis. 

Ill 

107. 

Terebratula  oakvilleensis. 

112 

108. 

Tellina  n.  sp. 

113 

109. 

Macoma  snohomishensis. 

114 

(Enlarged  twice.) 

115 

110.  Mytilus  snohomishensis. 


Mytilus  sammamishensis. 
Sharks  tooth. 

Dentallium  porterensis. 
Cryptomya  washingtoniana. 
Pecten  alockamanensis. 


(All  new  species.) 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


pl.  x; 


116. 

Crenella  porterensis  n.  sp. 

123 

Tritonium  n.  sp. 

117. 

Corbicula  cowlitzensis  n.  sp. 

124 

Fusus  dickersoni  n.  sp. 

118. 

Lunatia  bornii  Gabb. 

125 

Drillia  chehalisensis  n.  sp. 

119. 

Corbicula  eufaulaensis  n.  sp. 

126 

Gyrineum  sylviaensis  n.  sp. 

120. 

Cardium  sp. 

127 

Tritonium  n.  sp. 

121. 

122. 

Turris  wynootckoensis  n.  sp. 

Cuma  biplicata  Gabb  var.  quadranodosum 

n.  v 

ar. 

IZ7 


126 


I 22 


120- 


l 23 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  15 


PL.  XV 


128.  Macoma  wynootcheensis. 

129.  Macoma  wynootcheensis. 

130.  Macoma  wynootcheensis. 

131.  Corbicula  eufaulaensis. 

132.  Corbicula  cowlitzensis. 

133.  Venericardia  chehalisensis. 


134.  Pectunculus  tejonensis. 

(Natural  size.) 

135.  Corbicula  cowlitzensis. 

136.  Chrysodomus  clallamensis. 

137.  Venericardia  chehalisensis. 


(All  new  species.) 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDEX 


Acknowledgments  

Ancillaria  Lamarck  

bretzi  n.  sp 

Arthropoda  

Blakeley  Formation  

Bonsor,  T.  A.,  work  of 

Brachiopoda  

Brachysphingus  Gabb  

clarki  n.  sp 

Caliostoma  Swains  

delazinensis  n.  sp 

Cardium  Linnaeus  

olequahensis  n.  sp 

Cassidaria  Lamarck  

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Chehalis  Formation  

Chione  Megerle  

chehalisensis  n.  sp 

montesanoensis  n.  sp 

cathcartensis  n.  sp 

Chlorostoma  Swains  

arnoldi  n.  sp 

Chrysodomus  Swains  

clallamensis  n.  sp 

Cryptomya  Conrad  

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Conus  Linnaeus  

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Corbicula  Megerle  

eufaulaensis  n.  sp 

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Cowlitz  Formation  

Crassatellites  Kruger  

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Crustacea  

Cuma  Humph 

biplicata  var.  quadranodosum  n.  var. 

Dentallium  Linnaeus  

porterensis  n.  sp 

Description  of  Species  

Drillia  Gray  

chehalisensis  n.  sp 

Eocene  

Fasciolaria  Lamarck  

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Fettke,  Charles  R.,  work  of 

Ficus  Conrad  

clallamensis  n.  sp 


Page 

9 

. . 53 

. . 53 

. . 80 
. . 17 

9 

55,  79 
. . 48 

. . 48 

. . 72 

. . 72 

. . 34 

. . 34 

. . 38 

. . 38 

. . 19 

. . 60 
. . 60 
. . 61 
. . 62 
. . 71 

. . 71 

. . 43 

. . 43 

. . 70 

. . 70 

. . 54 

. . 54 

. . 32 

. . 32 

. . 33 

. . 14 

. . 31 

. . 31 

. . 32 

. . 80 
. . 75 

. . .5 

. . 79 

. . 79 

. . 28 
. . 78 

. . 78 

. . 12 
. . 52 

. . 52 

9 

. . 74 

. . 74 


11 


Index 


Fusus  montesanoensis  n.  sp 

Fusus  horni  Gabb  

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

dickersoni  n.  sp 

Gasteropoda  

Geologic  History  

Gyrineum  Link  

sylviaensis  n.  sp 

Hemifusus  Swainson 

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

lewisiana  n.  sp 

sopenahensis  n.  sp 

tejonensis  n.  sp 

washingtoniana  n.  sp 

Introduction  

Leda  Schumacher  

chehalisensis  n.  sp 

Lincoln  Formation 

ijower  Miocene  

Macoma  Leach 

montesanoensis  n.  sp 

snohomishensis  n.  sp 

wynootcheensis  n.  sp 

Marcia  Adams  

oregonensis  Conrad  

Meretrix  Lamarck  

landesi  n.  sp 

olequahensis  n.  sp 

Miocene-  Species . 

Mitra  Lamarck  

washingtoniana  

Montesano  Formation 

Morio  Montf . . * . 

tuberculatus,  Gabb,  var.  tri-tuberculatus  n.  var. 

Murex  Linnaeus  

sopenahensis  n.  sp 

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

Mytilus  Linnaeus  

sammamishensis  n.  sp 

stillaguamishensis  n.  sp 

snohomishensis  n.  sp 

Nassa  Martini  

eocenica  n.  sp 

packardi  n.  sp 

andersoni  n.  sp 

Oligocene  Formation 

Ostrea  Linnaeus  

olequahensis  n.  sp 

fettkei  n.  sp 

Pecten  Muller  

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 

porterensis  n.  sp 

alockamanensis  n.  sp 

Pectunculus  Lamarck  

eocenica  n.  sp 

eocenica  n.  sp.  var.  landesi  n.  var 

tejonensis  n.  sp 

Pelecypoda  


36 


30. 


Page 
76 
46 
50 
50 
70 
22 
73  ; 
73 

44 

45  : 

46 
44 

47  I 
46  | 

9 

56 

56 

16 

17 

65 

65 

66 
66 
63 
63 
34 

34 

35 

56 
52 
52 
20 
39 
39 

48 

48 

49  ’ 
58  ' 

58 

59 
59 
42 

42 

43  h 
75  J 
15  { 
29  i 

29 

30 

57 
30 


5i 

. . 58 

. . 28 
. . 28 
. . 28 
. . 29 

28.  56 


Index  iii 


Page 

Pleurotoma  Lamarck  77 

chehalisensis  n.  sp 77 

washingtoniana  n.  sp 78 

Post  Eocene  17 

Potamides  Brognt  36 

fettkei  n.  sp 36 

lewisiana  n.  sp 37 

Pre-Tertiary  bed  rock  complex 10 

Pseudocardium  Gabb  68 

gabbi  Remond  var.  altus  n.  var 68 

gabbi  Remond  var.  elongatus  n.  var 68 

gabbi  Remond  var.  robustum  n.  var 69 

gabbi  Remond  var.  undiliferum  n.  var 69 

Puget  Group  12 

Ranella  Lamarck  41 

washingtoniana  n.  sp 41 

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 41 

Rhynconella  Fischer  55 

washingtoniana  n.  sp 55 

Rimella  Agassiz  37 

canalifera  Gabb,  var.  elongata  n.  var 37 

Ross,  Donald,  work  of 9 

Semele  Schumarck  67 

montesanoensis  n.  sp 67 

sylviaensis  n.  sp 67 

Stratigraphy  10 

Stromme,  Olaf,  work  of 9 

Surcula  H.  and  A.  Adams 53 

cowlitzensis  n.  sp 53 

Tapes  Megerle  35 

washingtoniana  n.  sp.  35 

Tejon  Formations  14 

Tellina  Linnaeus  63 

merriami  n.  sp 63 

kincaidi  n.  sp 64 

Terebratula  Klein  79 

oakvilleensis  n.  sp 79 

Tertiary  Formations  11 

Tritonium  Link  40 

sopenahensis  n.  sp 40 

Turris  Bolten  70 

wynootcheensis  n.  sp 70 

Turritella  Lamarck  72 

blakeleyensis  n.  sp 72 

porterensis  n.  sp 73 

Upper  Eocene  Species  28 

Upper  Miocene  20 

Venericardia  Lamarck  59 

chehalisensis  n.  sp 59 

Wahkiakum  Formation 19 

Yoldia  Moller  56 

sammamishensis  n.  sp 56 


PUBLICATIONS 


OF  THE 

WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


HENRY  LANDES,  State  Geologist 


BULLETIN  No.  16 


Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the 
Covada  Mining  District 


By  CHARLES  E.  WEAVER 


OLYMPIA,  WASH.  : 

Frank  M.  Lamborn,<s^§||£dPublic  Printer. 
1913 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Governor  Ernest  Lister,  Chairman . 
Lieutenant  Governor  Louis  F.  Hart. 

State  Treasurer  Edward  Meath,  Secretary. 
President  T.  F.  Kane. 

President  E.  A.  Bryan. 


Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Governor  Ernest  Lister , Chairman , and  Members  of  the  Board 
of  Geological  Survey: 

Gentlemen:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a report 

entitled  “Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Covada  Mining 
District,”  by  Charles  E.  Weaver,  with  the  recommendation  that 
it  be  printed  as  Bulletin  No.  16  of  the  Survey  Reports. 

This  report,  which  involves  but  little  more  than  a reconnais- 
sance survey,  has  been  prepared  at  the  urgent  request  of  the 
mining  men  of  the  Covada  district.  For  some  time  there  has 
been  a contention  between  the  miners  and  the  Indian  claimants 
in  regard  to  the  character  of  the  land  in  this  district — whether 
or  not  it  contains  mineral  deposits  of  probable  or  assured  eco- 
nomic value.  In  this  bulletin  Dr.  Weaver  has  set  forth  the  bare 
facts  regarding  the  general  geology  of  the  district,  the  char- 
acter of  the  ore  deposits,  and  a brief  description  of  the  indi- 
vidual mining  properties.  It  is  regretted  that  a lack  of  money 
has  prevented  the  preparation  of  a detailed  report  upon  this 
interesting  district,  but  the  hope  is  expressed  that  the  report 
as  it  stands  may  prove  to  be  of  some  value  to  the  mining  men 
of  Covada  and  to  others  who  are  interested  in  metal  mining  in 
Washington. 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Landes, 

State  Geologist. 

University  Station,  Seattle,  June  2,  1913. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 


Illustrations  6 

Introduction  7 

Field  work  and  acknowledgments 7 

Location  and  area  of  the  district 9 

Literature  10 

Chapter  I.  Physiography 14 

Topography  14 

General  statement  14 

Drainage  14 

Forms  of  the  surface 15 

Glaciation  16 

Climate  16 

Vegetation  17 

Relation  of  the  present  topography  to  the  general  geology 18 

Chapter  II.  General  Geology 20 

Introduction  20 

Covada  formation  21 

Areal  distribution  21 

General  description  22 

Meteor  granodiorite  23 

Areal  distribution  23 

General  description  . 24 

Aplite  26 

Granodiorite  porphyry  27 

Andesite  dikes  27 

Pyroxenite  28 

Quaternary  29 

Structure  29 

Geological  history  30 

Chapter  III.  Economic  Geology 33 

History  of  mining 33 

Treatment  and  shipment  of  ores 34 

Distribution  of  the  ore  bodies 35 

Character  of  the  ore  bodies 35 

Strike  and  pitch  36 

Shape  36 

Influences  of  country  rock  on  the  ores 37 

Mineralogy  38 

Genesis  of  the  ores 40 

Placer  deposits  43 

Chapter  IV.  Detailed  Description  of  the  Mining  Properties....  44 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Opposite 


Plates  Page 

I.  Geologic  map  of  the  Covada  Mining  District 16 

II.  General  view  of  topographic  features  in  the  vicinity  of  the 

lower  tunnel  at  Advance  Mine 24 

III.  General  view  of  mine  workings  at  the  Orion  Mine 32 

IV.  General  view  of  talus  slope,  consisting  of  granodiorite  blocks 

on  west  side  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon;  Black  Thorn  Mine  in 
foreground  40 

V.  Map  of  mining  claims,  Covada  Mining  District 48 

Figures  Page 

1.  General  reference  map 8 

2.  Map  showing  mining  claims  and  underground  workings  of 

the  Advance  Mine 45 

3.  Plan  of  undergrund  workings  of  the  Guin  Mine 82 


INTRODUCTION. 


FIELD  WORK  AND  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

This  report  was  undertaken  primarily  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
termining the  mineral  or  non-mineral  character  of  certain  min- 
ing claims  in  the  Covada  Mining  District,  lying  within  the 
south  half  of  the  Colville  Indian  Reservation,  in  Ferry  County. 
In  many  cases  allotments  of  agricultural  or  grazing  lands  which 
were  being  made  to  the  Indians  included  parts  or  all  of  a large 
number  of  mining  claims.  These  allotments  are  now  being  con- 
tested by  the  mining  men  of  the  Covada  district. 

It  was  attempted  in  the  investigation  of  this  region  to  make 
a geological  examination  of  each  individual  claim  that  was  in 
contest.  Such  examination  included  a study  of  the  rock  forma- 
tions, the  character  and  extent  of  the  ore  bodies,  a representa- 
tive average  assay  from  each  claim  and  a record  of  the  amount 
and  character  of  development  work  completed.  Note  was  also 
made  of  the  general  character  of  the  area  of  each  claim  for 
agricultural  or  grazing  purposes.  Because  of  insufficient  time, 
many  claims  which  were  not  in  contest  were  not  visited.  On 
many  of  the  latter  considerable  development  work  has  been 
done.  It  is  believed  that  sufficient  data  have  been  obtained  to 
construct  a geologic  map  of  the  district  and  to  determine  the 
relation  of  the  ore  bodies  to  the  geological  formations. 

No  topographic  map  of  this  region  has  ever  been  made.  A 
small  generalized  map  has  been  constructed  by  Mr.  Buell  Rob- 
inson of  Covada  for  the  Covada  Commercial  Club,  and  upon  this 
the  roads,  streams,  hills,  and  section  lines  are  represented.  In  a 
general  way  modifications  of  this  have  been  used  as  a base  map 
for  representing  the  areal  geology  in  this  report.  A map  show- 
ing the  position  of  the  various  mining  claims  has  been  con- 
structed. Their  positions  can  only  be  regarded  as  approxi- 
mate, as  detailed  surveys  have  been  made  in  only  a very  few 
cases.  It  is  possible  that  some  claims  whose  names  or  positions 
could  not  be  determined  have  been  omitted. 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


\ — f f ■ i i 

INDEX  MAP  OF  COVADA  DISTRICT. 
WITH  REFERENCE  TO  SURROUNDING  COUNTRY 


Area  Representing  CovadaMinmg  District 
Areal  Geology  Mapped 


Fig.  1.  General  Reference  Map. 


C ova  da  Mining  District 


9 


The  geological  field  work  was  carried  on  in  the  summer  of 
1912,  between  July  20th  and  August  15th.  Portions  of  the 
succeeding  winter  months  have  been  devoted  to  working  up  the 
data  collected  during  the  summer  and  in  preparing  this  report. 
The  chemical  analyses  included  within  the  report  were  made  by 
Mr.  F.  M.  Ashton  of  the  Department  of  Chemistry  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Washington,  and  the  assays  were  made  by  Prof. 
C.  R.  Corey  of  the  School  of  Mines  at  the  State  University. 

The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  thanks  to  all  who  have 
assisted  in  this  work,  and  especially  to  the  members  of  the 
Commercial  Club  of  Covada.  At  all  times  means  were  provided 
for  transportation  to  different  parts  of  the  district,  and  per- 
sons familiar  with  the  positions  of  claims  and  mine  workings 
were  detailed  to  accompany  the  writer. 

LOCATION  AND  AREA  OF  THE  DISTRICT. 

The  Covada  Mining  District  is  located  a little  south  of  the 
extreme  east-central  portion  of  Ferry  County,  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  State.  It  is  situated  adjacent  to  and  just 
west  of  the  Columbia  River  and  forty-five  miles  south  of  the 
International  Boundary,  at  about  latitude  48°  15'  north  and 
longitude  118°  west.  The  district  includes  those  mining  claims 
situated  west  of  Columbia  River,  south  of  Steinger  Creek  and 
north  of  Nez  Perce  Creek.  It  embraces  the  lower  two-thirds  of 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  the  greater  part  of  the 
eastern  third  of  Township  32  North,  Range  37  East,  and  the 
north  third  of  Township  31  North,  Range  36  East.  The  total 
area  involved  is  approximately  forty  square  miles. 

In  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  district,  on  Steinger  Creek, 
in  Section  17,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  is  located 
the  old  mining  town  of  Meteor.  At  present  it  consists  of  sev- 
eral cabins,  only  a very  few  of  which  are  occupied.  Covada  is 
situated  in  the  Northeast  Quarter  of  Section  2,  Township  31 
North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  and  one-half  miles  west  of 
Columbia  River.  It  consists  of  a few  houses,  a store,  and  post- 
office.  The  majority  of  the  people  are  scattered  about  the  dis- 
trict. There  are  no  railroads  within  the  district,  but  the  topo- 


10 


Bulletm  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


graphic  features  are  such  that  most  points  may  be  easily  | 
reached  by  wagon  road.  One  wagon  road  extends  southward 
from  Covada  to  Hunter’s  Ferry  on  the  Columbia,  and  thence 
down  the  river.  The  route  most  usually  traveled  in  reaching 
Covada  is  from  Spokane  northward  seventy -three  miles  on  the  j 
Great  Northern  Railway  to  Addy.  From  Addy  there  is  a tri- 
weekly stage  connection  with  Gilford,  a small  settlement  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Columbia  River,  nineteen  miles  distant.  A ferry 
across  the  river  connects  this  town  with  Inchelium,  which  in 
turn  is  connected  with  Covada  by  seven  miles  of  wagon  road. 
The  trip  may  be  made  by  rail  from  Spokane  to  Mey6rs  Falls,  j 
by  stage  from  there  to  Daisy,  by  ferry  across  the  river  and 
thence  by  road  to  Covada.  Meteor  may  be  reached  by  wagon 
road  either  from  Gilford  or  Daisy.  In  either  case  the  journey 
may  be  made  in  one  day.  In  an  air  line  Covada  is  thirty-live 
miles  southeast  from  the  Republic  Mining  District,  but  there  is 
no  direct  connection  by  wagon  road.  One  small  steamer  plies 
between  the  settlements  along  this  section  of  the  Columbia. 
From  Covada  there  is  a bi-weekly  mail  service  by  way  of  Addy, 
and  a long  distance  telephone  connection  by  way  of  Davenport. 

LITERATURE. 

There  is  practically  no  literature  bearing  directly  upon  the 
geology  of  this  district  and  up  to  the  present  time  no  areal  , 
geological  work  has  been  done.  The  region  is  a part  of  what  | 
has  been  called  the  Okanogan  Highlands,  and  many  of  its 
geological  features  are  very  closely  related  to  those  in  other 
parts  of  this  province  which  in  places  have  been  studied.  Inso- 
much as  reference  will  be  made  to  these  quite  often  in  this  report, 
a short  abstract  with  occasional  quotations  will  be  given  of 
those  papers  where  the  geological  conditions  are  most  similar  i 
to  those  at  Covada. 

Hodges,  L.  K.,  Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  PP.  105-116,  on  the 

Colville  Reservation.  Published  by  the  Seattle  Post-Intelligencer, 

Seattle,  1897. 

This  paper  describes  in  a brief  manner  the  general  geography 
of  the  Colville  Reservation.  The  north  half  had  been  thrown 


Covada  Mining  District 


11 


open  to  mineral  entry  in  1896.  A short  description  is  given 
of  the  several  mining  properties  as  they  existed  in  1897.  No 
reference  is  made  to  any  mining  activity  in  the  Covada  region. 
Those  properties  existing  to  the  southeast  of  Covada  in  Ste- 
vens County  and  those  to  the  northeast  in  the  vicinity  of 
Meyers  Falls  and  Colville  are  described. 

Landes,  Henry,  Thyng,  Wm.  S.,  and  Lyon,  D.  A.  Metalliferous  Re- 
sources of  Washington,  except  Iron;  Ferry  County,  pp.  50-52,  Annual 
Report,  Yol.  I.,  Washington  State  Geological  Survey,  1901,  Olym- 
pia, Washington. 

At  the  time  when  this  report  was  published  very  little  pros- 
pecting had  been  done  in  the  Covada  district.  No  direct  ref- 
erence is  made  to  the  (Covada-Meteor)  camp.  A few  general 
statements  are  made  concerning  the  geology  and  ore  deposits 
of  the  county  as  a whole.  “As  to  the  geological  features  of 
the  county,  it  may  be  noted  in  a general  way  that  granite, 
gneiss,  schist,  and  crystalline  limestone  are  the  prevailing  for- 
mations, with  some  intrusive  and  extrusive  rocks  of  a late  age. 
A broad  belt  of  granite,  flanked  by  gneiss,  schist  and  crystal- 
line limestone,  lies  immediately  to  the  westward  of  the  Columbia 
and  Kettle  rivers,  and  extends  from  the  southern  to  the  northern 
limits  of  the  county.” 

Mathews,  G.  A.,  Covada  Camp.  Northwest  Mining  Journal,  Vol.  3, 
pp.  72-74,  No.  5,  August,  1909.  Seattle,  Washington. 

The  location  and  area  of  the  camp  are  defined.  The  principal 
rock  formations  are  said  to  be  “granite  and  diorite,  traversed 
by  a series  of  eruptive  dikes.  The  mineral  bearing  veins  are  of 
the  true  fissure  type,  * * *.  The  dikes  are  of  frequent 

occurrence,  of  variable  size  and  character,  and  are  most  gen- 
erally of  porphyry.  The  strike  of  the  leads  is  * * * 

northeast  and  southwest.  The  dip  is  20  to  40  degrees  and  to 
the  west.”  The  greater  part  of  this  article  is  confined  to  a 
description  of  the  various  properties  in  this  district. 

Staff  Correspondence,  Operations  in  the  Covada  District,  Washington. 
The  Mining  World,  Vol.  33,  pp.  367-368,  No.  9,  August  27,  1910, 
Chicago,  111. 

This  paper,  after  giving  the  location  of  the  district,  is  con- 
fined almost  entirely  to  a description  of  the  development  of  the 


12  Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 

different  properties  and  remarks  concerning  the  character  of 
the  ores.  A small  map  of  the  district  is  inserted.  It  is  a copy 
from  that  constructed  by  Mr.  Buell  Robinson  of  Covada. 

Bancroft.  Howland.  Lead  and  Zinc  Deposits  in  the  Metaline  Mining 
District,  Northeastern  Washington.  Bulletin  470,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  pp.  188-200,  1911,  Washington,  D.  C. 

This  district  is  located  fifty  miles  northeast  of  Covada.  Many 
of  the  geological  features  of  the  two  districts  are  similar.  Cer-  j 
tain  data  gathered  about  Metaline  may  throw  some  light  on  the  I 
situation  at  Covada.  The  formations  consist  of  “a  thick  series  | 
of  more  or  less  dynamo-metamorphosed  sedimentary  rocks,  ! 
composed  essentially  of  shale  and  dolomite.”  These  strata  are 
believed  to  be  of  Paleozoic  age  and  several  thousand  feet  in 
thickness.  No  igneous  rocks  were  observed.  The  ores  are  | 
thought  to  have  been  derived  from  “solutions  which  may  have 
accompanied  the  granitic  intrusions  seen  throughout  a large  ! 
part  of  northeastern  Washington,  tongues  of  which  probably 
extend  into  the  Metaline  district.” 

Umpleby,  Joseph  B.  Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Republic  Mining 
District.  Bulletin  No.  1,  Washington  Geological  Survey,  pp.  1-65, 
Olympia,  Wash. 

The  Republic  District  is  roughly  thirty-five  miles  northwest 
of  Covada,  but  topographically  and  geologically  the  two  dis-  ■ 
tricts  are  very  closely  related.  In  the  Republic  report  a de- 
scription is  given  of  the  topography,  physiography,  general 
geology,  economic  geology  and  principal  mines.  “The  greater 
part  of  the  Colville  Indian  Reservation  is  regarded  as  a part 
of  that  physiographic  unit  which  is  known  as  the  Interior 
Plateau,  and  which  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Coast  Range 
and  on  the  east  by  the  Gold  Range  and  which  extends  north  to  • 
the  Mackenzie  River  and,  if  relations  here  suggested  be  correct, 
it  extends  south  to  the  Columbia  River.  South  and  west  of  this 
great  unit  is  an  erosion  surface  recognized  as  post-M5ocene  in 
age.”  The  geologic  formations  consist  of  “the  metamorphic 
equivalents  of  a great  series  of  shales,  sandstones,  limestones 
and  lava  flows,  which  are  of  Paleozoic  age.”  These  are  re- 


Covada  Mmign  District 


IS 


garded  as  belonging  to  Carboniferous  time.  During  the  Meso- 
zoic there  were  granodiorite  intrusions.  Following  these  there 
was  “a  great  period  of  erosion  which  may  be  divided  into  two 
parts ; a first  of  base  leveling  and  a second  of  elevation  and 
erosion.  Into  these  valleys  formations  of  Oligocene  age  were 
deposited.  They  consist  of  dacite  flows,  andesite  breccias,  lake 
beds,  and  andesite  flows.  These  are  cut  by  intrusive  latite  por- 
phyries with  which  the  ore  deposits  are  thought  to  be  genetically 
related.  During  the  Pleistocene  the  entire  area  was  glaciated. 


CHAPTER  I. 


PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

The  topography  of  the  area  involved  in  the  Covada  district 
is  characteristic  of  that  of  northeastern  Washington.  It  is  a 
part  of  that  physiographic  province  known  as  the  Okanogan 
Highlands,  which  is  regarded  as  the  southern  extension  of  the 
interior  plateau  of  British  Columbia.  This  great  plateau  is 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Cascade  Range  of  Washington  and 
British  Columbia,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Gold  Range  of  the 
Rockies.  It  is  terminated  on  the  south  by  the  Miocene  basaltic 
plateau  of  eastern  Washington.  The  east-west  course  of  Co- 
lumbia River  in  Lincoln  County  is  the  dividing  line  between  the 
two  plateaus.  The  plateau  north  of  the  river  ranges  from  one 
to  three  thousand  feet  higher  than  that  to  the  south  and  is 
traversed  by  several  large  river  valleys  extending  from  north 
to  south,  which  open  out  into  Columbia  River.  Columbia  River 
itself,  after  first  crossing  the  International  Boundary,  trends 
south  across  this  plateau  to  its  junction  with  Spokane  River, 
and  then  turns  west. 

The  region  involved  in  the  Covada  district  lies  a little  over 
half  way  south  from  the  International  Boundary  to  Spokane 
River,  and  within  the  valley  of  Columbia  River.  Columbia 
River  has  carved  its  canyon  from  the  summit  of  the  plateau 
to  the  present  river  level,  leaving  broad  terraces  on  either  side 
at  various  elevations. 

DRAINAGE. 

The  entire  drainage  of  the  Covada  district  finds  its  way 
directly  to  Columbia  River.  There  are  no  large  streams  trav- 
ersing it.  The  northern  part  of  the  area  is  drained  by  Steinger 
Creek,  which,  just  north  of  the  area  mapped,  joins  Hall  Creek 


Covada  Mining  District 


15 


and  within  three  miles  empties  into  the  Columbia.  The  south- 
western portion  of  the  area  is  drained  bj  Nez  Perce  Creek, 
which  reaches  the  Columbia  a short  distance  south  of  the  limits 
of  the  map.  The  central  part  of  the  area  is  traversed  by  sev- 
eral small  creeks  which  are  dry  in  the  summer,  but  which  in 
winter  drain  through  Covada  Creek  to  the  Columbia.  A number 
of  little  lakes  are  scattered  through  the  region  which  receive 
a small  amount  of  the  surface  water. 

Steinger  and  Nez  Perce  creeks  are  very  small  but  carry 
some  water  throughout  the  entire  year.  They  occupy  flat  and 
moderately  wide  valleys  with  low  grades  except  near  the  Co- 
lumbia, where  they  descend  rapidly.  Much  of  the  water  appar- 
ently seeps  below  the  level  of  the  stream  beds.  No  official  rec- 
ords of  the  volume  of  water  passing  through  these  creeks  have 
been  made.  Numerous  springs  occur  throughout  the  district. 

FORMS  OF  THE  SURFACE. 

The  lowest  elevations  within  the  district  are  along  Columbia 
River  and  range  from  twelve  to  thirteen  hundred  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  entire  central  portion  of  the  area  is  a mountain  mass 
trending  northwesterly  from  the  Columbia,  where  It  ultimately 
merges  into  the  main  divide  between  San  Poil  and  Columbia 
rivers.  Within  the  limits  of  the  area  mapped,  a mountain  spur 
forms  the  divide  between  Steinger  and  Hall  creeks  on  the  north 
and  Nez  Perce  Creek  on  the  south.  This  mountainous  area  is 
divided  by  a deep  gulch  trending  northwest  and  southeast, 
known  as  Stray  Dog  Canyon.  The  hills  to  the  north  and  east 
are  comparatively  low  and  rounded;  those  to  the  south  and 
west  are  higher  and  more  rugged.  This  valley  ranges  in  width 
from  200  to  600  feet,  and  near  the  town  of  Covada  widens  out 
towards  the  river.  The  slopes  toward  Stray  Dog  Canyon  are 
steep  and  rugged  and  in  many  places  precipitous,  with  talus 
slopes  below.  The  slopes  on  the  west  towards  Nez  Perce  Creek 
are  comparatively  gentle  and  rolling.  In  Section  30,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  37  East,  lies  Rattlesnake  Mountain,  a 
bold,  rocky  mass  with  a steep  slope  to  the  west  and  north,  but  a 
more  gentle  one  to  the  south  and  east. 


16 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


GLACIATION. 

There  is  direct  evidence  within  this  district  that  even  the 
highest  knobs  on  the  mountain  tops  have  been  glaciated.  Gla- 
cial grooves  and  striations  in  the  hard  country  rock  are  very 
well  defined.  Observations  were  taken  at  numerous  points  and 
without  exception  the  striations  were  always  trending  in  the 
same  direction — nearly  due  north  and  south.  Very  little  drift 
is  strewn  over  the  surface,  but  occasional  erratics  of  rock  for- 
eign to  this  district  are  found.  Along  the  western  border  of 
the  Columbia,  for  a distance  of  nearly  a mile  back  from  the 
river,  the  bed  rock  formations  are  covered  with  non-consolidated 
gravels,  clays  and  sands.  Occasionally  they  are  partly  strati- 
fied. They  may  be  in  part  of  glacial  origin.  Several  distinct 
terraces  have  been  cut  into  them  and  these  in  turn  have  been 
dissected  by  small  gullies  rapidly  descending  to  the  Columbia. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  at  Covada  is  representative  of  that  in  Ferry  and 
Stevens  counties.  The  winter  temperatures  are  somewhat  lower 
than  at  Spokane  and  perhaps  a little  higher  than  at  Republic. 
The  annual  rainfall  is  about  the  same  as  at  Republic  and  Spo- 
kane. Snow  begins  falling  in  November  and  generally  disap- 
pears in  late  April.  During  the  winter  Columbia  River  often 
freezes  over  so  as  to  allow  teams  to  cross.  No  official  climatic 
records  have  been  kept  at  Covada  or  Meteor.  The  nearest 
points  at  which  such  records  have  been  kept  are  Republic,  Spo- 
kane, Colville,  and  Wilbur.  The  following  tables  are  taken 
from  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  records  :* 

♦Summary  of  the  Climatological  Data  for  the  United  States  by 
Sections;  Section  20,  Eastern  Washington,  by  Willis  L.  Moore,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Weather  Bureau. 


Washington  Geological  Survey  Bulletin  No.  16 


Geologic  map  of  the  Covada  Mining  District. 


Covada  Mining  District 


17 


Location 

Elevation 

Feet 

Annual 

Precipitation 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

a> 

a 

3 

>-3 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Republic 

2,628 

17.42 

1.72 

1.33 

1.36 

1.40 

2.20 

1.78 

1.21 

0.59 

1.04 

1.07 

1.93 

1.79 

Spokane  

1,943 

17.89 

2.36 

1.89 

1.40 

1.19 

1.51 

1.50 

0.66 

0.54 

0.93 

1.35 

2.17 

2.39 

Colville 

1,635 

17.66 

2.23 

1.73 

1.36 

0.96 

1.91 

1.51 

1.19 

0.76 

0.79 

1.18 

2.18 

1.86 

Wilbur 

2,203 

14.33 

1.86 

1.64 

0.88 

0.86 

1.50 

1.07 

0.58 

0.50 

0.69 

1.25 

1.76 

2.14 

FROST  DATA. 


STATIONS 

Length 

of 

Record 

Years. 

Average  date 
first  killing 
frost  in 
autumn. 

Average  date 
last  killing 
frost  in 
spring. 

Earliest  date 
killing  frost 
in  autumn. 

Latest  date 
killing  frost 
in  spring. 

Colville 

9 

8 

28 

9 

September  7 
September  3 
October  14 
September  6 

June  5 
June  15 
March  26 
June  23 

August  21 
August  26 
September  7 
August  17 

July  26 
July  29 
June  8 
July  30 

Ponnhlip  

Spokane 

Wilbur 

The  highest  temperature  ever  recorded  at  Republic  was  102°  ; 
at  Colville,  103°  ; and  at  Spokane,  104°.  The  lowest  tempera- 
ture recorded  was  at  Republic,  — 32°  ; at  Colville,  — 29°  ; and 
at  Spokane,  — 30°. 

Since  the  elevation  of  Covada  approaches  that  of  Colville, 
the  yearly  temperature  and  rainfall  will  compare  closely  with 
observations  at  the  latter  place,  the  nearest  point  at  which  rec- 
ords have  been  kept. 


VEGETATION. 

Almost  the  entire  district  about  Covada  is  covered  with  tim- 
ber consisting  chiefly  of  the  following  varieties : 

Yellow  pine  ( Pinus  ponderosa) 

Tamarack  ( Larix  Occident alis) 

Red  fir  ( Pseudotsuga  mucronata) 

Sticky  laurel  ( Ceanothis  velutinus) 

Huckleberry  ( Vaccinium  macrophyllum) 
Thimbleberry  ( Rubus  parviflorus) 

Along  the  benches  leading  down  directly  to  Columbia  River  the 
timber  is  very  scattered  and  in  many  places  absent.  Over  the 
greater  part  of  the  region,  in  common  with  the  Okanogan  High- 
lands, the  forests  are  open,  with  very  little  underbrush  except 

along  the  slopes  of  the  canyons.  It  is  possible  to  drive  a team 

—2 


18 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


almost  anywhere  among  the  trees.  The  only  timber  which  has 
been  cut  is  that  used  in  the  construction  of  local  buildings. 

RELATION  OF  THE  PRESENT  TOPOGRAPHY  TO  THE 
GENERAL  GEOLOGY. 

The  explanation  of  the  present  topography  of  this  district 
must  be  sought  in  a study  of  the  geological  conditions  which 
occur  throughout  the  Okanogan  Highlands  and  of  which  the 
Covada  region  is  a part.  Geologic  investigations  of  this  broad 
area  have  been  made,  both  in  British  Columbia  and  Washington, 
and  as  a result  a fairly  definite  conception  has  been  formed  of 
the  geological  processes  involved  in  developing  the  present 
topography.  The  Okanogan  Highlands  are  regarded  as  a sep- 
arate physiographic  province  from  either  the  Cascades  or  the 
basaltic  plateau  of  southeastern  Washington.  Their  physio- 
graphic history  is  thought  to  be  entirely  separate.  Evidence 
near  Republic  and  in  other  parts  of  Okanogan  and  Ferry  coun- 
ties suggests  that  the  entire  area  north  of  Columbia  River 
during  Eocene  time  was  reduced  to  a peneplain.  This  is  thought 
to  have  been  coincident  with  a similar  peneplanation  in  the  inte- 
rior plateau  of  British  Columbia. 

During  the  Miocene,  elevation  of  the  peneplaned  surface 
seems  to  have  occurred.  Accompanying  and  following  this, 
stream  cutting  developed  broad  and  deep  valleys  which  acted  as 
basins  for  the  accumulation  of  vast  quantities  of  later  Tertiary 
lavas,  tuffs,  stream  gravels  and  lake  deposits.  Diastrophic 
movements  undoubtedly  were  taking  place  during  this  time 
of  which  we  have  no  definite  record.  During  the  Pleistocene 
the  entire  region  seems  to  have  been  covered  with  a part  of  the 
Cordilleran  glacial  ice  sheet.  After  the  retreat  of  the  ice,  the 
drainage  readjusted  itself  and  the  streams  continued  their 
downward  cutting,  ultimately  developing  the  topography  as  it 
exists  today. 

Within  the  region  involved  in  this  report  there  are  practically 
no  data  which  can  thrown  any  light  on  the  early  Tertiary  phys- 
iography. Observations  made  from  some  of  the  higher  ridges 
suggest  a uniformity  of  elevations  along  the  distant  mountain 


Couada  Mining  District 


19 


divides.  Near  the  Columbia,  on  either  side,  definite  terraces  may 
be  seen  which  have  been  carved  from  old  'stream  or  glacial  de- 
posits. There  is  a suggestion  that  the  difference  in  elevation  on 
the  east  and  west  sides  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon  is  due  to  an  origi- 
nal terrace  carved  into  bed  rock.  The  small  valleys  and  can- 
yons seem  to  be  of  comparatively  recent  development  and  the 
result  of  drainage  adjustment  as  Columbia  River  was  gradu- 
ally deepening  its  valley.  The  characteristic  rounding  of  many 
of  the  hill  tops  and  slopes  is  probably  due  to  the  action  of  the 
ice  sheet. 


CHAPTER  II. 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  general  geology  of  the  Covada  district  has  many  char- 
acteristics in  common  with  those  at  Republic  and  Metaline.  The 
interpretation  of  certain  data  gathered  here  must  be  in  part 
sought  for  from  facts  already  learned  in  neighboring  regions 
where  studies  have  been  made.  Insomuch  as  no  areal  geologic 
mapping  has  been  carried  on  in  the  broad  intervening  areas  it 
is  impossible  to  make  exact  correlations.  Many  of  the  forma- 
tions well  represented  at  Republic  are  totally  absent  at  Covada 
and  many  best  developed  at  Covada  are  very  poorly  represented 
at  Republic.  The  same  holds  true  for  Metaline. 

The  oldest  and  most  extensively  developed  formations  at  Co- 
vada are  some  more  or  less  metamorphosed  sediments,  consisting 
of  quartzites,  schists,  slates,  and  crystalline  limestones,  with 
metamorphosed  interbedded  lavas.  No  fossiliferous  evidence  has 
been  obtained  to  determine  their  age.  Similar  rocks  have  been 
described  at  Republic*  and  Metalinej-,  and  although  no  fossils 
were  collected  they  were  regarded  as  probably  Carboniferous. 
The  strata  at  Covada  are  provisionally  assigned  to  the  Car- 
boniferous also.  After  their  deposition  they  underwent  defor- 
mation and  were  invaded  by  a great  batholith  of  granodiorite 
which  resulted  in  their  metamorphism.  Later  both  the  meta- 
morphics  and  granodiorites  were  cut  by  aplite  dikes  which  were 
probably  differentiated  products  from  the  granodiorite  itself. 
Both  the  quartzites  and  granodiorites  are  also  cut  by  dikes  of 
andesite  and  pyroxenite  porphyry.  There  is  no  evidence  as  to 


♦Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Republic  Mining  District,  Bulletin 
No.  1,  part  I,  Washington  Geological  Survey,  1910,  Olympia,  Wash. 

fLead  and  Zinc  Deposits  in  the  Metaline  District,  Northeastern 
Washington,  Bulletin  No.  47,  p.  192,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1911, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


Covada  Mining  District 


21 


the  exact  time  of  the  intrusion  of  the  latter.  It  is  known  that 
surface  flows  of  lava  similar  in  composition  occur  to  the  south 
in  the  plateau  of  eastern  Washington,  as  well  as  to  the  west  and 
north  in  the  San  Poil  Valley  and  at  Republic.  These  are  known 
to  be  of  Miocene  age  and  the  basic  intrusives  at  Covada  are 
assigned  to  that  period.  Unconsolidated  gravels  and  sands, 
resting  unconformably  upon  the  older  rocks,  occur  along  the 
slopes  of  Columbia  River  and  glacial  erratics  are  scattered  over 
the  mountain  tops. 

COVADA  FORMATION. 

AREAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  areal  geology  in  the  Covada  district  is 
composed  of  slates,  schists,  quartzites,  and  dolomitic  limestones. 
Throughout  the  Okanogan  Highlands  and  northward  into  Brit- 
ish Columbia  formations  of  a very  similar  character  are  exten- 
sively found.  No  areal  mapping  has  as  yet  been  undertaken  in 
the  south  half  of  Ferry  County  and  consequently  the  exact 
limits  of  the  Covada  formation  are  unknown.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Columbia  River,  along  the  road  to  Addy,  outcrops 
of  quartzite  occur  in  various  places.  Although  the  latter  re- 
gion has  not  been  areally  mapped  it  seems  in  large  part  to  be 
composed  of  metamorphic  material.  Along  both  the  east  and 
west  slopes  of  the  river  these  old  rocks  are  covered  over  with 
Pleistocene  gravels  and  alluvium. 

Within  the  Covada  district  proper  the  Covada  formation 
occupies  a very  prominent  place,  covering  about  twenty  square 
miles.  It  forms  one  irregular  shaped  mass,  roughly  concentric 
around  a central  core  of  Meteor  granodiorite.  In  the  north 
central  part  of  the  district  some  small  areas  are  separated  from 
the  main  body  by  Pleistocene  alluvium  and  gravel.  The  small- 
est of  these  lies  in  the  northern  part  of  Sections  13  and  14, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  just  north  of  Steinger 
Creek.  The  second  area  is  situated  just  south  of  Steinger 
Creek  in  Sections  14,  15,  22,  23,  in  Township  32  North,  Range 
36  East.  The  third  and  largest  area  enters  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  district  just  west  of  Columbia  River  as  a belt  nearly  two 


22 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


miles  wide.  In  passing  southward  it  narrows  to  a width  of 
about  one  mile  southeast  of  Covada  postoffice. 

South  of  Covada  the  formation  occupies  the  entire  area  be- 
tween Columbia  River  and  Nez  Perce  Creek.  About  three 
miles  west  of  Covada  it  turns  northward,  and  in  Section  29, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  it  narrows  down  to  less 
than  one  thousand  feet.  It  widens  again,  passes  northwesterly, 
crosses  Steinger  Creek  just  west  of  Meteor  townsite  and  passes 
out  through  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  district. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

The  rocks  entering  into  the  Covada  formation  consist  of  slaty 
schists,  siliceous  slates,  quartzites,  argillaceous  quartzites,  and 
dolomitic  limestones.  This  entire  series  originally  was  composed 
of  sandstones,  shales,  grits,  tuffs  and  limestones  which  have 
since  been  more  or  less  metamorphosed.  The  quartzites  range 
from  very  fine  to  very  coarse  grain  in  character.  Where  they 
have  been  most  intensely  metamorphosed  they  are  hard  and 
dense  with  a glassy  luster.  Where  metamorphism  has  been  less 
pronounced  the  small  component  grains  are  found  to  be  angular 
and  very  little  water-worn.  In  some  places  the  quartzites  are 
dark  gray,  in  other  places  a sugary  white.  Near  the  contact 
with  the  granodiorite  batholith  the  quartzites  have  been  intense- 
ly fractured  and  crushed  and  the  seams  have  been  filled  with 
quartz  and  very  acidic  portions  of  the  granodiorite  magma.  In 
some  places  the  quartzite  is  completely  filled  with  a network  of 
small  quartz  stringers  less  than  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  The  slates  vary  considerably  in  character.  In  many 
places  they  are  simply  slightly  hardened  shales,  while  in  other 
places  they  pass  into  sericitic  schists.  Commonly  the  slates 
show  that  they  were  originally  composed  of  alternating  layers 
of  sandy  shale  and  argillaceous  sandstones,  often  in  narrow 
bands  only  a fraction  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  This  character- 
istic is  well  developed  on  Reister  Mountain,  south  of  Covada. 
In  the  hills  just  west  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  especially  just 
north  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain,  dolomitic  limestones  are  very 


Covada  Mining  District 


23 


common.  They  are  of  a grayish  blue  color  and  are  interbedded 
with  the  quartzites  and  slates.  Near  the  contact  with  the  in- 
trusive granodiorites  they  take  on  a crystalline  appearance. 
The  prevailing  strike  of  the  strata  is  due  north  and  south,  and 
the  dip  nearly  vertical.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  granodiorite  con- 
tact the  rocks  have  been  badly  displaced  and  contorted. 

No  evidence  of  fossil  remains,  either  plant  or  animal,  have 
been  found.  A fossil  fish  about  two  feet  in  length  is  said  to  have 
been  collected  from  the  dolomitic  limestone  near  Rattlesnake 
Mountain,  but  it  was  not  seen  by  the  writer. 

The  Covada  formation  as  a whole  seems  closely  related  in  its 
general  characteristics  to  that  described  in  the  Metaline  dis- 
trict, in  the  Republic  district,  and  with  the  Cache  Creek  beds 
of  British  Columbia.*  It  resembles  the  Peshastin  formation  of 
the  central  Cascades  of  Washington. f Provisionally  its  age 
may  best  be  assigned  to  the  Carboniferous  or  possibly  early 
Mesozoic. 

METEOR  GRANODIORITE. 

AREAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  central  portion  of  the  Covada  district  is  areally  charac- 
terized by  a large  mass  of  granodiorite.  In  addition  a narrow 
belt  extends  north  and  south  along  the  western  margin  of  the 
map,  separated  from  the  central  mass  by  a belt  of  Covada 
quartzite.  Altogether  the  total  area  of  granodiorite  repre- 
sented upon  the  map  is  about  eleven  square  miles.  Outside  of 
the  Covada  district  it  outcrops  extensively,  although  its  exact 
boundaries  have  never  been  mapped.  The  high  hills  north  of 
Covada  and  south  of  Steinger  Creek  are  composed  of  this  rock 
and  Stray  Dog  Canyon  has  been  carved  in  it.  Just  east  of 
Covada  postoffice  a small,  irregular  shaped  tongue  extends 
southward  to  within  one  mile  of  Columbia  River,  where  it  is 
overlaid  with  the  older  metamorphic  rocks.  Immediately  east 
of  Meteor  it  extends  to  Steinger  Creek  and,  although  not  ex- 

*Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Canada,  New  Series,  Vol.  7,  1894,  pp.  37B- 
49B. 

fMount  Stuart  Folio,  No.  106,  p.  3,  1906.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Bulletm  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


24 


amined  bj  the  writer,  from  there  it  is  said  to  extend  northwest- 
erly far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  map.  In  several  places  within 
the  areas  studied  as  the  Covada  formation,  small  outcrops  of 
granodiorite  may  be  seen  penetrating  the  quartzite.  These 
are  small,  with  ill-defined  boundaries  and  have  not  been  repre- 
sented upon  the  map. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

There  is  much  variation  in  the  appearance  of  the  granodiorite 
in  different  parts  of  the  district.  In  many  cases  the  rock  is  of  a 
distinctly  plutonic  character  and  from  that  passes  into  a por- 
phyritic  condition.  The  plutonic  type  prevails.  Rather  fre- 
quently the  granodiorite  phase  passes  to  the  granitic  phase. 
Orthoclase  and  quartz  gradually  become  more  abundant.  Bio- 
tite  predominates  as  the  ferromagnesian  constituent  in  all  types, 
although  hornblende  is  often  very  abundant.  Generally  the 
rock  assumes  a grayish  color,  but  sometimes  possesses  a bluish 
tint.  Occasionally  it  is  a pinkish  white  when  it  assumes  the 
characteristics  of  an  aplite.  Several  distinct  phases  occur  in 
this  district  and  a separate  description  of  each  will  be  given. 

Specimen  No.  34. 

This  phase  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  granodiorite  area, 
but  is  best  developed  in  the  Syndicate  tunnel  in  Stray  Dog  Can- 
yon, where  this  specimen  was  secured.  It  is  a medium  grained 
rock  composed  chiefly  of  plagioclase,  biotite,  orthoclase,  quartz 
and  hornblende.  Plagioclase  constitutes  over  sixty  per  cent  of 
the  rock.  Much  of  it  has  a reddish  gray  tinge.  The  biotite 
occurs  in  very  small  flakes  evenly  scattered  through  the  mass. 
Under  the  microscope  a few  very  small  accessory  crystals  of 
titanite  and  apatite  were  observed.  Plagioclase  occurs  in  well 
developed  crystals  ranging  from  0.3  mm.  to  0.2  mm.  in  size.  They 
are  nearly  all  twinned  on  the  albite  law,  but  occasionally  in  com- 
bination with  Carlsbad  and  pericline  laws.  A few  of  the  crystals 
show  zonary  banding,  although  this  is  not  especially  common. 
Examinations  of  a large  number  of  crystals  show  them  to  have 


Washington  Geological.  Survey  Bulletin  No.  16 


General  view  of  topographic  features  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lower  tunnel  at  Advance  Mine. 


LIBRARY 
OF  I HE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


Covada  Mining  District 


25 


a composition  of  Ab.  60  An.  40,  which  falls  in  the  Andesine 
class.  A few  of  the  crystals  are  basic  oligoclase. 

Biotite  is  abundant  and  of  light  brown  color,  showing  in- 
tense pleochroism.  It  occurs  in  irregular  leaves,  although 
sometimes  with  fairly  definite  boundaries.  Orthoclase  is  not 
abundant.  It  occurs  in  small  crystals  generally  exhibiting 
Carlsbad  twinning,  and  often  shows  rough  crystallographic 
outlines.  Quartz  constitutes  only  five  or  six  per  cent  of  the 
rock.  It  appears  in  irregular  grains  along  with  the  orthoclase, 
and  was  one  of  the  last  minerals  to  crystallize.  Occasionally  a 
few  large  crystals  may  be  seen  in  the  hand  specimens.  The 
accessory  constituents  are  apatite,  titanite  and  magnetite, 
which  are  present  only  in  small  amounts. 

Specimen  No.  33. 

This  type  approaches  the  granite  family  more  closely. 
Quartz  is  abundant  and  orthoclase  occurs  in  slightly  greater 
amounts  than  plagioclase.  The  rock  as  seen  in  hand  specimens 
is  of  a light  gray  color  and  of  medium  grain.  Crystals  of 
quartz,  orthoclase,  plagioclase  and  biotite  may  be  distinctly 
seen.  This  type  of  rock  in  the  field  grades  over  into  that  de- 
scribed under  Specimen  No.  34.  Specimen  No.  33  was  collected 
from  the  Black  Thorn  claim  in  Stray  Dog  Can}mn.  Under  the 
microscope  orthoclase  is  seen  to  be  a very  prominent  constitu- 
ent. It  occurs  in  large  crystals  commonly  showing  Carlsbad 
twinning  and  sometimes  perthitic  structure.  As  a rule  it  is 
fairly  free  from  alteration,  although  sometimes  fine  white  mica- 
ceous aggregates  may  be  observed  along  the  cleavage  lines.  The 
soda  lime  feldspars  occur  in  subordinate  amounts  and  are  very 
acidic.  They  fall  into  the  Oligoclase  series  and  have  an  average 
composition  of  Ab.  75  An.  25.  They  commonly  show  albite 
striation  and  occasionally  zonary  structure.  Decomposition  is 
more  pronounced  than  in  the  orthoclase,  giving  rise  to  mica  and 
chlorite.  Quartz  is  much  commoner  than  in  the  type  repre- 
sented by  Specimen  No.  34.  It  occurs  in  small  irregular  grains 
as  well  as  in  large  allotriomorphic  crystals.  It  is  sometimes 
full  of  fluid  inclusions,  but  more  often  is  clear  and  fresh.  In  a 


26  Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


few  cases  it  is  intergrown  with  orthoclase.  Biotite  is  the  most 
abundant  dark  mineral.  It  has  a yellowish  to  greenish  brown 
color  with  very  strong  pleochroism.  Mlany  of  the  crystals  are 
decomposed  to  green  chlorite  and  brown  iron  oxide.  A very  few 
slender  prisms  of  apatite  are  seen  and  occasionally  one  of 
zircon.  This  type  grades  into  the  true  granodiorite. 

APLITE. 

In  a number  of  localities  dikes  of  aplite  may  be  seen  out- 
cropping on  the  surface  in  both  the  granodiorite  and  old  meta- 
morphic  formations.  As  a rule  they  are  much  decomposed  and 
crumble  easily.  The  most  prominent  exposure  occurs  south- 
west of  Rattlesnake  Mountain,  in  sections  25  and  36,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  is  nearly  one  mile  in  length 
and  trends  north  and  south.  The  ore  deposits  on  the  Long- 
street  and  Fidalgo  claims  are  associated  with  this  dike.  Other 
smaller  outcrops  occur  north  of  Covada  postoffice  on  the  St. 
Patrick  and  Royal  Ann  claims. 

Specimen  No.  28. 

This  specimen  is  representative  of  aplite  within  this  district. 
It  is  a medium  to  coarse  grained  rock  composed  almost  exclu- 
sively of  quartz  and  orthoclase.  The  latter  is  always  more  or 
less  altered,  giving  the  rock  as  a whole  a yellowish  to  greenish 
appearance.  Quartz  and  orthoclase  are  present  in  about  equal 
amounts  and  occur  in  fairly  good  sized  crystals  which  are  some- 
times intergrown.  Under  the  microscope  the  orthoclase  occurs 
in  hypidiomorphic  crystals  partly  intergrown  with  quartz.  Only 
a few  show  Carlsbad  twinning.  Perthitic  structure  is  common. 
Nearly  every  crystal  of  orthoclase  is  clouded  with  patches  of 
alteration  products  consisting  chiefly  of  fine  muscovite,  some 
chlorite,  and  all  more  or  less  stained  with  iron  oxide.  Because 
of  the  decomposed  condition  they  stand  in  marked  contrast  to 
the  quartz.  The  quartz  occurs  in  large  irregularly  rounded 
crystals,  the  largest  of  which  are  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  Nearly  all  of  the  crystals  are  filled  with  inclusions 
which  are  commonly  arranged  in  bands  and  their  exact  deter- 


Covada  Mining  District 


27 


mination  could  not  be  made.  One  or  two  very  small  primary 
crystals  of  muscovite  were  seen  in  hand  specimens,  but  they 
are  very  uncommon. 

GRANODIORITE  PORPHYRY. 

Small  dikes  of  granodiorite  outcrop  in  the  quartzite  in  several 
localities.  They  represent  little  apophyses  of  the  magma  which 
have  extended  up  into  the  metamorphic  formation.  A specimen 
representative  of  this  dike  was  collected  in  the  northeast  quar- 
ter of  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  on  the 
Rosaria  claim.  The  dike  here  is  about  800  feet  long  and  trends 
north  and  south. 

Specimen  No.  63. 

This  specimen,  which  is  typical  of  the  entire  exposure,  is 
medium  grained  and  composed  of  plagioclase  feldspar,  quartz, 
orthoclase,  biotite  and  augite.  With  these  are  imbedded  larger 
crystals  of  plagioclase.  The  rock  as  a whole  is  badly  decom- 
posed. Some  specimens  have  a very  close  resemblance  to  a 
quartzite.  The  plagioclase  is  of  the  andesine  variety.  It 
nearly  always  shows  albite  striations  and  in  some  cases  is  com- 
pletely altered  to  calcite  and  muscovite.  The  quartz  is  present 
in  small  amounts  in  irregular  grains  and  crystals.  It  is  fresh 
and  unaltered  but  nearly  always  free  of  inclusions.  Augite  is 
abundant  and  partly  altered  to  iron  oxide.  Biotite  occurs  as  a 
primary  mineral  composing  about  three  per  cent  of  the  rock. 

ANDESITE  DIKES. 

Dikes  of  igneous  rock  of  andesitic  composition  occur,  cutting 
through  the  granodiorite  and  Covada  metamorphic  formations  in 
several  places  in  the  district.  Two  small  dikes  outcrop  in  Sec- 
tion 35  and  in  Section  22,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East. 
Others  occur  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  sections  3 and  10, 
Township  31  North,  Range  36  East.  On  the  surface  the  dike 
rock  is  much  weathered,  but  it  generally  stands  out  promi- 
nently from  the  surrounding  rocks.  In  the  workings  of  the 
Advance  Mine  a dike  of  similar  rock  has  cut  the  vein  and  to  a 
certain  extent  taken  its  course  along  the  vein.  Here  it  is  com- 


28 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


pletely  decomposed.  One  of  the  freshest  specimens  and  one 
most  characteristic  of  this  rock  was  taken  from  the  south  end 
of  Reister  Mountain,  about  two  miles  southwest  of  Covada 
postoffice.  The  dike  is  about  twenty  feet  wide  and  strikes  north 
and  south.  It  is  here  confined  within  the  quartzites  and  slates 
of  the  Covada  formation. 

Specimen  No.  59. 

Thi  s is  a dark  gray  rock,  fine  grained,  with  crystals  of  horn- 
blende and  biotite  set  in  a finer  grained  groundmass.  The  feld- 
spars are  badly  decomposed  and  iron  stained.  Under  the  micro- 
scope the  rock  is  found  to  be  composed  of  hornblende,  biotite, 
plagioclase,  augite  and  very  small  amounts  of  orthoclase  and 
hypersthene. 

Among  the  phenocrysts  are  hornblende,  augite  and  biotite, 
but  no  plagioclase  crystals.  The  groundmass  is  composed  of 
small  microlites  of  plagioclase  with  a slight  tendency  to  flow 
arrangement.  Scattered  among  these  microlites  are  small 
grains  of  augite.  The  augite  crystals  are  colorless  as  a rule. 
Hornblende  occurs  in  long  prisms  and  exhibits  strong  pleochro- 
ism.  Biotite  occurs  in  large  ragged  flakes  with  strong  absorp- 
tion. The  plagioclase  microlites  yielded  maximum  symmetrical 
extinction  angles  of  38°,  giving  it  a composition  of  basic 
labradorite. 

PYROXENITE. 

Only  one  dike  of  this  material  occurs  within  the  district. 
This  dike  is  about  4,000  feet  in  length  and  over  100  feet  in 
width  and  trends  roughly  N.  40°  E.  It  is  situated  about  three 
miles  west  of  Covada  postoffice  in  Section  33,  Township  32 
North,  Range  36  East.  The  rock  of  this  dike  is  best  repre- 
sented by  Specimen  No.  38,  which  is  here  described. 

Specimen  No.  38. 

This  is  a hard,  dense,  dark  gray  rock  composed  entirely  of 
pyroxene.  On  the  surface  it  is  much  weathered  and  iron  stained. 
When  unweathered  and  studied  under  the  microscope  it  is  found 
to  be  a compact  mass  of  enstatite  crystals  with  a very  small 


Covada  Mining  District 


29 


amount  of  augite.  No  plagioclase  was  observed.  In  some  speci- 
mens the  enstatite  is  partly  altered  to  serpentine. 

QUATERNARY. 

The  most  important  geological  work  accomplished  during  the 
Quaternary  period  consisted  of  glaciation,  stream  cutting,  and 
stream  deposition.  Scattered  over  the  surface  of  most  parts  of 
this  district  are  glacial  erratics,  more  or  less  rounded  and 
grooved,  composed  of  rocks  entirely  foreign  to  this  region. 
Ample  evidence  is  afforded  by  well  defined  glacial  grooves  and 
striations  that  the  great  ice-sheet  from  the  north  passed  over 
this  portion  of  Washington.  Along  the  valley  of  Columbia 
River  are  deposits  of  stratified  and  non-stratified  unconsoli- 
dated sediments,  partly  the  work  of  ice  and  partly  the  work 
of  running  water.  These  deposits  rest  unconformably  upon 
the  older  Covada  formations.  Several  terraces  have  been  devel- 
oped and  into  these  later  Quaternary  gullies  and  small  canyons 
have  been  cut.  By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  original  deposits 
have  been  removed  by  erosion  so  that  only  remnants  now  remain 
clinging  to  the  bed-rock  valley  slopes. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  more  important  structural  features  in  this  district  have 
been  largely  determined  by  the  intrusions  of  granodiorite  masses, 
accompanied  by  uplifts.  The  entire  region  is  underlaid  with 
portions  of  the  granodiorite  batholith.  Around  the  margins  of 
the  district  the  metamorphic  formations  rest  upon  the  grano- 
diorite concentrically.  The  prevailing  strike  of  the  metamor- 
phic formation  is  north  and  south  and  not  concentric  with  the 
central  mass  of  the  batholith.  The  strata  appear  to  have  been 
tilted  into  a nearly  vertical  position,  and  the  granodiorite 
injected  parallel  to  the  bedding  planes.  Very  little  folding 
could  be  observed,  although  more  detailed  investigations  may 
show  close  folding  and  repetition  of  the  strata.  No  very  exten- 
sive faults  have  as  yet  been  discovered,  although  minor  disloca- 
tions are  common.  In  the  Meteor  mine  a fault  has  dislocated 


30 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


the  vein,  but  its  extent  can  not  as  yet  be  determined.  No  pre- 
vailing direction  of  faulting  has  been  observed. 

GEOLOGICAL  HISTORY. 

From  such  evidence  as  can  be  obtained  from  the  study  of  the 
quartzites,  schists,  slates  and  limestones  of  the  Covada  forma- 
tion, this  particular  region  was  probably  a part  of  a broad 
marine  basin  during  late  Paleozoic  and  Mesozoic  times.  Ap- 
parently there  were  variations  from  time  to  time  in  the  depths  of 
water,  allowing  the  coarse  grained  sandstones  and  conglom- 
erates to  accumulate  near  shore,  and  the  finer  sediments  such  as 
shales  to  form  in  deeper  waters.  The  limestones  give  evidence 
of  considerable  depth.  At  intervals  during  the  accumulation 
of  this  series,  volcanic  activity  seems  to  have  been  more  or  less 
prevalent.  Thin  narrow  deposits  of  metamorphosed  volcanic 
tuffs  and  lava  flows  are  interbedded  with  the  sediments.  The 
total  thickness  of  this  series  approximates  ten  thousand  feet  as 
a minimum  and  is  possibly  much  greater.  Whether  sedimenta- 
tion continued  throughout  the  Triassic  and  Jurassic  is  at  pres- 
ent uncertain  because  of  lack  of  fossil  evidence.  At  some  time, 
probably  near  the  close  of  the  Jurassic,  this  entire  region  was 
invaded  from  below  by  a great  mass  of  plutonic  magmas  of 
intermediate  chemical  composition.  These  magmas  were  in  the 
nature  of  a batholith  and  in  the  process  of  intrusion  underwent 
extensive  differentiation,  giving  rise  to  all  variations,  ranging 
from  a granodiorite  to  a granite.  These  molten  magmas  in 
places  seem  to  have  engulfed  huge  blocks  of  quartzite  from  the 
roof  of  the  batholith.  Many  apophyses  from  the  magma  pene- 
trated up  into  the  Covada  formation  in  the  form  of  dikes. 
Near  the  contact  the  metamorphic  rocks  are  intensely  sheared 
and  the  small  fractures  are  filled  with  the  more  siliceous  por- 
tions of  the  granodiorite.  In  many  places  the  quartzite  pos- 
sesses a chert-like  appearance,  cut  by  thousands  of  small  inter- 
secting veinlets  of  silica  and  granite.  This  condition  becomes 
less  pronounced  at  some  distance  from  the  contact. 

After  the  upper  portion  of  the  batholith  had  consolidated, 
extensive  fracturing  seems  to  have  occurred  as  a direct  result  of 


Covada  Minmg  District 


31 


shrinkage  from  consolidation.  The  more  siliceous  portion  of 
the  still  molten  magma  along  with  the  salts  of  the  minerals 
occurring  here  seems  to  have  been  differentiated  and  drawn  off 
into  the  fracture  zones  as  magmatic  emanations.  As  these 
gradually  approached  the  surface  they  conformed  to  the  phys- 
ical and  chemical  laws  of  solution  and  upon  a decrease  of  tem- 
perature and  pressure,  formed  precipitates.  These  are  now 
thought  to  be  the  veins  found  outcropping  in  this  district.  After 
intrusive  activity  had  become  quiescent  the  region  underwent 
vigorous  erosion.  It  had  probably  been  uplifted  above  sea-level 
into  a high  mountain  mass  either  just  before,  contemporaneous 
with,  or  soon  after  the  granodiorite  intrusion ; we  have  no  evi- 
dence here  to  determine  the  exact  date  of  uplift.  Concerning  the 
geologic  history  during  the  Cretaceous,  Eocene,  Miocene  and 
Pliocene  periods  we  have  no  definite  information. 

Some  distance  away  to  the  northwest,  at  Republic,  the  three 
latter  periods  were  characterized  by  outpourings  of  volcanic 
lavas  alternating  with  accumulations  of  sediments  in  fresh  water 
lakes.  To  the  south,  in  the  great  Columbia  plateau,  volcanic 
activity  was  the  dominant  feature  of  the  Tertiary.  Within  the 
Covada  district  proper  no  surface  deposits  of  Tertiary  age  are 
present.  They  may  have  formerly  existed,  but  if  so  every  ves- 
tige of  them  has  been  entirely  removed  by  erosion.  There  are 
several  small  narrow  dikes  of  andesite  and  pyroxenite  lavas 
cutting  both  the  granodiorite  and  the  Covada  metamorphic  for- 
mations. They  are  probably  of  Teritiary  age  and  may  have 
been  feeders  to  some  pre-existing  lava  flows  which  once  covered 
parts  of  this  district. 

Evidence  obtained  from  other  districts  to  the  north  suggest 
that  the  Covada  region,  along  with  that  of  the  Okanogan  High- 
lands, during  the  Eocene  was  reduced  to  a peneplain  and  this  is 
considered  a part  of  the  great  interior  Eocene  plateau  extending 
northward  into  British  Columbia.  After  the  close  of  the  Plio- 
cene the  first  definite  information  which  we  have  of  the  geolog- 
ical history  is  largely  that  of  erosion  and  glacial  action.  Co- 
lumbia River  has  been  continuously  cutting  down  its  channel 


32  Bulletm  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


to  its  present  position  through  this  broad  peneplained  area. 
The  several  benches  occurring  at  various  elevations  above  the 
present  bed  of  the  river  indicate  former  positions  of  the  stream. 

The  entire  region  about  Covada  has  been  glaciated.  Glacial 
deposits  may  be  found  along  the  slopes  of  the  river  canyons, 
and  erratics  occur  even  on  the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains. 
Well  defined  glacial  grooving  and  scouring  are  strongly  devel- 
oped in  the  rock  ledges  along  the  mountain  slopes.  Such  marks 
invariably  have  a north-south  direction,  indicating  that  a por- 
tion of  the  great  Cordilleran  ice-sheet  once  moved  over  and 
completely  covered  this  district.  After  the  retreat  of  the  ice 
the  drainage  lines  immediately  began  to  readjust  themselves  to 
the  changed  topography.  The  present  topographic  features 
are  the  product  of  these  various  physiographic  developments. 


iew  of  mine  workings  at  the  Orion  Mine. 


Li  oh An/ 

O'  Hit 

univlhsi  i ) of  Illinois 


CHAPTER  III. 


ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY. 

HISTORY  OP  MINING. 

Mining  activity  within  the  Covada  district  is  of  compara- 
tively recent  date.  The  district  is  located  within  the  south  half 
of  the  Colville  Indian  Reservation,  which  was  thrown  open  for 
mineral  entry  by  act  of  Congress,  July  4th,  1898.  Ore  de- 
posits were  known  to  exist  here  a number  of  years  before  the 
reservation  was  opened  for  mining  development.  The  Indians 
are  reported  to  have  displayed  numerous  specimens  of  high 
grade  float  for  twelve  or  fifteen  years  before  the  opening. 

The  Covada  region  was  officially  included  within  the  Enter- 
prise mining  district,  situated  in  the  most  southeastern  section 
of  the  Reservation.  It  is  described  as  follows  :* 

“Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Wilmot  Creek,  thence  up  the 
Columbia  River  to  the  north  line  of  the  south  half  of  the  Col- 
ville Reservation ; thence  following  the  north  line  of  the  said 
south  half,  west  to  the  summit  of  the  range  or  divide  between 
the  San  Poil  and  Columbia  rivers ; thence  in  a southerly  direc- 
tion to  the  headwaters  of  Wilmot  Creek;  thence  following  Wil- 
mot Creek  to  the  mouth  or  place  of  beginning.”  The  most 
extensive  work  has  been  done  in  what  are  commonly  called  the 
Covada,  Meteor  and  Columbia  camps.  The  Columbia  camp 
includes  most  of  the  properties  east  of  the  road  from  Covada 
to  Gifford. 

The  first  location  made  in  the  Covada  camp  was  the  Apex 
group,  now  known  as  the  Big  Chief,  by  Edgar  Balling  in  1898. 
The  first  location  made  in  the  Meteor  camp  was  the  Vernie,  by 
H.  Garrett  and  W.  A.  Pea,  in  1899.  The  Meteor,  which  is  the 

♦Typewritten  document  submitted  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Parmeter  of  Covada. 

—3 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


best  developed  property  in  the  Meteor  Camp,  was  located  in  the 
same  or  the  following  year  by  Edgar  Balling.  The  claims 
which  now  comprise  the  Meteor  townsite  and  for  which  patent 
was  issued  in  1904  or  1905,  were  located  in  1900  by  Archie 
Wilson.  The  postoffice  at  Meteor  was  established  in  1901,  and 
that  at  Covada  on  October  10,  1905. 

TREATMENT  AND  SHIPMENT  OF  ORES. 

The  greater  part  of  the  ores  in  this  district  requires  metal- 
lurgical treatment,  and  they  cannot  be  considered  as  free  mill- 
ing. The  following  data  concerning  shipments  and  treatment 
have  been  furnished  by  Ml*.  H.  G.  Parmeter  of  Covada: 

In  1902  a car  load  of  ore  was  shipped  from  what  was  then 
known  as  the  Stray  Dog  property,  now  known  as  the  Hercules 
Group,  at  a cost  of  $24.00  per  ton  and  which  gave  net  returns 
of  $80.00  per  ton.  In  1904  five  tons  were  shipped  which  netted 
$80.00  per  ton,  and  in  1907  a car  load  which  returned  $72.00 
per  ton.  In  1907  a mixed  car  was  shipped  from  the  Meteor 
mine  to  the  Tacoma  smelter  at  a cost  of  $24.00  per  ton,  for 
freight  and  treatment.  This  netted  $96.00  per  ton  for  first 
class  and  $52.00  per  ton  for  second  class  ore.  In  1905  1,935 
pounds  were  shipped  from  the  Silver  Crown  which  gave  net 
returns  of  $168.00  for  the  shipment.  From  the  Silver  Leaf 
2,800  pounds  were  shipped  to  Trail,  B.  C.,  at  a cost  of  $25.00 
per  ton,  which  netted  $77.00  per  ton  to  the  owners.  Two  ship- 
ments of  five  tons  each  in  1912  were  sent  to  the  Granby  smelter 
at  a cost  of  $27.00  per  ton  and  yielded  net  returns  of  $92.00 
per  ton. 

In  1909  thirty-eight  sacks  of  ore  were  shipped  from  the 
Longstreet  property  to  Northport,  which  netted  $77.00  for  the 
lot.  In  the  same  year  a car  load  was  also  shipped  from  this 
property  which  was  very  satisfactory,  but  the  exact  figures 
are  not  obtainable.  Numerous  other  shipments  have  been  made 
but  opportunities  for  gathering  full  details  regarding  them 
have  not  been  available. 


Covada  Mining  District 


35 


The  average  cost  per  ton  for  freight  and  treatment  is  ap- 


proximately as  follows: 

Wagon  freight  to  railroad $10.00  to  $12.00 

Railroad  freight,  about 6.00 

Treatment  6.00 

Total $24.00 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  ORE  BODIES. 

The  larger  part  of  the  ore  bodies  within  the  Covada  district 
lie  in  a belt  about  five  miles  long  from  east  to  west  and  four 
miles  wide  from  north  to  south.  This  belt  begins  about  one 
mile  west  of  Columbia  River  and  south  of  Rattlesnake  Moun- 
tain, and  extends  westerly  through  the  south  half  of  Township 
32  North,  Range  36  East,  to  the  slopes  leading  down  to  Nez 
Perce  Valley.  It  includes  Advance  Mountain,  Meteor  Moun- 
tain and  Rattlesnake  Mountain.  It  is  terminated  on  the  north 
by  the  valley  of  Steinger  Creek  and  on  the  south  by  the  south 
lines  of  sections  1,  2,  3,  4 and  5,  Township  31  North,  Range 
36  East.  There  are  ore  bodies  outside  this  area,  but  they  are 
more  scattered  and  less  persistent.  The  vein  occurring  on  the 
Guin  property  on  the  north  of  Steinger  Creek  may  be  regarded 
as  an  exception  to  this  general  statement. 

CHARACTER  OF  THE  ORE  BODIES. 

The  majority  of  the  ore  bodies  occur  in  well  defined  fissure 
veins,  chiefly  within  the  granodiorite  mass  or  in  the  Covada 
metamorphic  formation  not  far  from  the  contact.  In  a num- 
ber of  instances,  however,  the  veins  consist  of  impregnated 
country  rock  along  zones  of  fracturing.  The  vein  materials 
consist  of  quartz  and  occasionally  calcite,  carrying  silver  and 
lead  with  smaller  amounts  of  gold,  copper  and  antimony.  The 
commercial  values  are  chiefly  in  silver.  In  the  upper  or  oxidized 
zone  the  veins  generally  consist  of  rusty,  iron-stained,  decom- 
posed quartz  and  altered  country  rock  occasionally  containing 
small  grains  or  crystals  of  galena.  No  very  deep  workings 
exist,  but  in  those  localities  where  the  veins  have  been  opened 


36 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


some  distance  below  the  surface  they  seem  to  be  more  sharply 
defined.  In  a number  of  places  small  crystals  of  sylvanite  and 
ruby  silver  are  scattered  through  the  quartz. 

STRIKE  AND  PITCH. 

There  is  no  definite  regularity  to  the  strike  of  the  veins  in 
this  district.  Many  of  them  seem  to  trend  nearly  north  and 
south,  especially  in  the  region  just  west  of  Columbia  River. 
On  the  eastern  side  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon,  in  the  region  com- 
monly referred  to  as  Advance  Mountain,  many  of  the  veins 
strike  a little  north  of  west,  although  that  direction  is  not  pre- 
dominant. On  the  western  side  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon  the  gen- 
eral trend  seems  to  be  northeast  to  southwest,  but  with  many 
variations  from  this  direction. 

Nearly  all  the  veins  have  a dip  not  very  far  from  the  verti- 
cal. Flat  or  slightly  inclined  veins  are  very  rare.  There  seems 
to  be  no  prevailing  direction  of  dip.  Examinations  made  under- 
ground often  show  a reversed  pitch  to  that  occurring  on  the 
surface.  Comparatively  little  underground  working  has  been 
done  and  at  the  present  time  it  is  impossible  to  formulate  any 
general  rule  as  to  the  prevailing  pitch  throughout  the  mineral- 
ized district.  In  the  description  of  each  individual  mining 
property  observations  taken  on  strike  and  dip  of  the  veins  will 
be  inserted. 


SHAPE. 

The  veins  in  this  camp  are  commonly  of  the  fissure  type  and 
vary  considerably.  The  shape  and  size  which  they  have  assumed 
has  depended  largely  upon  the  original  condition  of  the  fractures 
before  mineralization.  This  has  been  modified  to  some  extent 
by  alteration  and  mineralization  of  the  crushed  zones  adjacent 
to  the  plane  of  fracture.  Insufficient  development  work  has 
been  done  up  to  the  present  time  to  determine  the  lateral  extent 
of  the  veins  through  the  country  rock.  The  entire  area  of 
granodiorite  as  represented  upon  the  map  and  that  part 
of  the  Covada  metamorphic  formation  in  close  proximity  to 


Covada  Mining  District 


37 


the  contact  have  been  extensively  fractured  and  mineralized, 
many  of  the  veins  intersecting.  As  a rule  the  veins  are 
not  wide  and  probably  the  majority  of  them  are  merely  a 
few  inches  in  thickness.  There  are  some  veins,  however,  over 
three  feet  in  width,  but  such  occurrences  are  uncommon.  When 
observed  along  the  strike  there  is  found  to  be  much  variation  in 
thickness  from  point  to  point.  When  examined  from  the  sur- 
face downward  into  the  deepest  workings  there  is  also  much 
variation.  Insufficient  data  are  at  hand  to  determine  whether 
the  majority  of  the  veins  widen  or  thin  out  in  their  downward 
extent.  The  walls  are  commonly  well  defined,  although  in  sev- 
eral cases  small,  narrow  stringers  of  quartz  extend  out  into 
both  the  hanging  and  foot  walls.  In  several  places  fairly  well 
defined  quartz  veins  pass  into  a network  of  stringers.  Most  of 
the  ore  bodies  tend  to  assume  roughly  a long  drawn  out  lentic- 
ular shape.  Many  narrow  veins  outcropping  on  the  surface 
have  pinched  out  entirely  a few  feet  in  depth  and  may  be 
regarded  as  small  local  mineralized  fracture  zones. 

The  Covada  metamorphic  rocks  at  one  time  extended  over 
the  Meteor  granodiorite  and  the  veins  now  outcropping  in  the 
latter  at  one  time  undoubtedly  extended  up  into  the  quartzite. 
Faulting  in  places  has  dislocated  the  veins,  but  sufficient  under- 
ground development  work  has  not  yet  been  undertaken  to  de- 
termine its  relative  importance.  In  Stray  Dog  Canyon  calcite 
constitutes  the  gangue  mineral  in  one  or  two  properties.  It 
undoubtedly  represents  a secondary  filling  in  dislocated  and 
fractured  zones  at  some  time  subsequent  to  primary  mineral- 
ization. 

INFLUENCES  OF  COUNTRY  ROCK  ON  THE  ORES. 

Most  of  the  ore  bodies  are  found  in  the  granodiorite  and  in  the 
Covada  formation  not  far  from  the  granodiorite  contact.  In  a 
number  of  places  west  of  Columbia  River  and  south  of  Rattle- 
snake Mountain  aplite  dikes  cut  across  the  Covada  formation, 
and  associated  with  these  are  mineralized  zones.  In  the  quartz- 
ites and  slates  the  ore  bodies  trend  nearly  parallel  to  the  strike 
and  dip  of  the  formation.  In  the  granodiorite  they  are  more 


38 


Bulletm  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  former,  although  no  definite  regu- 
larity may  be  said  to  exist.  In  and  near  the  aplite  dikes  anti- 
mony occurs  in  unusually  large  amounts,  and  in  places  it  is 
impregnated  through  the  aplite,  or  at  least  through  certain 
zones  within  it,  as  may  be  seen  on  the  Rosario  and  Longstreet 
claims. 

MINERALOGY. 

The  ores  in  this  district  are  chiefly  composed  of  galena, 
carrying  some  silver,  together  with  pyrite,  sphalerite,  chalco- 
pyrite  and  very  small  amounts  of  sylvanite  and  ruby  silver. 
The  gangue  mineral  is  nearly  always  quartz.  In  the  surface 
outcrops  it  is  commonly  much  oxidized,  giving  it  a reddish 
brown,  decomposed,  honeycombed  appearance.  In  the  lower 
workings  of  the  mines,  the  quartz  is  generally  fresh  and  often 
shows  ribbon  structure.  The  ores  are  generally  impregnated 
through  the  quartz  gangue  in  the  form  of  small,  irregular 
shaped  grains  or  bunches.  In  a number  of  places  calcite  forms 
the  gangue  material,  but  has  been  introduced  subsequent  to  the 
quartz  and  as  a rule  does  not  carry  values. 

Quartz. 

Quartz  is  the  most  abundant  mineral  in  the  veins  of  this 
district  and  ordinarily  occurs  in  a milky  white  form  with 
more  or  less  of  a banded  structure.  Grains  of  galena  are 
abundantly  distributed  through  the  quartz.  In  the  oxidized 
zone  near  the  surface  it  commonly  assumes  a rusty,  reddish 
brown  color  and  contains  secondary  material  introduced  by  infil- 
tration from  the  surrounding  wall  rock. 

Calcite. 

Calcite  in  places  occurs  as  a gangue  mineral,  but  it  is  not 
at  all  abundant.  It  is  often  banded  and  assumes  a yellowish 
or  reddish  tinge  due  to  impurities  introduced  from  without. 
Although  no  deep  development  work  has  been  done  upon  the 
calcite  veins  yet  they  seem  to  be  found  chiefly  near  the  surface. 
This  mineral  has  undoubtedly  been  introduced  at  a later  time 
than  the  silica  solutions. 


Covada  Mining  District 


Limonite. 

This  mineral  appears  in  the  oxidized  zone  of  the  quartz 
veins  as  a reddish-yellow,  rusty-colored  stain  on  the  quartz 
or  filling  small  cavities  formerly  occupied  by  pyrite.  It  owes 
its  origin  to  the  alteration  of  the  iron  sulphides. 

Pyrite. 

Pyrite  is  fairly  common  in  the  veins  throughout  the  en- 
tire district.  It  occurs  in  both  crystalline  and  massive  form. 
Sometimes  it  is  intergrown  with  the  galena  and  chalcopyrite  or 
sphalerite.  It  is  often  somewhat  disseminated  through  the 
country  rock  adjacent  to  the  veins.  Near  the  surface  it  is 
nearly  always  more  or  less  oxidized. 

Chalcopyrite. 

Occasionally  small  and  irregular  shaped  grains  of  chalco- 
pyrite are  found  scattered  through  the  quartz  veins.  It  is 
not  common  and  as  an  ore  mineral  in  this  district  is  of  no 
economic  importance. 

Galena. 

Next  to  quartz,  galena  is  the  most  abundant  mineral  in 
the  veins  of  this  district.  It  is  scattered  in  large  or  small 
grains  throughout  the  quartz  gangue.  It  generally  occurs 
in  crystalline  form  or  aggregates  of  crystals.  Massive  bunches 
are  very  often  over  one  foot  in  diameter.  Assays  show  that  it 
generally  carries  more  or  less  silver.  It  is  not  commonly  altered, 
but  in  a few  places  it  is  found  to  be  coated  with  oxide  or  car- 
bonate of  lead. 

Stibnite. 

Next  to  galena,  stibnite  is  of  the  most  importance  among 
the  metallic  minerals.  Small  amounts  of  it  are  found  associated 
with  nearly  all  of  the  veins  in  the  district.  In  the  hills  just 
south  and  west  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain  it  is  abundantly  asso- 
ciated with  aplite  dikes.  The  mineralized  zones  in  the  aplite 
range  from  one  to  six  feet  in  width.  Often  these  zones  are  more 
than  half  composed  of  stibnite  and  bluish  quartz. 


40 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Sphalerite. 

Sphalerite  is  common,  and  in  a number  of  places  abundant, 
but  not  present  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  of  economic 
importance.  It  occurs  scattered  through  the  quartz  gangue 
in  small  masses  and  crystals  generally  mixed  with  galena  or 
pyrite. 

Molybdenite. 

This  mineral  occasionally  is  found  in  those  veins  outcropping 
in  the  granodiorite.  It  is  not  at  all  common  and  usually  ap- 
pears in  very  small  flakes. 

Silver. 

Native  silver  sometimes  occurs  in  wire-like  forms,  in  small 
cavities  in  the  quartz  veins  and  generally  is  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  galena. 

Sylvanite. 

In  a number  of  places  in  the  Covada  camp  sylvanite  occurs 
in  small  flakes  about  the  size  of  a pin  head,  scattered  through 
the  quartz.  It  has  a silver  white  color  and  occasionally  appears 
in  crystalline  form. 

Pyrargyrite. 

This  silver  mineral  is  very  similar  to  sylvanite  in  its  dis- 
tribution through  the  quartz  veins.  The  small  crystals  of  it 
are,  however,  in  many  cases  much  larger  than  those  of  sylvanite. 

Gold. 

Gold  is  not  of  prime  importance  in  the  Covada  district.  In 
a few  instances  specks  of  native  gold  may  be  seen  in  the  quartz. 
Average  assays  taken  from  the  different  veins  in  this  district 
yield  varying  values  in  gold.  It  seems  to  occur  in  a finely 
divided  state  in  some  of  the  quartz  veins. 

GENESIS  OF  THE  ORES. 

The  veins  of  the  Covada  district  are  entirely  confined  to  the 
Meteor  granodiorite  and  the  Covada  metamorphic  formations. 
Included  with  the  granodiorite  are  the  aplite  dikes  occurring  just 
west  of  Columbia  River  and  Rattlesnake  Mountain.  The  more 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  16 


PL.  iy 


General  view  of  talus  slope,  consisting  of  granodiorite  blocks,  on  west  side  of 
Stray  Dog  Canyon  ; Black  Thorn  Mine  in  foreground. 


LIBKAMY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


Covada  Minmg  District 


41 


basic  dikes  cutting  through  the  granodiorite  and  metamorphic 
formations  are  much  later  than  the  mineralization  and  have  no 
relation  whatever  to  the  genesis  of  the  ores.  In  several  places 
they  cut  through  the  quartz  veins.  The  origin  of  the  ores  must 
be  sought  for  in  the  granodiorite  or  quartzite.  The  Covada 
formation,  consisting  of  quartzites,  slates  and  limestones,  is  the 
oldest  within  this  district  and  was  laid  down  upon  the  sea-floor 
probably  during  the  Paleozoic  or  early  Mesozoic  time.  After 
the  accumulation  of  these  materials  the  region  was  elevated  per- 
haps above  sea-level,  and  either  accompanying  this  elevation  or 
at  some  time  subsequent  to  it  there  was  an  invasion  from  below 
by  portions  of  a great  batholith.  The  magma  within  this  bath- 
olith  seems  to  have  ranged  from  acidic  to  an  intermediate  chem- 
ical composition.  Differentiation  of  this  magma  gave  rise  to 
subsidiary  varieties  ranging  from  the  chemical  composition  of 
granite  to  that  of  the  granodiorite.  Within  this  district  the 
latter  seems  to  predominate. 

Accompanying  the  intrusions  there  is  thought  to  have  been 
a fracturing  of  the  rocks  forming  the  roof  of  the  magma.  Later, 
upon  the  consolidation  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  granodiorite 
batholith,  there  must  have  been  attendant  changes  in  volume. 
Such  changes  in  volume  would  produce  shrinkage  not  only  in  the 
upper  portion  of  the  consolidated  magma  itself,  but  also  in  the 
overlying  capping  of  metamorphic  rocks.  This  shrinkage  would 
be  accompanied  by  fracturing  and  Assuring.  It  is  believed  that 
the  fracture  zones,  extending  well  down  into  the  upper  portion 
of  the  already  consolidated  magma,  were  the  avenues  through 
which  magmatic  waters  found  their  way  from  the  underlying 
batholith  towards  the  surface.  It  is  supposed  that  by  the  process 
of  magmatic  differentiation  the  more  siliceous  portions  of  the 
magma  were  drawn  toward  the  surface  into  the  fracture  zones 
and  that  accompanying  them  were  salts  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  zinc, 
iron  and  antimony.  The  solutions  containing  these  salts  are 
assumed  to  have  penetrated  far  up  into  the  fracture  zones  and 
into  the  minor  side  fractures,  and  under  reduced  temperatures 
the  mineral  content  to  have  been  precipitated.  In  some  cases 


42 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


they  seem  to  have  acted  upon  the  wall  rocks  and  to  have  altered 
them  to  a certain  extent,  resulting  in  partial  replacement  and 
mineralization  some  little  distance  away  from  the  true  veins. 

Dikes  of  aplite  are  found  cutting  the  granodiorite  and  quartz- 
ite not  far  from  the  main  contact.  They  appear  to  have  been 
intruded  at  the  time  of,  or  just  after,  the  principal  invasion  of 
the  batholith.  They  are  mineralized  and  it  is  believed  that  the 
metallic  minerals  associated  with  them  have  been  differentiated 
from  the  granodiorite  magma  along  with  the  differentiation  of 
the  aplite  solutions. 

The  exact  period  of  mineralization  can  not  be  definitely  de- 
termined. It  occurred  later  than  the  origin  of  the  Covada  meta- 
morphic  formation  and  either  contemporaneous  with  or  subse- 
quent to  the  intrusion  of  the  granodiorite  batholith.  It  occurred 
prior  to  the  intrusion  of  the  andesitic  dikes.  Intrusions  of 
granodiorite  are  known  to  have  occurred  extensively  through  the 
Cascades  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  in  California  and  British 
Columbia,  at  or  near  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  period.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  the  intrusions  in  the  Covada  district  were 
contemporaneous  with  those  in  the  Cascades.  If  so,  Assuring 
and  mineralization  occurred  in  the  Jurassic.  The  andesite  dikes 
which  cut  both  the  granodiorite  and  the  Covada  formation  are 
probably  of  Eocene  or  Miocene  age.  Lavas  very  similar  in 
character  are  extensively  developed  to  the  north  and  south  of 
here,  at  Republic  and  on  the  basaltic  plateau  south  of  Columbia 
River.  These  are  definitely  known  to  belong  to  the  Eocene  and 
Miocene  periods. 

After  the  veins  had  been  formed,  this  district  in  common  with 
other  parts  of  the  Okanogan  Highlands  underwent  extensive 
erosion,  and  in  places  the  covering  of  quartzites  and  slates  has 
been  entirely  removed,  exposing  the  consolidated  granodiorite 
itself  as  well  as  the  mineralized  fracture  zones. 

At  Republic  the  ore  bodies  are  thought  to  have  been  derived 
from  solutions  emanating  from  latite  porphyries  of  Miocene  age. 
In  the  Metaline  district  the  ores  are  thought  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  the  granodiorite  magmas,  although  they  are  not 


Covada  Mining  District 


43 


exposed  at  the  surface.  The  basic  intrusions  of  Tertiary  age 
in  the  Covada  district  can  not  possibly  have  been  responsible 
for  the  introduction  of  the  ore-bearing  solutions  and  from  such 
evidences  as  we  now  have  the  granodiorites  are  regarded  as  their 
source. 

PLACER  DEPOSITS. 

Placer  deposits  in  the  Covada  district  are  not  of  much  impor- 
tance. They  are  confined  chiefly  to  the  horizontally  bedded 
sands  and  gravels  along  the  slopes  leading  down  to  the  Colum- 
bia River.  These  gravels  and  sands  are  found  along  the  upper 
benches  of  the  river  as  well  as  along  the  present  flood  plain. 
No  very  extensive  development  has  ever  been  undertaken,  but  a 
number  of  claims  have  been  located  in  sections  29  and  32,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  37  East.  Water  for  sluicing  has  been 
obtained  in  small  amounts  from  springs  issuing  from  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  hills,  and  then  carried  by  flumes  to  the  placer  dig- 
gings. No  data  are  available  as  to  the  values  per  cubic  yard. 
The  deposits  are  composed  of  materials  ranging  from  the  size 
of  a pea  to  three  or  four  feet  in  diameter.  Interbedded  with 
the  gravels  are  sands  and  clays.  They  may  be  in  part  of  gla- 
cial origin,  but  are  largely  derived  by  the  work  of  streams. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MINING 
PROPERTIES. 

INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  examination  of  the  mining  properties  in  this  district, 
particular  attention  was  given  to  those  claims  which  were  in 
conflict  with  Indian  allotments.  Several  which  were  not  in  con- 
test were  visited  and  studied,  but  because  of  insufficient  time 
some  important  claims  were  not  seen.  A careful  examination  of 
each  claim  in  contest  was  made,  and  all  discovery  shafts,  pits 
and  open  cuts  noted.  Samples  were  taken  from  each  ore  body 
in  such  a way  as  to  represent  an  average  for  the  entire  vein. 
On  some  of  the  properties  considerable  development  work  has 
been  done,  while  on  others  nothing  has  been  accomplished  be- 
yond the  yearly  assessment  work.  Some  of  the  claims  have  been 
abandoned  and  then  relocated.  At  the  present  time  there  are 
approximately  two  hundred  claims  in  the  district;  sixteen  of 
these  are  patented.  In  describing  each  of  these  claims  the  more 
salient  features  will  be  presented,  as  follows : The  geographical 
location ; history  of  development ; the  underground  workings 
and  production ; and  the  economic  geology.  The  latter  will 
include  a description  of  the  country  rock,  the  form,  distribution 
and  character  of  the  ledges,  and  their  relation  to  the  country 
rock. 

THE  ADVANCE  MINING  COMPANY. 

The  property  of  this  company  consists  of  nine  claims  located 
a little  over  one-half  mile  northwest  of  Covada  postoflice,  in 
Section  35,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  These  claims 
are  the  Rising  Sun,  Cora,  Nellie,  White  Quartz,  Saturday,  Cabin, 
Tamarack,  Sunbeam,  and  Silver  Spray.  The  larger  part  of 
the  development  work  on  this  group  has  been  done  on  the  Cora 
and  Nellie  claims,  which  lie  on  what  is  locally  known  as  Advance 


Covada  Mining  District 


45 


Mountain.  The  outcroppings  of  the  vein  are  fairly  numerous 
and  openings  have  been  made  upon  it  at  many  places.  This 
vein  varies  in  width  from  three  to  six  feet  and  trends  North 
75°  West,  dipping  into  the  hill  at  an  angle  of  70°  to  the  north- 
east. It  is  reached  in  depth  by  two  crosscut  tunnels,  one  hun- 


Fig.  2.  Map  showing  mining  claims  and  underground  workings  of  the 
Advance  Mine. 


dred  and  seventy  feet  apart  in  elevation  and  connected  by  an 
upraise.  The  lower  crosscut  tunnel  starts  on  the  Cabin  claim 
and  has  been  driven  in  the  direction  North  15°  East  for  a dis- 
tance of  811  feet,  where  it  intersects  the  vein  at  a depth  of  307 
feet.  From  this  point  a drift  extends  to  the  right  upon  the 


46 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


vein.  The  vein  is  here  trending  North  75°  West  and  dipping 
55°  to  the  Northeast.  The  country  rock  is  granodiorite.  About 
75  feet  from  the  west  end  of  the  drift  the  vein  is  locally  de- 
formed by  an  intersecting  dike,  and  displaced  by  a slight  fault. 
At  this  point  the  strike  changes  to  North  55°  West  and  the  dip 
to  50°  Northeast.  Near  this  point  a winze  has  been  sunk  on 
the  vein  to  a depth  of  60  feet.  The  average  width  of  the  vein 
seen  in  the  winze  is  five  feet.  Above  this  an  upraise  has  been 
driven  for  a distance  of  170  feet  to  the  upper  crosscut  tunnel. 

The  upper  crosscut  tunnel  starts  within  the  Cora  claim  near 
the  south  side  line,  and  at  a distance  of  305  feet  intersects  the 
same  vein  137  feet  below  the  surface.  It  has  been  continued 
for  50  feet  beyond  the  vein  intersection  and  is  entirely  in  quartz- 
ite. Drifts  have  been  run  from  this  level  both  to  the  right  and 
left.  To  the  left  about  100  feet  from  the  crosscut  a winze  has 
been  sunk  on  the  vein  for  30  feet.  Near  here  the  vein  is  cut  by 
a dike  which  follows  its  course  in  a sinuous  fashion.  It  is  quite 
altered  and  of  the  same  character  as  the  dike  in  the  lower  tunnel. 
The  right-hand  drift  extends  over  150  feet  and  connects  with 
the  lower  drift  by  the  upraise  before  mentioned.  In  addition 
to  the  underground  workings  several  pits  and  cuts  have  been 
made  upon  the  surface  outcrops.  Openings  have  been  made 
upon  the  veins  of  the  other  claims,  but  the  work  for  this  group 
has  been  largely  centered  upon  the  Nellie  and  the  Cora. 

These  claims  lie  very  near  the  contact  between  the  Covada 
metamorphic  formation  and  the  Meteor  granodiorite.  The  lower 
crosscut  tunnel  is  largely  in  the  quartzite  and  slate.  Seven 
hundred  feet  from  the  mouth  is  the  granodiorite-quartzite  con- 
tact. One  hundred  feet  further  is  the  vein  trending  nearly  par- 
allel to  the  contact  and  occurring  in  the  granodiorite.  In  the 
upper  tunnel  the  vein  is  entirely  in  the  quartzite.  The  vein  is  of 
the  fissure  type  and  varies  in  width  from  six  inches  to  six  feet. 
Over  a considerable  distance  it  maintains  the  latter  width.  The 
gangue  is  quartz  containing  silver,  gold,  lead  and  zinc.  A gen- 
eral assay  of  samples  taken  from  the  upper  tunnel  in  the  right- 


Covad  a Mining  District 


47 


hand  drift  gave  the  following  returns : Gold,  0.04  oz.  per  ton ; 
silver,  1.00  oz.  per  ton. 


MAYFLOWER. 

This  claim  is  located  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  1, 
Township  31  North,  Range  36  East.  The  northwest  end  ex- 
tends into  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  It 
is  situated  only  a few  hundred  feet  southwest  of  Covada  post- 
office  and  lies  partly  in  the  valley  and  partly  on  the  hill  slope. 
It  is  now  owned  by  C.  C.  Rohlfs  of  Covada.  The  country  rock 
is  granodiorite,  but  the  quartzite  contact  is  close  to  the  south- 
east end  line.  The  development  work  on  this  claim  is  confined 
to  assessment  work.  Outcropping  in  a few  places  is  a vein  of 
quartz  which  trends  North  35°  West  and  dips  45°  Northeast. 
Several  openings  have  been  made  upon  this  vein.  At  the  foot 
of  the  hill  just  south  of  the  store,  a shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a 
depth  of  20  feet  on  the  vein,  which  is  here  18  inches  wide.  Fur- 
ther up  the  hill  a second  opening  has  been  made  on  the  same 
vein  in  granodiorite.  Still  further  up  the  hill  are  two  others, 
20  feet  apart  and  about  six  feet  deep.  The  vein  here  is  18 
inches  in  width  and  contains  some  galena.  An  assay  of  an  aver- 
age sample  from  this  vein  showed  a trace  of  gold  and  1.60  oz. 
silver  to  the  ton. 

LAKEVIEW  FRACTION. 

This  claim  is  triangular  in  shape  and  lies  immediately  to  the 
northeast  of  the  Mayflower.  It  was  located  in  1904  and  is  now 
owned  by  C.  C.  Rohlfs  of  Covada.  It  lies  in  the  granodiorite 
area,  on  a vein  of  quartz  which  trends  North  40°  West  and  dips 
55°  Northeast.  The  discovery  shaft  lies  600  feet  from  the  north 
end  line  and  is  an  open  cut  about  eight  feet  deep.  The  vein  is 
\2  inches  in  width  with  eight  inches  of  granodiorite  in  its  center. 
Several  other  smaller  openings  have  been  made  upon  the  vein. 
The  surface  of  the  claim  is  rough  and  rocky.  An  average 
sample  from  this  claim  gave  a trace  of  gold  and  0.60  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton. 


48 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


PLYMOUTH  ROCK. 

This  claim  lies  directly  east  of  the  Lakeview  Fraction,  and 
about  1,500  feet  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  country  rock 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  claim  is  granodiorite  and  in  the 
southern  part  quartzite.  The  discovery  hole  is  900  feet  south  of 
the  north  center  end-line.  The  quartz  ledge  at  this  point  is  34 
inches  wide  and  is  well  defined.  It  is  composed  of  iron-stained, 
honeycombed  quartz.  The  discovery  tunnel,  which  is  near  the 
discovery  hole,  is  30  feet  in  length  and  has  been  driven  in  South 
65°  East  as  a crosscut  to  the  vein.  Within  it  the  vein  is  well 
defined  and  trends  North  50°  West  and  dips  25°  to  the  North- 
east. About  12  feet  east  from  discovery  hole  there  is  a shaft  32 
feet  deep.  The  vein  here  is  well  defined  and  is  said  to  assay  high 
in  silver.  One  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  from  the  center 
end-line  there  is  an  outcrop  of  rusty  honeycombed  quartz  in  a 
little  pit.  A sample  from  this  claim  assayed  as  follows : Lead, 
6%  ; silver,  15  oz.  per  ton ; gold,  0.01  oz.  per  ton. 

PILGRIM. 

This  claim  is  the  southeastern  extension  of  the  Plymouth  Rock 
and  joins  it  on  its  north  end-line.  It  was  located  in  September, 
1904.  The  eastern  and  southern  part  of  the  claim  lies  in  the 
quartzite  and  the  western  in  granodiorite.  The  vein  is  an  ex- 
tension of  the  Playmouth  Rock.  It  has  about  the  same  strike 
and  dip,  i.  e.,  50°  to  the  northeast.  It  lies  very  close  to  the 
contact  of  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite.  The  development 
consists  of  the  discovery  pit  and  several  small  open  cuts.  An 
average  sample  from  the  claim  gave  the  following  returns  in  the 
assay : Gold,  trace ; silver,  0.60  oz.  per  ton. 

BLUE  BIRD. 

This  claim,  located  June  1,  1909,  lies  parallel  to  and  west  of 
the  Pilgrim.  On  the  north  it  joins  the  Mayflower.  The  country 
rock  is  granodiorite  in  the  north  part  of  the  claim  and  quartzite 
in  the  southern  part.  The  discovery  hole  is  located  100  feet 
south  of  the  north  end-line.  Another  shaft  12  feet  deep  is  situ- 
ated a little  further  down  the  hill.  It  shows  the  slaty  quartzite 


Map  of  mining  claims.  Covada  Mining  District. 


Covada  Mining  District 


49 


country  rock,  and  the  vein  of  greatly  decomposed  reddish  quartz 
occurring  in  small  stringers.  Fifty  feet  east  of  this  shaft  there 
is  a small  tunnel  running  into  the  hill  South  70°  East.  The 
vein  material  seems  to  be  only  silicified  country  rock  which  is 
largely  quartzite  and  impure  limestone.  The  formation  strikes 
North  70°  East  and  dips  25°  Southeast.  The  assay  of  a sample 
from  the  discovery  hole  gives  a trace  of  gold  and  1.00  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton. 

QUANDARY. 

This  claim  lies  about  1,500  feet  southeast  of  Covada  post- 
office.  The  discovery  tunnel  is  an  open  cut  20  feet  long,  eight 
feet  deep  and  three  feet  wide.  The  country  rock  is  hard,  banded 
quartzite.  The  tunnel  runs  due  north  and  contains  a thin  layer 
of  quartz. 

KING  SOLOMON. 

The  King  Solomon  claim  is  situated  in  the  northwest  quarter 
of  Section  1,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  and  about 
1,000  feet  south  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  development  work 
consists  of  several  shafts,  tunnels  and  open  cuts.  The  discovery 
tunnel  is  situated  at  the  north  center  end  of  the  claim.  The 
country  rock  there  is  granodiorite.  There  is  a vein  in  it  com- 
posed of  quartz,  with  slight  impregnations  of  galena.  It  has  a 
strike  of  North  10°  West  and  a dip  of  30°  Northeast.  Very 
close  to  the  discovery  tunnel  there  is  a shaft  which  was  sunk  to 
cut  the  discovery  vein.  It  passes  through  granodiorite  to  a 
depth  of  27  feet.  About  100  feet  from  the  side-line  and  75  feet 
from  the  end-line  a tunnel  has  been  run  in  on  a side  vein  for  a 
distance  of  25  feet  in  a direction  North  70°  East.  By  the  side 
of  this  a shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  vein  to  a depth  of  15  feet. 
This  is  near  the  contact  between  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite. 
At  a point  150  feet  from  the  end-line  and  50  feet  from  the  side- 
line a shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  10  feet  in  quartzite.  A 
small  vein  of  quartz  about  four  inches  wide  outcrops  and  strikes 
North  35°  West,  dipping  70°  Northeast,  but  it  is  not  the  dis- 
covery vein.  The  granodiorite  contact  lies  10  feet  to  the  east. 
Twenty  feet  to  the  north  a small  cut  has  been  made  on  the  same 
vein.  Thirty  feet  farther  north  the  same  vein  is  at  the  contact. 


50 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Here  a shaft  has  been  sunk  10  feet  deep.  The  vein  is  four  inches 
wide  with  a strike  of  North  20°  West  and  a dip  of  70°  to  the 
Northeast.  Near  the  center  of  the  claim  a crosscut  has  been 
run  into  the  hill  in  a direction  North  70°  East  for  50  feet  to 
tap  the  vein.  Another  vein  of  very  much  decomposed,  honey- 
combed, rusty  colored  quartz  outcrops  500  feet  from  the  north 
end-line  and  60  feet  from  the  east  side-line.  It  is  about  one 
foot  in  width,  strikes  North  10°  West  and  dips  70°  Northeast. 
A small  opening  has  been  made  upon  it.  The  country  rock  here 
is  quartzite.  The  assay  of  an  average  sample  from  the  discov- 
ery vein  shows  a trace  of  gold  and  7.80  oz.  silver  to  the  ton. 

GREASY  RUN. 

This  claim  was  located  in  1907  and  is  now  owned  by  A.  B. 
Nickens  of  Covada.  It  is  situated  at  Covada  postoffice.  The 
country  rock  is  granodiorite  overlain  with  alluvium  in  places. 
The  extreme  north  end  of  the  claim  extends  into  the  area  of 
metamorphic  rocks.  The  discovery,  located  30  feet  from  the 
south  center  end,  is  a shaft  sunk  on  the  vein  to  a depth  of  30 
feet.  This  is  a quartz  vein  containing  galena  and  is  about  one 
foot  wide,  striking  North  20°  West,  dipping  70°  to  the  North- 
east. About  15  feet  west  of  the  shaft  there  is  an  open  cut  about 
15  feet  long  and  10  feet  high  which  is  extended  as  a crosscut  to 
tap  the  vein  in  the  shaft.  On  the  south  end-line,  50  feet  from 
the  east  side-line,  another  shaft  has  been  sunk  in  the  granite  to 
a depth  of  30  feet.  There  is  a small  vein  of  quartz  about  four 
inches  wide  which  is  probably  the  same  as  before  mentioned  on 
the  King  Solomon.  Near  it  there  is  a small  outcrop  of  the  same 
vein  eight  inches  wide  containing  galena  and  pyrite.  A sample 
from  this  claim  gave  the  following  assay:  Gold,  trace;  silver, 

2. 20  oz.  per  ton. 

SILVER  PLUME. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  2, 
Township  31  North,  Range  36  East,  a few  hundred  feet  west 
of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1907  and  is  now  owned 
by  G.  W.  Sizemore  of  Covada.  At  the  discovery  there  is  a two- 
foot  quartz  ledge  striking  North  65°  East.  The  quartz  is  iron 


Covada  Mining  District 


51 


stained  and  honeycombed,  with  crystals  and  small  masses  of 
galena  scattered  through  it.  Near  it  a crosscut  tunnel  has  been 
driven  due  south  for  a distance  of  165  feet  to  the  intersection  of 
the  vein.  At  this  point  the  vein  strikes  North  65°  East  and 
dips  55°  Northwest.  The  vein  varies  considerably  from  the 
average  width  of  two  feet.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite.  The 
mouth  of  the  tunnel  is  situated  200  feet  north  of  the  discovery 
shaft.  At  a point  500  feet  northeast  of  the  southwest  end-line 
is  a tunnel  extending  into  the  granite  in  a direction  South  55° 
West  for  a distance  of  60  feet  on  a vein  of  quartz  about  one 
foot  or  more  in  width.  It  is  dipping  55°  to  the  southeast.  The 
vein  material  consists  of  white  quartz  more  or  less  honeycombed 
and  iron-stained,  containing  a considerable  amount  of  galena. 

WHITE  TAIL. 

This  claim,  located  in  April,  1911,  is  in  the  southwest  quarter 
of  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one- 
half  mile  northeast  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  is  located 
100  feet  north  of  the  south  end-line.  A shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a 
depth  of  10  feet  on  the  vein,  which  is  about  14  inches  wide  and 
consists  of  iron-stained  quartz  with  some  galena.  The  country 
rock  here  is  granodiorite.  The  vein  strikes  North  30°  West 
and  dips  70°  Northeast.  A small  side- vein  lies  a little  to  the 
east  of  this.  A shaft  about  eight  feet  deep  has  been  sunk  upon 
it  in  granite.  This  vein  seems  to  trend  about  North  80°  East. 
Seventy-five  feet  west  there  is  another  opening  upon  the  side- 
vein.  The  White  Tail  vein  outcrops  again  at  the  north  center 
end-line  as  a vein  composed  of  quartz  disseminated  in  a belt  of 
granodiorite  about  15  feet  in  width.  Open  trenches  have  been 
cut  across  it  and  show  considerable  galena  impregnated  through 
the  mass.  The  country  rock  is  entirely  granodiorite.  An  assay 
of  a sample  taken  from  the  shaft  150  feet  west  of  the  discovery 
shaft  gives  0.01  oz.  of  gold,  and  1.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

BLACK  TAIL. 

The  Black  Tail  claim  lies  in  the  south  central  part  of  Section 
36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  a little  over  one-half 


52 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


mile  northeast  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  April, 
1911.  The  country  rock  is  entirely  granodiorite.  The  discov- 
ery is  situated  50  feet  from  the  south  center  end-line.  A shaft 
has  been  sunk  on  the  vein  to  a depth  of  12  feet.  The  vein  is 
about  four  feet  thick  in  places,  but  here  and  there  seems  to  be 
only  a silicified  zone  in  the  granodiorite.  It  strikes  North  30° 
West  and  dips  70°  Northeast.  Several  small  cuts  and  pits  have 
been  made  along  the  vein  in  the  near  vicinity.  About  300  feet 
from  the  end-line  and  near  the  west  side-line  there  is  a narrow 
stringer  of  quartz  about  four  inches  wide  containing  some 
galena.  An  average  sample  from  the  discovery  shaft  on  this 
claim  yields  through  the  assay  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of 
silver  to  the  ton. 

BUTTERFLY. 

The  Butterfly  claim  is  situated  about  one-half  mile  east  of 
Covada  postoffice  and  joins  the  Black  Tail  on  the  north.  The 
discovery  shaft  of  this  claim  is  located  about  200  feet  north  of 
the  south  end-line.  The  shaft  is  13  feet  deep  and  in  granite. 
The  vein,  consisting  of  iron-stained  quartz,  varies  in  width  from 
four  inches  to  one  foot  and  is  nearly  vertical.  About  100  feet 
east  of  the  discovery  shaft  a tunnel  is  being  driven  as  a crosscut 
to  the  vein.  At  present  it  extends  200  feet  and  is  entirely  in 
quartzite.  One  hundred  and  twenty  feet  from  the  mouth  a small, 
narrow  vein  of  quartz  was  encountered.  The  main  discovery  vein 
has  not  yet  been  reached.  About  25  feet  southeast  from  the 
discovery  shaft  an  open  cut  12  feet  long  and  six  feet  deep  has 
been  made  in  granodiorite,  but  no  quartz  vein  was  seen.  The 
main  contact  between  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite  is  near  the 
discovery  shaft.  Fifty  feet  south  of  the  discovery  an  open  cut 
25  feet  long  and  four  feet  deep  has  been  made,  exposing  the 
main  vein.  The  assay  of  an  average  sample  from  the  discovery 
vein  shows  0.01  oz.  of  gold  and  0.30  oz.  of  silver  per  ton. 

SUNSHINE. 

This  claim  lies  just  east  of  and  parallel  to  the  Butterfly  and  a 
little  less  than  one-half  mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was 
located  in  April,  1912.  The  discovery  shaft  lies  250  feet  north 


Covada  Mining  District 


53 


of  the  south  center  end-line  and  two  shafts  about  10  feet  apart 
have  been  sunk  in  granodiorite  to  a depth  of  10  feet  each.  The 
vein  is  quartz,  about  four  feet  wide,  having  a strike  of  North 
15°  East  and  a dip  of  70°  to  the  East.  In  places  it  seems  to  be 
merely  a zone  of  silicified  granodiorite.  An  open  cut  10  feet 
long,  four  feet  wide  and  six  feet  deep  has  been  made  50  feet 
north  from  the  south  center  end  of  the  claim,  exposing  vein 
matter  about  two  feet  wide.  The  country  rock  is  entirely  grano- 
diorite. The  assay  of  an  average  sample  from  the  discovery 
shows  no  gold  and  only  a trace  of  silver. 

I.  X.  L. 

This  claim  lies  in  Section  1,  Township  31  North,  Range  36 
East,  about  one-half  mile  southeast  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is 
now  owned  by  James  Hartwell  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft 
on  this  claim  is  100  feet  south  of  the  north  center  end-line.  The 
country  rock  is  quartzite.  The  vein  consists  of  quartz  and  at 
this  point  is  three  feet  wide,  striking  North  20°  West  with  a 
nearly  vertical  dip.  Seven  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  the  dis- 
covery shaft  and  150  feet  from  the  west  side-line  a crosscut 
tunnel  has  been  driven  63  feet  in  a direction  North  80°  West  to 
tap  the  vein.  The  assay  from  an  average  sample  from  the  dis- 
covery shows  0.36  oz.  of  gold  and  0.24  oz.  of  silver  per  ton. 

SUNSET. 

The  Sunset  claim  was  located  in  March,  1912,  by  T.  B. 
Miller.  It  lies  parallel  to  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  I.  X.  L.,  a 
little  over  one-half  mile  east  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is 
situated  25  feet  from  the  north  center  end-line  and  has  been 
sunk  to  a depth  of  14  feet  in  quartzite.  The  vein  consists  of 
small  stringers  of  quartz.  Small  apophyses  of  granodiorite  ex- 
tend up  into  the  quartzite  near  the  contact,  which  is  not  far 
from  the  discovery  shaft.  This  is  the  only  development  work 
upon  the  claim.  The  assay  for  an  average  sample  from  the 
discovery  of  this  claim  showed  a trace  of  gold  and  0.30  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton. 


54 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


OLD  NELL. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  south- 
east quarter  of  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East, 
about  three-fourths  of  a mile  northeast  of  Covada  postoffice. 
The  discovery  lies  350  feet  from  the  south  central  end-line.  A 
shaft  has  been  sunk  seven  feet  in  granodiorite  exposing  a vein  of 
quartz.  About  800  feet  from  the  north  end-line  on  the  main 
vein  a second  open  cut  has  been  made  about  eight  feet  long  and 
four  feet  deep.  Stringers  of  quartz  were  encountered  in  quartz- 
ite. When  this  cut  was  first  made  it  is  said  to  have  carried  much 
native  antimony.  A tunnel  has  been  started  at  a point  150 
feet  east  of  the  center  and  350  feet  from  the  north  center  end 
running  into  the  hill  South  65°  East  for  a distance  of  25  feet. 
The  country  rock  is  silicified  quartzite.  This  lies  near  the  gran- 
odiorite contact  and  is  referred  to  by  the  miners  as  a porphyry 
dike.  A sample  taken  from  the  open  cut  in  the  center  of  the 
claim  yielded,  upon  assaying,  trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton. 

POLARIS. 

This  claim  was  located  in  July,  1903,  by  Henry  Garrett  and 
H.  P.  Stevenson.  It  is  situated  in  the  east  central  part  of  Sec- 
tion 36,  Township  32  North,  Range  37  East,  about  three-quar- 
ters of  a mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  shaft  is 
located  584  feet  south  of  the  north  end-line  and  has  been  sunk 
to  a depth  of  20  feet.  A tunnel  has  been  driven  north  and  south 
towards  the  shaft.  A large  amount  of  trenching  has  been  done 
just  north  of  the  shaft.  About  75  feet  west  of  the  discovery  is 
a shaft  seven  feet  deep,  sunk  on  a quartz  vein  eight  inches  in 
width,  trending  east  and  west  and  dipping  vertically.  The 
country  rock  is  granodiorite.  At  a point  North  20°  East  from 
the  shaft  a tunnel  starts  into  the  hill  North  85°  East  and  con- 
tinues for  100  feet  as  a crosscut  through  granodiorite  to  tap 
the  vein.  Several  other  openings  have  been  made  on  the  vein 
by  open  cuts  and  pits.  An  average  sample  from  this  claim  upon 
assaying  showed  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 


Covada  Mining  District 


55 


BIG  JOKER. 

The  Big  Joker  lies  parallel  to  and  just  east  of  the  Polaris, 
near  the  east  line  of  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36 
East.  It  was  located  in  1909  and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Messen- 
ger of  Covada.  The  discovery  is  located  300  feet  north  of  the 
south  end-line  in  quartzite.  A shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth 
of  12  feet,  showing  a vein  of  iron-stained  quartz  about  two  feet 
wide,  striking  North  10°  East  and  dipping  50°  to  the  South- 
east. Eighty  feet  in  a direction  South  40°  East  from  the  dis- 
covery there  is  a shaft  eight  feet  deep,  ten  feet  long  and  five 
feet  wide  in  quartzite.  The  vein,  which  is  a side  lead,  is  three 
feet  wide,  trends  North  80°  West  and  dips  70°  Southwest. 
There  are  12  inches  of  good  quartz  containing  galena  and 
pyrite.  The  country  rock  is  much  silicified  nearby,  probably  due 
to  the  proximity  of  the  quartzite  granodiorite  contact.  On  the 
west  side  of  the  claim  several  pits  have  been  sunk  on  a quartz 
vein  with  vertical  dip.  It  averages  26  inches  in  width.  Several 
shallow  shafts  have  been  sunk  on  a small,  narrow  vein  in  quartz- 
ite 300  feet  from  the  south  end-line.  An  open  cut  25  feet  long 
and  10  feet  deep  has  been  made  in  the  granodiorite  300  feet 
from  the  north  end-line  in  the  west  side.  It  cuts  a pyrite-bearing 
quartz  vein  dipping  20°  west.  Forty  feet  east  a shaft  10  feet 
long  and  four  feet  wide  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  10  feet  in 
quartzite  on  a vein  similar  to  the  one  just  mentioned.  This  lies 
on  the  contact  between  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite.  Several 
openings  have  been  made  upon  this  contact  vein. 

KENTUCKY  BELL. 

The  Kentucky  Bell  is  now  owned  by  J.  C.  Seaman  of  Covada. 
It  is  situated  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  36,  Township 
32  North,  nearly  one  mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  dis- 
covery lies  150  feet  north  of  the  south  center  end-line  and  is 
now  caved  in.  Three  hundred  feet  from  the  end-line  is  a 30- 
foot  shaft  sunk  as  a slope  70°  East  on  the  discovery  vein,  which 
is  18  inches  wide  and  consists  of  iron-stained  quartz.  The  coun- 
try rock  is  quartzite.  At  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  there  is  a 
short  crosscut  to  the  east.  About  50  feet  north  of  the  slope  on 


56 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


the  same  vein  there  is  an  open  cut  showing  the  vein  to  have  a 
width  of  18  inches.  The  granite-quartzite  contact  lies  a little 
to  the  west  of  the  discovery.  On  the  west  side-line  of  the  claim, 
600  feet  south  of  the  northwest  corner-stake,  a crosscut  tunnel 
starts  into  the  hill  North  80°  East  in  quartzite.  The  granodi- 
orite  contact  lies  just  west  of  the  mouth.  This  tunnel  intersects 
the  vein  at  400  feet  and  is  extended  93  feet  farther.  The  vein 
where  tapped  is  six  feet  wide,  consisting  of  quartz  and  gouge 
material.  Drifts  to  the  right  and  left  extend  about  25  feet 
in  the  direction  North  20°  East.  Three  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  feet  from  the  mouth  a vein  was  encountered.  On  it  a drift 
to  the  left  runs  North  18°  West  for  25  feet  and  to  the  right 
due  south  15  feet.  Several  pits  have  been  sunk  on  the  vein  at 
the  surface. 

THREE  PINES. 

This  claim  lies  immediately  south  of  the  Old  Nell.  It  is  situa- 
ted about  three-quarters  of  a mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice  in 
the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  36,  Township  32  North,  Range 
36  East.  The  discovery  shaft  is  10  feet  deep  and  sunk  in  gran- 
odiorite.  The  vein  is  composed  of  quartz  with  galena.  It  has 
a thickness  of  16  inches,  strikes  north  and  south  and  dips  45° 
west.  This  shaft  is  located  100  feet  south  of  the  north  center 
end-line.  The  assessment  work  for  this  claim  has  been  done  on 
the  Kentucky  Bell. 

SILVER  DOLLAR. 

The  Silver  Dollar  lies  immediately  south  of  the  Kentucky 
Bell.  It  is  situated  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  1,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East.  The  discovery  shaft  is  108 
feet  south  of  the  north  center  end  and  has  been  sunk  eight  feet  in 
granodiorite,  showing  a quartz  vein  trending  north  and  south. 
The  assessment  work  for  this  claim  has  been  done  on  the  Ken- 
tucky Bell. 

SUMMIT. 

The  Summit  claim  lies  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  36, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  east  of  and  parallel  to  the 
Silver  Dollar  and  Kentucky  Bell.  The  discovery  shaft  is  situated 
270  feet  north  of  the  south  center  end-line.  It  is  now  caved  in, 


57 


Covada  Mining  District 


but  shows  a ledge  of  white  quartz,  iron-stained  in  places.  Seven- 
ty-five feet  north  of  the  discovery  is  a shaft  15  feet  deep  in 
quartzite  showing  a vein  of  quartz  carrying  pyrite,  antimony 
and  galena.  The  bedding  of  the  quartzite  here  is  North  10° 
West  with  a vertical  dip.  On  the  east  side-line  400  feet  south 
of  the  northeast  corner  is  a shaft  25  feet  deep.  The  vein  is  six 
inches  wide,  strikes  North  85°  East  and  dips  70°  Northwest. 
On  the  side-line  200  feet  north  from  the  southwest  corner  is  a 
shaft  20  feet  deep  in  quartzite.  The  Summit  claim  is  300  feet 
wide  at  the  south  end  and  600  feet  at  the  north. 

SILVER  CROWN  NO.  3. 

The  Silver  Crown  No.  3 is  a small  triangular  shaped  claim 
lying  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  1,  Township  36  North, 
Range  36  East,  nearly  one  mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  It 
lies  just  east  of  and  parallel  to  the  Silver  Dollar.  It  was  located 
in  1909  and  is  now  owned  by  Mi*.  Howe  of  Covada.  The  dis- 
covery shaft  is  situated  175  feet  south  of  the  north  end-line 
and  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  12  feet  in  quartzite.  The  vein 
has  an  average  width  of  six  inches,  strikes  North  10°  West  and 
dips  70°  Northeast.  The  gangue  is  quartz  showing  consider- 
able galena.  A sample  from  the  discovery  shaft  shows  upon 
assaying  0.02  oz.  of  gold  and  0.60  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

SILVER  CROWN  NO.  2. 

This  claim  lies  just  east  of  and  parallel  to  Silver  Crown  No.  3, 
about  one  mile  east  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1909 
and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Howe  of  Covada.  Considerable  devel- 
opment work  has  been  done.  The  discovery  shaft  is  located  575 
feet  from  the  north  center-line  and  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of 
10  feet.  Forty-five  feet  in  the  direction  South  75°  East  from 
the  shaft  is  the  mouth  of  a tunnel  which  extends  into  the  hill  85 
feet  in  a direction  North  75°  West.  Thirty  feet  from  the  shaft 
in  a direction  North  80°  West  is  the  surface  opening  of  an 
upraise  from  the  fifty-foot  level.  A short  distance  from  the 
discovery  shaft  is  the  entrance  to  the  main  shaft  reaching  the 
50-foot  level.  At  the  intersection  of  shaft  and  vein  on  the 


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Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


50-foot  level  a drift  extends  to  the  left  for  40  feet  in  the  direc- 
tion South  70°  West.  Here  the  vein  dips  60°  Northwest.  At 
the  face  of  the  drift  a vein  four  feet  wide,  trending  North  15° 
West  and  dipping  45°  Northeast  was  encountered.  A drift 
has  been  run  on  this  to  the  south  for  10  feet  and  to  the  north 
for  20  feet  and  a raise  has  been  made  from  it  to  the  surface.  A 
sample  taken  here  assayed  0.04  oz.  of  gold  and  16.10  oz.  silver 
per  ton.  From  the  shaft  on  the  50-foot  level  a drift  has  been 
run  to  the  right  along  the  vein  for  25  feet.  The  country  rock 
is  quartzite  with  a strike  of  North  15°  West  and  a dip  of  60° 
Northeast.  The  shaft  extends  50  feet  farther  and  at  the  100- 
foot  level  some  drifting  has  been  done.  At  a point  150  feet  from 
the  north  end-line  of  the  claim  and  100  feet  east  of  the  center- 
line  an  open  cut  10  feet  long  by  seven  deep  and  four  wide  has 
been  made  in  the  quartzite. 

SILVER  CROWN  NO.  1. 

This  claim  lies  just  east  of  Silver  Crown  No.  2 on  the  steep 
slope  leading  down  to  the  Columbia  River  in  the  northwest  quar- 
ter of  Section  6,  Township  31  North,  Range  37  East.  It  was 
located  in  1909  and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Howe  of  Covada.  The 
discovery  shaft  is  situated  50  feet  from  the  south  end-line.  It 
is  12  feet  deep  and  has  been  sunk  on  a three-foot  seam  of  quartz 
and  gouge  material.  On  the  hillside  150  feet  from  the  north- 
east corner  and  50  feet  from  the  side-line  a tunnel  has  been 
run  North  55°  West  for  125  feet  as  a crosscut  through 
quartzite  and  limestone.  A short  distance  from  the  mouth  is  a 
vein  of  quartz  12  inches  wide.  At  the  face  a vein  was  encoun- 
tered about  14  inches  wide  with  a strike  of  North  15°  West 
and  a dip  of  75°  Southwest.  Seventy -five  feet  south  of  the 
tunnel  two  open  cuts  have  been  made  in  the  quartzite  and  lime- 
stone. About  half  way  between  the  end  lines  and  100  feet  from 
the  east  side-line  a cut  15  feet  long,  ten  feet  deep  and  four  feet 
wide  has  been  made.  The  rock  is  quartzite  with  seams  of  quartz 
about  four  inches  wide.  Two  similar  cuts  occur  about  100  feet 
to  the  southeast.  Here  the  vein  strikes  North  43°  West,  with 


Covada  Mining  District 


59 


nearly  vertical  dip.  It  consists  of  16  inches  of  solid  quartz 
with  some  pyrite  and  antimony. 

IDORA. 

The  Idora  lies  in  the  east  central  part  of  Section  1,  Township 
32  North,  Range  36  East,  and  south  of  the  Silver  Dollar.  It 
is  now  owned  by  James  Hartwell.  The  discovery  shaft,  300  feet 
from  the  south  center  end-line,  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  nine 
feet  in  quartzite.  The  quartz  vein  is  about  four  inches  thick, 
strikes  North  30°  West  and  dips  45°  Northeast.  Scattered 
through  it  are  grains  of  galena.  It  outcrops  at  intervals  upon 
the  surface.  Two  hundred  feet  from  the  west  side-line  and 
300  feet  from  the  north  end-line  a crosscut  has  been  driven  into 
the  hill  60  feet  in  the  direction  North  80°  East.  At  the  face 
is  a zone  of  silicified  quartzite  with  stringers  of  quartz  contain- 
ing galena.  The  main  vein  has  probably  not  been  reached. 

OHIO. 

The  Ohio  claim  lies  just  south  of  the  center  of  Section  26, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  and  one-half 
miles  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  now  owned  by  Mr. 
M.  HL  O’Connel  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  200  feet 
from  the  southwest  end-line  and  is  in  granodiorite,  which  is  the 
country  rock  throughout  the  entire  claim.  A tunnel  has  been 
run  for  a distance  of  150  feet  in  a direction  South  70°  West 
along  a vein  four  inches  wide  and  composed  of  solid  quartz  with 
pyrite  and  a little  galena.  This  is  said  to  be  a side  vein  parallel 
to  the  main  one  of  the  claim. 

DRUMMOND. 

The  Drummond  lies  parallel  to  and  just  south  of  the  Ohio,  a 
little  less  than  one  and  one-half  miles  north  of  Covada  postoffice. 
It  is  at  present  owned  by  Mr.  M.  H.  O’Connel  of  Covada.  The 
discovery  shaft,  750  feet  from  the  north  end-line,  has  been  sunk 
10  feet  and  a vein  of  white  quartz  two  feet  wide  is  exposed, 
showing  pyrite,  galena  and  sphalerite.  The  country  rock  is 
granodiorite.  About  50  feet  south  a tunnel  has  been  run  into 


60 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


the  mountain  95  feet  as  a crosscut  in  the  direction  North  30° 
West.  At  the  face  a drift  runs  30  feet  to  the  east  and  11  feet 
to  the  west  on  a vein  of  crushed  quartz.  Pyrite  and  galena  are 
quite  abundantly  scattered  through  the  quartz.  Several  open 
cuts  have  been  made  at  various  places  on  the  claim.  A sample 
taken  from  the  face  of  the  drift  in  the  tunnel  yielded  upon  assay- 
ing 0.02  oz.  of  gold  and  1.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

CHANCE. 

This  claim  lies  on  the  hillside  just  west  of  Covada  Lake.  The 
discovery  shaft,  situated  250  feet  from  the  northeast  end-line, 
has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  22  feet  in  granodiorite.  The  vein, 
composed  of  quartz,  is  eight  inches  thick,  strikes  North  40° 
East  and  dips  70°  Southeast.  This  is  the  only  opening  on  the 
claim  except  a small  shaft  eight  feet  deep,  100  feet  to  the  south- 
west. An  average  sample  from  the  discovery  shaft  showed  upon 
assaying  0.02  oz.  of  gold  and  1.60  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

ROYAL  ANN  NO.  1. 

This  claim  is  located  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Section  26, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  a little  over  a mile  north- 
west of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1904  and  is  now 
owned  by  C.  C.  Rohlfs  of  Covada.  At  a point  800  feet  from  the 
east  end-line  a crosscut  tunnel  extends  southward  75  feet  into 
the  hill  toward  the  vein.  The  country  rock  is  granodiorite.  At 
the  face  of  the  crosscut  there  are  two  parallel  veins  running 
approximately  in  an  east-west  direction  and  consisting  of  quartz 
rich  in  galena  and  pyrite.  The  veins  together  average  about 
one  foot  in  thickness,  with  a dip  to  the  south  and  southwest.  An 
assay  of  an  average  sample  taken  here  showed  0.04  oz.  of  gold 
and  12.50  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton.  Another  tunnel,  extending 
South  40°  West,  has  been  driven  110  feet.  Fifty  feet  from  the 
mouth  a drift  has  been  run  along  a vein  to  the  left.  To  the  right 
another  extends  72  feet  in  the  direction  South  85°  West.  At 
the  face  of  the  crosscut  a drift  extends  to  the  right  and  left  for 
25  feet  in  the  direction  South  40°  East.  The  discovery  shaft 
is  on  open  cut  25  feet  long,  15  feet  deep  and  four  feet  wide. 


Covada  Mining  District 


61 


The  vein  is  eight  inches  wide  with  small  stringers  along  the 
side.  The  gangue  is  quartz  containing  considerable  amounts  of 
galena,  sphalerite,  cerusite  and  pyrite.  About  40  feet  east 
of  the  discovery  there  is  an  open  trench  30  feet  long  and  six  feet 
deep.  The  country  rock  is  entirely  granodiorite. 

ROYAL  ANN  NO.  2. 

This  claim  lies  just  south  of  Royal  Ann  No.  1.  It  was  located 
in  1904  and  is  now  owned  by  C.  C.  Rohlfs  of  Covada.  The  dis- 
covery shaft,  located  50  feet  from  the  east  end-line,  has  been 
sunk  12  feet  in  granodiorite  with  gneissoid  structure.  The 
assessment  work  for  this  claim  has  been  done  on  the  Royal  Ann 
No.  1. 

ROYAL  ANN  NO.  3. 

This  claim  lies  about  one  mile  to  the  northwest  of  Covada 
postoffice  and  a little  to  the  southwest  of  Royal  Ann  No.  2.  It 
also  is  owned  by  C.  C.  Rohlfs  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft, 
735  feet  east  from  the  west  end-line,  has  been  sunk  10  feet  in 
granodiorite.  The  vein,  which  is  six  inches  wide,  consists  of  well 
mineralized  quartz.  An  average  sample  from  here  yields  upon 
assaying  0.02  oz.  of  gold  and  3.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton.  One 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  east  of  the  discovery  a shaft  has  been  sunk 
on  the  vein  to  a depth  of  40  feet.  The  country  rock  is  grano- 
diorite. The  vein  ranges  from  10  to  16  inches  in  width,  strikes 
North  70°  East  and  dips  75°  Northwest.  A cabin  is  built  over 
this  shaft.  One  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  the  west  end-line  and 
150  feet  from  the  south  side-line  there  is  a shaft  30  feet  deep 
in  granodiorite.  The  quartz  vein  is  of  the  same  character  as 
before  and  contains  considerable  galena. 

RELIANCE. 

This  claim  lies  just  north  of  the  Greasy  Run,  about  1,000  feet 
north  of  Covada.  The  10-foot  discovery  shaft  is  situated  300 
feet  from  the  north  end-line.  The  country  rock  is  schistose 
quartzite  near  the  granodiorite  contact.  The  vein  consists  of 
quartz  eight  inches  wide  with  a strike  of  North  80°  West  and  a 
vertical  dip.  An  average  sample  from  the  discovery  shaft  yields 
upon  assaying  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 


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Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


SILVER  PLUME. 

This  claim  lies  just  west  of  the  Greasy  Run  and  about  1,000 
feet  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  now  owned  by  Mr. 
J.  M.  Anderson  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  located  100 
feet  north  of  the  south  end-line.  The  country  rock  is  schistose 
quartzite.  The  vein  strikes  north  and  south  and  dips  50°  to 
the  west. 

SILVER  SPAR. 

This  claim  joins  the  south  end  of  the  Legal  Tender  claim  of 
the  Big  Chief  Group,  and  is  about  1,500  feet  north  of  Covada 
postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1907  and  is  now  owned  by  Mr. 
A.  M.  Anderson  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft,  located  350 
feet  from  the  south  end-line,  has  been  sunk  12  feet  in  quartzite. 
The  vein  of  quartz  is  12  inches  wide,  strikes  north  and  south,  and 
has  a vertical  dip. 

LEGAL  TENDER. 

This  claim  lies  just  west  of  Covada  Lake  on  the  slope  of  the 
ridge  and  about  one-half  mile  north  of  Covada  postoffice.  It 
was  located  in  March,  1910,  and  is  now  owned  by  A.  M.  Ander- 
son of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  250  feet  from  the  north 
end-line  and  is  eight  feet  deep.  The  vein  consists  of  a mixture 
of  quartz  and  mineralized  country  rock,  about  three  feet  wide 
and  containing  galena,  pyrite  and  sphalerite.  The  vein  strikes 
North  20°  East  and  dips  60°  Northwest.  This  claim  lies  against 
the  east  side-line  of  the  Carbonate  Chief  claim,  one  of  the  Big 
Chief  Group,  which  is  patented. 

LONE  PINE. 

This  claim  lies  about  one-half  mile  northwest  of  Covada  post- 
office.  It  was  located  in  July,  1912,  and  is  owned  by  Mr.  Ed- 
ward Sizemore  of  Covada.  The  discovery  is  600  feet  from  the 
north  center  end-line.  It  is  an  open  cut  10  feet  long  and  eight 
feet  deep,  in  quartzite.  Outcrops  of  quartz  show  upon  the  sur- 
face. 

BIG  BUG 

The  Big  Bug  claim  lies  about  one-half  mile  west  of  Covada  in 
Section  35,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  was  located 
in  1907  and  is  now  owned  by  Mjr.  H.  G.  Parmeter  of  Covada. 


Covada  Mining  District 


63 


The  discovery  shaft  is  400  feet  northwest  from  the  southeast 
end-line  and  is  20  feet  deep  in  quartzite.  The  vein  in  the  bottom 
of  the  shaft  is  six  inches  wide,  strikes  North  65°  East  and  dips 
45°  Southeast.  At  a point  1,100  feet  from  the  south  center  end- 
line a crosscut  tunnel  extends  into  the  hill  North  60°  West,  a 
distance  of  50  feet.  At  the  face  a four-inch  vein  of  pure  quartz 
trending  North  70°  East  and  dipping  vertically  was  encoun- 
tered. An  assay  of  an  average  sample  taken  showed  a trace 
of  gold  and  0.40  oz.  of  silver  per  ton.  Nearby  there  is  an  open 
cut  10  feet  long  and  six  feet  deep.  The  country  rock  is  quartz- 
ite and  the  vein,  which  is  six  inches  wide,  is  the  same  as  in  the 
tunnel.  Fifty  feet  from  the  discovery  shaft  in  a North  60° 
West  line  there  is  a cut  eight  feet  long  and  six  feet  deep  show- 
ing the  quartz  vein  to  be  eight  inches  wide. 

COLORADO  NO.  1. 

This  claim  is  about  one  mile  north  of  Covada  postoffice  and 
joins  the  north  end  of  the  Silver  Spray  claim  of  the  Advance 
Group.  It  was  located  in  1905  and  is  owned  by  Mr.  M.  H. 
McConnel  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  situated  300  feet 
north  of  the  south  center  end-line  on  a steep  hillside.  The  assess- 
ment work  for  this  claim  has  been  done  on  the  Colorado  No.  2. 

COLORADO  NO.  2. 

The  Colorado  No.  2 lies  parallel  to  and  northwest  of  the  Colo- 
rado No.  1.  It  is  owned  by  Mr.  M.  H.  McConnel  of  Covada. 
The  discovery  is  an  open  cut  12  feet  long  and  eight  feet  deep  and 
located  100  feet  from  the  south  center  end.  Twenty-five  feet 
to  the  northeast  there  is  a slope  eight  feet  deep  on  the  vein, 
which  is  four  feet  wide  with  two  feet  of  ore.  Antimony  and  ga- 
lena are  common.  Twenty-five  feet  farther  is  another  shaft  12 
feet  deep  on  the  same  vein.  The  country  rock  here  is  quartzite. 
Several  open  cuts  have  been  made  on  the  vein  for  the  entire 
length  of  the  claim.  At  a point  25  feet  from  the  west  side-line 
and  100  feet  from  the  southwest  corner  a tunnel  has  been  driven 
South  55°  East  into  the  hill  as  a crosscut  to  tap  the  discovery 
vein.  Two  hundred  and  five  feet  from  the  mouth  a small  vein 


64 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


two  feet  thick  was  encountered,  which  has  been  drifted  upon  for 
50  feet.  The  discovery  vein  has  not  as  yet  been  reached.  The 
contact  between  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite  occurs  here.  An 
average  sample  taken  from  the  tunnel  25  feet  south  of  the  dis- 
covery tunnel  yields  in  the  assay  a trace  of  gold  and  0.60  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton. 

BLACK  HAWK. 

This  claim  lies  parallel  to  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  Royal 
Ann  No.  1,  about  one  and  one-quarter  miles  north  of  Covada 
postoffice.  It  was  located  in  April,  1905,  and  is  now  owned  by 
Mr.  Kelley  of  Covada.  At  a point  near  the  north  side-line,  600 
feet  from  the  southeast  corner  of  the  claim,  a tunnel  has  been 
driven  South  35°  West  into  the  hill  a distance  of  60  feet  on  a 
vein  of  quartz  eight  inches  wide  with  a vertical  dip.  The  coun- 
try rock  is  granite.  On  the  southwest  corner  of  the  claim  is  an 
open  cut  12  feet  deep  and  25  feet  long.  The  vein  exposed  in 
it  is  a side  lead  about  one  foot  wide  and  carrying  a consider- 
able amount  of  galena  and  antimony.  Two  hundred  feet  from 
the  southwest  end-line  a tunnel  has  been  driven  on  the  discovery 
vein  North  70°  West,  a distance  of  80  feet.  The  vein  is  one 
foot  wide  and  consists  of  white  massive  quartz  containing  ga- 
lena, pyrite  and  sphalerite.  An  average  sample  from  this  vein 
assayed  0.03  oz.  of  gold  and  3.30  oz.  of  silver  per  ton.  A par- 
allel tunnel  70  feet  in  length  lies  about  10  feet  away. 

JOKER. 

This  short  claim,  located  in  1909,  joins  the  west  end  of  the 
Black  Hawk.  The  discovery  shaft  is  situated  about  170  feet 
from  the  southwest  end-line  and  has  been  sunk  10  feet  in  grano- 
diorite on  a quartz  vein  eight  inches  wide.  The  vein  strikes 
North  70°  West  and  has  a vertical  dip.  An  average  sample 
from  this  vein  yielded  in  the  assay  neither  gold  nor  silver.  At 
the  east  center  end-line  of  the  claim  a cut  30  feet  long  has  been 
made  in  the  granodiorite,  exposing  the  discovery  vein  one  foot 
thick  with  a strike  of  North  70°  West  and  a vertical  dip. 


Covada  Mining  District 


65 


DISCOVERY. 

This  claim  is  situated  near  the  Black  Hawk,  about  one  and 
one-quarter  miles  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discov- 
ery is  an  open  cut  in  granodiorite  on  a quartz  vein  which  may  be 
a continuation  of  the  side  vein  of  the  Black  Hawk.  The  cut  is 
10  feet  deep  and  15  feet  long.  The  vein  is  about  seven  inches 
wide,  strikes  North  80°  West  and  dips  70°  Northwest.  It  is 
situated  200  feet  from  the  southwest  end-line. 

LITTLE  JAY. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Section  26, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  mile  northwest 
of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  shaft  is  in  granodiorite 
10  feet  deep  on  a vein  striking  North  83°  West  and  dipping 
vertically.  The  vein  is  eight  inches  wide.  Two  hundred  feet 
from  the  west  end-line  is  an  open  cut  10  feet  long  and  eight 
feet  deep  in  granodiorite  exposing  a quartz  vein  eight  inches 
wide  with  a vertical  dip  and  striking  North  80°  East.  An  aver- 
age sample  taken  from  the  discovery  shaft  yielded  in  the  assay  a 
trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

CHEROKEE  STRIP. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Section  31, 
Township  32  North,  Range  37  East,  about  one  and  one-half 
miles  east  of  Covada.  It  was  located  in  1906  and  is  owned  by 
Mr.  L.  G.  Curry  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  located  150 
feet  from  the  north  center  end-line  and  is  12  feet  deep.  The 
vein  strikes  north  and  south  and  dips  80°  to  the  east.  The  for- 
mation here  consists  of  banded  quartzite.  The  assay  of  an  aver- 
age sample  taken  here  shows  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of 
silver  per  ton.  This  claim  is  not  in  contest  and  no  further  exam- 
ination was  made  on  it. 

NORTHERN  LIGHT. 

The  Northern  Light  is  situated  in  the  northeast  quarter  of 
Section  31,  Township  32  North,  Range  37  East,  one  and  three- 
fourths  miles  east  from  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft,  10  feet 

—5 


66 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


long  and  eight  feet  deep,  is  500  feet  from  the  south  end-line,  in 
a greatly  crushed  and  sheared  slate.  The  vein  material  is  brown 
weathered  quartz  and  clay  gouge.  Just  under  the  discovery 
shaft  is  a tunnel  driven  into  the  hill  North  45°  West  for  38 
feet.  Near  the  mouth  the  tunnel  goes  through  gravel  and  sand 
horizontally  bedded  and  of  fluvial  or  glacial  origin.  It  is  prob- 
ably a remnant  of  an  old  river  bench.  Slate  is  encountered  15 
feet  in  from  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel.  The  vein  is  greatly 
crushed  and  is  in  part  crushed  country  rock.  An  average 
sample  taken  here  showed  in  the  assay  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20 
oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

SHOO  FLY. 

The  Shoo  Fly  is  situated  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section 
36,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  mile  north- 
east of  Covada  postoflice,  and  is  now  owned  by  G.  W.  Size- 
more of  Covada.  The  six-foot  discovery  shaft  is  in  the  center  of 
the  claim,  in  granodiorite.  The  vein  extends  North  40°  East, 
dips  45°  Northwest,  and  is  18  inches  thick.  Galena  is  fairly 
abundant.  The  contact  between  the  granodiorite  and  quartzite 
is  close  by.  700  feet  from  the  south  end  there  is  an  open  cut 
25  feet  long  and  10  feet  deep  in  quartzite,  but  near  the  grano- 
diorite contact.  A crosscut  starting  on  the  Polaris  claim  ex- 
tends 165  feet  into  the  Shoo  Fly.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
from  the  northeast  corner  of  the  claim  and  70  feet  from  the  side- 
line an  open  cut  30  feet  long  and  four  feet  deep  exposes  a quartz 
vein  trending  North  40°  East.  Another  tunnel  starts  on  the 
Rosario  and  extends  North  70°  West  300  feet  across  the  Rob- 
ert E.  Lee  into  the  Shoo  Fly.  It  cuts  through  80  feet  of  grano- 
diorite aplite,  which  is  considerably  mineralized.  This  claim  is 
not  in  contest. 

ROBERT  E.  LEE. 

This  claim  lies  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  36,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  mile  northeast  of 
Covada.  The  claim  is  owned  by  G.  W.  Sizemore  of  Covada. 
The  ores  in  this  claim  are  in  a dike  of  granodiorite  aplite.  A 
tunnel  runs  into  the  hill  North  80°  East,  a distance  of  76  feet 


Covada  Mining  District 


67 


through  the  aplite,  in  which  are  scattered  irregular  bunches  and 
grains  of  stibnite.  The  assay  of  one  sample  taken  here  showed 
a trace  of  gold,  0.02  oz.  of  silver  per  ton  and  57.35  per  cent 
antimony.  Another  sample  showed  no  gold,  a trace  of  silver  and 
no  sulphides.  A winze  has  been  sunk  in  the  tunnel  and  a vein 
eight  feet  wide  was  cut.  In  this  there  is  eight  inches  of  pure 
stibnite.  The  mouth  of  this  tunnel  is  on  the  west  side-line  of  the 
Robert  E.  Lee.  The  claim  is  not  in  contest. 

LONGSTREET. 

The  Longstreet  lies  just  north  of  the  Robert  E.  Lee  in  the 
southeast  quarter  of  Section  25,  Township  32  North,  Range  36 
East.  It  was  located  in  1903  and  is  owned  by  the  Longstreet 
Mining  and  Milling  Company.  This  claim  is  not  in  contest 
and  only  a part  of  the  workings  were  visited.  Several  buildings, 
including  an  assay  shop,  have  been  erected.  Extending  the 
length  of  this  claim  is  a dike  of  aplite  containing  considerable 
amounts  of  stibnite  scattered  through  it.  A large  number  of 
tunnels  and  open  cuts  have  been  made  to  expose  it. 

KING  FRACTION. 

The  claim  joins  the  Oom  Paul  and  Etta,  and  the  Keystone 
Fraction.  It  was  located  in  1907  and  now  belongs  to  the  Syn- 
dicate Group.  The  30-foot  discovery  shaft  is  in  granodiorite. 
The  vein  is  one  foot  thick  and  probably  a continuation  of  the 
Etta.  It  is  quartz,  runs  east  and  west,  and  contains  small  grains 
of  galena  and  pyrite.  Several  open  cuts  have  been  made  else- 
where on  the  claim. 

OOM  PAUL. 

The  Oom  Paul  is  situated  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Sec- 
tion 27,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  and  one- 
half  miles  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in 
1900  and  is  owned  by  S.  L.  Magee  of  Spokane.  Three  hun- 
dred feet  from  the  east  end-line  of  the  claim  there  is  a dike  of 
andesite  trending  nearly  east  and  west.  Near  the  east  end-line 
there  is  a vein  of  quartz  about  four  inches  wide  which  is  prob- 
ably a continuation  of  the  Black  Hawk.  Three  hundred  feet 
from  the  west  end-line  and  on  the  center  line  a tunnel  has  been 


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Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


run  eastward  60  feet,  cutting  a vein  which  strikes  North  80° 
East  and  dips  80°  West.  The  vein  is  about  six  inches  wide  in  a 
much  decomposed  granodiorite.  Considerable  galena  is  present 
with  some  pyrite.  An  open  cut  nearby,  15  feet  long  and  eight 
feet  deep,  exposes  the  vein  striking  North  80°  West  and  dip- 
ping 80°  Northeast,  and  having  a width  of  eight  inches.  Some 
galena  is  present.  The  discovery  shaft  is  50  feet  deep  and  has 
been  sunk  on  the  vein. 

ST.  PATRICK. 

The  claim  is  parallel  to  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  Oom 
Paul,  one  and  one-half  miles  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It 
was  located  in  1907  and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Kelly  of  Covada. 
The  discovery  shaft,  which  is  16  feet  deep,  is  situated  on  the 
hillside  above  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel  and  150  feet  from  the  side- 
line. The  vein  is  a mixture  of  quartz  and  talc  three  feet  thick. 
The  tunnel  just  referred  to  starts  near  the  south  side-line  and 
400  feet  from  the  west  line  as  a crosscut  and  extends  into  the 
hill  North  55°  West,  a distance  of  70  feet,  but  the  vein  in  the 
discovery  shaft  has  not  been  reached.  One  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  west  of  the  discovery,  a shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  vein 
in  quartzite.  The  vein  here  is  four  inches  wide,  strikes  North 
80°  East  and  dips  vertically.  It  consists  of  quartz  with  galena 
and  pyrite.  An  average  sample,  upon  assaying,  showed  0.03 
oz.  of  gold  and  2.00  oz.  of  silver  per  ton. 

ETTA. 

The  Etta  is  a trangular  shaped  claim  lying  parallel  to  and 
just  south  of  the  Oom  Paul,  about  one  and  one-quarter  miles 
north  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  shaft  is  60  feet  deep. 
Thirty-five  feet  down  a drift  has  been  driven  due  west  15  feet 
on  a vein  trending  east  and  west  and  dipping  70°  north.  On 
the  60-foot  level  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  another  drift  has 
been  driven  due  north  20  feet  along  a vein.  The  country  rock 
is  granodiorite.  About  50  feet  west  of  the  discovery  shaft  an- 
other shaft  has  been  sunk  six  feet  on  a vein  14  inches  wide  con- 
taining galena  and  pyrite.  An  assay  of  an  average  sample  taken 
here  showed  a trace  of  gold  and  0.30  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 


Covada  Mining  District 


69 


Near  the  west  end  and  south  of  the  claim  a crosscut  tunnel  has 
been  driven  to  tap  the  discovery  vein.  It  extends  into  the  hill 
North  40°  West  a distance  of  35  feet  in  granodiorite  and  cuts 
a small  side  vein  of  quartz  containing  galena. 

SEVERAL  FRACTION. 

The  claim  lies  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  27,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  and  one-quarter  miles 
northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  owned  by  G.  A.  Mathews 
of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  20  feet  deep  and  in  grano- 
diorite. The  vein  is  four  inches  wide,  strikes  North  80°  East 
and  dips  nearly  vertically.  The  vein  is  quartz  carrying  galena 
and  pyrite.  Fifty  feet  away  there  are  two  shallow  shafts,  each 
six  feet  deep.  Several  open  cuts  have  been  made. 

SILVER  SPAR. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  27, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  nearly  two  miles  northwest 
of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  January,  1907,  and  is  a 
part  of  the  Imperial  Group.  It  is  owned  by  G.  E.  Terpening 
of  Covada.  The  discovery  lies  400  feet  north  from  the  south 
end-line  and  is  in  granodiorite.  Two  hundred  feet  in  the  direc- 
tion South  25°  West  from  the  discovery  is  a shaft  20  feet  deep 
on  a ledge  in  granodiorite.  There  are  several  open  cuts  in  addi- 
tion. The  vein,  about  18  inches  wide,  consists  of  calcite  with 
some  quartz. 

GOOD  ORE. 

The  claim  lies  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  22,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  two  and  one-half  miles 
northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  now  owned  by  G.  E.  Ter- 
pening of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  10  feet  deep  in  gran- 
odiorite. The  vein  strikes  South  60°  West,  dips  60°  South- 
east and  comprises  a zone  two  feet  wide  of  crushed  and  much 
altered  quartz  and  country  rock.  A crosscut  tunnel  has  been 
driven  140  feet  toward  the  vein  in  the  direction  South  55° 
East.  One  hundred  feet  from  the  mouth  a vein  of  quartz  six 
inches  wide  was  encountered.  Several  open  cuts  and  short 


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Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


tunnels  have  been  made,  and  wherever  the  vein  was  cut  the  same 
strike,  North  60°  East,  prevailed. 

SEVERAL. 

This  claim  lies  due  west  of  the  Oom  Paul  in  the  south  central 
part  of  Section  27,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  is 
owned  by  G.  E.  Terpening  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft, 
which  is  12  feet  deep,  and  in  granodiorite,  shows  a vein  one  foot 
wide  with  well  defined  walls  striking  North  55°  East  and  dip- 
ping 60  ° Southwest.  A sample  taken  here  yielded  in  the  assay 
a trace  of  gold  and  1.00  oz.  of  silver  per  ton.  A tunnel  has 
been  driven  as  a drift  on  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  discovery 
vein  a distance  of  over  360  feet.  The  country  rock  is  entirely 
granodiorite. 

BLACK  THORN. 

The  claim  is  situated  about  one  and  one-half  miles  northwest 
of  Covada  postoffice  in  the  southern  part  of  Section  27,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  in  Stray  Dog  Canyon.  It  is 
owned  by  the  Black  Thorn  Mining  Company.  The  discovery 
opening  is  a 15-foot  tunnel  running  due  north  into  the  side  of 
the  canyon.  The  vein  is  six  inches  wide  and  dips  75°  East. 
The  assay  of  a sample  taken  here  showed  0.04  oz.  of  gold  and 
1.40  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton.  A tunnel  has  also  been  driven  into 
the  side  of  the  hill  toward  the  vein  a distance  of  285  feet.  The 
first  200  feet  passed  through  loose  boulders  of  the  talus  slope. 
At  the  face,  the  vein  is  eight  inches  wide.  The  country  rock 
is  entirely  granodiorite. 

KEYSTONE. 

This  is  one  of  the  Keystone  Group  consisting  of  eight  claims. 
It  lies  in  the  eastern  part  of  Section  34  about  one  mile  north- 
west from  Covada  postoffice,  in  Stray  Dog  Canyon.  It  is  owned 
by  G.  A.  Mathews  of  Covada.  A tunnel  has  been  driven  as  a 
drift  on  the  Keystone  claim  600  feet  in  the  direction  South 
45°  West.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite.  The  vein  is  well 
defined,  pitches  45°  to  the  Northwest  and  varies  in  width  from 
six  inches  to  two  feet.  The  vein  is  much  crushed  and  contains 
galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite. 


Covada  Mining  District 


71 


SYNDICATE. 

This  claim  lies  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  34,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  one  and  one-third  miles 
northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  owned  by  J.  W.  Bartlett 
of  Covada.  The  country  rock  is  granodiorite.  A tunnel  has 
been  driven,  as  a crosscut,  850  feet  into  the  hill  in  the  direction 
North  58°  East.  Six  hundred  feet  from  the  mouth  a small  vein 
of  very  little  importance  was  encountered. 

DAN  PATCH. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  quarter  of  Section 
13,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  three  and  one- 
half  miles  north  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  May, 
1910,  and  is  now  owned  by  L.  G.  Curry  of  Covada.  The  coun- 
try rock  is  entirely  quartzite  and  slate.  Near  the  west  end  a 
tunnel  has  been  driven  into  the  hill  North  25°  East  a distance 
of  54  feet  along  the  vein.  The  vein  pitches  30°  to  45°  to  the 
northwest  and  has  a total  width  of  three  feet,  16  inches  of 
which  is  quartz.  A sample  taken  from  the  face  of  this  tunnel 
showed  upon  assaying  0.04  oz.  of  gold  and  10.15  oz.  of  silver 
per  ton.  A sample  taken  from  the  gray  talc  here  showed  a 
trace  of  gold  and  0.40  oz.  of  silver  per  ton.  One  hundred  feet 
up  the  hill  from  the  discovery  tunnel  there  are  several  open  cuts 
exposing  a vein  trending  North  65°  East  and  containing  galena 
and  sphalerite.  A shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  30  feet  on 
a vein  trending  North  10°  West  and  dipping  70°  to  the  South- 
west. It  ranges  from  two  to  eight  inches  in  thickness  and  is 
composed  of  quartz  with  some  pyrite. 

REN  RICE. 

This  claim  joins  the  east  end-line  of  the  Dan  Patch  and  is 
about  three  and  one-half  miles  north  of  Covada  postoffice.  It 
was  located  in  1910  and  is  owned  by  Mr.  L.  G.  Curry  of  Covada. 
The  12-foot  discovery  shaft  is  in  quartzite  and  shows  a six-inch 
quartz  vein  somewhat  crushed  trending  North  68°  East.  The 
assay  of  a sample  taken  here  yielded  a trace  of  gold  and  0.30  oz. 
of  silver  per  ton. 


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Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


GREAT  SCOTT. 

The  Great  Scott  lies  just  south  of  the  Dan  Patch,  about  three 
and  one-half  miles  north  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in 
December,  1911,  and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  Messenger  of  Co- 
vada. The  discovery  shaft  is  eight  feet  deep.  Nearby  is  an- 
other shaft  nine  feet  deep  with  a quartz  vein  striking  North 
15°  East  and  dipping  75°  to  the  southeast.  Several  open  cuts 
have  been  made.  The  country  rock  is  entirely  composed  of 
quartzite  and  slate.  A sample  taken  at  the  discovery  shaft 
showed  in  the  assay  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  silver  per  ton. 

VICTOR. 

This  claim  lies  east  of  the  Ren  Rice,  about  four  miles  north- 
east of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  February,  1912. 
There  is  one  shaft  40  feet  deep  and  timbered.  The  vein  at  this 
point,  consisting  of  yellowish  stained  quartz,  strikes  North  15° 
West  and  dips  70°  to  the  Southwest.  Nearby  are  several  open 
cuts.  The  discovery  shaft,  situated  100  feet  from  the  north 
end  of  the  claim,  is  8 feet  deep  and  shows  a vein  striking  North 
15°  West  and  dipping  75°  Southwest.  The  country  rock  is 
quartzite.  A short  distance  away  is  a tunnel  10  feet  long.  An 
average  sample  taken  here  showed  upon  assaying  0.01  oz.  of 
gold  and  0.50  oz.  of  silver  per  ton. 

SAINT  PAUL. 

The  Saint  Paul  joins  the  Victor  and  lies  about  four  miles 
northeast  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1912.  The 
10-foot  discovery  shaft  is  situated  300  feet  from  the  south  end  of 
the  claim.  Twenty  feet  away  an  open  cut  has  been  made.  The 
country  rock  is  quartzite.  The  vein,  which  is  the  same  as  that 
on  the  Victor  claim,  strikes  North  20°  West  and  dips  75° 
Southwest.  It  consists  of  one  foot  of  solid  quartz  and  four 
inches  of  crushed  wall  rock.  An  average  sample  taken  here 
showed  in  the  assay  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of  silver  per 
ton. 

JAY  BIRD. 

This  claim  lies  on  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain, 
three  miles  from  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  August, 


Covada  Mining  District 


73 


1904,  and  is  owned  by  Ira  B.  Gifford  of  Inchelium.  It  joins  the 
Rattlesnake  claim  on  the  north  end  in  Section  25.  A tunnel  has 
been  driven  along  the  vein  South  36°  East,  a distance  of  20 
feet.  The  vein,  composed  of  quartz,  is  four  inches  thick,  strikes 
north  and  south,  and  dips  70°  West.  This  claim  is  one  of  a 
group  and  the  assessment  work  has  been  largely  done  on  an- 
other claim. 

SAINT  PAUL. 

Saint  Paul  claim  lies  on  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake  Moun- 
tain, about  two  miles  northeast  of  Covada  postoffice,  on  Theo- 
dore Berjue’s  farm.  It  was  located  in  May,  1911.  The  dis- 
covery shaft  is  100  feet  south  from  the  north  end- line.  It  has 
been  sunk  10  feet  in  quartzite  on  a well-defined  eight-inch  quartz 
vein,  which  strikes  North  55°  East  and  dips  75°  Southeast. 
Galena  and  pyrite  are  scattered  through  it.  About  one  foot 
of  the  wall  rock  is  well  mineralized. 

LAUREL. 

The  Laurel  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake 
Mountain.  The  discovery  is  a small  open  cut  in  limestone  and 
quartzite.  No  very  well  defined  vein  was  seen,  although  an  ir- 
regular seam  of  quartz  extends  in  various  directions  through  it. 
The  formation  strikes  North  10°  West  and  dips  60°  Northeast. 

RATTLER. 

This  claim  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake  Moun- 
tain. The  discovery  tunnel  starts  200  feet  from  the  north 
center  end-line  and  extends  South  25°  West  for  95  feet.  At 
the  face  there  is  a vein  of  much  crushed  quartz,  almost  three 
feet  wide.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite.  The  assay  of  an 
average  sample  taken  here  shows  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz. 
of  silver  per  ton.  The  south  end  of  the  claim  extends  up  the 
mountain  side. 

ALGONKIAN. 

This  claim  lies  on  a flat,  well-timbered  area,  one-half  mile 
northwest  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain  and  about  two  and  one-half 
miles  northeast  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  1911 
and  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Anderson  of  Covada.  The 


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Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


discovery  shaft  lies  100  feet  west  of  the  east  end-line.  It  is 
eight  feet  deep  and  nearby  is  an  open  cut  or  trench.  The 
country  rock  is  quartzite.  The  vein,  which  is  about  six  inches 
thick,  strikes  east  and  west  and  dips  vertically.  The  assay  of 
an  average  sample  taken  from  the  discovery  claim  shows  0.06 
oz.  of  gold  and  8.20  oz.  of  silver  per  ton. 

STRAY  DOG  MINE. 

This  group  of  five  claims  lies  in  the  west  half  of  Section  27, 
Township  82  North,  Range  36  East,  two  miles  northwest  of 
Covada  postoffice.  It  is  owned  by  the  Stray  Dog  Mining  Com- 
pany. A long  crosscut  has  been  driven  into  the  hill  on  the  west 
side  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon.  Some  distance  in  from  the  mouth 
a vein  of  quartz  was  encountered  and  a drift  was  made  upon  it. 
This  vein  strikes  North  20°  East,  dips  75°  Northwest,  has  a 
width  of  six  inches,  and  contains  a considerable  amount  of  ga- 
lena and  pyrite.  A few  hundred  feet  farther  in  another  vein  was 
encountered  and  a drift  made  along  it.  The  vein  varies  from 
two  to  five  feet  in  width  and  contains  galena,  pyrite,  sphalerite 
and  a little  sylvanite.  The  vein  strikes  North  30°  East  and  dips 
80°  to  the  Northwest.  An  upper  crosscut  tunnel  has  been  driven 
and  the  two  are  connected  by  an  upraise.  The  country  rock  is 
granodiorite.  This  group  is  not  in  contest  and  the  investigation 
was  only  superficial. 

IMPERIAL. 

This  claim  was  located  in  1903  and  is  owned  by  Messrs. 
Messenger  and  Terpening  of  Covada.  It  lies  a little  over  two 
miles  northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  A tunnel  has  been  opened 
west  of  the  west  end-line  and  extends  South  75°  East  as  a cross- 
cut for  204  feet.  Forty  feet  from  the  face  there  is  a vein  three 
inches  wide,  trending  north  and  south  and  dipping  vertically. 
The  vein  towards  which  the  tunnel  is  being  run  is  estimated  to 
be  30  feet  from  the  face.  The  rock  is  granodiorite.  This  claim 
is  not  in  contest. 

CAPTAIN. 

The  Captain  claim  was  formerly  known  as  the  Gold  Cup.  It 
lies  just  west  of  Stray  Dog  Canyon  in  the  northwest  quarter 


Covada  Minim g District 


75 


of  Section  27,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  was 
located  as  the  Captain  in  January,  1912.  A tunnel  has  been 
driven  as  a crosscut  North  45°  West  a distance  of  40  feet 
through  granodiorite.  At  the  face  a vein  of  calcite  occurs, 
much  twisted  and  broken.  Twenty  feet  above  a slope  has  been 
sunk  on  a vein  striking  east  and  west  and  dipping  45°  to  the 
South.  It  is  six  feet  wide  and  a jumbled  mass  of  calcite  and 
country  rock.  This  claim  in  not  in  contest. 

WHITE  ROSE. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  3, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  nearly  three  miles  north- 
west of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  near  the  center  of  the 
claim,  in  quartzite,  but  close  to  the  contact  with  the  granodio- 
rite. Eight  feet  away  from  the  discovery  there  is  a shaft  60 
feet  deep  and  a 20-foot  drift  extends  east  from  it.  The  vein 
strikes  North  20°  East  and  dips  vertically. 

DIXIE  QUEEN. 

This  claim  lies  just  southwest  of  the  New  York  claim,  in  Sec- 
tion 33,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  The  discovery 
shaft  is  located  700  feet  from  the  north  end  in  quartzite.  It 
exposes  a quartz  vein  two  feet  wide,  striking  North  20°  East 
and  dipping  nearly  vertically.  A short  distance  west  is  an- 
other small  shaft  10  feet  deep. 

RESERVE. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  32, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  three  miles  due  west 
of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  March,  1905,  and  is  now 
owned  by  Mr.  L.  G.  Curry  of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft, 
which  is  100  feet  from  the  north  end,  is  48  feet  deep  and  at  the 
bottom  a drift  has  been  run  a distance  of  75  feet.  The  country 
rock  is  quartzite.  The  vein  consists  of  seven  feet  of  crushed 
country  rock  and  three  feet  of  white  quartz,  containing  galena 
and  pyrite.  It  strikes  North  45°  East  and  dips  to  the  north- 
west. About  half  way  between  the  end  lines  on  the  west  side  is  a 
ledge  of  solid  white  quartz  dipping  45°  West.  An  average 


76 


Bulletin  No.  16 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 


sample  from  the  discovery  shaft  shows,  in  the  assay,  0.04  oz.  of 
gold  and  7.80  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

RUBY. 

This  claim  lies  just  east  of  the  Reserve  and  is  a part  of  this 
group.  It  is  owned  by  Mr.  L.  G.  Curry  of  Covada.  The  12- 
foot  discovery  shaft  is  in  slaty  quartzite.  The  assessment  work 
for  the  claim  has  been  done  on  the  Reserve  claim. 

SANTA  CLAUS. 

The  Santa  Claus  claim  lies  just  west  of  the  Reserve  and  is  a 
part  of  the  same  group.  The  discovery  shaft  is  a slope  40  feet 
in  length  and  sunk  on  a quartz  vein  striking  North  20°  East  and 
dipping  50°  to  the  Northwest.  The  vein  is  about  three  feet 
thick. 

NEGLECTED. 

The  Neglected  claim  is  a part  of  the  Reserve  Group  and  joins 
the  northeast  end-line  of  the  Santa  Claus.  The  discovery  shaft 
is  20  feet  deep  and  is  in  quartzite.  The  vein  strikes  North  20° 
East  with  a vertical  dip.  It  is  about  eight  inches  wide  and  con- 
tains some  pyrite  and  galena.  The  assay  of  an  average  sample 
taken  here  shows  no  gold  and  only  a trace  of  silver. 

MONTANA. 

This  claim  lies  in  the  central  part  of  Section  28,  Township 
32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  is  now  owned  by  Messrs.  Fish 
and  Pea.  The  country  rock  is  granodiorite.  A shaft  has  been 
sunk  to  a depth  of  90  feet  and  from  the  foot  a drift  has  been 
run  to  the  east.  Twenty-five  feet  farther  east  a second  shaft 
has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  20  feet. 

ADMIRAL. 

The  Admiral  claim  is  situated  in  the  northeast  quarter  of 
Section  28,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  is  owned  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Hartwell  of  Covada.  At  the  discovery  a slope  has 
been  sunk  30  feet  on  a vein  eight  inches  thick.  Another  shaft 
some  distance  to  the  east  is  20  feet  deep.  The  country  rock 
is  granodiorite. 


Covada  Mining  District 


77 


SNOWSTORM. 

This  claim  was  formerly  known  as  the  White  Swan.  It  is 
situated  in  the  east  central  part  of  Section  28,  Township  32 
North,  Range  36  East,  about  two  and  one-half  miles  northwest 
of  Covada  postoffice.  It  was  located  in  April,  1912,  and  is  now 
owned  by  Messrs.  Sizemore  and  Mathews  of  Covada.  The  dis- 
covery shaft  is  500  feet  from  the  east  center  end  and  has  been 
sunk  10  feet  in  the  granodiorite.  The  vein  is  very  narrow, 
strikes  North  80°  East  and  dips  65°  to  the  Southeast.  Fifty 
feet  west  of  the  discovery  is  a shaft  15  feet  deep.  Here  the 
vein  strikes  North  80°  East  and  dips  45°  Southeast.  The 
assay  of  a sample  taken  here  shows  a trace  of  gold  and  0.30  oz. 
of  silver  to  the  ton.  Some  distance  from  here  a crosscut  tun- 
nel has  been  driven  600  feet  to  the  vein  and  a drift  of  100  feet 
made  along  the  vein.  From  here  both  a winze  and  upraise  have 
been  made,  the  latter  to  the  surface.  The  vein  strikes  North 
30°  East,  and  dips  70°  to  the  Northwest.  The  country  rock 
is  granodiorite. 

TRUAX. 

The  Truax  claim  lies  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Section  22, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  two  and  one-half 
miles  from  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  owned  by  Mr.  M.  H.  O’Con- 
nell of  Covada.  The  discovery  shaft  lies  in  the  center  of  the 
claim.  There  are  two  veins  here  lying  close  together  which  have 
been  exposed  in  a series  of  open  cuts.  The  country  rock  is 
granodiorite,  into  which  a crosscut  tunnel  has  been  driven  South 
25°  East  a distance  of  143  feet  to  tap  the  vein. 

DEAD  SHOT. 

This  claim  belongs  to  the  Golden  Treasure  Company  and  is 
situated  about  two  miles  northwest  of  Covada.  There  are  two 
veins  on  the  claim.  On  one  of  these  a tunnel  has  been  driven  a 
distance  of  20  feet  along  what  is  supposed  to  be  an  extension  of 
the  Black  Thorn  vein.  The  other  vein  trends  North  15°  East 
through  the  granodiorite  and  has  a width  of  one  foot. 


78 


Bulletin  No.  16,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


JULIET. 

This  claim  was  formerly  known  as  the  Little  Tom,  but  was 
relocated  by  George  Eves  as  the  Juliet.  It  lies  about  two  miles 
northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  shaft  is  about 
eight  feet  deep  and  exposes  two  intersecting  veins  of  quartz 
carrying  considerable  antimony.  The  assay  of  a sample  taken 
here  shows  0.02  oz.  of  gold  and  3.40  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 
Four  other  openings  have  been  made. 

NEW  YORK. 

The  claim  lies  in  the  north  central  part  of  Section  23,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  two  and  one-half  miles 
northwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  country  rock  is  granodio- 
rite.  One  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  40  feet  on  a vein 
of  quartz  one  foot  wide  and  carrying  galena,  pyrite  and  a few 
specks  of  ruby  silver.  A building  has  been  erected  over  the 
mouth  of  the  shaft,  and  an  engine  for  hoisting  installed.  Five 
hundred  feet  away  a second  shaft  has  been  sunk,  but  is  now 
filled  with  water.  It  is  said  to  be  60  feet  deep.  The  claim  is 
not  in  contest. 

RED  CHIEF. 

This  claim  is  situated  in  the  west  central  portion  of  Section 
34,  Township  32  North,  Range  36  East,  about  two  miles  north- 
west of  Covada  postoffice.  The  discovery  shaft,  which  lies  in 
the  middle  of  the  claim,  has  been  sunk  on  the  vein  to  a depth  of 
25  feet.  The  vein  strikes  North  50°  East,  dips  60°  Southeast 
and  is  four  feet  wide;  16  inches  of  this  is  solid  white  quartz  and 
the  remainder  crushed  wall  rock  mineralized  with  pyrite  and  ga- 
lena. The  country  rock  is  granodiorite,  although  the  quartzite 
contact  is  not  far  away.  There  are  two  smaller  shafts  on  the 
claim  and  one  tunnel  which  has  been  driven  as  a crosscut  South 
50°  West,  a distance  of  25  feet. 

VERNIE. 

The  Vernie  claim  lies  in  the  center  of  Section  34,  Township 
32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  was  located  in  1899  by  H.  Gar- 
rett and  W.  A.  Pea.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite,  but  it  lies 
near  the  granodiorite  contact.  One  tunnel  has  been  driven 


Covada  Mining  District 


79 


South  65°  West  a distance  of  50  feet  on  a vein  dipping  60° 
Southeast,  and  having  a width  of  four  feet.  In  places  the  quartz 
is  impregnated  with  pyrite,  galena  and  sphalerite.  Seventy- 
five  feet  west  of  the  tunnel  is  located  the  discovery  shaft,  10 
feet  deep.  Three  hundred  feet  from  the  tunnel  is  another  shaft 
about  40  feet  deep. 

GRAND  VIEW. 

This  claim  lies  in  Section  3,  Township  31  North,  Range  36 
East,  about  two  miles  due  west  of  Covada  postoffice.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Silver  Queen  Group,  and  is  owned  by  Mr.  J.  C. 
Seaman  of  Covada.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite  and  slate.  A 
shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  80  feet  and  at  the  30-foot 
level  a drift  has  been  driven  south  10  feet.  The  vein  strikes 
North  40°  East,  dips  70°  Southeast  and  has  a width  of  about 
four  feet.  The  gangue  is  quartz  with  some  galena  and  a little 
sylvanite.  The  claim  is  not  in  contest. 

LAURA  S. 

This  claim  was  located  March  1,  1913,  and  is  now  owned  by 
Mr.  H.  A.  Pea  and  E.  J.  Sparling.  It  lies  about  two  miles  west 
of  Covada  postoffice.  The  claim  was  formerly  known  as  the 
Ada.  The  discovery  shaft  is  800  feet  from  the  east  end-line  and 
has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  40  feet  in  quartzite.  It  was  filled 
with  water  at  the  time  of  examination,  but  the  ore  lying  on  the 
dump  at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft  was  quartz  containing  galena, 
pyrite  and  many  small  particles  of  sylvanite. 

DEWEY. 

This  claim  was  located  in  January,  1911,  and  is  owned  by 
Mr.  J.  Seaman  of  Covada.  It  is  situated  about  one  and  one- 
half  miles  southwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  country  rock  is 
quartzite  and  slate  cut  in  places  by  a dike  of  andesite.  The 
discovery  tunnel  is  800  feet  from  the  north  end-line  of  the 
claim  and  extends  into  the  hill  South  60°  West  a distance  of 
25  feet.  The  vein  is  about  eight  inches  wide  and  lies  nearly 
flat,  but  is  probably  not  in  place.  A tunnel  just  above  Mr. 
Seaman’s  house  in  the  same  draw  extends  into  the  hill  North 


80 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


60°  West  a distance  of  100  feet,  but  is  in  gravel  and  sand  the 
entire  distance.  An  average  sample  from  the  discovery  tunnel 
upon  assaying  shows  no  gold  and  a trace  of  silver  per  ton. 

SYRACUSE. 

The  Syracuse  claim  lies  on  Reister  Mountain  about  two  miles 
southwest  of  Covada  postoffice.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite 
and  slate.  A 30-foot  discovery  shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the 
vein,  which  is  six  feet  wide  and  consists  of  crushed  country 
rock  containing  quartz.  It  strikes  North  30°  East  and  dips  60° 
Northeast.  The  assay  of  an  average  sample  taken  here  shows 
a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton.  Near  the 
end  of  Reister  Mountain  a dike  of  andesite  outcrops,  striking 
north  and  south  and  having  a width  of  20  feet. 

PERRY. 

The  Perry  claim  is  situated  about  one  mile  northeast  of 
Covada  postoffice  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  36,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  36  East.  It  is  now  owned  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Hartwell  of  Covada.  The  claim  extends  north  and 
south.  A slope  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  42  feet  on  an 
east-west  vein,  supposed  to  be  a continuation  of  the  Toga.  It 
extends  down  to  the  north  at  an  angle  of  45°.  The  vein  is  four 
feet  wide  and  consists  of  white  quartz,  well  mineralized.  The 
assay  of  an  average  sample  taken  here  shows  neither  gold  nor 
silver.  Twenty-five  feet  to  the  north  is  an  open  cut  on  the 
north-south  vein  upon  which  the  claim  is  located.  It  is  rich  in 
antimony  and  resembles  that  on  the  Longstreet  vein.  The 
quartzite  contact  lies  nearby.  One  hundred  feet  north  there 
is  a 10-foot  tunnel.  Three  hundred  feet  farther  north  on  the 
hill  slope  is  another  open  cut  in  quartzite.  It  seems  to  be  a zone 
of  mineralized  country  rock  adjacent  to  the  contact.  Twenty- 
five  feet  north  of  this  cut  is  a 10-foot  tunnel  run  as  a crosscut 
to  this  mineralized  zone.  Several  other  open  cuts  have  been 
made  at  intervals. 

SILVER  LEAF. 

There  are  several  claims  in  this  group.  They  are  not  in 
contest  and  only  a hasty  examination  was  made.  The  Silver 


Covada  Mining  District 


81 


Leaf  lies  on  the  south  side  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain  in  Section 
30,  Township  32  North,  Range  37  East,  about  two  miles  north- 
east of  Covada.  It  is  owned  by  the  Silver  Leaf  Mining  Com- 
pany of  Covada.  A tunnel  has  been  driven  in  a distance  of 
242  feet  through  quartzite  to  the  face.  Some  distance  to  the 
west  a large  opening  has  been  made  in  the  side  of  the  mountain. 
The  country  rock  is  quartzite  and  highly  silicified.  One  zone 
is  mineralized  with  quartz,  galena  and  sphalerite.  It  is  said 
to  assay  high  in  silver.  The  vein  as  well  as  formation  strikes 
north  and  south  with  vertical  dip.  At  the  bottom  of  the  glory 
hole  a shaft  has  been  sunk  30  feet  on  the  vein.  Near  the  base 
of  the  shaft  the  vein  is  locally  cut  by  a fault.  Sphalerite  is 
abundant.  The  tunnel  on  this  claim  is  350  feet  north  of  the 
south  center  end-line. 

BUFFALO. 

The  Buffalo  claim  lies  on  the  slope  of  Columbia  River  east 
of  the  Ivanhoe  Group.  It  is  owned  by  Mr.  Thompson  of 
Covada.  Two  ledges  are  found  in  the  slaty  schist  and  cal- 
careous quartzite  of  the  claim.  The  discovery  is  close  to  the 
river  on  a vein  striking  North  80°  West  and  dipping  45°  to 
the  Northeast,  and  having  a width  of  two  feet.  The  assay  of 
an  average  sample  taken  here  shows  a trace  of  gold  and  0.20  oz. 
of  silver  to  the  ton. 

ROSARIO. 

The  Rosario  lies  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  31,  Town- 
ship 32  North,  Range  37  East,  a little  over  one  mile  northeast 
of  Covada  postoffice.  It  is  owned  by  Mir.  George  Terpening 
of  Covada.  At  the  discovery  a crosscut  tunnel  has  been  driven 
North  70°  West  a distance  of  320  feet.  Farther  north  on  the 
claim  another  tunnel  has  been  driven  in  North  60°  West  a dis- 
tance of  50  feet  on  a zone  of  crushed  and  mineralized  country 
rock. 

GUIN  MINE. 

This  property  consists  of  ten  claims  located  in  Section  11, 
Township  32  North,  Range  36  East.  They  are  the  Guin,  Sun- 
nyside,  Homestead,  Wizard,  Big  Pet,  Missing  Link,  Hall 


MAP  Of  MINING  CLAIMS 

OF 


ITia.  3.  Map  showing  mining  claims  snd  underground  workings  of  the  Ouln  Mine. 


Covada  Mining  District 


83 


Creek,  Galena,  Iron  Cap  and  B.  C.  Fraction.  Considerable 
development  work  has  been  done  on  this  property  and  chiefly 
on  the  Wizard  and  Guin  claims.  A crosscut  tunnel  starts  near 
the  west  center  end-line  of  the  Wizard  claim  and  extends  a 
distance  of  800  feet  into  the  Guin  claim.  Four  hundred  feet 
from  the  mouth  a vein  was  encountered  striking  North  10° 
East  and  dipping  20°  to  the  Southeast.  Drifts  have  been  made 
to  the  left  and  right.  On  the  right-hand  drift  a slope  has 
been  sunk  on  the  vein  a distance  of  180  feet  on  a 45°  slope.  The 
vein  in  the  bottom  is  about  10  feet  wide  and  consists  of  white 
quartz.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite.  Assays  of  two  average 
samples  taken  here  showed  in  one  case  0.08  oz.  of  gold  and 
34.50  oz.  of  silver;  and  in  the  other  0.07  oz.  of  gold  and  25.50 
oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton. 

On  the  Guin  claim  a shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  vein  to  a depth 
of  150  feet.  There  are  250  feet  of  workings  on  the  130-foot 
level,  250  feet  on  the  150-foot  level  and  100  feet  on  the  100-foot 
level.  The  vein  is  six  feet  wide  on  the  100-foot  level. 

On  the  Missing  Link  a quartz  vein  outcrops  in  quartzite  and 
upon  it  a 10-foot  shaft  has  been  sunk.  On  the  Galena  claim  a 
shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a depth  of  17  feet  on  a quartz  vein 
three  feet  wide.  It  is  well  mineralized  with  galena  and  pyrite. 
There  are  also  two  tunnels  100  and  150  feet  in  length  driven 
as  crosscuts  to  the  vein.  Open  cuts  and  short  tunnels  have 
been  opened  on  the  other  claims,  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
assessment  work  for  the  group  has  been  performed  on  the  Wiz- 
ard and  Guin  claims.  At  the  time  of  the  examination  two  shifts 
of  men  were  working  on  the  vein  in  the  slope. 

BIG  CHIEF  GROUP. 

The  Big  Chief  Group  consists  of  six  claims  situated  west  and 
northwest  of  Covada  Lake  in  Section  35,  Township  32  North, 
Range  36  East.  They  are  the  Ripsaw,  Jennie  C.,  Little  Pet, 
Apex,  Carbonate  Chief  and  Legal  Tender.  The  group  was 
formerly  known  as  the  Apex.  It  was  located  in  1898  by  Edgar 
Balling  and  is  now  owned  by  the  Big  Chief  Mining  Company, 
of  which  J.  C.  Harcleroad  of  Spokane  is  president.  This  group 


84 


Bulletin  No.  16 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


is  not  in  contest  and  because  of  insufficient  time  no  extensive  in- 
vestigation of  the  properties  was  undertaken.  Several  long 
crosscut  tunnels  have  been  driven  in  the  quartzite  to  the  vein.  In 
addition,  shafts  have  been  sunk  from  which  at  different  levels 
drifts  have  been  driven  on  the  veins.  A considerable  amount  of 
development  work  has  since  been  done  on  this  property. 

METEOR  GROUP. 

The  Meteor  Group  of  claims  are  situated  about  three  miles 
due  west  of  Covada  postoffice  in  Section  33,  Township  32  North, 
Range  36  East.  There  are  four  claims  altogether,  viz.,  the 
Peoria,  Ohio  Fraction,  Meteor  and  Comet.  These  were  located 
in  1900  by  Edgar  Balling  and  are  now  owned  by  the  Meteor 
Mining  Company,  of  which  W.  A.  Halteman  of  Spokane  is 
manager.  A large  amount  of  development  work  has  been  done 
but  as  the  group  is  not  in  contest  no  extensive  examination  was 
made.  One  long  tunnel  has  been  driven  on  the  Meteor  claim  on 
a quartz  vein  over  three  feet  wide.  This  has  been  drifted  upon 
and  stoping  has  been  carried  upwards  for  some  distance  toward 
the  surface.  The  country  rock  is  quartzite.  On  the  surface 
several  openings  have  been  made  and  a deep  shaft  sunk  with 
considerable  drifting  at  different  levels. 

Other  properties  in  this  district  upon  which  a considerable 
amount  of  work  has  been  done,  but  which  were  not  visited,  are 
the  Cold  Springs  Group,  the  Orion  Group,  the  Southern  Cross 
and  the  Steinger  Groups.  None  of  these  are  in  contest  and  two 
of  them  are  patented. 


INDEX 


Page 

Acknowledgments  7 

Admiral  Mine  76 

Advance  Mining  Co 44 

Algonkian  Mine  73 

Andesite  dikes  27 

Aplite  26 

Bancroft,  Howland,  Report  by 12 

Big  Bug  Mine 62 

Big  Chief  Group 83 

Big  Joker  Mine 55 

Black  Hawk  Mine 64 

Black  Tail  Mine 51 

Black  Thorn  Mine 70 

Blue  Bird  Mine 48 

Buffalo  Mine 81 

Butterfly  Mine  52 

Calcite  38 

Captain  Mine  74 

Chalcopyrite  39 

Chance  Mine  60 

Character  of  the  ore  bodies 35 

Cherokee  Strip  Mine 65 

Climate  16 

Colorado  No.  1 Mine 63 

Colorado  No.  2 Mine 63 

Covada  formation  21 

Dan  Patch  Mine 71 

Dead  Shot  Mine 77 

Dewey  Mine  79 

Distribution  of  the  ore  bodies 35 

Dixie  Queen  Mine 75 

Drainage  l 14 

Drummond  Mine  59 

Economic  geology  33 

Etta  Mine  68 

Galena  39 

Genesis  of  the  ores 40 

Geological  History  30 

Glaciation  16 

Gold  40 

Good  Ore  Mine 69 

Grand  View  Mine 79 

Granodiorite  porphyry  27 

Greasy  Run  Mine 50 

Great  Scott  Mine 72 

Guin  Mine  81 

History  of  mining 33 

Hodges,  L.  K.,  Report  by 10 

Tdora  Mine  59 

Imperial  Mine  74 

1.  X.  L.  Mine 53 


86 


Index 


Page 

Joker  Mine  64 

Juliet  Mine  78 

Kentucky  Bell  Mine 55 

Keystone  Mine  70 

King  Fraction  Mine 67 

King  Solomon  Mine 49 

Lakeview  Fraction  Mine 47 

Landes,  Henry,  Report  by 11 

Laura  S.  Mine 79 

Laurel  Mine  73 

Legal  Tender  Mine 62 

Limonite  39 

Literature  10 

Little  Jay  Mine 65 

Lone  Pine  Mine 62 

Longstreet  Mine  67 

Lyon,  D.  A.,  Report  by 11 

Mathews,  G.  A.,  Report  by 11 

Mayflower  Mine  47 

Metaline  District  12 

Meteor  granodiorite 23 

Meteor  Group  84 

Mineralogy  38 

Mining  World,  Report  in 11 

Molybdenite  40 

Montana  Mine  76 

Neglected  Mine  76 

New  York  Mine 78 

Northern  Light  Mine 65 

Ohio  Mine  59 

Okanogan  Highlands 14 

Old  Nell  Mine 54 

Oom  Paul  Mine 67 

Perry  Mine  . 80 

Physiography  14 

Pilgrim  Mine  48 

Plymouth  Rock  Mine 48 

Polaris  Mine  54 

Pyrargyrite  40 

Pyrite  39 

Pyroxenite  28 

Quandary  Mine  49 

Quartz  38 

Quaternary  29 

Rattler  Mine  73 

Red  Chief  Mine 78 

Reliance  Mine  61 

Ren  Rice  Mine 71 

Republic  District  12 

Reserve  Mine  75 

Robert  E.  Lee  Mine 66 

Rosario  Mine  81 

Royal  Ann  No.  1 Mine 60 

Royal  Ann  No.  2 Mine 61 

Royal  Ann  No.  3 Mine 61 

Ruby  Mine  76 

Saint  Patrick  Mine 68 

Saint  Paul  Mine 72 


Index 


87 


f Page 

Saint  Paul  Mine 73 

Several  Mine  70 

Several  Fraction  Mine 69 

Shape  of  veins 36 

Shipment  of  the  ores 34 

Shoo  Fly  Mine 66 

Silver  Crown  No.  1 Mine 57 

Silver  Crown  No.  2 Mine 57 

Silver  Crown  No.  3 Mine 57 

Silver  Dollar  Mine 56 

Silver  Leaf  Mine 80 

Silver  Plume  Mine 50 

Silver  Plume  Mine 62 

Silver  Spar  Mine 62 

Silver  Spar  Mine 69 

Snowstorm  Mine  77 

Silver  40 

Sphalerite  40 

Stibnite  39 

Stray  Dog  Mine 74 

Strike  and  pitch  of  veins 36 

Structure  29 

Summit  Mine  56 

Sunset  Mine  53 

Sunshine  Mine  52 

Sylvanite  40 

Syndicate  Mine  71 

Syracuse  Mine  80 

Three  Pines  Mine 56 

Thyng,  Wm.  S.,  Report  by 11 

Truax  Mine  77 

Topography  14 

Treatment  of  the  ores 34 

Umpleby,  J.  B.,  Report  by 12 

Vegetation  17 

Vernie  Mine  78 

Victor  Mine  72 

White  Rose  Mine 75 

White  Tail  Mine 51 


PUBLICATIONS 

OP  THE 

WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Volume  1. — Annual  Report  for  1901.  Part  1,  Creation  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  and  An  Outline  of  the  Geology  of  Washington,  by 
Henry  Landes;  part  2,  The  Metalliferous  Resources  of  Washington,  Ex- 
cept Iron,  by  Henry  Landes,  William  S.  Thyng,  D.  A.  Lyon  and  Milnor 
Roberts;  part  3,  The  Non-Metalliferous  Resources  of  Washington,  Ex- 
cept Coal,  by  Henry  Landes;  part  4,  The  Iron  Ores  of  Washington,  by 
S.  Shedd,  and  the  Coal  Deposits  of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes;  part 
5,  The  Water  Resources  of  Washington,  by  H.  G.  Byers,  C.  A.  Ruddy 
and  R.  E.  Heine;  part  6,  Bibliography  of  the  Literature  Referring  to 
the  Geology  of  Washington,  by  Ralph  Arnold.  Out  of  print. 

Volume  2. — Annual  Report  for  1902.  Part  1,  The  Building  and  Or- 
namental Stones  of  Washington,  by  S.  Shedd;  part  2,  The  Coal  De- 
posits of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes  and  C.  A.  Ruddy.  Postage  20 
cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  1. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  Republic  Mining  District, 
by  Joseph  B.  Umpleby.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  35  cents.  Address, 
State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  2. — The  Road  Materials  of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes. 
Bound  in  cloth;  price,  60  cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia, 
Washington. 

Bulletin  3. — The  Coal  Fields  of  King  County,  by  Geo.  W.  Evans. 
Bound  in  cloth;  price,  75  cents.  Address  State  Librarian,  Olympia, 
Washington. 

Bulletin  4. — The  Cement  Materials  of  Washington,  by  S.  Shedd  and 
A.  A.  Hammer.  In  preparation. 

Bulletin  5. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Myers  Creek  and  Oro- 
ville-Nighthawk  Districts,  by  Joseph  B.  Umpleby.  Bound  in  cloth; 
price,  50  cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  6. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Blewett  Mining  Dis- 
trict, by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  50  cents.  Address, 
State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  7. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Index  Mining  District, 
by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  50  cents.  Address,  State 
Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  8. — Glaciation  of  the  Puget  Sound  Region,  by  J.  Harlen 
Bretz.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  60  cents.  Paper  cover;  price,  35  cents. 
Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  9. — The  Coal  Fields  of  Kittitas  County,  by  E.  J.  Saunders. 
In  preparation. 

Bulletin  10. — The  Coal  Fields  of  Pierce  County,  by  Joseph  Daniels. 
In  preparation. 

Bulletin  11. — The  Mineral  Resources  of  Washington,  with  statistics 
for  1912,  by  Henry  Landes.  In  preparation. 

Bulletin  12. — Bibliography  of  Washington  Geology  and  Geography, 
by  Gretchen  O’Donnell.  Paper  cover;  price,  25  cents.  Address,  State 
Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  13. — A Preliminary  Report  on  the  Tertiary  Formation  of 
Western  Washington,  by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  In  preparation. 


Bulletin  14. — The  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project,  by  Henry  Landes, 
A.  W.  Mangum,  H.  K.  Benson,  E.  J.  Saunders,  and  Joseph  Jacobs. 
Paper  cover;  price,  20  cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia, 
Washington. 

Bulletin  15. — A Preliminary  Report  on  the  Tertiary  Paleontology 
of  Western  Washington,  by  Chas.  E.  Weaver.  Paper  cover;  price, 
20  cents.  Address,  State  Librarian,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Bulletin  16. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Covada  Mining  Dis- 
trict, by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Paper  cover;  price,  25  cents.  Address, 
State  Librarian,  Olympia  Washington. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  IN  CO- 
OPERATION WITH  THE  WASHINGTON 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


(For  copies  of  these  publications  address  the  Director,  U.  S.  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.) 

Topographic  Maps  of  the  Following  Quadrangles:  Mount  Vernon, 

Quincy,  Winchester,  Moses  Lake,  Beverly,  Red  Rock  and  Cedar  Lake. 
Price,  10  cents  each. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  253:  Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range, 
Part  I,  Southern  Washington. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  313:  Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range, 

Part  II.  Cowlitz,  Nisqually,  Puyallup,  White,  Green,  and  Cedar  Drain- 
age Basins. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  . . . : Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range, 

Part  III.  In  preparation. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  272:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the  United 

States,  1909.  Part  XII,  North  Pacific  Coast. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  292:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the  United 

States,  1910,  Part  XII,  North  Pacific  Coast. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  312,  1911.  In  preparation. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  332,  1912.  In  preparation. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  IN  CO-OPERATION  WITH  THE 
WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


(For  copies  of  these  publications  address  one  of  the  members  of 
congress  from  Washington.) 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Eastern  Part  of  the  Puget  Sound 
Basin. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Western  and  Southern  Parts  of 
the  Puget  Sound  Basin. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  Southwestern  Washington. 
Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Quincy  Area. 


WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


HENRY  LANDES,  State  Geologist 


NHVERSiTr  gf  hums  utiuinr 

BULLETIN  ISTo.  17 


Mr  a 


4 1919 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of 
Washington 


By  HENRY  LANDES 


OLYMPIA 

FRANK  M.  LAMBORX  PUBLIC  PRINTER 

1917 


55y 

wzit 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Governor  Ernest  Lister,  Chairman. 
Lieutenant  Governor  Louis  F.  Hart. 

State  Treasurer  W.  W.  Sherman,  Secretary. 
President  Henry  Suzzaelo. 

President  Ernest  O.  Holland. 


Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Governor  Ernest  Lister , Chairman , and  Members  of  the  Board 
of  Geological  Survey: 

Gentlemen  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a report 

entitled  “A  Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington,”  with  the 
recommendation  that  it  be  printed  as  Bulletin  No.  17  of  the 
Survey  reports. 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Landes, 

State  Geologist. 

University  Station,  Seattle,  December  1,  1917. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page 

CHAPTER  I.  General  Information 7 

Location  and  Area 7 

Topography  8 

Olympic  Mountains  8 

Willapa  Hills 9 

Puget  Sound  Basin 10 

Cascade  Mountains  11 

Okanogan  Highlands 13 

Columbia  Plateau 13 

Blue  Mountains  15 

Selkirk  Mountains 15 

Climate  16 

Temperature 16 

Rainfall  19 

United  States  Weather  Bureau  Stations 38 

Drainage  38 

Stream  Gaging  Stations 42 

Gradient  of  Columbia  River 44 

Summary  of  Discharge  Records  of  Certain  Rivers  of  Washington  45 

Forests 46 

National  Forests  of  Washington 48 

Settlement,  by  Victor  Farrar 51 

CHAPTER  II.  Gazetteer 60 

List  of  reference  maps 307 

CHAPTER  III.  Table  of  Altitudes 310 

CHAPTER  IV.  Latitude  and  Longitude  of  Various  Places  in 

Washington 343 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing 


Plates.  Page 

I.  A relief  map  of  Washington,  indicating  the  major  topo- 
graphic provinces 8 

II.  The  locations  of  the  principal  Weather  Bureau  Stations  of 

the  state  16 

III.  Belts  of  rainfall,  giving  the  annual  precipitation  in  inches. . 21 

IV.  The  amount  of  precipitation,  by  months,  at  certain  Weather 

Bureau  Stations  22 

V.  The  locations  of  gaging  stations  maintained  on  the  streams 

of  the  state 40 

VI.  An  isogonic  chart,  indicating  the  eastern  deflection  of  the 
needle  in  various  parts  of  the  state  at  the  present  time 
(1917)  51 

VII.  Number  and  percentage  of  foreign  born  population,  with 

countries  arranged  in  order 53 

VIII.  Number  and  percentage  of  native  horn  population,  outside 

of  Washington,  with  states  arranged  in  order 55 

IX.  The  areas  in  square  miles  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  in 

order  of  size 57 

X.  The  population  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  in  order,  with 

the  population  per  square  mile 59 


CHAPTER  I.  GENERAL  INFORMATION. 

LOCATION  AND  AREA. 

The  State  of  Washington  is  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
United  States,  the  Dominion  of  Canada  forming  its  northern 
boundary  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  washing  its  western  shore.  It 
is  one  of  the  five  states  which  lie  adjacent  to  the  49th  parallel 
and  one  of  the  three  which  front  on  our  greatest  ocean.  The 
47th  parallel,  near  which  Olympia,  the  capital,  is  located,  also 
passes  through,  or  near,  Duluth,  Quebec,  Bern  in  Switzerland, 
and  Odessa  on  the  Black  Sea.  The  123d  meridian,  passing  a 
little  to  the  westward  of  Olympia,  is  midway  between  Eastport, 
on  the  eastern  margin  of  Maine,  and  the  islands  near  the  western 
end  of  the  Aleutian  chain. 

The  entire  area  of  Washington  amounts  to  69,127  square 
miles.  Of  this  total  66,836  square  miles  represent  the  land 
area  alone  and  2,291  square  miles  are  embraced  in  the  inland 
water  bodies.  Among  the  states  of  the  Union  Washington 
ranks  nineteenth  in  size,  and  is  situated  in  this  respect  between 
Georgia,  which  is  smaller,  and  Missouri,  which  is  slightly  larger. 
In  comparison  with  some  of  the  eastern  states,  Washington  is 
larger  in  area  than  all  of  the  New  England  states  combined, 
with  Delaware  added.  When  the  sizes  of  the  western  states  are 
considered  it  is  found  that  Washington  is  the  smallest  state 
west  of  Iowa.  It  may  be  noted  that  Texas  contains  approxi- 
mately 3.8  times,  California  2.3  times,  and  Montana  2 times  the 
area  of  Washington. 

In  outline  the  state  is  roughly  rectangular,  with  irregu- 
larities on  its  western  and  southwestern  borders,  where  it  has 
the  Pacific  and  the  Columbia  for  its  boundaries.  The  frontage 
of  the  state  on  Columbia  River  amounts  to  320  miles,  while  the 
irregular  coast  line  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  amounts  to  more  than 
2,000  miles. 

The  most  western  point  in  Washington  is  Cape  Alava,  a few 
miles  south  of  Cape  Flattery,  while  the  most  eastern  point  is  on 
the  Snake  River,  at  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  state.  From 


8 


Bulletin  Xo.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


south  to  north  the  state  extends  from  the  most  southern  bend  of 
the  Columbia,  near  Washougal,  to  the  49th  parallel.  From  east 
to  west  the  extreme  distance  across  the  state  is  approximately 
370  miles,  and  from  north  to  south  238  miles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  State  of  Washington  contains  within  it  segments  of 
several  of  the  major  topographic  divisions  that  are  to  be 
found  near  the  western  margin  of  the  American  Continent. 
These  topographic  divisions  or  forms  have  a north  and  south 
course  and  it  is  possible  for  several  of  them  to  be  included  in  any 
profile  drawn  across  the  state  from  east  to  west.  A traveler 
following  Columbia  River,  from  the  International  boundary  to 
the  sea,  may  observe  at  least  five  of  these  topographic  provinces, 
all  of  which  are  but  small  portions  of  larger  areas  which  extend 
far  to  the  northward  and  to  the  southward  of  the  state. 

Beginning  at  the  sea  coast  and  going  inland  the  larger  to- 
pographic divisions,  and  the  general  provinces  to  which  they 
belong,  are  as  follows : the  Olympic  Mountains  and  the  Willapa 
Hills,  which  are  a part  of  a comparatively  low  but  extended 
range  of  mountains  forming  a rampart  or  barrier  along  the  Pa- 
cific border  from  Lower  California  to  the  islands  of  British 
Columbia  and  Alaska;  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  a segment  of  a 
long  and  narrow  trough  which  is  more  or  less  continuous  from 
southern  California  to  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  Queen  Charlotte 
Sound ; the  Cascades,  a subdivision  of  a prominent  range  of 
mountains  that  are  practically  continuous  from  Mexico  to  Alas- 
ka ; the  Okanogan  Highlands,  Columbia  Plateau  and  Blue  Moun- 
tains, that  are  more  or  less  local  subdivisions  of  a great  interior 
basin  that  extends  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  continent ; and 
the  Selkirk  Mountains,  one  of  the  outliers  or  minor  divisions  of 
the  great  system  of  Rocky  Mountains  which  forms  the  backbone 
of  the  continent.  (See  Plate  I.) 

OLYMPIC  MOUNTAINS. 

The  Olympics  include  that  portion  of  Washington  north  of 
the  valley  of  Chehalis  River  and  west  of  Hood  Canal.  They  are 
composed  of  many  sharp  and  irregular  ridges  separated  by  deep 


ULLETIN  NO.  17 


Plate  I 


■ SHIN'01 


tj  Geological  Su 


A relief  map  of  Washington,  indicating  the  major  topographical  provinces.  Scale,  about  44  miles  to  the  inch. 


4 Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


9 


valleys,  some  of  which  are  canyon-like  in  character.  Surmount- 
ing the  ridges  are  occasional  peaks,  composed  of  harder  rocks, 
which  have  not  been  eroded  ^s  rapidly  as  other  portions  of  the 
surface.  The  highest  of  these  is  Mount  Olympus,  with  an  ele- 
vation of  8,150  feet.  Olympus  stands  but  little  above  several 
neighboring  peaks  and  is  therefore  not  a conspicuous  mountain. 
In  clear  weather  it  may  be  readily  observed  from  the  ocean  on 
the  west,  but  not  often  can  it  be  seen  from  any  other  quarter  ex- 
cept from  points  of  view  near  at  hand. 

The  Olympics  are  composed  almost  wholly  of  quartzites  and 
slates,  with  some  basic  eruptive  rocks  along  the  northern,  east- 
ern and  southern  margins.  No  granites  or  related  rocks  have 
been  found  in  place,  and  no  ore  bodies  of  commercial  importance 
are  known.  While  vulcanism  has  played  a small  part  in  the 
history  of  the  Olympics  there  are  no  volcanic  cones  found  any- 
where within  these  mountains.  In  their  topographic  origin  the 
Olympics  represent  a broad  undulating  plateau  which  from  a 
former  maximum  elevation  of  more  than  8,000  feet  has  been 
carved  or  dissected  into  the  present  plexus  of  peaks,  ridges, 
passes,  and  valleys  of  various  types.  The  fact  that  the  rivers 
have  worked  headwards  into  the  Olympics,  from  practically  all 
directions,  has  given  to  the  major  valleys  and  the  prominent 
divides  or  ridges  a radial  arrangement  which  is  well  marked. 

The  Olympics  are  bordered  on  the  north  by  a narrow  pied- 
mont plateau,  adjoining  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca;  on  the 
west  b}"  a series  of  foothills  and  ridges  which  gradually  decline 
in  elevation  from  the  high  mountain  mass  to  the  ocean  shore ; 
on  the  south  by  an  extensive  belt  of  north  and  south  ridges  which 
lead  to  the  Chehalis  valley,  while  on  the  east  the  Olympics  rise 
by  a bold  rampart  from  the  level  of  Hood  Canal,  with  scarcely  a 
trace  of  an  intermediate  or  piedmont  plateau. 

WILLAPA  HILLS. 

The  Willapa  Hills  represent  a gap  or  break  in  the  long 
profile  of  the  coastal  chain.  They  have  a maximum  elevation 
of  3,000  feet  and  are  therefore  distinctly  lower  than  the  Olym- 
pics on  the  north  and  have  a lower  elevation  than  the  mountains 


10 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


of  the  Oregon  coast  line,  south  of  the  Columbia.  The  Willapa 
Hills  are  sometimes  described  as  a part  of  the  Olympics  but  the 
two  areas  differ  widely  in  both  their  geologic  history  and  topo- 
graphic origin.  The  bed  rock  of  the  Willapa  Hills  is  composed 
almost  wholly  of  tertiary  sandstones  and  shales,  but  little  meta- 
morphosed, with  a considerable  quantity  of  basic  igneous  rocks. 
The  strata  have  been  folded  and  the  tilted  beds  now  stand  at 
varying  angles.  Erosion  has  produced  sharp  ridges  and  deep 
valleys,  the  topographic  features  representing  the  effects  of 
stream  action  when  applied  to  rocks  of  varying  degrees  of 
hardness. 

A radial  arrangement  of  the  rivers  and  valleys  is  in  some 
evidence  in  the  Willapa  Hills,  although  the  drainage  is  chiefly 
to  the  west  and  the  south.  The  hills  are  almost  everywhere  soil 
covered  and  in  no  instance  do  they  rise  above  timber  line.  The 
best  developed  river  system  is  that  of  the  Willapa  and  its  tribu- 
taries. Between  the  headwaters  of  the  Willapa  and  Chehalis 
rivers  there  are  several  low  divides,  two  of  which  are  crossed  by 
railways.  On  their  southern  margin  the  Willapa  Hills  rise 
from  the  Columbia  rather  abruptly  but  on  the  north  they  grad- 
ually merge  into  low  foothills  bordering  Chehalis  valley.  On 
the  east  they  rise  by  slow  degrees  from  the  general  level  of 
Puget  Sound  Basin  and  on  the  west  they  decline  until  they 
merge  into  a belt  of  low  sand  dunes  along  the  sea. 

PUGET  SOUND  BASIN. 

A prominent  trough  or  basin  crosses  the  state  from  north  to 
south,  located  at  the  western  foot  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
The  term  Puget  Sound  is  rightly  applied  only  to  certain  chan- 
nels and  inlets  of  the  sea  near  the  central  part  of  this  great 
trough,  but  for  want  of  a better  designation  the  name  Puget 
Sound  Basin  as  here  used  involves  all  of  the  great  valley  which 
reaches  from  the  Columbia  to  the  Canadian  boundary. 

In  general,  along  the  median  axis  of  the  great  trough,  the 
rolling  plains  rise  but  little  above  the  sea.  Occasionally  low 
rounded  hills  are  found  upon  the  plain,  but  they  are  more  or  less 
isolated  and  rarely  exceed  1,500  feet  in  height.  In  the  northern 


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and  central  sections  of  the  basin  the  surface  is  everywhere  drift 
covered  and  the  differences  in  elevation  are  but  slight.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  great  trough  the  area  was  not  glaciated 
and  the  irregularities  of  the  surface  are  more  conspicuous. 

In  its  origin  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  represents  a structural 
downwarp  or  trough  between  the  prominent  mountain  masses 
which  bound  it  on  both  the  east  and  west.  Subsequent  to  this 
deformation  a submergence  occurred  which  brought  about  an  in- 
cursion of  the  sea  and  a consequent  flooding  of  the  major  val- 
leys of  the  northern  and  central  parts  of  the  basin.  Immediately 
south  of  the  Canadian  line,  and  between  the  mountains  of  Van- 
couver Island  and  the  Cascades,  the  depression  was  profound 
enough  to  submerge  more  than  one-half  of  the  former  land  sur- 
face. The  deeper  valleys  of  the  earlier  surface  now  make  up  the 
various  ramifications  of  Washington  Sound  and  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia.  The  more  elevated  portions  of 
the  former  basin  surface  now  compose  the  piedmont  plains  ad- 
jacent to  the  sea  and  the  San  Juan  and  neighboring  islands. 

In  the  central  segment  of  the  basin,  or  in  the  Puget  Sound 
region  proper,  the  submergence  was  not  so  great  and  a smaller 
area  comparatively  passed  beneath  the  sea.  This  section  is 
characterized  by  many  channels,  canals  and  inlets,  with  inter- 
vening plain-like  surfaces  having  elevations  which  rarely  exceed 
500  feet.  On  the  west  the  transition  is  quickly  made  across  a 
narrow  plateau  from  the  basin  plains  to  the  Olympic  Mountains. 
On  the  east  the  change  is  more  gradual,  the  plains  merging 
into  low  hills  and  in  turn  into  the  outliers  of  the  Cascades. 

While  submergence  affected  the  southern  end  of  the  great 
trough  or  basin,  it  was  not  enough  to  bring  in  the  sea,  and  the 
topography  is  that  of  a gently  undulating  surface,  less  than  500 
feet  above  tide,  which  gradually  merges  into  the  Cascades  on 
the  east  and  by  slight  gradations  is  transformed  into  the 
Willapa  Hills  on  the  west. 

CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 

The  Cascades  represent  a segment  out  of  the  second  great 
mountain  barrier  which  parallels  the  Pacific  for  many  hundreds 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


12 


of  miles.  In  Washington  the  Cascades  trend  slightly  northeast 
and  southwest  across  the  state.  They  have  a width  of  about  60 
miles  at  the  Oregon  line  which  gradually  increases  to  120  miles 
at  the  Canadian  boundary.  On  their  eastern  margin  they 
change  by  easy  gradations  into  the  Okanogan  Highlands  at  the 
north  and  they  merge  into  the  Columbia  Plateau  at  the  south. 

The  axial  or  summit  line  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  is  very 
irregular  in  its  course,  made  so  by  the  gradual  and  local  shifting 
of  the  main  divide  due  to  the  vigorous  erosive  action  of  the 
mountain  streams.  Where  prominent  streams  head  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  principal  divide  well  developed  gaps  or  passes  have 
been  formed.  These  passes  vary  from  a minimum  of  3,010  feet 
in  the  case  of  Snoqualmie  to  those  which  represent  but  slight 
indentations  in  the  crest  line  of  the  mountains.  The  lower  passes 
are  now  utilized  for  railways,  highways  and  trails.  Except  for 
the  passes  the  summit  line  of  the  Cascades  has  an  altitude  aver- 
aging about  6,000  feet  above  sea  level,  although  a few  of  the 
peaks  along  the  divide  are  8,000  feet  or  more  in  height. 

In  general  the  Cascades  represent  an  uplifted  block  of  the 
earth’s  surface  that  has  come  to  the  stage  of  maturity  in  its 
erosion  history.  The  mountains  are  characterized  by  a great 
ruggedness  and  a bold  relief  which  are  everywhere  prominent. 
The  many  large  rivers  and  their  numerous  tributaries  have  de- 
veloped drainage  patterns  which  have  chiseled  the  mountain 
mass  into  a plexus  of  deep  valleys  with  bordering  ridges  that  are 
conspicuous  for  their  length,  steepness,  general  height  and  radial 
arrangement.  Many  of  the  secondary  ridges  and  peaks  that  lie 
among  the  headwater  streams  are  as  bold  and  as  high  as  those 
that  compose  the  primary  or  main  Cascade  divide.  The  only 
notable  exceptions  to  this  development  of  the  topography  that 
characterizes  the  Cascades  are  to  be  found  in  the  volcanic  cones 
that  occur  at  various  places  in  the  mountains.  Such  topo- 
graphic features  are  structural  forms  that  have  been  built  up 
by  the  outpourings  of  lava,  cinders,  ashes  and  other  materials 
that  have  issued  from  craters.  Of  the  volcanic  cones  that  are 
found  in  the  Cascades  only  five  are  high  enough  to  be  covered 


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13 


with  perpetual  snow  and  are  therefore  well  known.  In  the  order 
of  elevations  these  cones  or  isolated  mountains  are  as  follows : 
Mt.  Rainier,  11,408  feet;  Mt.  Adams,  12,307  feet;  Mt.  Baker, 
10,750  feet;  Glacier  Peak,  10,436  feet;  and  Mt.  St.  Helens, 
9,671  feet. 

OKANOGAN  HIGHLANDS. 

The  Okanogan  Highlands  form  a rectangular  area  lying  be- 
tween the  Columbia  Plateau  on  the  south  and  the  International 
boundary  on  the  north.  There  is  no  sharp  line  of  demarcation 
between  the  Okanogan  Highlands  and  the  Cascades  on  the  west, 
or  the  Selkirk  mountains  on  the  east.  Somewhat  arbitrarily  the 
valley  of  the  Mcthow  might  be  regarded  as  the  western  limit 
of  the  Okanogan  Highlands,  Colville  valley  the  eastern  border, 
and  Columbia  and  Spokane  rivers  the  southern  margin. 

The  Okanogan  Highlands  lack  the  ruggedness  and  wildness 
of  the  mountains  on  the  east  and  the  west.  They  are  made  up 
mainly  of  well  defined  north  and  south  ridges  or  divides  and 
wide  and  conspicuous  inter-mountain  valleys.  The  divides  have 
gentle  slopes  and  moderate  elevations  and  are  not  serious  ob- 
stacles to  highway  or  railway  building.  The  rivers  are  bordered 
by  broad  and  rolling  uplands  which  rise  by  slow  degrees  to  the 
inter-stream  summits.  There  are  occasional  isolated  mountains 
or  outliers  which  in  elevation  stand  somewhat  above  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  most  conspicuous  of  these  is  Mount 
Bonaparte,  elevation  7,280  feet,  located  about  18  miles  south- 
east of  Oroville. 

COLUMBIA  PLATEAU. 

This  area  involves  all  of  southeastern  Washington  except 
the  small  extension  of  the  Blue  Mountains  which  crosses  into 
the  state  from  Oregon.  The  Columbia  Plateau  extends  south- 
ward from  the  Okanogan  Highlands  and  is  continuous  far  into 
Oregon.  On  the  west  it  continues  to  rise  until  it  merges  with 
the  Cascades,  while  on  the  east  in  a similar  fashion  it  joins  the 
larger  outliers  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  the  south  central  part  of  the  Columbia  Plateau  the  sur- 
face is  very  gently  sloping  and  in  elevation  does  not  exceed 


14 


Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


1,000  feet.  Bordering  this  lowland  on  all  sides,  except  on  the 
south,  the  surface  of  the  plateau  ascends  gradually  until  eleva- 
tions of  from  2,000  feet  to  2,500  feet  are  not  uncommon.  As 
the  plateau  rises  higher  and  higher  above  sea  level  the  topog- 
raphy becomes  more  varied  and  the  irregularities  of  the  surface 
more  conspicuous.  This  is  chiefly  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
higher  portions  of  the  plateau  the  streams  may  cut  their  valleys 
deeper  and  well  developed  canyons  may  result.  In  the  more  ele- 
vated parts  of  the  plateau  the  larger  streams,  such  as  the 
Columbia,  Snake,  and  Spokane  rivers  have  all  excavated  can- 
yons with  walls  which  sometimes  exceed  1,500  feet  in  height.  In 
other  localities,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  the  plateau, 
there  are  many  coulees  or  canyons,  such  as  Grand  Coulee,  once 
occupied  by  rivers  but  now  abandoned  as  stream  courses. 

Another  source  of  irregularity  in  the  surface  of  the  plateau, 
especially  in  the  western  part,  is  found  in  the  several  low  moun- 
tain ridges  which  extend  far  out  from  the  Cascades  and  topo- 
graphically, at  least,  are  parts  of  those  mountains.  These 
spurs  of  the  Cascades  have  a general  east  and  west  course  and 
in  some  instances  extend  for  many  miles  beyond  the  Columbia. 
From  north  to  south  the  most  prominent  ridges  are  as  follows: 
Badger  Mountain,  which  crosses  Douglas  County  to  Grand 
Coulee;  Frenchman  Hills  and  Saddle  Mountain,  which  extend 
across  southern  Grant  County ; Rattlesnake  Hills,  which  de- 
scribe a sweeping  course  across  eastern  Yakima  and  northern 
Benton  counties ; and  the  Horse  Heaven  Hills,  along  the  eastern 
border  line  between  Yakima  and  Klickitat  counties. 

Over  much  of  the  Columbia  Plateau  the  winds  blow  freely 
and  wind-made  or  eolian  hills  are  common,  especially  in  the 
south  central  and  southeastern  sections.  In  the  lowlands,  where 
the  rainfall  is  scant,  the  fine  soil  and  sand  accumulate  in  dunes. 
These  as  a rule  are  not  covered  with  vegetation  and  are  readily 
shifted  in  position  or  modified  in  form  by  the  larger  wind  storms. 
Farther  east,  on  the  uplands,  in  times  gone  by  when  the  vegeta- 
tion was  less  abundant,  the  soil  was  freely  carried  by  the  winds 
and  as  a result  the  surface  of  the  plateau  is  dotted  with  irregu- 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


15 


larly  grouped  eolian  hills  varying  from  a few  feet  to  over  200 
feet  in  height. 

BLUE  MOUNTAINS. 

The  Blue  Mountains  in  this  state  are  but  the  northeastern 
extension  of  the  main  range  which  is  located  in  Oregon.  In 
Washington  they  gradually  merge  into  the  Columbia  Plateau 
and  all  told  do  not  occupy  more  than  6,000  square  miles.  The 
Blue  Mountains  comprise  an  elevated  mass  of  basalt  that  has 
been  deeply  eroded  by  the  streams  which  flow  out  radially  and 
which  have  developed  an  irregular  series  of  deep  valleys  with 
sharp  divides.  The  ridges  are  frequently  serrate  in  outline  and 
in  profile  present  alternations  of  individual  peaks  with  saddles 
and  passes.  The  highest  points  in  the  Blue  Mountains  reach  an 
elevation  of  about  6,000  feet. 

SELKIRK  MOUNTAINS. 

In  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  state,  north  of  Spokane 
valley  and  east  of  Colville  valley,  there  is  a mountainous  area 
which  is  a part  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  System.  The  mountains 
of  this  area  lie  on  the  western  front  of  the  Rockies  and  continue 
northward  into  British  Columbia  and  southeastward  into  Idaho. 
In  British  Columbia,  where  they  are  conspicuous  in  height  and 
general  extent,  they  are  known  as  the  Selkirk  Mountains.  This 
term  is  here  applied  to  those  mountains  in  northeastern  Wash- 
ington that  represent  but  a small  segment  of  the  much  larger 
mass  that  lies  beyond  the  borders  of  the  state. 

In  Washington  the  Selkirks  are  represented  chiefly  by  the 
two  prominent  mountain  ridges  that  lie  on  opposite  sides  of 
Clark  Fork  and  by  the  more  or  less  isolated  group  of  mountains 
north  and  east  of  Spokane.  Within  the  Selkirks,  Clark  Fork 
has  carved  a valley  both  wide  and  deep,  which  causes  the  neigh- 
boring ridges  to  stand  out  in  bold  relief.  The  main  divides  or 
ridges  have  been  deeply  eroded  by  the  tributaries  of  Clark  Fork, 
so  that  they  are  wild  and  rugged  and  often  difficult  of  access. 
The  highest  peaks  along  the  summits  of  the  ridges  are  some- 
times 6,000  feet  in  height,  or  at  an  elevation  of  about  4,500  feet 


16 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


above  the  floor  of  Colville  valley  and  about  4,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  valley  of  Clark  Fork. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  Washington  is  the  resultant  of  the  influences 
exerted  by  the  latitude,  nearness  to  the  sea,  prevailing  wind  di- 
rection, and  variation  in  altitude,  or  topography.  Upon  these 
things  depend  the  rainfall,  temperature,  days  of  sunshine  and 
days  of  cloudiness,  length  of  growing  season,  and  other  condi- 
tions which  go  to  make  up  the  climate  of  the  state.  As  a rule 
equability  in  climate  is  more  commonly  attained  in  the  lowlands 
than  in  the  highlands  and  in  areas  nearer  the  sea  than  in  locali- 
ties more  remote. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The  differences  in  temperature  for  the  different  localities 
about  the  state  depend  primarily  upon  the  nearness  of  the  sea, 
the  elevation  above  tide  water,  the  direction  of  the  usual  winds, 
and  the  latitude.  In  a general  way  a station  near  the  sea  has  a 
slighter  seasonal  variation  and  a smaller  diurnal  range  of  tem- 
perature than  is  true  of  a station  somewhat  remote  from  the 
coast.  In  the  same  way  the  stations  on  the  lowlands  display 
much  greater  equability  of  temperature  than  is  true  of  those 
on  the  plateaus  or  within  the  high  mountains. 

In  Table  I the  lowest  temperature,  by  months,  is  given  for 
the  Weather  Bureau  Stations  of  the  state.  Among  other  things 
it  is  easily  seen  that  the  stations  somewhat  removed  from  the 
sea  all  have  a much  lower  January  minimum  than  is  true  of  lo- 
calities near  the  ocean.  The  sharpest  contrasts  are  between 
Bremerton,  on  Puget  Sound,  with  a minimum  of  14°,  and  Cusick, 
in  the  valley  of  Clark  Fork,  with  a minimum  of  — 36°.  The 
minimum  temperatures  for  August  show  a much  less  variance. 
The  extremes  are  to  be  found  between  North  Head,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia,  with  a temperature  of  47°,  and  Cle  Elum,  with 
a minimum  of  23°. 

The  maximum,  or  highest  temperature,  by  months,  as  re- 
corded at  each  station  is  indicated  in  Table  II.  This  table 


The  locations  of  the  principal  Weather  Bureau  stations  ot  the  state  .For  a list  of  the  stations,  arranged  in  alpha- 


18 


Bulletin  No . 17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


shows  that  there  is  a greater  discrepancy  between  the  maxima 
for  August  than  is  true  for  January.  It  also  discloses  the  fact 
that  the  summer  maxima  are  almost  invariably  greater  over  the 
interior  than  is  true  nearer  the  ocean. 

The  mean  minimum  and  the  mean  maximum  temperatures, 
by  months,  are  given  in  tables  III  and  IV.  These  tables  bring 
out  the  fact  that  as  far  as  the  average  minimum  temperatures 
are  concerned  there  is  a wider  divergence  among  stations  in  the 
winter  season  than  in  the  summer  months,  while  the  opposite 
condition  prevails  when  the  maximum  temperatures  are  consid- 
ered. 

Included  in  Table  V is  the  mean  temperature,  by  months, 
and  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  each  station.  The  station 
with  the  highest  mean  annual  temperature  is  Zindel  (55.9°),  lo^ 
cated  in  the  low  plains  of  Snake  River,  in  the  southeastern  corner 
of  the  state.  The  lowest  mean  annual  temperature  given  is  at 
Republic  (43.2°),  which  has  an  elevation  of  2,628  feet  and  is 
located  within  30  miles  of  the  International  boundary.  In  a 
general  way  it  may  be  said  that  the  stations  with  the  highest 
mean  annual  temperatures  are  located  in  the  lowlands  of  eastern 
Washington,  the  stations  with  the  lowest  mean  annual  temper- 
atures in  the  highlands  east  of  the  Cascades,  and  the  stations 
with  intermediate  mean  annual  temperatures  lie  between  the  Cas- 
cades  and  the  sea. 

It  is  evident  that  a statement  of  the  mean  annual  tempera-  ! 
ture  alone  does  not  convey  the  facts  in  regard  to  the  seasonal  : 
changes.  Two  stations  with  the  same  mean  annual  temperature 
may  vary  considerably  in  their  extremes  during  the  year.  For 
instance,  Spokane  and  Tatoosh  Island  (Cape  Flattery)  both 
have  a mean  annual  temperature  of  a little  above  48°.  The 
mean  July  temperature  of  the  first  station  is  69.2°  and  of  the  j 
second,  55.7°;  the  mean  January  temperature  of  the  first  sta* 
tion  is  27°s  and  of  the  second,  41°  ; the  highest  recorded  temper-  \ 
a ture  of  the  first  station  is  104°,  and  of  the  second,  84°;  the 
lowest  recorded  temperature  of  the  first  station  is  30°,  and  of 
the  second,  7°. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


19 


RAINFALL. 

The  amount  of  rainfall,  and  its  general  as  well  as  seasonal 
distribution  over  the  state,  depend  primarily  upon  the  nearness 
of  a great  ocean,  the  prevailing  westerly  winds  which  blow  from 
off  that  water  body,  and  the  wide  diversity  in  topography  be- 
tween sea  level  and  mountain  top.  This  variance  in  conditions 
ogives  rise  to  such  extremes  in  annual  rainfall  as  that  noted  in 
Table  VI,  where  Clearwater  has  nearly  128  inches  and  Kenne- 
wick about  6%  inches.  It  also  gives  rise  to  great  seasonal 
variations,  as  noted  in  the  same  table,  where  the  station  at  Monte 
Cristo  is  shown  to  have  a December  rainfall  in  excess  of  21 
inches  and  an  August  rainfall  of  less  than  1 inch. 

On  Plate  III,  by  an  arrangement  of  belts  or  zones,  the  ap- 
proximate rainfall  for  the  state  is  shown.  The  region  of  lowest 
rainfall,  that  under  10  inches  annually,  is  in  the  south  central 
part  of  the  Columbia  Plateau,  or  over  the  low  plains  which  lie 
on  opposite  sides  of  Columbia  River.  This  is  not  only  a region 
of  low  rainfall,  but  one  where  there  is  a minimum  of  cloudiness 
and  a maximum  of  clear  skies  and  sunny  days.  The  humidity 
of  the  atmosphere  is  very  low  because  the  moisture  has  been 
very  largely  extracted  from  the  air  in  its  passage  over  the 
Cascades. 

The  next  belt,  that  from  10  inches  to  20  inches,  involves  the 
Okanogan  Highlands  and  the  more  elevated  portions  of  the 
Columbia  Plateau.  The  increased  precipitation  is  directly  due 
to  the  higher  altitudes  and  to  the  fact  that  there  is  a note- 
worthy increase  in  the  amount  of  snowfall  over  that  of  the  low 
plains. 

There  are  several  areas  of  considerable  size  where  the  an- 
nual rainfall  is  between  20  inches  and  40  inches.  One  of  these 
belts  is  that  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state,  including  the 
Selkirk  Range,  the  highest  portions  of  the  Columbia  Plateau, 
and  the  Blue  Mountains.  A second  belt  extends  across  the  state 
from  north  to  south,  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascades,  in- 
volving those  elevations  midway  between  the  mountain  summits 


Washington  Geological  Survey  Bulletin  No.  17  Plate  III 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


21 


Ld  the  lowlands  below.  A third  belt  embraces  the  low  plains 
adjacent  to  the  sea,  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  state.  The 
low  rainfall  here  is  directly  due  to  the  fact  that  this  area  lies  on 
the  lee  side  of  the  Olympics  and  the  high  mountains  on  Van- 
couver Island. 

One  belt  of  rainfall  from  10  inches  to  60  inches  includes  all 
of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  except  the  area  of  lowlands  last  men- 
tioned, as  well  as  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Cascades  on  their  western 
front,  and  in  addition  some  of  the  eastern  foothills  of  both  the 
Olympic  Mountains  and  the  Willapa  Hills.  Another  belt  is  a 
long  and  narrow  one,  extending  the  length  of  the  Cascades, 
and  lying  immediately  east  of  the  summit  line  of  the  mountains. 

There  are  two  belts  of  rainfall  where  the  annual  amount  is 
between  60  inches  and  80  inches.  One  of  these  belts  is  a rather 
narrow  one  which  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  northeastern  and  eastern 
Olympics  and  which  fringes  the  Willapa  Hills  on  their  eastern, 
southern  and  western  sides.  The  second  is  a broader  belt  which 
involves  the  summit  of  the  Cascades  and  their  western  slopes 
down  to  an  elevation  of  about  2,500  feet. 

Those  portions  of  the  state  with  an  annual  rainfall  greater 
than  80  inches  embrace  three  areas.  Two  of  these  are  located 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Cascades,  within  the  belt  of  60-80 
inches  last  described.  The  third  area  includes  all  of  the  higher 
Olympics  and  Willapa  Hills.  The  summit  of  the  Olympics,  and 
much  of  the  western  slope  of  those  mountains,  have  a rainfall  m 
excess  of  100  inches  per  annum.  In  this  locality,  immediately 
adjacent  to  the  sea,  and  on  the  windward  side  of  a high  mountain 
mass,  the  maximum  rainfall  of  the  state  occurs. 

On  Plate  IV,  by  a series  of  diagrams,  the  monthly  rainfall 
in  inches  is  indicated  for  certain  Weather  Bureau  Stations.  It 
is  at  once  seen  that  at  all  of  the  stations  west  of  the  summit  of 
the  Cascades  there  is  a heavy  winter  rainfall,  an  intermediate 
spring  and  autumn  rainfall,  and  a low  summer  rainfall.  The 
diagrams  for  eastern  Washington,  in  contrast  with  those  west 
of  the  Cascades,  bring  out  the  sharp  difference  in  the  total  rain- 


22  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


fall  and  in  addition  point  to  a difference  in  the  monthly  distri- 
bution. In  eastern  Washington  the  greatest  rainfall  comes 
during  the  winter  months  and  the  least  amount  during  July, 
August  and  September.  At  most  stations  a second  period  of  in- 
creased rainfall  is  shown,  during  May  and  June,  when  thunder 
showers  are  more  prevalent  than  at  any  other  season  of  the  year. 


TABLE  I.  LOWEST  TEMPERATURE,  BY  MONTHS. 


24 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


A 

> 

o 

— 1777-1  if —7  7 1 1 77 

i 

assassasssassapisRSSsasssssasssassasa 

S 

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8feS§583  3 388gSi38883  8 888£83&g$g8iSg39S$3 

July 

June 

May 

Apr. 

Mch. 

s^^sw<N®<N^^sso7°7£7^<Ns®ooiA':c’Ss®swii;:'S'*,> 

a 

13 

17 
12 

-f 

18 
10 

15 
9 

—13 

5 
11 

—15 

—26 

—15 

—14 

6 

—36 

—12 

—14 

—1 

22 

—20 

3 

—4 

—10 

—1 

16 
9 

—2 

—15 

8 

—33 

—11 

Jan. 

8 

7 

—1 

0 

—1 

14 

11 

5 

3 

—26 

—4 

13 

—24 

—25 

—29 

—25 

7 

—36 

—20 

—28 

—9 

8 

—13 

—17 

—26 

—21 

—22 

3 

—8 

—16 

—13 

—2 

—16 

—15 

Numb’r 

years 

record 

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tion 

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COUNTY 

Grays  Harbor — 

Skagit 

Skagit 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Kitsap 

Jefferson 

King 

Lewis 

Spokane 

Whatcom 

Jefferson 

Kittitas 

Whitman 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

Island 

Pend  Oreille 

Columbia 

Kittitas 

Grant 

Clallam 

Yakima 

Klickitat 

Adams 

Benton 

Benton 

Lewis 

Clarke 

Kittitas 

Chelan 

King 

Adams 

Okanogan 

STATION 

Aberdeen 

Anacortes 

Baker 

Bellingham 

Blaine 

Bremerton 

Brinnon 

Cedar  Lake 

Centralia 

Cheney 

Clearbrook 

Clearwater 

Cle  Elum 

Colfax 

Colville 

Conconully 

Coupeville 

Cusick 

Dayton 

Ellens  burg 

Ephrata 

Forks 

Fort  Simcoe 

Goldendale 

Hatton 

Kennewick 

Kiona 

Kosmos 

La  Center 

Lake  Kachess 

Lakeside 

Lester 

Lind 

Loomis 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


25 


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TABLE  II.  HIGHEST  TEMPERATURE,  BY  MONTHS. 


26 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


i 

Q 

8S6S38883S5>5588S5§SS888§gfcigp!ggg8SSg8 

> 

o 

£g8£8£83££fe8&f2£S88£8£888££g£8888g8 

1 

8£8££8££88££888sS£53g8fe8£853888852s38s3888 

Sept. 

888888£o8^8853S888853^8S;8888|8S;S88888 

Aug. 

88fe^S8888g8S;S^g^8888feS88&SSg8g88S8 

H H H H H HHrlrt  HHHHHHHHHHHrl 

July 

88888888||^S|g|88||S88g8S2g888||g| 

i 

l-S 

8538888855S8888S;888888S88g8888feS88S8 

rH  r-lrH  rH  H rHHHHH  rH 

May 

S8S88So88$;8888S888£8888S8§§888$o88g8 

Apr. 

8S853£8Ss3388So8888£8888£8888888558$5888 

. 

■s 

88^888Uf:^gj2p!SI?5g^^glS^^g288888888SJ:^8 

4 

|2g8^88S8^8S8888^88^8888^8?:888^8888 

Jan. 

gS££S£££@S$£:8@3&8£$88&@S£.£<S$€5S!g£9 

Numb’r 

years 

record 

«0500gjg»«00C0^00r-j^j0|5ift|fl0000^o»02'fg^O©gT--jC)Dt2|05^00i35O 

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tion 

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rH  (N  HNHIN  NriHH  H rH  H MHHHH 

COUNTY 

Grays  Harbor 

Skagit 

Skagit 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Kitsap 

Jefferson 

King 

Lewis 

Spokane 

Whatcom 

Jefferson 

Kittitas 

Whitman 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

Island 

Pend  Oreille 

Columbia 

Kittitas 

Grant 

Clallam 

Yakima 

Klickitat 

Adams 

Benton 

Benton 

Lewis 

Clarke 

Kittitas 

Chelan 

King 

Adams 

Okanogan 

STATION 

Aberdeen 

Anacortes 

Baker 

Bellingham 

Blaine 

Bremerton 

Brinnon 

Cedar  Lake 

Centralia 

Cheney 

Clearbrook 

Clearwater 

Cle  Elum 

Colfax 

Colville 

Conconully 

Coupe  ville 

Ousick 

Dayton 

Ellensburg 

Ephrata 

Forks 

Fort  Simcoe 

Goldendale 

Hatton 

Kennewick 

Kiona 

Kosmos 

LaCenter 

Lake  Kachess 

Lakeside 

Lester 

Lind 

Loomis 

; 

r 


1 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


n 


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S$;g883S8§$8g8gg8g88888gg88g88gg8§g8g 


§$3&§&2g8888ggg8883g§g§£888§g8gggg2 


g8§88S38gS8£888&388£S;g8g&ag$;8§3§;883§ 


88g$8888sS88838S88883888$£8888g88g88g 


8fc8ffi®S28Sfc82g®88fcS8S®88fcS$2::8888fc38teg88 


£SSoS8g£Sgfegg££g55£££$£s3£S££8£££££88 


£8££g88S$gS81gg8S8£8S8888558£88S8$gk 


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TABLE  III.  MEAN  MINIMUM  TEMPERATURE,  BY  MONTHS. 


28 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


1 

Nov. 

C)r-tOS"<j(»0©THOO'<f640o5t-®Ofl»I>THODir-»«OI>W<«0»'^<M«»a(»t>-NO<» 

Oct. 

T-K»<SKD<NrH,Hei3iftC«©®»t><N<N©©©r-llftl©He<5U>©a0r-l«<»l»t-a0t- 

Sept. 

O0©5t-®O0®(N©r-l»©«ie<5'#I>Ml-l'*»l-(l><S»r-lOar-lt»H§3«>l-l©O01»© 

< 

H5DrtNO95HH^Ci^Q!)iOlftMCSO000500H®H(»»)«l>t't'«O«THC) 

July 

©00©eo00i>Ho0t-©'tf©l>'*T-HSO®(»,-i«CN©<©©<35''*©i»©e5<©if5©«> 

$^gg^S\88^S^S^^SSSSS8S5SeS8S5S«S55l85 

June 

r^lf>'#0*r-l05«>(NTt<lft(»^«Olf5C5(»«5COOC^C0051>(N'#r-l05ini>C^rH©CO 

May 

l>e*5Q0&5U5CiCSiTH©aD»5  00(Siai»©C<lO3«O&a'^QDi-iO>C!O«)ij!5®^H»5«Q0(^© 

Apr. 

©t-J>'S^t-t-'*rH©©©lOi-l®©©00(W©©r-llOr-llft©MiH(J5©00<>3©-# 

4 

a 

COt-t>t~J>li5&as©a0«i©®r-l©a0<N<N-3<©^CSlC}i-l©»SM»'*©©iH®i5©l>'* 

Feb. 

©©M©^f^o6©®'*©lO^(«e-iACO©^rH(MaO(Nr-iaO©©«<M©©J>^M 

Jan. 

rHeo00©©'*t~©©(N(>5©rHi«O0(NC<5C<ie>5-^'ti©l'-©©'ti'^©o0i-i©(Sl(NO0 

ssfessssaaadssassssssssgssaaasssaaa 

Numb’r 

years 

record 

rH©t~©©lO<3>C0©OijHp5©©lftincoa3gJ«©-»t'0O©©Q0r:jQ0t;j©r^00©© 

Eleva- 

tion 

S®8*M*8SSSSil§!§§i!8SSI§88g!8aSM 

cJ  rH  T-Tc^rHljJ  oJr-TrHi-H  r-T  t-T  r-H  fcq  iH  iH  iH  1-4 

COUNTY 

Grays  Harbor — 

Skagit 

Skagit 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Kitsap 

Jefferson 

Spokane 

Lewis 

King 

Whatcom 

Jefferson 

Kittitas 

Whitman 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

Island 

Pend  Oreille 

Columbia 

Kittitas 

Grant 

Clallam 

Yakima 

Klickitat 

Adams 

Benton 

Benton 

Lewis 

Clarke 

Kittitas 

Chelan 

King 

Adams 

Okanogan 

STATION 

Aberdeen 

Anacortes 

Baker 

Bellingham 

Blaine 

Bremerton 

Brinnon 

Cheney 

Centralia 

Cedar  Lake 

Clearbrook 

Clearwater 

Cle  Elum 

Colfax 

Colville 

Conconully 

Coupeville 

Cusick 

Dayton 

Ellensburg 

Ephrata 

Forks 

Fort  Simeoe 

Goldendale 

Hatton 

Kennewick 

Kiona 

Kosmos 

LaCenter 

Lake  Kachess 

Lakeside 

Lester 

Lind 

Loomis 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


29 


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5*5833888  S3Sa83S3§a§358SS3a58S85gi;3SI5«*S 


TABLE  IV.  MEAN  MAXIMUM  TEMPERATURE,  BY  MONTHS. 


30 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


> 

o 

£ 

OOOsM®HCD©0«IO«)l>Ht'6aTt(«)CHHt'?3HOO^OlSONNMiMcoa) 

Oct. 

'*^H«3000>0«HH'i<rtNN»>«'fH>aOHOilOO)*ia^QOM<NHO®Tt( 

Sept. 

C'3©©-<i<00©t-if3-'f©00©i<So3®©e>0fr.1<O©'*©©©©5C<H>i-ll>«Ol>(Nc3C)0 

88fi8S88?Eig88Cgf2g8e!2£igi8^Sg2gi^gsfePEigs 

Aug. 

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July 

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Kitsap 

Jefferson 

King 

Lewis 

Spokane 

Whatcom 

Jefferson 

Kittitas 

Whitman 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

Island 

Pend  Oreille 

Columbia 

Kittitas 

Grant 

Clallam 

Yakima 

Klickitat 

Adams 

Benton 

Benton 

Lewis 

Clarke 

Kittitas 

Chelan 

King 

Adams 

Okanogan 

STATION 

Aberdeen 

Anacortes 

Baker 

Bellingham 

Blaine 

Bremerton 

Brinnon 

Cedar  Lake 

Centralia 

Cheney 

Clearbrook 

Clearwater 

Cle  Elum 

Colfax ! 

Colville 

Conconully 

Coupeville 

Cusick 

Dayton 

Ellensburg 

Ephrata 

Forks 

Fort  Simcoe 

Goldendale 

Hatton 

Kennewick 

Kiona 

Kosmos 

LaCenter 

Lake  Kachess 

Lakeside 

Lester 

Lind 

Loomis 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


31 


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TABLE  V.  MEAN  TEMPERATURE,  BY  MONTHS,  AND  MEAN  ANNUAL  TEMPERATURE. 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


32 


An- 

nual 

CeNOOHtOHMWMOHMOlOllflOOoOHlOt'OOHf'lM-l'OOOOOlOWOOiM 

Dec. 

fr-kD001^©©i»CO'*<M(rt©Coe«5»fl-'*C5lftr-ieO«£>©'f©'<J<T-IOi©00®©©«C© 

Nov. 

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Oct. 

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Sept. 

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July 

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June 

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Lewis 

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STATION 

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Dayton 

Ellensburg 

Ephrata 

Forks 

Fort  Simcoe 

Goldendale 

Hatton 

Kennewick 

Kiona 

Kosmos 

LaCenter 

Lake  Kachess 

Lakeside 

Lester 

Lind 

Loomis 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


33 


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TABLE  VI.  MEAN  PRECIPATION,  BY  MONTHS,  AND  MEAN  ANNUAL  PRECIPITATION. 


34 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


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35 


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TABLE  VII.  FROST  DATA  AND  LENGTH  OF  GROWING  SEASON. 


36  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


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38 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


UNITED 

STATES 

WEATHER  BUREAU 

STATIONS. 

(For 

the  location  of  these  stations 

see 

Plate  II.) 

1. 

Aberdeen 

24. 

Goldendale 

47. 

Reardan 

2. 

Anacortes 

25. 

Hatton 

48. 

Republic 

3. 

Baker 

26. 

Kennewick 

49. 

Rosalia 

4. 

Bellingham 

27. 

Kiona 

50. 

Seattle 

5. 

Blaine 

28. 

Kosmos 

51. 

Sedro  Woolley 

6. 

Bremerton 

29. 

La  Center 

52. 

Snohomish 

7. 

Brinnon 

30. 

Lake  Kachess 

53. 

Snoqualmie  Falls 

8. 

Cedar  Lake 

31. 

Lakeside 

54. 

South  Bend 

9. 

Centralia 

32. 

Lester 

55. 

Spokane 

10. 

Cheney 

33. 

Lind 

56. 

Sunnyside 

11. 

Clearbrook 

34. 

Loomis 

57. 

Tacoma 

12. 

Clearwater 

35. 

Lyle 

58. 

Tatoosh  Island 

13. 

Cle  Elum 

36. 

Monte  Cristo 

59. 

Trinidad 

14. 

Colfax 

37. 

Mottinger 

60. 

Union  City 

15. 

Colville 

38. 

North  Head 

61. 

Vancouver 

16. 

Conconully 

39. 

Northport 

62. 

Walla  Walla 

17. 

Coupeville 

40. 

Olga 

63. 

Washougal 

18. 

Cusick 

41. 

Olympia 

64. 

Wenatchee 

19. 

Dayton 

42. 

Pomeroy 

65. 

Wilbur 

20. 

Ellensburg 

43. 

Port  Angeles 

66. 

Wind  River 

21. 

Ephrata 

44. 

Port  Crescent 

67. 

Yale 

22. 

Forks 

45. 

Port  Townsend 

68. 

Zindel 

23. 

Fort  Simcoe 

46. 

Pullman 

DRAINAGE. 

In  those  portions  of  Washington  where  the  annual  precipi- 
tation is  in  excess  of  40  inches  the  stream  channels  are  well  de- , 
veloped  and  the  drainage  patterns  are  well  established.  As  a 
rule  all  the  streams  flow  continuously  throughout  the  year  and 
ample  water  may  be  secured  for  domestic  and  other  uses.  Where 
the  yearly  rainfall  is  between  20  and  40  inches  the  waterways 
are  more  infrequent  and  the  larger  streams  have  relatively  fewer  , 
tributaries.  Not  only  are  stream  channels  less  frequent,  but 
the  smaller  ones  usually  do  not  contain  running  water  at  those 
seasons  of  the  year  when  the  rainfall  is  least.  In  the  semi-arid 
and  arid  regions,  where  the  annual  rainfall  is  less  than  20 
inches,  there  are  relatively  but  few  drainage  channels  and  only  \ 
the  larger  streams  carry  an  abundance  of  water  except  during 
the  season  of  maximum  precipitation.  In  the  more  arid  localities  ; 
the  smaller  streams  are  active  only  at  times  of  heavy  rainfall 
or  in  the  spring  when  the  snow  is  being  rapidly  converted  into 
running  water. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


39 


The  principal  stream  of  Washington  is  Columbia  River.  It 
drains  all  of  the  state  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  as 
well  as  a belt  of  country  west  of  those  mountains  and  lying  ad- 
jacent to  its  lower  course.  The  length  of  the  Columbia  in 
Washington  is  760  miles  and  its  drop  from  the  International 
boundary  to  tide  water  is  1,350  feet.  The  drainage  area  of 
Columbia  River  above  The  Dalles  amounts  to  237,000  square 
miles,  of  which  over  40,000  square  miles  are  in  Washington. 

The  principal  eastern  tributaries  of  Columbia  River  are  the 
Snake,  Clark  Fork  and  Spokane  rivers.  All  these  streams  head 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  where  the  rainfall  and  the  snowfall  are 
ample  to  give  them  an  abundant  run-off  for  the  year.  They 
all  flow  from  regions  of  heavier  to  regions  of  lighter  precipita- 
tion, but  despite  this  fact  they  are  all  streams  of  abundant  dis- 
charge and  are  important  for  power,  irrigation  and  other  uses. 

The  principal  northern  tributaries  of  the  Columbia,  which 
flow  across  the  Okanogan  Highlands,  are  Kettle  and  Okanogan 
rivers.  Both  rise  in  the  mountains  of  British  Columbia  and 
both  flow  from  a region  of  larger  precipitation  into  an  area 
with  a lesser  rainfall. 

The  chief  western  tributaries  of  Columbia  River,  which  drain 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascades,  are  the  Methow,  Chelan, 
Wenatchee  and  Yakima  rivers.  These  streams  head  in  the 
lakes  and  snowfields  of  the  higher  mountains,  and  carry  abun- 
dant water  for  power  and  for  the  irrigation  that  is  necessary 
along  their  lower  courses. 

In  the  lowrer  sections  of  the  Columbia,  where  it  flows  west- 
ward to  enter  the  sea,  the  major  tributaries  joining  it  from  the 
north  are  the  Klickitat,  White  Salmon,  Wind,  Lewis,  and  Cow- 
litz rivers.  All  of  these  streams  head  near  the  summit  and  upon 
the  higher  slopes  of  the  Cascades  and  are  important  rivers. 

The  second  hydrographic  area  of  Washington  in  size  is  the 
basin  where  the  drainage  all  enters  Puget  Sound.  This  in- 
volves principally  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascades,  east  of 
Puget  Sound,  where  the  precipitation  is  notably  heavy  and 
where  the  heaviest  run-off  of  the  state  may  be  found.  From 


40 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washingto7i  Geological  Survey 


north  to  south  the  principal  streams  are  the  Nooksak,  Skagit, 
Stilaguamish,  Snohomish,  Cedar,  Green,  White,  Puyallup,  and  I 
Nisqually  rivers.  These  are  important  streams  in  serving  the 
cities  and  towns  of  the  lowlands  with  water  for  domestic  pur-  I 
poses  and  with  hydro-electric  power.  In  addition  to  these 
streams  there  are  other  tributaries  of  Puget  Sound  which  drain 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Olympics.  In  this  group  the  larger 
rivers,  all  of  which  enter  Hood  Canal,  are  the  Skokomish,  Duck-  I 
abush,  and  Dosewallips. 

The  northern,  western  and  southern  slopes  of  the  Olympics, 
as  well  as  the  major  portion  of  the  Willapa  Hills,  drain  directly 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  these  sections  of  the  state  the  streams 
are  very  numerous  because  of  the  excessive  rainfall.  As  a rule 
they  are  not  large  in  volume,  mainly  because  they  are  not  very 
long  and  no  one  alone  drains  a very  great  scope  of  country. 
The  principal  streams  entering  the  ocean  from  the  Olympics  are 
the  Elwha,  Quillayute,  Hoh,  Queets,  and  Quinault  rivers.  The 
major  stream  entering  Grays  Harbor  is  Chehalis  River,  which 
receives  important  tributaries  from  both  the  Olympics  on  the 
north  and  the  Willapa  Hills  on  the  south.  The  chief  streams 
draining  the  western  portion  of  the  Willapa  Hills  are  North, 
Nasel  and  Willapa  rivers,  all  of  which  are  tributary  to  Willapa 
Bay. 


42 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


STREAM  GAGING  STATIONS,  MAINTAINED  BY  THE  UNITED 
STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  IN  COOPERATION  WITH 
THE  WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  AND 
OTHER  ORGANIZATIONS. 

(For  location  of  stations  see  Plate  V.) 


1.  Ahtanum  Creek,  North  Fork  of,  near  Tampico. 

2.  Ahtanum  Creek,  South  Fork  of,  near  Tampico. 

3.  American  River  near  Nile. 

4.  Baker  River  near  Concrete. 

5.  Baker  River  below  Anderson  Creek,  near  Concrete. 

6.  Baker  River  at  Concrete. 

7.  Bumping-  Lake  near  Nile. 

8.  Bumping  River  near  Nile. 

9.  Cedar  River  at  Cedar  Falls. 

10.  Cedar  River  near  Landsburg. 

11.  Chelan  River  at  Chelan. 

12.  Chiwawa  Creek  near  Leavenworth. 

13.  Clark  Fork  at  Metaline  Falls. 

14.  Clear  Fork  near  Lewis. 

15.  Cle  Elum  Lake  near  Roslyn. 

16.  Cle  Elum  River  near  Roslyn. 

17.  Coal  Creek  near  Lewis. 

18.  Columbia  River  at  Priest  Rapids. 

19.  Columbia  River  at  Trail,  B.  C. 

20.  Cowlitz  River  at  Lewis. 

21.  Cowlitz  River  at  Mossy  Rock. 

22.  Entiat  River  at  Entiat. 

23.  Hall  Creek  near  Inchelium. 

24.  Icicle  Creek  near  Leavenworth. 

25.  Johnson  Creek  near  Lewis. 

26.  Kachess  Lake  near  Easton. 

27.  Kachess  River  near  Easton. 

28.  Keechelus  Lake  near  Martin. 

29.  Kettle  River  at  Boyds. 

30.  Klickitat  River  near  Glenwood. 

31.  Lake  Chelan  at  Chelan. 

32.  Lake  Creek  at  outlet  of  Packwood  Lake,  near  Lewis. 

33.  Lake  Creek  at  mouth,  near  Lewis. 

34.  Lewis  River  near  Amboy. 

35.  Manastash  Creek  near  Ellensburg. 

36.  Methow  River  at  Pateros. 

37.  Mill  Creek  near  Walla  Walla. 

38.  Miller  Creek  near  Berlin. 

39.  Moses  Lake  at  Neppel. 

40.  Naches  River  at  Anderson’s  ranch,  near  Nile. 

41.  Naches  River  at  Oak  Flat,  near  Nile. 

42.  Nespelem  River  at  Nespelem. 

43.  New  Reservation  canal  near  Parker. 

44.  Ohanapecosh  River  near  Lewis. 

45.  Okanogan  River  at  Okanogan. 

46.  Old  Reservation  canal  near  Parker. 

47.  Palouse  River  at  Hooper. 

48.  Palouse  River  near  Potlatch,  Idaho. 

49.  Palouse  River  near  Winona. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


43 


50. 

51. 

52. 

53. 

54. 

55. 

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 

60. 
61. 
62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 
67. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

Bend. 

73. 


75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 


80. 

81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

94. 

95. 

96. 

97. 

98. 

99. 
100. 
101. 
102. 

103. 

104. 

105. 

106. 
107. 


Puyallup  River  near  Alderton. 

Puyallup  River  near  Electron. 

Puyallup  River  at  Puyallup. 

Quinault  River  at  Quinault. 

Reservation  drain  at  Alfalfa. 

Rock  Creek  near  Ewan. 

Salmon  Creek  near  Conconully. 

Sanpoil  River  at  Keller. 

Satus  Creek  below  Dry  Creek,  near  Toppenish. 

Sauk  River  at  Darrington. 

Simcoe  Creek  near  Fort  Simcoe. 

Similkameen  River  at  Nighthawk. 

Similkameen  River  near  Oroville. 

Skagit  River  at  Reflector  Bar,  near  Marblemount. 

Skagit  River  near  Marblemount. 

Skagit  River  near  Sedro  Woolley. 

Skokomish  River,  North  Fork  of,  near  Hoodsport. 

Skykomish  River,  North  Fork  of,  at  Index. 

Snake  River  at  Burbank. 

Snake  River  at  Riparia. 

Snoqualmie  River,  Middle  Fork  of,  near  North  Bend. 

Snoqualmie  River,  North  Fork  of,  at  cable  bridge,  near  North 

Snoqualmie  River,  North  Fork  of,  near  North  Bend. 

Snoqualmie  River,  South  Fork  of,  near  Garcia. 

Snoqualmie  River,  South  Fork  of,  near  North  Bend. 

Spokane  River  below  Little  Falls,  near  Long  Lake. 

Spokane  River  at  Spokane. 

Stehekin  River  at  Stehekin. 

Stetattle  Creek  near  Marblemount. 

Stilaguamish  River,  South  Fork  of,  at  Granite  Falls. 
Stilaguamish  River,  South  Fork  of,  near  Silverton. 

Stranger  Creek  at  Inchelium. 

Stranger  Creek  at  Meteor. 

Sullivan  Creek  near  Metaline  Falls. 

Sullivan  Lake  near  Metaline  Falls. 

Sultan  River  near  Sultan. 

Sunnyside  canal  near  Wapato. 

Teanaway  River  near  Cle  Elum. 

Tieton  River  at  McAllister  Meadows,  near  Naches. 

Tieton  River  at  headworks  of  Tieton  canal,  near  Naches. 

Tieton  canal  near  Naches. 

Tieton  River,  North  Fork  of,  below  Clear  Creek,  near  Naches.' 
Tokul  Creek  near  Snoqualmie. 

Toppenish  Creek  near  Fort  Simcoe. 

Tucannon  River  near  Pomeroy. 

Tucannon  River  near  Starbuck. 

Wenatchee  River  near  Leavenworth. 

Wenatchee  River  at  Dryden. 

Wenatchee  Valley  canal  at  Dryden. 

Whatcom  Creek  near  Bellingham. 

Whatcom  Lake  near  Bellingham. 

White  River  at  Buckley. 

White  River  flume  at  Buckley. 

White  Salmon  River  at  splash  dam,  near  Trout  Lake. 

White  Salmon  River  at  Husum. 

Yakima  River  at  Cle  Elum. 

Yakima  River  at  Easton. 


44 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


108. 

109. 

110. 
111. 
112. 
113. 


Yakima  River  at  Kiona. 

Yakima  River  near  Martin. 

Yakima  River  near  Prosser. 

Yakima  River  at  Umtanum. 

Yakima  River  at  Union  Gap,  near  Yakima. 
Yakima  River  near  Wapato. 

GRADIENT  OF  COLUMBIA  RIVER. 


FROM  MOUTH  OF 

TO  MOUTH  OF 

Distance 
in  miles 

Differ- 
ence in 
elevation 
in  feet 

Average 
drop 
per  mile, 
in  feet 

Clark.  Fork  

Colville  River 

45 

60 

60 

CjQ 

Colville  River  

Spokane  River 

151 

3.35 

Spokane  River  

Nespelem  River 

151 

2.51 

Nespelem  River 

Methow  River 

98 

1.63 

Methow  River  

Wenatchee  River 

Ofcf 

56 

57 
77 

131 
(a)  60 

223 

3.  <7 

Wenatchee  River  

Crab  Creek 

134 

2.39 

Crab  Creek  

Yakima  River 

118 

2.07 

Yakima  River  

Deschutes  River 

145 

1.88 

Deschutes  River  

To  head  of  tide,  near  Cas- 
cades, Skamania  county. 

199 
(a)  131 

1.51 

2.01 

Clark  Fork 

To  head  of  tide 

Ow 

1,350* 

2.23 

(a)  Approximately. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


45 


RUN  OFF 

Yearly 
average  in 
acre- feet 

1,820,000 

808,000 

491.000 
1,620,000 

910.000 

17.500.000 
153,000,000 

3.426.000 

378.000 

335.000 

1.170.000 

388.000 

2.110.000 

919.000 

2.170.000 

1.700.000 

3.070.000 

1.300.000 

748.000 

1.040.000 

388.000 

2.160.000 

360.000 

371.000 
2,110,000 

1.365.000 

1.540.000 
10, 800', 000 

745.000 

1.590.000 

41.517.000 

475.000 
660,400 

337.000 

941.000 

5.360.000 

900.000 

295.000 

408.000 

1.446.000 

1.570.000 

1.142.000 

742.000 

1.750.000 

Depth  in  1 
inches  on 
drainage 
area 

126.69 

75.82 

61.70 
31.85 

50.04 

14.79 
12.12 

54.84 
61.56 
43.36 

117.36 

17.40 

9.96 

80.76 

9.96 

28.05 
86.65 
13.08 
35.62' 
60.60 

62.71 
5.04 
3.06 

74.32 

144.90 

87.24 
8.35 

69.18 

97.63 

84.96 

7.08 

87.28 

70.20 
75.30 

64.80 
24.62 

45.84 
121.78 

31.44 

57.24 

50.20 
50.52' 
46L32 

20.28 

w 

o 

0 

Mean  peJ 
square 
mile 

9.33 

5.58 

4.58 

2.34 
3.81 
1.09 

.89 

4.08 

4.54 
3.19 
8.64 
1.28 

.74 

5.95 
.74 

2.06. 

6.38 

.97 

2.62 

5.06 

4.59 
.38 
.22 

5.47 
10.70 

6.41 
.62 

5.09 

7.18 
6.24 

.52 

6.42 

6.19 

5.54 
5.84 
1.83 

.34 

8.96 
2.11 
4.46 

2.69 

3.70 

3.43 

1.48 

Mean 

2,520 

1.240 
678 

2.240 
1,301 

26,100 

211,000 

4,780 

522 

463 

1,290 

536 

2,910 

1,270 

2,960 

2,350 

4.240 
1,800 
1,030 
1,488 

533 

2,980 

497 

498 
2,910 
1,880 
2,130 

14,900 

1,030 

2,190 

57,300 

655 

1,140 

466 

1,590 

7,470 

1.240 
406 
508 

2,114 

2,170 

1,570 

1,080 

2,420 

Average 

yearly 

min- 

imum 

4O00®2O5rHCO  HlnMMWrt'Hp  (N  r-i  C<5  •"»<  ->*  lO 

00  US  CO  CO  rH 

1 5 

K 

5 

3 

0 

00 

e 

Minimum 

day 

WhH^C5O9INH00N«)00  CO  N CO  O 00  Cl  ci  O U1  Q Tfi  O yp  o lO  lo  Cl  (M  Cl  H Q LQ  CO 

COClrlWClM^OOH  rH  CO  CM  O0  iH  CO  tH  ^ CO  CO  J>  <M  rH  HCln  COCO^^rH 

1ft  qT  CM  rH  r— T 

Average 

yearly 

max- 

imum 

88gS8888Si8S8g888gS8g3®S8S88888S8fc®888§8888§ 

X>CD^OOO^^CO^<MC^COO’^^5C5VOTHlf5COCOM4|>C^OO^OC005j^COOOlOCC>C^CJCO<0’^C<JCOrH'oOC<)l^ 

rH  rH  Qi  CO  <M  rH  rH  rH  rH  (NH  rH  rH  H rH  *0  rH  <M  <M  <M  rH  rH 

CO  CM 

Maximum 

day 

23,900 

31.700 

11.400 
9,810 
6,400 

155.000 
1,160,000 

30,300 

4,920 

3,930 

23.800 
5,150 

33,500 

19.000 

18.000 
9,330 

34.100 

14.800 

9.500 
10,600 

7.500 
22,200 

27.800 
3,200 

30.700 
20,600 

20.400 

96.100 
9,720 

16.700 

293.000 

11.100 
8,350 
4,740 

12.700 
35,200 

11.400 
6,070 
4,970 

35.600 

16.400 

14.600 
4,340 

41,000 

a 

c 

c 

1 

area  in 
square 
miles 

270 

222 

149 

950 

341 

24,000 

237.000 
1,170 

115 
145 
188 
419 

3,950 

213 

4,060 

1,140 

665 

1,850 

394 

294 

116 
7,740 
2,210 

91 

273 

293 

3,450 

2,930 

143 

351 

109.000 
102 
184 

84 

272 

4,000 

368 

45 

240 

474 

591 

424 

300 

1,620 

Years 

ob- 

served 

H<COCiCCirHt>C)DCOrHCO'H^CX)'^C^rHCOCOlO'Hl^lftrHl>.lO(MlCOOHiOOl>Ol>COlOiacoOOCO^>^O^C5 

rH  CO  rH  rH  <M 

1 

1 

£ 

£ 1 

o 

q 

Concrete 

Marblemount 

Ravensdale 

Chelan 

Randle 

Newport 

The  Dalles 

Mossy  Rock 

Brinnon 

Dungeness 

McDonald 

Entiat 

Zindel 

Forks 

Boyds 

Lyle 

Amboy 

Pateros 

Nile 

Lagrande 

Mouth 

Okanogan 

Hooper 

Electron 

Quinault 

Darrington 

Oroville 

Sedro  Woolley 

Index 

Index 

Mouth 

North  Bend 

North  Bend 

North  Bend 

Quill  ayute 

Spokane 

Stehekin 

Silverton 

Above  canal 

Castle  Rock 

Leavenworth 

Buckley 

Husum 

Umtanum 

RIVER 

Baker  

Cascade  

Cedar  

Chelan  

Cispus  

Clark  Fork  

Columbia  

Cowlitz  

Dosewallips  

Dungeness  

Elwha  

Entiat  

Grande  Ronde  

Kalawa  

Kettle  

Klickitat  

Lewis  

Methow  

Naches  

Nisqually  

Ohanapecosh  

Okanogan  

Palouse  

Puyallup  

Quinault  

Sauk  

Similkameen  

Skagit  

Skykomish  (N.  Fork) 

Skykomish  (S'.  Fork) 

Snake  

Snoqualmie  (N.  Fork) 

Snoqualmie  (Mid.  Fork). 

Snoqualmie  (S.  Fork) 

Soleduck  

Spokane  

Stehekin  

Stilaguamish  (S.  Fork) . . . 

Tieton  

Toutle  

Wenatchee  

White  

White  Salmon  

Yakima  

Compiled  from  the  stream  flow  data  published  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  various  Water-Supply  Papers. 


46  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 

— L 

FORESTS. 

The  merchantable  forests  of  Washington  are  primarily  de- 
pendent  for  their  development  upon  rainfall,  temperature,  and 
depth  and  character  of  soil.  Of  these  rainfall  is  easily  the  most  j 
important.  Where  the  rainfall  is  less  than  10  inches  annually 
the  vegetation  is  confined  almost  wholly  to  desert  plants.  There  i 
is  a sparse  growth  of  grasses,  but  trees  are  very  rare.  When 
the  annual  rainfall  ranges  from  10  inches  to  20  inches  some 
species  of  trees  may  grow  but  only  portions  of  the  forest  can 
be  said  to  be  merchantable.  The  trees  grow  well  apart  and  the 
undergrowth  is  very  light.  When  the  rainfall  increases  to  SO  or 
40  inches  there  is  a notable  increase  in  the  stand  of  timber  and 
lumbering  becomes  a well  established  occupation.  The  great 
bulk  of  the  merchantable  timber,  however,  grows  over  those 
portions  of  the  state  where  the  annual  rainfall  is  in  excess  of  40 
inches.  The  densest  forests,  where  the  undergrowth  is  heaviest 
and  most  difficult  to  penetrate,  and  where  jungle  conditions  pre- 
vail, are  found  in  those  belts  of  rainfall  which  exceed  100  inches 
per  year.  On  the  whole  there  is  a very  close  and  marked  corre- 
spondence between  the  board  feet  per  acre  which  a forest  will 
yield  and  the  annual  rainfall  of  that  locality. 

Other  things  being  equal  the  forests  of  the  state  grow  to 
best  advantage,  where  the  mean  temperature  is  highest  and 
where  there  is  the  least  seasonal  variation.  We  find  the  heaviest 
growth  of  trees  near  the  sea  instead  of  in  the  interior,  and  in 
the  lowlands  rather  than  on  the  mountain  sides  or  other  upland 
surfaces.  It  is  only  on  the  highest  mountains  of  the  state  that 
the  minimum  temperatures  of  the  year  make  it  impossible  for 
trees  to  grow.  The  limit  of  tree  growth  in  the  Olympics,  as 
determined  by  temperature  alone,  is  at  an  elevation  of  about 
6,000  feet.  In  the  Cascades  the  timber  line  varies  from  about 
5,500  feet  near  the  Canadian  line,  to  about  6,000  feet  in  the 
high  mountains  near  Columbia  River. 

It  is  only  on  the  steepest  mountain  slopes  that  the  soil,  as 
far  as  its  depth  is  concerned,  fails  to  support  a forest  growth. 
In  general  the  soil  covering  is  everywhere  ample  to  produce 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


47 


merchantable  timber.  Over  some  small  areas,  while  the  depth  of 
the  soil  is  sufficient,  it  is  yet  unable  to  grow  a forest,  and  prairie 
conditions  prevail.  The  difficulty  here  lies  in  the  coarseness  of 
the  soil  which  allows  of  ready  evaporation  and  the  escape  of  the 
rainwater,  so  that  not  enough  moisture  is  retained  to  nourish 
the  trees  through  the  dryest  season  of  the  year. 

Forest  trees  in  varying  quantities  once  grew  over  about 
two-thirds  of  the  state.  Over  one-half  of  Washington,  at  the 
time  of  the  first  logging  operations,  was  covered  with  mer- 
chantable timber.  It  is  estimated  that  nearly  four  hundred  bil- 
lion board  feet  now  remain  uncut,  with  a value  in  excess  of  four 
hundred  billions  of  dollars.  About  seven-eighths  of  the  stand- 
ing timber  is  found  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  and 
about  two-thirds  of  the  remainder  occurs  on  the  eastern  slopes 
of  those  mountains.  Washington  ranks  first  in  the  annual  pro- 
duction of  lumber,  and  over  40  per  cent,  of  the  public  wealth  of 
the  state  comes  directly  from  the  various  forest  industries. 

Of  the  merchantable  trees  found  in  the  forests  of  the  state 
Douglas  fir  is  easily  of  the  most  value.  Alone  it  comprises 
more  than  half  of  the  standing  timber  and  when  cut  it  is  used 
for  a wide  variety  of  purposes.  The  next  species  in  value  is 
the  western  red  cedar,  which  is  used  primarily  for  the  making 
of  shingles,  and  which  comprises  today  about  one-eighth  of  the 
standing  timber  of  the  state.  East  of  the  Cascades  the  western 
yellow  pine  is  the  principal  commercial  tree,  and  it  makes  up 
about  4 per  cent,  of  the  total  forest  now  remaining. 


NATIONAL  FORESTS  OF  WASHINGTON,  SEGREGATED  BY  COUNTIES,  JUNE  30,  1916. 


48 


Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashington  Geological  Survey 


49 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


AMOUNT  OF  STANDING  TIMBER  IN  THE  STATE  OF  WASH- 
INGTON, BY  SPECIES  OF  TREES.* 


'Species 

Douglas  fir  ( Pseudotsuga  taxifolia) 

Western  hemlock  ( Tsuga  heterophylla ) 

Western  red  cedar  ( Thuya  plicata ) 

Amabilis  fir  ( Abies  amabilis ) 

Western  yellow  pine  ( Pinus  ponderosa ) 

Sitka  spruce  ( Picea  sitchensis ) 

Western  larch  ( Larix  occidentalis ) 

Lodgepole  pine  ( Pinus  contorta ) 

Engelmann  spruce  ( Picea  engelmanni) 

Western  white  pine  ( Pinus  monticola) 

Noble  and  Shasta  fir  ( Abies  nobilis  and  Abies  shastensis ) 
White  and  Grand  fir  ( Abies  concolor  and  Abies  grandis ) . 
All  other  species 


Board  Feet 
222,539,000,000 

52.672.000. 000 

49.844.000. 000 

17.430.000. 000 

16.940.000. 000 

11.885.000. 000 

1.933.000. 000 

1.800.000. 000 

1.300.000. 000 

1.181.000. 000 

514.000. 000 

386.000. 000 

11.858.000. 000 


Total 390,282,000,000 

* Estimates  compiled  by  the  West  Coast  Lumbermen’s  Association,  Seattle, 
Washington. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


An  Isotonic  rJL.  tajcJicivtin 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


51 


SETTLEMENT. 

By  Victor  Farrar,  Research  Assistant  in  History, 

University  of  Washington. 

The  first  navigator  to  approach  Old  Oregon  was  possibly 
Bartholome  Ferelo,  in  1543,  and  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  years 
thereafter  discoverers  representing  many  nations,  including 
Spain,  Great  Britain,  Russia  and  the  United  States,  made  im- 
portant voyages.  While  they  contributed  much  to  the  geo- 
graphic knowledge  of  the  day,  their  immediate  value  was  to 
provide  their  respective  nations  with  claims  to  the  country. 
The  influence  of  Spain  in  the  northwest  began  to  decline  rapidly, 
and  after  the  Nootka  Sound  episode  with  England,  in  1792, 
Spain  withdrew  to  what  is  today  the  northern  boundary  of  Cal- 
ifornia, while  Russia,  whose  possessions  were  too  extensive, 
sought  to  limit  her  confines  to  the  parallel  of  54°  40'  north  lati- 
tude. This  left  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  prac- 
tical possession,  but  the  matter  was  not  legally  adjudicated 
until  1821,  when  both  nations  agreed  to  postpone  a final  settle- 
ment of  the  question  and  concluded  what  is  commonly  referred  to 
as  the  treaty  of  Joint  Occupancy.  Citizens  of  either  nation 
were  permitted  to  enter  on  equal  terms  but  neither  government 
extended  its  laws  therein. 

Fur-trading  companies  alone  exploited  the  country.  Jona- 
than Winship,  of  Boston,  endeavored  as  early  as  1803  to  gain  a 
foothold  on  the  Columbia,  but  failed;  the  Pacific  Fur  Company 
established  Astoria  in  1811,  but  lost  its  holding  in  the  War  of 
1812.  Two  British  corporations,  the  Northwest  Company  which 
arrived  in  1807,  and  the  Hudson’s  Bay  Company  which  came 
later,  through  superior  organization  and  governmental  assist- 
ance, proved  too  powerful  for  their  rivals,  and  after  the  merger 
of  the  two  under  the  one  title  of  Hudson’s  Bay  Company,  in 
1821,  had  little  opposition.  Posts  at  Vancouver,  Cowlitz,  Nis- 
qually,  Walla  Walla,  Okanogan,  Colville  and  Spokane  were 
built  where,  in  addition  to  a general  fur-trade  business  with  the 
Indians,  fish-packing,  lumbering,  and  even  agriculture  were  car- 
ried on  to  supply  the  markets  of  China,  Russia  and  the  Sand- 
wich Islands. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  17 


Plate  VII 


Percentage.  of 

^ , -foreign  born 

Order  Country  population 

s<s  Spain  o.is 

2s  Australia  0.22 

Bulgaria  0.30 

•?3  Montenegro  0.30 

Turkey  Q44 

si  Hungary  0.45 

•so  Belgium  o.aq 

is  Wales  0.77 

ib  Netherlands  o.84 

17  Chino  o.8s 

\<s  France  0.31 

is  Switzerland  1.30 

1-4  Greece  i.go 

13  Scotland  s.e>o 

is  Denmark 

1 1 Finland 

10  Irelahd 

s Russia 

© Japan 

7 Austria 

<s  Italy 

s EIn<£land 

-4  Norway 


300 

340 

390 

4.30 

480 

3.00 

310 


7SO 


I MO 


3 Ger 


[mony 


I 1.40 


■2  Sweden  isso 


Percentage 
of  total*  _ . . 

population  Population 


0.03 

0.0s 

0.07 

0.07 

0.10 
0.1  1 
0.1  1 

0.17 
0.1 3 
0.20 

Q-SO 
0.29 
0.3G 
O.G3 
0.< 57 
0.7<S 
0.87 
0.36 
1.08 
1.10 
1.14 


1.70 


249 


S.SS 


2.80 


385 
S77 
7<S9 
773 
115  1 
l I GO 
1228 
I 97S 
21  57 
2301 
2340 
3447 
4 187 
71  Ol 
7804 
8719 
10180 
l 09<5  I 
12177 
l 2745 
\3l  21 
1 9430 
283<S8 
2938 S 


32199 


1 Canada 


1370 


3.SO 


39482 


Number  and  percentage  of  foreign  born 
tries  arranged  in  order,  including  percentage 
sus  of  1910. 


population,  with  the  coun- 
of  total  population.  Cen* 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


53 


In  the  early  thirties  immigration  commenced,  and  mission- 
aries, leading  bands  of  pioneers,  crossed  the  plains,  the  forties 
witnessing  remarkable  expeditions.  These  settlers,  despite  the 
treaty  of  Joint  Occupancy,  made  light  of  the  British  preten- 
sions to  rights  in  the  country,  and,  in  1843,  proceeded  to  erect 
a provisional  government,  ostensibly  non-partisan,  but  in  reality 
pro-American,  adopted  the  civil  code  of  Iowa,  and  carried  on 
most  of  the  functions  of  a government  by  authority,  much  to 
the  embarrassment  of  the  British.  By  1846  conditions  had  be- 
come so  serious  that  both  governments  were  anxious  for  a final 
settlement,  and  this  was  accomplished  by  the  acceptance  of  the 
prolongation  of  the  49th  parallel  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific  as  a boundary  line.  The  United  States  came  into 
possession  of  the  country  south  of  that  line.  In  1849  a terri- 
torial government  was  set  up,  based  upon  a recognition  of  the 
provisionial  government,  and  in  1850  suitable  land  laws  were 
passed. 

In  1853  the  population  was  sufficient  to  permit  of  a division 
of  Oregon  Territory,  and  on  March  2 Washington  Territory 
was  erected,  corresponding  to  its  present  boundaries  with  the 
addition  of  all  of  Idaho  and  parts  of  Montana  and  Wyoming. 
Isaac  Ingalls  Stevens  was  appointed  first  governor  and  super- 
intendent of  Indian  affairs.  His  chief  work  was  the  removal  of 
the  Indians  to  reservations  and  toward  that  end  made,  in  1854- 
55,  eight  treaties  with  closely  allied  bands.  Unfortunately,  due 
to  delay  in  ratification,  certain  disaffected  bands  in  Eastern 
Washington  took  to  the  war-path,  and  the  uprising  was  only 
terminated  after  a severe  war,  in  1855-56.  Washington  Terri- 
tory received  its  present  boundaries  in  1863  when  Idaho  Terri- 
tory was  created.  The  possessory  rights  of  the  Hudson’s  Bay 
Company  were  purchased  in  the  later  sixties  after  long  inquiry 
proceedings.  Washington  became  a state  on  November  11,  1889. 

The  State  of  Washington  comprises  two  distinct  regions: 
Western  Washington,  with  its  interests  centered  chiefly  in  lum- 
bering, fishing  and  commerce;  and  Eastern  Washington,  whose 
interests  are  very  largely  agricultural.  This  sectionalism  is 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  17 


Plate  VIII 


1.29 

1.29 

1.31 

1.31 

1.33 

I.6S 

2.91 

2.92 


Oregon 
New  "fork 
Ohio 
Michigan 
MiS5Qu|r 


4.86 


3.21 


340 


6.26 


n 


6.35 


3 A 


33 

3-S 

— 

30 

29 


28 


27 


26 


Percentage 

State  Native  born  RanK 
(Outside,  of  this  State.) 

Maryland  0.34 
Connecticut  0.35 
Utah  o.3<s 

Mew  Jersey  0.44 
Vermont  0.4  s 

Oklahoma  0.59 
West  Vi  r<£i  n ia  o.  73 
Arkansas  o.  so 
North  Carolina  0.92 
“Texas  0.93 

Virginia  1.12 

Colorado  i.ks 

Idaho  1.23 

Massachusetts  1.23 
Montana 
North  Dakota 
South  Dakota 
Maine 

Tennessee 
Kentucky 
Nebraska 
California 


25 


24 


23 


22 


21 


20 


I 8 


17 


16 


IS 


14 


Percentage 

of 

Entire 

Poputation 

0.1 2 

0.19 

o.  19 

0.23 

0.2(5 

0.31 

0.39 

0.42 

0.49 

0.49 

0.59 

0.62 

0.65 

0.65 

0.69 

0.69 

0.70 

0.70 

0.71 

0.88 

1.54 

1.55 


Indiana 

3.87 

12 

205 

Kansas 

3.93 

1 1 

20.9 

Pennsylvania  4.32 

IO 

2.35 

2.S8 


2.77 


2.87 


3.32 


3.37 


Number 

2075 
2179 
2236 
2707 
2939 
3522 
44S5 
4887 
5502 
3692 
6827 
7080 
7494 
75  l I 
7845 
786  7 
©OOO 
8050 
81  55 
10079 
17647 
17761 
23773 
241  86 
26296 
29569 
31706 
32849 
3|3089 
3 8665 


Wisconsin 


7.77 


4.1  3 


47267 


Iowa 


7.86 


4J  8 


47862 


| Illinois 

8.41 

2 

4.42 

SI  1 63 

Minnesota 

858 

1 

4.57 

52  198 

Number  and  percentages  of  native  born  population,  outside  of  Wash- 
ington, with  the  states  arranged  in  order,  and  including  the  percent- 
age of  the  entire  population.  Census  of  1910. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


55 


accentuated  by  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains  which  divides 
the  two  regions  and  serves  as  a barrier  to  prevent  the  mild  cli- 
mate of  the  Pacific  from  being  extended  far  to  the  eastward. 
Thus  the  climate  of  Western  Washington  is  mild  the  year 
around,  with  no  excessive  heat  in  summer  or  severe  cold  in 
winter;  while  Eastern  Washington  partakes  more  of  that  cli- 
mate one  would  naturally  expect  to  find  in  any  other  region  of 
the  United  States  within  the  same  parallels  of  latitude.  These 
differences  are  reflected  in  the  politics  and  institutions  of  the 
state. 

The  chief  industrial  interests  in  Western  Washington,  from 
pioneer  days,  have  been  lumbering,  fishing  and  commerce ; agri- 
culture until  recently  being  relatively  unimportant.  In  fact, 
none  of  the  larger  cities,  including  Seattle,  Tacoma,  Everett  and 
Bellingham,  owes  its  existence  to  agricultural  enterprise.  With 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  and  the  development  of  San 
Francisco,  ships  with  entire  lumbering  crews  came  to  the  Puget 
Sound  region,  before  there  were  settlers  in  considerable  numbers, 
after  piles  and  spars,  and  soon  saw-mills  sprang  up  as  if  by 
magic.  For  many  years  agricultural  supplies  had  to  be  shipped 
in.  Fishing,  the  second  industry  in  importance,  began  in  1851 
with  oystering  on  Willapa  Harbor,  the  supply  being  sold  to 
the  California  trade.  For  a decade  or  so  thereafter  salt-water 
fishing  for  salmon,  cod,  halibut,  etc.,  was  local  in  its  nature  due 
to  the  lack  of  a market  and  packing  facilities.  As  early  as 
1859  Joseph  Lane  McDonald  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  began  to 
urge  the  development  of  the  Pacific  fisheries,  first  through  Sen- 
ator Gwin  of  California  (1859),  and  second,  before  the  Wash- 
ington territorial  legislature  (1866),  which  agitations  con- 
tributed to  the  purchase  of  Alaska.  Today  Washington  prac- 
tically controls  the  fishing  interests  of  the  Northwest.  Puget 
Sound  was  predicted  by  explorers  to  become  the  chief  Pacific 
terminus  when  settlement  should  reach  those  parts.  In  1853 
the  first  surveys  were  made  by  the  United  States  government  for 
a northern  railroad,  but  due  to  the  Civil  War  and  the  Panic  of 
1873  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  did  not  reach  the  Sound 


Washington  Geological 

County 

San  Juan 
island 
wahKiaKum 
Kitsap 
Asotin 
Clarke 
Garfield 
Thurston 
Columbia 
Pacific 
Mason 
Cowlitz 
Franklin 
Wolla  Walla 
Pond  Oreille 
Bon  ton 
Skamania 
Piorco 
Clallam 
vjofforson 
Spokane. 
Skagit 
Douglas 
Klickitat 
Adams 
Grays  Harbor 
Snohomish 
Whotcom 
Whitmah 
Kinq> 

Ferry 
Lincoln 
Kittitas 
Lewis 
Stevens 
Grant 
Chelan 


Survey 

Rank  ip  Si 


Bulletin  No.  17 


Plate  IX 


ZC 


30 


35 


3-4 


33 


33 


31 


30 


30 


3© 


37 


30 


3S 


3-4 


33 


31 


30 


1© 


17 


IS 


13 


IO 


Area  in 
oq.  Milos 


I 3© 
30© 
307 
371 
<SO<E> 
(S3-4 
S94 
700 
859 
SOS 
©30 
1153 
1306 
I3SS 
1-473 
107  I 

ioes 

170  I 
1730 
1747 
I7SO 
177-4 
17  ©"7 
I03S 
I©  I 3 
1037 
3004 

30  S3 
3 I OB 

31  I I 
3330 
3303 
333© 
3300 
33  ©4 
3730 
3000 


'Ydkima 

3 

SOS© 

Okonoqan 

1 

S33  1 

The  areas  in  square  miles  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  in  order  of  size. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


until  1883.  Since  then  the  Great  Northern  and  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  railways  have  also  built  termini  here.  In 
export  commerce  Puget  Sound,  in  1917,  led  both  San  Francisco 
and  Portland.  Agriculture  in  Western  Washington  has  not 
been  extensive  because  the  available  prairie  and  bottom  lands 
are  limited.  In  recent  years  there  has  arisen  a movement  to  de- 
velop the  logged-off  areas,  but  little  has  been  accomplished  be- 
cause of  the  high  cost  of  clearing  and  the  speculative  values 
which  have  been  attached  to  these  lands. 

Eastern  Washington  has  become  essentially  an  agricultural 
region,  although  in  early  years  it  was  regarded  as  a great  desert. 
This  belief  has  proved  erroneous,  for,  while  there  is  a great  dif- 
ference between  the  fertile  prairies  of,  say  Iowa,  where  a diver- 
sified crop  yield  may  be  obtained,  and  the  stretches  of  Eastern 
Washington,  nevertheless  there  is  comparatively  little  land 
therein  which  some  day  will  not  be  made  to  yield  its  staple 
product.  It  was  early  observed  that  the  Indians  bred  and  main- 
tained large  herds  of  horses  and  cattle  which  fed  upon  the  bunch- 
grass,  and  hundreds  of  settlers  engaged  with  great  success  in 
cattle  raising,  ofttimes  driving  their  herds,  before  the  advent 
of  the  railway,  far  to  the  eastward  to  market.  Then  it  was 
found  that  the  apparently  arid  bunch-grass  country  would 
yield  large  returns  if  planted  in  wheat,  and  today  the  Big 
Bend,  Palousc  and  Walla  Walla  sections  are  famed  for  this 
staple.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  much  land  which  would  not 
be  available  for  agriculture  were  it  not  for  irrigation.  In  1841 
Charles  Wilkes  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition 
wrote  of  successful  beginnings  in  the  Walla  Walla  valley  by 
Marcus  Whitman,  the  missionary,  and  Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth,  the 
fur-trader,  commented  upon  its  necessity.  The  successful  pros- 
ecution of  this  form  of  agriculture  usually  calls  for  co-opera- 
tion, either  through  private  capitalistic  enterprise,  or  govern- 
ment aid,  as  it  is  beyond  the  financial  ability  of  the  individ- 
ual farmer.  Both  agencies  have  arisen  and  great  areas  have 
been  reclaimed,  especially  in  Yakima,  Kittitas,  Chelan,  Okan- 
ogan, Walla  Walla  and  other  counties. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 

Bulletin  No.  17 

Plate  X 

County 

Rank  in 
Population 

Population  . .. 

per  sq.  mile  Population 

Skamania 

36 

1.7 

2087 

Wahkiakum 

37 

1 2.3 

32  85 

San  Juan 

36 

20.2 

3603 

Garfield 

35 

6.1 

41  99 

Island 

34 

44 

4704 

Ferry 

33 

2. 1 

4800 

Franklin 

32 

4.3 

5 1 53 

Mason 

31 

5.5 

5ISG 

Asotin 

30 

9.6 

583  1 

Clallam 

20  ' 

33 

G755 

Columbia 

28 

8.2 

70  42 

Benton 

27 

4.7 

793  7 

Jefferson 

26 

4.8 

©337 

Srant 

25 

3.2 

8608 

Douglas 

24 

5.2 

9227 

Klickitat 

23 

56 

10  160 

Adams 

22 

57 

10920 

Pacific 

2 l 

1 40 

1 2532 

Cowlitz 

20 

l.l 

1 256  1 

Oka  no^an 

IS 

2.5 

1 2887 

Chelan 

18 

5.2 

1 S 1 04 

Lincoln 

17 

7.6 

1 7539 

Thurston 

16 

2.5 

1 7S8  1 

Kitsap 

IS 

4.6 

1 7647 

Kittitas 

1 4 

7.9 

1 856  I 

Stevens 

Clarke 

Ska$it 

Walla  Walla 

Lewis 

Whitman 

Grays  Harbor 

"Tbkima 

Whatcom 

Snohomish 

Pierce 

Spokane 


13 

12 

i i 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

S 

4 


6.5 

4.1 
l.<S 

I 3.6 
I S.Q 
I 6-5 

8.2 
236 
28.7 


7 1.0 


794 


"25207 
"26  I I S 

2 9241 

3 I 93  * 
321  27 
33280 
355  90 
A I 709 
-4 SSI  I 
59200 

I 2081  2 
I 3 9404 


Kin$ 


134© 


264638 


The  population  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  in  order,  with  the  population 
per  square  mile.  Census  of  1910. 


POPULATION,  RANK  OF  STATE,  AND  NUMBER  OF  PEOPLE  PER  SQUARE  MILE,  AT  EACH 

CENSUS  SINCE  1860. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


59 


CHAPTER  II. 

GAZETTEER.* 

Abbey  Island.  A small  island  near  the  shore,  3 miles  south  of  the  mouth 
of  Hoh  River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  100  feet 
(5) 

Aberdeen.  This  city  is  the  largest  in  Grays  Harbor  County  and  lies  in 
the  southwestern  part,  on  Grays  Harbor.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
8 square  miles.  It  is  served  by  the  N.  P.,  C.  M.  & St.  P.,  and  O.-W. 
railways,  and  by  a number  of  ocean  going  steamers  and  sailing 
vessels.  It  has  a number  of  fish  canneries,  saw  and  shingle  mills, 
a sheet  metal  works,  a cigar  factory,  a flour,  mill  and  two  ship 
building  plants.  It  is  located  in  the  heart  of  a heavily  timbered 
district  and  a farming  region,  successful  in  various  kinds  of  farm- 
ing, dairying  and  fruit  growing.  The  city  had  20,334  inhabitants 
on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census.  (1) 
Aberdeen  Flats.  Flats  along  the  Wishkah  River,  about  7 miles  north 
of  Aberdeen,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Aberdeen  Junction.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  east  of  Aber- 
deen, in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  10  feet.  (54) 
Abernathy  Peak.  A peak  near  the  head  of  Twisp  River,  in  west  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  about  8,300  feet.  (76) 

Abernathy  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  1 mile 
east  of  Oak  Point,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (10) 

Acme.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west  central 
Whatcom  County;  elevation,  311  feet.  (1) 

Active  Cove.  A small  cove  at  the  west  end  of  Patos  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Acton.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  north 
of  Benton  City,  in  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  564  feet.  (4) 
Ada  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Huckleberry  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Adams.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Attalia,  in  west 
central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  629  feet.  (4) 

Adams  County.  This  county  is  located  in  east  central  Washington, 
southwest  of  Spokane.  It  has  an  area  of  1,912  square  miles.  Broad 
valleys  and  rolling  uplands  characterize  the  topography.  The  tem- 
perature varies  from  30°  F.  to  80°  F.,  and  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  about  52°  F.  The  annual  rainfall  averages  about  10.5  inches. 
The  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census  estimated  the  population  of  the 
county  to  be  14,743  on  July  1,  1916.  General  agriculture  and  wheat 
raising  are  the  principal  industries.  The  principal  towns  are  Ritz- 
ville,  the  county  seat;  Lind,  Othello,  Washtucna,  Hatton,  and  Cun- 
ningham. 

Adams  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  northwestern  slope  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Adams,  Mount.  The  second  highest  mountain  peak  in  Washington,  lo- 
cated in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  12,307  feet.  (1) 
Adams  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  1 mile  from 
its  upper  end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Adco.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  north  of  Adrian,  in  central 
Grant  County;  elevation,  1,256  feet. 


* The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  reference  maps  listed  at  the  end 
of  this  chapter ; upon  each  map  as  indicated  the  particular  geographical 
feature  described  may  be  found. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of.  Washington 


61 


Addy.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  south  of  Colville,  in  central 
Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,633  feet.  (1) 

Adelaide.  A post  office  about  7 miles  northwest  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (1) 

Adelaide.  A siding  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  2 miles  south 
of  Redmond,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  42  feet.  (4) 
Adelaide  Lake.  A lake  on  a small  western  tributary  of  North  Pork  of 
White  River,  about  10  miles  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,584  feet.  (69) 

Adkins.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  northeast  of  Attalia,  in 
west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,011  feet.  (4) 
Admiralty  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  opposite 
Port  Townsend,  in  west  central  Island  County.  (5) 

Admiralty  Head.  A headland  west  of  Admiralty  Bay,  on  the  west  coast 
of  Whidbey  Island,  opposite  Port  Townsend,  in  west  central  Island 
County.  (5) 

Admiralty  Inlet.  A channel  between  the  southern  portion  of  Whidbey 
Island  and  the  mainland  on  the  west,  near  Port  Townsend.  (1) 
Adna.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Chehalis,  in  west  cen- 
tral Lewis  County;  elevation,  196  feet.  (1) 

Adrian.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch), 
10  miles  northeast  of  Ephrata,  in  central  Grant  County;  elevation, 
1,206  feet.  (1) 

Aeneas.  A post  office  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Republic,  in  east  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Aeneas  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Okanogan  River  from  the  west, 
southwest  of  Tonasket,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Aeneas  Creek.  The  principal  western  headwater  of  West  Fork  of  San- 
poil  River,  in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Aeneas  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  west  of  Tonasket,  in  central  Okan- 
ogan County;  elevation,  1,362  feet.  (48) 

Aeneas  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  east  of  Sinlahekin  Creek  and  south 
of  Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Aeneas  Valley.  A valley  several  miles  long,  extending  from  the  head 
of  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River  to  Bonaparte  Creek,  in  east  central 
Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Agate  Bay.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  southeast  of  Bellingham, 
in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  326  feet. 

Agate  Pass.  The  channel  between  the  north  end  of  Bainbridge  Island 
and  the  mainland  on  the  west,  in  northern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 
Agate  Point.  A point  at  the  northern  end  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in 
northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Agnes  Creek.  The  principal  western  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  in 
the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Agnes  Creek,  South  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Agnes  Creek,  in  the 
north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Agnes  Creek,  West  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Agnes  Creek,  in  the 
north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Ahle  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  1 mile  above 
Kalama,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 

Ainsworth.  A junction  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  2 miles  southeast  of 
Pasco,  in  southern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  360  feet.  (4) 


62 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Aix,  Mount.  A peak  about  5 miles  southeast  of  Bumping  Lake,  in  west 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  7,805  feet.  (38). 

Ajlune.  A post  office  on  the  south  side  of  Cowlitz  River,  about  11  miles 
southwest  of  Morton,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (2) 

Akron.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 y2  miles  west  of  Lind,  in  central 
Adams  County;  elevation,  1,422  feet.  (96) 

Aladdin.  A post  office  about  20  miles  northeast  of  Colville,  in  north- 
eastern Stevens  County.  (1) 

Alameda.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  in  the  northeastern  corner 
of  Douglas  County.  (1) 

Albion.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  13  miles  south- 
east of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,250 
feet.  (1) 

Alden  Bank.  A bank  about  the  middle  of  Georgia  Strait,  northeast  of 
Sucia  Island,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (6) 

Alden  Point.  A point  at  the  west  end  of  Patos  Island,  in  north  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Alder.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  41 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,147  feet.  (1) 

Alder  Creek.  A tributary  from  the  east,  emptying  near  the  mouth  of 
Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Alder  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Alderdale,  in 
eastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Alder  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  south  of 
Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Alder  Creek.  An  upper  headwater  of  Nasel  River,  in  south  central  Pa- 
cific County.  (27) 

Alder  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  at  Alder, 
in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Alder  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  at  Hamilton, 
in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Alder  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Fruitland,  in 
southwestern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Alderdale.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  southeastern  Klickitat 
County;  elevation,  249  feet.  (1) 

Alder  Ridge.  A low  ridge  about  10  miles  long,  north  of  Columbia  River 
and  east  of  Roosevelt,  in  southeastern  Klickitat  County.  (43) 
Alderton.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  89  feet.  (4) 

Aleck  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  south  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  2 miles 
east  of  Iceberg  Point,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Alexander  Island.  A rock  island  1 mile  off  shore  and  6 miles  north  of 
the  mouth  of  Hoh  River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  eleva- 
tion, 121  feet.  (5) 

Alfalfa.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  southeast  of  Toppenish,  in 
southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  723  feet.  (1) 

Alger.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  17  miles  north  of  Mount  Vernon,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  270  feet.  (4) 

Algiers  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Camano  Island,  in 
central  Island  County.  (58) 

Algona.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  and  Puget  Sound  Electric  rail- 
ways, 2 miles  south  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


63 


Alice  Creek.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Cedar 
Falls,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

Alice  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
at  Alice  Creek  Station,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

Alice  Falls.  Falls  in  lower  Spukwush  Creek,  about  iy2  miles  north  of 
the  lower  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Alkali  Canyon.  A short  canyon  on  the  west  side  of  Columbia  River,  in 
the  northeastern  corner  of  Yakima  County.  (65) 

Alkali  Flat  Creek.  A small  intermittent  tributary  of  Snake  River,  from 
the  northeast,  at  Riparia,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County.  (1) 
Alkali  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  near  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Chelan 
at  its  southern  end,  in  east  central  Chelan  County.  (46) 

Alkali  Lake.  A lake  about  8 miles  long,  at  the  southern  end  of  Grand 
Coulee,  11  miles  north  of  Ephrata,  in  Grant  County.  (1) 

Alki  Crest.  A ridge  north  of  the  head  of  Tolmie  Creek,  northwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Alki  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  2 miles  south  of 
Elliott  Bay,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Alkire.  A village  at  the  junction  of  West  Fork  and  Sanpoil  rivers,  in 
west  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,968  feet.  (4) 

Allan  Island.  An  island  about  1 mile  long,  west  of  Fidalgo  Island,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  260  feet.  (6) 
Allard.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Hanford  Branch),  in  north- 
western Benton  County;  elevation,  465  feet.  (50) 

Allen,  Lake.  A lake  on  Mount  Wow,  southwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,596  feet.  (69) 

Allyn.  A post  office  near  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  in  east  central  Mason 
County.  (1) 

Almira.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  13 
miles  west  of  Wilbur,  in  northwestern  Lincoln  County;  elevation, 
1,917  feet.  (1) 

Almota.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  36  miles  north- 
west of  Lewiston,  in  south  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  645 
feet.  (1) 

Almota  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Snake  River,  at  Almota,  in  south 
central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Alochaman  River.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  northeast, 
north  of  Cathlamet,  in  eastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Aloha.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in 
west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  68  feet.  (4) 

Alpha.  A post  office  about  18  miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in  central 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  822  feet.  (1) 

Alpine.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Skykomish,  in  north- 
eastern King  County;  elevation,  1,764  feet.  (4) 

Alpowa.  A village  about  17  miles  southeast  of  Pomeroy,  in  east  central 
Garfield  County.  (4) 

Alpowa.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  9 miles  west 
of  Lewiston,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  722  feet. 
(4) 

Alpowa  Creek.  A stream  draining  the  northeastern  Blue  Mountains  and 
entering  Snake  River  at  Silcott,  about  8 miles  below  Clarkston,  in 
northern  Asotin  County.  (1) 


64 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Alpowa  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  10  miles  below  Clarkston,  in 
Asotin  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Alstown.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  south  central  Douglas  County, 
31  miles  from  Columbia  River  Station;  elevation,  2,138  feet.  (4) 
Alta  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  2%  miles  southwest  of  Pateros,  in 
southwestern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,175  feet.  (61) 

Alta  Mountain.  A mountain  east  of  Gold  Creek  and  north  of  Keechelus 
Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  6,265  feet.  (74) 
Alta  Vista.  A post  office  south  of  Cowlitz  River,  about  8 miles  south- 
west of  Morton,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (2) 

Alta  Vista.  A high  point  in  Paradise  Park,  on  the  southeast  slope  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Alto.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  south 
of  Starbuck,  in  northwestern  Columbia  County;  elevation,  1,906 
feet.  (1) 

Altoona.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  about  6 miles  west  of  Brookfield, 
in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (4) 

Alturas  Lake.  A small  lake  on  East  Fork  of  Foss  River,  in  northeastern 
King  County;  elevation,  1,925  feet.  (91) 

Amber.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  28  miles  southwest  of  Spokane, 
in  southwestern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,215  feet.  (4) 

Amboy.  A post  office  on  Cedar  Creek,  4 y2  miles  northwest  of  Yacolt,  in 
north  central  Clarke  County.  (1) 

American  Lake.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  southwest  of  Ta- 
coma, in  southwestern  Pierce  County.  (25) 

American  Lake.  A lake  about  3%  miles  long,  8 miles  southwest  of  Ta- 
coma, in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

American  River.  An  important  western  tributary  of  Bumping  River, 
heading  on  the  Cascade  divide  east  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northwest- 
ern Yakima  County.  (1) 

Ames  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  2 miles  southwest  of  Tolt,  in  north 
central  King  County.  (21) 

Amsterdam  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Amsterdam  Island, 
in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Anaeortes.  A town  in  the  western  part  of  Skagit  County,  on  Fidalgo 
Island,  at  sea  level.  It  is  served  by  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  by  a num- 
ber of  passenger  and  freight  steamers.  It  has  a number  of  shingle 
and  lumber  mills,  several  salmon  canneries,  two  shipyards,  a box 
factory,  machine  shops,  two  glue  and  fertilizing  plants,  fruit  can- 
neries, a creamery  and  a cold  storage  plant.  The  population  in 
1910  was  4,168. 

Anatone.  A post  office  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asotin  County,  18 
miles  southwest  of  Asotin;  elevation,  2,800  feet.  (1) 

Anchor  Canyon.  A canyon  on  Snake  River,  about  20  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Anderson.  A village  on  Hoquiam  River,  about  18  miles  north  of  Ho- 
quiam,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 

Anderson  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  south  of 
Kirkland,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Anderson  Cove.  A small  cove  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  south- 
western Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Anderson  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Nooksak  River,  at  Goshen, 
in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (79) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashington 


65 


Anderson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  east,  about  5 
miles  south  of  Baker  Lake,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Anderson  Island.  An  island  in  Puget  Sound,  west  of  Tacoma,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (1) 

Anderson  Range.  A ridge  between  the  headwaters  of  Elwha  and  Quin- 
ault  rivers,  in  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Andrews  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Washington,  between 
Bailey  Peninsula  and  the  mainland,  in  northwestern  King  County. 
Andrews  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  west  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
west  of  Friday  Harbor,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Andy  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  lower  Indian  Creek,  west 
of  Russell  Ranch,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Angeles,  Mount.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Ennis  Creek,  8 miles  south 
of  Port  Angeles,  in  Clallam  County;  elevation,  6,500  feet.  (19) 

Angle  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  2%  miles  southwest  of  Orillia, 
in  west  central  King  County.  (80) 

Anglin.  A post  office  on  Bonaparte  Creek,  about  9 miles  southeast  of 
Tonasket,  in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,110  feet.  (1) 
Ankeny.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Hooper,  in 
southeastern  Adams  County. 

Annus  Bay.  A bay  on  the  south  side  of  Hood  Canal,  at  the  mouth  of 
Skokomish  River,  in  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Annum,  Lake.  A lake  about  2 miles  long,  10  miles  southeast  of  Nes- 
pelem,  in  southeastern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Anson.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  about  5 miles  west  of 
Othello,  in  southwestern  Adams  County;  elevation,  928  feet.  (4) 
Antoine  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River  from  the  northeast, 
north  of  Tonasket,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Antoine  Valley.  A valley  along  lower  Antoine  Creek,  near  Tonasket,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Antwyne.  A post  office  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Tonasket,  in  central 
Okanogan  County.  (4) 

Anvil  Rock.  A rocky  point  in  upper  Paradise  Glacier,  on  the  southeast 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation, 
9,584  feet.  (69) 

Appledale.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  Moses  Coulee,  10  miles  from 
Columbia  River  Station,  in  southern  Douglas  County;  elevation,  883 
feet.  (4) 

Appleton.  A post  office  about  10  miles  north  of  Lyle,  in  west  central 
Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Apple  Tree  Cove.  A cove  or  bay  at  Kingston,  in  northeastern  Kitsap 
County.  (5) 

Apple  Tree  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of 
Kingston,  in  northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Ararat,  Mount.  A mountain  west  of  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground, 
southwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 5,996  feet.  (69) 

Arcadia.  A post  office  on  Totten  Inlet,  about  10  miles  east  of  Shelton, 
in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Arch-a-wat.  An  Indian  village  on  the  coast,  2 miles  south  of  Cape  Flat- 
tery, in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 


—3 


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Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Archer  Mountain.  A mountain  2 miles  northwest  of  Edgewater,  in 
southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  2,012  feet.  (53) 

Arch  Island.  A small  island  near  the  shore  at  the  mouth  of  Raft  River, 
in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Arch  Rock.  A peak  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  5 miles  south  of 
Naches  Pass,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5 943  feet 
(74) 

Arctic.  A village  on  North  River,  10  miles  southeast  of  Cosmopolis,  in 
south  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  104  feet.  (4) 

Arden.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  south  of  Colville,  in  central 
Stevens  County;  elevation,  1592  feet.  (1) 

Ariel.  A post  office  on  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  16  miles  northeast 
of  Woodland,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  90  feet.  (1) 

Aristine  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Vance  Creek,  near  Mohrweis,  in 
west  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Arkansas  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River  from  the  west,  opposite 
Castle  Rock,  in  western  Cowlitz  County.  (27) 

Arietta.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (4) 

Arline.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
north  central  Pierce  County. 

Arlington.  A town  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Snohomish  County,  on 
Stillaguamish  River,  with  an  altitude  of  103  feet.  It  is  on  the  N.  P. 
Ry.  In  the  town  are  a number  of  machine  shops,  creameries,  and 
a cheese  factory.  There  are  many  saw  and  shingle  mills  in  the 
vicinity.  The  town  had  1,476  inhabitants  in  1910. 

Armstrong.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
2,274  feet.  (4) 

Armstrong  Bay.  A small  bay,  part  of  North  Bay,  near  the  north  en- 
trance to  Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Armstrong,  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  northeast  of  Eldon,  in  north 
central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Armstrong,  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  north  of  Arlington,  in  north- 
western Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Arrowsmith.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River  (opposite  Vernita  Sta- 
tion), in  south  central  Grant  County.  (2) 

Artesian  Coulee.  A narrow  valley,  3 miles  long,  entering  the  Columbia, 
in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Benton  County;  so  named  from  the 
flowing  wells  in  it.  (43) 

Arthur  Peak.  A peak  near  Ranger  Creek,  in  the  northwest  corner  of 
Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 5,471  feet.  (69) 

Ash.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  16  miles  north- 
east of  Wallula,  in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  496 
feet.  (83) 

Ashford.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  55 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,771  feet.  (1) 

A Simula  River.  A tributary  of  Similkameen  River,  flowing  northward 
across  the  International  boundary,  in  northwestern  Okanogan 
County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashington 


67 


Ashton  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  lower  Squire  Creek,  near  Darring- 
ton,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Asotin.  The  county  seat  of  Asotin  County,  located  in  the  northeastern 
part,  on  Snake  River,  8 miles  above  Clarkston.  It  has  an  altitude 
of  760  feet.  Snake  River  affords  the  only  natural  transportation 
facility.  The  farms,  orchards  and  vineyards  tributary  are  well 
known  for  their  productiveness.  There  is  an  electric  plant,  and  a 
flour  mill  with  a capacity  of  100  barrels  per  day.  The  population  in 
1910  was  820.  (1) 

Asotin  County.  This  county  is  located  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part 
of  the  state.  Its  area  comprises  606  square  miles.  It  has  a rolling 
topography,  sloping  toward  Snake  River.  The  range  of  temperature 
is  about  40°  F.,  with  a mean  annual  temperature  of  50°  F.  The 
annual  rainfall  rarely  exceeds  17  inches.  The  name  Asotin  is  de- 
rived from  an  Indian  word  meaning  “eel  creek.”  The  population, 
as  estimated  by  the  Census  Bureau,  was  7,381  on  July  1,  1916. 
Wheat  growing,  irrigated  and  diversified  farming,  and  lumbering 
constitute  the  chief  industries.  The  more  important  towns  are 
Asotin,  the  county  seat;  Clarkston,  Cloverland,  and  Anatone. 

Asotin  Creek.  The  principal  stream  of  the  central  part  of  Asotin 
County,  heading  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  joining  the  Snake  near 
Asotin.  (1) 

Asotin  Creek,  South  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Asotin  Creek,  in  west 
central  Asotin  County.  (1) 

Atanum  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Yakima  River,  near  North  Yak- 
ima, in  central  Yakima  County.  (Properly  Ahtanum.)  (1) 

Atanum  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Atanum  Creek, 
near  Tampico,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Atanum  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Atanum  Creek, 
near  Tampico,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Atanum  Ridge.  The  divide  immediately  south  of  lower  Atanum  Creek, 
west  of  Yakima  River,  in  north  central  Yakima  County;  elevation, 
3,369  feet.  (51) 

Atkinson.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  1%  miles  east  of  Maple  Valley, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  430  feet. 

Attalia.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Pasco,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla 
County;  elevation,  356  feet.  (1) 

Auburn.  A town  21  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in  White  River  Valley,  in 
southwestern  King  County;  elevation,  90  feet.  (1) 

August  Peak.  A peak  about  2%  miles  northwest  of  Crater  Lake,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,542  feet.  (69) 

Austin.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  8 miles  south- 
west of  Langley,  Island  County.  (4) 

Austin  Pass.  A pass  between  headwaters  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak 
River  and  Baker  River,  near  Mount  Shuksan,  in  central  Whatcom 
County;  elevation,  4,630  feet.  (40) 

Autus  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cispus  River,  from  the  northeast,  in  south- 
eastern Lewis  County.  (1) 

Avalanche  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  southwestern  slope  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Avery.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Fallbridge,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  161  feet.  (4) 


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Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Avon.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Burlington,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  21  feet.  (4) 

Ayer.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  498  feet.  (1) 
Ayer  Junction.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  53 
miles  northeast  of  Wallula,  in  northeastern  Walla  Walla  County; 
elevation,  481  feet.  (2) 

Ayock  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  south  of  the 
mouth  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  in  north  central  Mason  County. 
(5) 

Ayres  Point.  A point  on  the  north  side  of  Hood  Canal,  opposite  Union, 
in  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Babb.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southwest  of  Cheney,  in 
southwestern  Spokane  County.  (96) 

Babcock.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in 
north  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,082  feet.  (4) 
Babcock  Ridge.  A north  and  south  ridge  5 miles  long,  2 miles  east  of 
the  Columbia,  southwest  of  Quincy,  in  west  central  Grant  County. 
(68) 

Bachelor  Island.  A large  island  between  Lake  River  and  Columbia 
River,  opposite  Ridgefield,  in  western  Clarke  County.  (27) 
Backbone  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  west  of  the  mouth  of  Ohanapecosh 
River,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  2,230  feet.  (88) 
Bacon.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  south  of  Coulee  City,  in 
northern  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,536  feet.  (1) 

Bacon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  northwest,  6 miles 
above  Marblemount,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Bacon  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Badger.  A town  in  the  central  part  of  Benton  County,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  692  feet.  (63) 

Badger  Canyon.  A canyon  4 miles  long,  about  9 miles  southeast  of 
Kiona,  Benton  County.  (63) 

Badger  Lake.  A lake  2%  miles  long,  4 miles  east  of  Amber,  in  south- 
western Spokane  County.  (4) 

Badger  Mountain.  A local  hill  or  ridge  in  Benton  County,  10  miles  west 
of  Kennewick;  a triangulation  point;  elevation,  1,580  feet,  (63) 
Badger  Mountain.  A spur  of  the  Cascades,  extending  from  northwest 
to  southeast,  in  southwestern  Douglas  County;  maximum  elevation, 
about  4,300  feet.  (46) 

Bagley  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  4 miles 
east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Bagley  Creek.  One  of  the  headwaters  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
near  Austin  Pass,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Bagley  Junction.  A junction  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  west  of 
Cedar  Falls,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  820  feet. 

Bailey.  A post  office  25  miles  southwest  of  Ephrata,  in  southwestern 
Grant  County.  (1) 

Bailey  Peninsula.  A peninsula  nearly  one  mile  long,  on  the  west  side 
of  Lake  Washington,  opposite  Mercer  Island,  in  northwestern  King 
County.  (73) 

Bainbridge  Island.  An  island  in  Puget  Sound,  about  11  miles  long  by 
4 miles  wide,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


69 


Baird.  A post  office  in  east  central  Douglas  County,  9 miles  west  of 
Coulee  City.  (1) 

Baker.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Cle  Elum,  in  west 
central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,988  feet.  (96) 

Baker  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  east 
of  Cape  Disappointment,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 
Baker  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  on  Baker  River,  southeast  of  Mount 
Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation  (hatchery),  670  feet. 
(1) 

Baker,  Mount.  A large  snow-capped  peak  in  central  Whatcom  County; 
elevation,  10,750  feet.  (1) 

Baker  Point.  A point  of  Goat  Island  Mountain,  south  of  the  lower  end 
of  Emmons  Glacier,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  6,515 
feet.  (69) 

Baker  River.  A river  draining  the  eastern  slopes  of  Mount  Baker  and 
entering  Skagit  River  at  Concrete,  in  north  central  Skagit  County. 
(1) 

Baleh.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  26  miles  south- 
east of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

Baleh  Lake.  A small  lake  about  2 miles  southeast  of  Steilacoom,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Baleh  Passage.  A channel  between  McNeil  and  Anderson  islands,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Bald  Bluff.  A bluff  on  the  west  shore  of  Blakely  Island,  north  of 
Thatcher  post  office,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Bald  Butte.  A butte  2%  miles  east  of  Johnson,  in  southeastern  Whit- 
man County;  elevation,  3,452  feet.  (67) 

Balder.  Station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  5 miles  south  of  Rosalia, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,312  feet.  (4) 

Bald  Hill  Lake.  A small  lake  about  14  miles  southeast  of  Yelm,  in 
southeastern  Thurston  County.  (4) 

Bald  Knob.  A low  mountain  5 miles  northwest  of  Brewster,  in  south- 
western Okanogan  County;  elevation,  3,472  feet.  (61) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  12  miles  southeast  of  Republic,  in  central 
Perry  County;  elevation,  6,946  feet.  (71) 

Bald  Mountain.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Wenas  Creek,  in  southwestern 
Kittitas  County;  elevation,  5,906  feet.  (51) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  east  of  McMurray,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County;  elevation,  2,690  feet.  (58) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  north  of  Lake  Cavanaugh,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County;  elevation,  2,482  feet.  (58) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  2 
miles  northwest  of  Cook,  in  south  central  Skamania  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,989  feet.  (53) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  2*4  miles  northeast  of  Silverton,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  4,773  feet.  (77) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  about  5 miles  south  of  Gold  Basin, 
in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  about  5 miles  east  of  Laurier,  in  north- 
western Stevens  County;  elevation,  4,300  feet.  (16) 

Bald  Mountain.  A mountain  northwest  of  Glacier,  near  the  Interna- 
tional line,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  about  5,200 
feet.  (40) 


70 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bald  Rock.  A peak  between  Nickel  Creek  and  Ohanapecosh  River, 
southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 5,411  feet.  (69) 

Baldy,  Mount.  A mountain  4 miles  east  of  Quinault  post  office,  in  north 
central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  4,000  feet.  (19) 

Baldy  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Chelan  Mountains,  about  14  miles  north- 
west of  the  mouth  of  Lake  Chelan;  elevation,  6,432  feet.  (46) 

Baldy  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  east  of  Concrete,  in  north  cen-  | 
tral  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Balfour.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  9 miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
479  feet. 

Ballow.  A post  office  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Hartstine  Island,  in  ! 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (2) 

Bandera.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  east  of  Cedar 
Falls,  in  east  central  King  County;  elevation,  2,123  feet.  (4) 

Bangor.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  northwestern 
Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Bankson.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  7 miles  south  of  Thornton, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,481  feet.  (4) 
Barberton.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  northeast  of  Vancouver 
Junction,  in  southwestern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  275  feet.  (64) 
Barclay  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
northeast,  near  Baring,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Bare  Island.  A small  island  east  of  Skipjack  and  north  of  Waldron 
Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Baring.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Skykomish,  in 
northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  759  feet.  (1) 

Baring  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  northeast  of  Baring,  near  the 
county  line,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,125  feet. 
(Index  Mountain  on  the  Skykomish  Quadrangle.)  (72) 

Barker.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  north  of  Okanogan,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  875  feet. 

Barlow  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Mackaye  Harbor, 
in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Barlow  Pass.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  37  miles  east  of  Hartford,  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  2,349  feet.  (52) 

Barlow  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  about  5 
miles  above  Stella,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 

Barnes.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Thornton,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,311  feet. 

Barnes  Creek.  The  principal  tributary  entering  Lake  Crescent  from  the 
east,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Barnes  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  iy2  miles  northeast  of 
Orcas  Island,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Barneston.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  10  miles 
north  of  Palmer  Junction,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  882 
feet.  (N.  P.  Ry.  Station.)  (4) 

Barometer  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Mount 
Baker,  northwest  of  Austin  Pass,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Barrel  Springs.  Springs  on  the  west  margin  of  Sec.  18,  T.  12  N.,  R.  24  E., 
Benton  County,  on  road  from  Yakima  to  White  Bluffs.  (65) 


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71 


Barren  Island.  A small  island  between  the  northern  points  of  San  Juan 
and  Henry  islands,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County'.  (6) 

Barrett  Lake.  A narrow  lake  on  Tenmile  Creek,  1 mile  east  of  Fern- 
dale,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Barrier  Peak.  A peak  at  the  south  end  of  Governors  Ridge,  about  9 
miles  east  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  6,504  feet.  (69) 

Barron.  A mining  camp  at  the  head  of  Slate  Creek,  near  the  Cascade 
summit,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  5,353  feet.  (4) 
Barry.  A post  office  26%  miles  north  of  Almira,  on  Columbia  River,  in 
the  northeastern  corner  of  Douglas  County.  (1) 

Barstow.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Marcus,  in  north- 
eastern Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,398  feet.  (4) 

Bartram.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  1 mile  south  of  Newcastle,  in 
west  central  King  County;  elevation,  322  feet. 

Basaltic  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  brook  east  of  the  lower  end  of  Cowlitz 
Glacier,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Basalt  Point.  A point  about  2%  miles  north  of  Port  Ludlow,  in  north- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Bassett  Junction.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  32 
miles  north  of  Connell,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation, 
1,132  feet.  (4) 

Bath  Lake.  A small  lake  on  a tributary  of  Sulphur  Creek,  north  of 
Glacier  Peak,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Battle  Ground.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  327  feet.  (1) 

Batum.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
20  miles  west  of  Marcellus,  in  northwestern  Adams  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,584  feet.  (5) 

Bay  Center.  A town  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  southwest  of 
South  Bend,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Bay  City.  A town  on  the  south  shore  of  Grays  Harbor,  and  on  the 
N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  west  of  Cosmopolis.  (1) 

Bayne.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  2 miles 
south  of  Palmer  Junction,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation, 
872  feet.  (4) 

Bay  of  Despond.  A small  bay  at  the  north  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in 
east  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Bayview.  A post  office  8 miles  west  of  Burlington,  on  Padilla  Bay,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Bazalgene  Point.  A point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
south  of  Roche  Harbor,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Beach  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  upper  tributaries  of 
Downey  Creek,  in  southeastern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  5,280  feet. 
(52) 

Bead  Lake.  A lake  about  2 miles  long,  10  miles  north  of  Newport,  in 
southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Beals,  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  west 
central  King  County.  (5) 

Bean  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Clearwater  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Bean  Point.  A point  at  the  southern  end  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east 
central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 


72  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bear  Creek.  A post  office  10  miles  north  of  Winesap,  in  east  central 
Chelan  County.  (2) 

Bear  Creek.  A small  stream  entering-  Lake  Chelan  from  the  west,  about 
14  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  (76) 

Bear  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  north,  3 miles 
east  of  Beaver,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Bear  Creek.  A tributary  of  Wishkah  River,  from  the  east,  2 miles 
north  of  Aberdeen,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 
Bear  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Cottage  Lake  Creek,  near 
White,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Bear  Creek.  A small  northern  headwater  of  upper  Cedar  River,  in  east 
central  King  County.  (44) 

Bear  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Green  River,  1 mile  west  of 
Lemolo,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Bear  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Naches  River,  from  the  north,  in 
southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Bear  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  south  of  Win- 
throp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Bear  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Baker  River,  near  Concrete, 
in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Bear  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  lower  Wind  River,  3 miles 
north  of  Carson,  in  south  central  Skmania  County.  (15) 

Bear  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
southeast,  near  Galena,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 
Bear  Creek.  A small  stream  in  southwestern  Snohomish  County,  flow- 
ing south,  and  entering  Sammamish  River  at  Woodinville.  (73) 
Bear  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  near  Chattaroy, 
in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Bear  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Pend  Oreille  Creek,  east  of  Arden, 
in  east  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Bear  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  lower  South  Fork  of  Tieton  River, 
south  of  Russell  Ranch,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Bear  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Tieton  River,  head- 
ing on  Bear  Creek  Mountain,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 

Bear  Creek  Mountain.  A mountain  2 miles  northeast  of  Tieton  Peak, 
in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  7,335  feet.  (38) 

Bear  Gap.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  summit,  at  the  headwaters  of  Morse 
and  Silver  creeks,  on  the  Pierce-Yakima  county  line;  elevation, 
5,882  feet.  (38) 

Bear  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Taylor  Creek,  north  of  Sno- 
qualmie  Pass,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  3,670  feet. 
(72) 

Bear  Mountain.  A mountain  east  of  Bear  Creek,  southeast  of  Galena, 
in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,482  feet.  (72) 
Bearhead  Mountain.  A ridge  north  of  upper  Chenuis  River,  northwest 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,080 
feet.  (44) 

Bear  Park.  A park  between  the  north  end  of  Sourdough  Mountains  and 
White  River,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Bearpaw  Butte.  A mountain  on  the  Cascade  divide,  south  of  Stampede 
Tunnel;  elevation,  4,835  feet.  (74) 


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73 


Bear  Prairie.  A prairie  or  marsh  at  the  head  of  Skate  Creek,  about  4 
miles  south  of  Longmire  Springs,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County. 
(20) 

Bear  Prairie.  A prairie  about  6 miles  north  of  Mount  Pleasant  Station, 
in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Bear  River.  A river  entering  the  south  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  from  the 
southeast,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Bears  Breast  Mountain.  A peak  near  the  Cascade  summit,  on  the  head- 
waters of  Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in  northwestern  Kittitas 
County;  elevation,  about  7,400  feet.  (72) 

Beatrice.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Cunningham, 
in  south  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,401  feet. 

Beaux  Arts.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  2% 
miles  south  of  Bellevue,  in  west  central  King  County.  (2) 

Beaver.  A post  office  on  the  Soleduck  River,  20  miles  south  of  Clallam 
Bay,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Beaver  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Wenatchee  River,  1%  miles  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (92) 

Beaver  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  north,  at 
Beaver,  in  western  Clallam  County;  outlet  of  Beaver  Lake.  (19) 
Beaver  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Rock  Island  Creek,  in  southwest- 
ern Douglas  County.  (1) 

Beaver  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Newaukum  River,  from  the 
east,  northeast  of  Alpha,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Beaver  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  south  of  Twisp, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Beaver  Creek.  A tributary  of  Toroda  Creek,  from  the  west,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Beaver  Creek.  A headwater  of  Mashel  Creek,  about  6 miles  north  of 
Elbe,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Beaver  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  in  south- 
western Pend  Oreille  and  north  central  Spokane  counties.  (1) 
Beaver  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Black  River,  at  Little  Rock,  in 
southwestern  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Beaver  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  northwest,  in  east 
central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Beaver  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long  and  % mile  wide,  3 miles  northeast  of 
Beaver  post  office,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Beaver  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  5 miles  northeast  of  Issaquah,  in  cen- 
tral King  County.  (4) 

Beaver  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  east  of  Monohan,  in  west  central 
King  County.  (73) 

Beaver  Lake.  A small  lake  south  of  Clear  Lake,  in  west  central  Skagit 
County.  (25) 

Beaver  Lakes.  A chain  of  small  lakes  on  Beaver  Creek,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Beckler  River.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from 
the  north,  at  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Bedal.  A post  office  near  the  junction  of  North  and  South  forks  of  Sauk 
River,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  1,241  feet.  (For- 
merly Orient.)  (1) 


74 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bedford.  A station  on  the  P.  S.  and  W.  H.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  16 
miles  southeast  of  Raymond,  in  east  central  Pacific  County;  eleva- 
tion, 542  feet. 

Bee.  A post  office  on  the  south  shore  of  McNeil  Island,  west  of  Steila- 
coom,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Beebe.  A post  office  4 miles  northeast  of  Chelan  Palls,  on  Columbia 
River,  in  northwestern  Douglas  County.  (1) 

Beede  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  southwest  of  Auburn,  in  southwest- 
ern King  County.  (80) 

Beef  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  north  of 
Seabeck,  in  west  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Beehive  Mountain.  A rounded  mountain  on  the  headwaters  of  Squill- 
chuck  Creek,  7%  miles  southwest  of  Wenatchee;  elevation,  4,576 
feet.  (84) 

Beekman.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Roslyn  Branch),  6 miles  northwest 
of  Cle  Elum,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,375  feet. 
Belair.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  14  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,527  feet. 

Belcher  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Re- 
public, in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Belfair.  A post  office  2 miles  north  of  the  head  of  Hood  Canal,  in  north- 
eastern Mason  County.  (2) 

Belfast.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of  Mount  Vernon, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Beljica  Peak.  A peak  northeast  of  Ashford,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  5,473  feet.  (20) 

Bell.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  23  miles  south- 
east of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,527 
feet.  (2) 

Bell  Point.  A point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  2 miles 
south  of  Roche  Harbor,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Belle  Rock.  A rock  in  Rosario  Strait,  between  Decatur  and  Fidalgo 
islands,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Belleville.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  north  of  Mt.  Vernon,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  31  feet.  (4) 

Bellevue.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  opposite  Se- 
attle, in  northwestern  King  County.  (1) 

Bellevue  Point.  A point  on  the  west  coast  of  San  Juan  Island,  south  of 
Andrews  Bay,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Bellingham.  This  city  lies  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Whatcom 
County,  on  Bellingham  Bay.  The  altitude  varies  from  sea-level  to 
110  feet.  It  has  an  area  of  20  square  miles.  It  is  well  served  by 
railways,  and  by  steamship  lines  to  foreign  ports,  coast  cities  and 
points  on  Puget  Sound.  It  has  several  salmon  canneries,  shingle 
mills,  a brick  yard,  cement  plant,  boiler  works  and  fruit  canneries. 
One  of  the  three  State  Normal  schools  is  located  here.  The  popula- 
tion on  July  1,  1916,  was  32,985,  according  to  the  estimates  of  the 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census. 

Bellingham  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  east  shore  of  Washington 
Sound,  at  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 
Bellingham  Channel.  A channel  between  Cypress  and  Guemes  islands, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Bells  Mountain.  A foothill  of  the  Cascades  in  sections  23  and  26,  T.  4 N., 
R.  3 E.,  in  east  central  Clarke  County.  (27) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


75 


Belmont.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southeast  of  Oakesdale,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,502  feet.  (1) 

Belmore.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southwest  of  Olympia,  in 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  162  feet.  (4) 

Bench  Creek.  A small  stream  entering-  Aeneas  Valley  from  the  south, 
in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Bench  Lake.  A small  lake,  iy2  miles  north  of  Unicorn  Peak,  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Bench  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Downey  Creek,  in  southeast- 
ern Skagit  County;  elevation,  5,280  feet.  (52) 

Bench  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  southeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  south- 
western Yakima  County.  (37) 

Bend.  A former  post  office,  about  5 miles  south  of  Beverly,  in  south- 
western Grant  County;  elevation,  515  feet.  (1) 

Bender.  A triangulation  point  in  Horse  Heaven  Hills,  Sec.  21,  T.  9 N., 
R.  26  E.,  Benton  County;  elevation,  2,046  feet.  (66) 

Bender  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  entering  Wenatchee  Valley,  from 
the  south,  10  miles  below  Leavenworth,  in  south  central  Chelan 
County.  (Properly  Brender.)  (47) 

Bender  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  west  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County. 
(77) 

Benge.  A town  in  eastern  Adams  County,  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.;  eleva- 
tion, 1,468  feet.  (1) 

Benjamin  Lake.  A small  lake,  2 miles  south  of  Wellpinit,  in  south  cen- 
tral Stevens  County.  (29) 

Bennett  Spring.  A spring  in  Sec.  14,  T.  11  N.,  R.  26  E.,  in  northwestern 
Benton  County.  (66) 

Benson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  east,  6 miles 
south  of  Twisp,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Benson  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  west  of  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County. 
(77) 

Benston.  A post  office  5 miles  west  of  Kapowsin,  in  central  Pierce 
County.  (4) 

Benton  City.  A town  in  central  Benton  County,  on  Yakima  River  and 
the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.;  elevation,  491  feet.  (66) 

Benton  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  state, 
with  Columbia  River  on  its  northern,  eastern  and  southern  bound- 
aries. It  has  an  area  of  1,671  square  miles.  Its  topography  is  hilly 
and  semi-mountainous  in  the  northern  part,  while  the  southern  por- 
tion is  a plateau.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  57°  F., 
and  the  annual  range  is  near  35°  F.  The  annual  precipitation  is 
under  8 inches.  The  main  industries  are  agriculture,  horticulture, 
and  stock  raising.  Prosser,  the  county  seat;  Kennewick,  White 
Bluffs,  Richland,  Kiona  and  Hanford  are  the  more  important  towns. 
Bergh  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Lynch  Creek,  near  Eaton- 
ville,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Berkeley.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  13 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  465 
feet. 

Berkeley  Park.  A park  at  the  headwater  of  Lodi  Creek,  2%  miles  east 
of  the  lower  end  of  Winthrop  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 


76 


Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashingt  on  Geological  Survey 


Berlin.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  2 miles  west  of  Skykomish,  in  north- 
eastern King-  County.  (1) 

Berne.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Cascade  Tunnel,  in 
west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,807  feet.  (24) 

Bernier  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Newaukum  River,  from  the 
north,  northeast  of  Alpha,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Berrian.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Plymouth,  in 
south  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  301  feet.  (2) 

Berryman.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  13  miles 
north  of  Walla  Walla,  in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
984  feet.  (4) 

Berryman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoquiam  River,  from  the  east,  about 
8 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  central  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (54) 

Berry  Peak.  A peak  2 miles  west  of  Crater  Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  5,112  feet.  (69) 

Bertrand  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nooksak  River,  east  of  Cus- 
ter, in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Berwick  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Dillenbaugh  Creek,  southeast  of 
Chehalis,  in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Bethel  Ridge.  The  divide  between  Little  Rattlesnake  Creek  and  Upper 
Oak  Creek,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Beverly.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in 
southwestern  Grant  County;  elevation,  546  feet.  (1) 

Beverly  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  North  Pork  of  Teanaway  River,  in 
north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Beverly  Junction.  A junction  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  west  of 
Beverly,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  550  feet. 
Biekleton.  A town  about  20  miles  north  of  Roosevelt,  in  northeastern 
Klickitat  County;  elevation,  3,002  feet.  (1) 

Big  Canyon  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Salmon  Creek,  north  of  Con- 
conully,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Big  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Railroad  Creek,  in  northern  Chelan 
County.  (76) 

Big  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  southwest,  near 
Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Big  Creek.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  west  of  Cle  Elum,  in 
west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,105  feet.  (4) 

Big  Creek.  A tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  from  the  southeast,  near 
Ashford,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (4) 

Big  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  Cascade  River,  in  southeast- 
ern Skagit  County.  (1) 

Big  Creek.  A tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  northeast,  in  south- 
eastern Skagit  County.  (1) 

Big  Four  Mountain.  A mountain  3%  miles  southeast  of  Silverton,  in 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,120  feet.  (77) 

Biggam.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles 
west  of  Benton  City,  in  west  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  697 
feet. 

Biggs  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  below  Columbus,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


( i 


Big:  Horn  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  an  eastern  tribu- 
tary of  Wood  Creek,  near  Roosevelt,  in  eastern  Klickitat  County. 
(39) 

Big  Lake.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County:  elevation,  95  feet.  (1) 

Big  Lake.  A lake  nearly  3 miles  long,  6 miles  southeast  of  Mt.  Vernon, 
in  southeastern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  85  feet.  (58) 

Big  Meadow  Creek.  A tributary  from  the  west,  emptying  near  the 
mouth  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Big  Muddy  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  north  of  Tiger, 
in  northwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Big  Muddy  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  draining 
Klickitat  Glacier,  on  the  southeast  side  of  Mount  Adams,  in  south- 
western Yakima  County.  (37) 

Big  Peak.  A peak  about  3 miles  southeast  of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  cen- 
tral Yakima  County.  (38) 

Big  Quilcene  River.  A river  entering  the  head  of  Quilcene  Bay  from 
the  west,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Big  River.  A stream  entering  Ozette  Lake,  from  the  northeast,  in  west- 
ern Clallam  County.  (19) 

Big  Snow  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  headwaters  of  Middle  Fork  of  Sno- 
qualmie  River,  6 miles  west  of  Dutch  Miller  Gap,  in  east  central 
King  County;  elevation,  6,670  feet.  (72) 

Big  Soos  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Green  River,  3 miles  east  of 
Auburn,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 

Big  Swamp  Lake.  A small  enlargement  of  Cow  Creek,  about  1%  miles 
long,  located  east  of  Ritzville,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Adams 
County.  (1) 

Bingen.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  near  White 
Salmon,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Bingham  Flat.  A valley  along  upper  Bonaparte  Creek,  south  of  Mount 
Bonaparte,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Birch  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  east  side  of  Georgia  Strait,  south  of 
Blaine,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Birchfield.  A station  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  8 miles  south- 
east of  Yakima,  in  east  central  Yakima  County. 

Birch  Flat.  A flat  of  about  1 square  mile  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Columbia,  immediately  north  of  the  mouth  of  Wenatchee  River,  in 
southeastern  Chelan  County.  (84) 

Birch  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  Georgia  Strait,  between  Dray- 
ton Harbor  and  Birch  Bay,  south  of  Blaine,  in  northwestern  What- 
com County.  (1) 

Bird  Creek.  A small  stream  in  Yakima  and  Klickitat  counties,  south- 
east of  Mount  Adams,  near  Glenwood.  (1) 

Bird  Rock.  A rock  between  Brown  and  Crane  islands,  southwest  of 
Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Bird  Rocks.  Rocks  in  Rosario  Strait,  between  the  southern  end  of  De- 
catur Island  and  Burrows  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Birdsview.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  17  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  192  feet.  (1) 

Birmingham.  A town  on  Port  Susan,  6 miles  south  of  Stanwood,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County.  (25) 


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Bishop.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  14  miles 
southeast  of  Almota,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
682  feet.  (4) 

Bishops  Bar.  A bar  on  the  right  bank  of  Columbia  River,  12  miles  be^ 
low  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County. 
(31) 

Bismarck  Mountain.  A mountain  between  the  headwaters  of  Muddy  and 
Green  rivers,  northeast  of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  northwestern  Ska- 
mania County.  (15) 

Bismarck  Peak.  A peak  about  7 miles  southeast  of  Bumping  Lake,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Bissell.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Cheweiah,  in  west 
central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Bitter  Creek.  A tributary  of  Wynoochee  River,  near  Montesano,  in 
south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Bitter  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish 
River,  near  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Bitter  Lake.  A station  on  the  Seattle-Everett  Electric  Ry.,  8 miles  north 
of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Bitter  Lake.  A small  lake  between  the  north  end  of  Lake  Washington 
and  Puget  Sound,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Blackberry  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Black  Buttes.  Buttes  on  the  western  slope  of  Mount  Baker,  about  2% 
miles  from  the  summit,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Black  Canyon.  A canyon  in  T.  10  N.,  R.  24  E.,  heading  in  the  Rattle- 
snake Hills  and  extending  to  the  Yakima  Valley,  in  west  central 
Benton  County.  (66) 

Black  Canyon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  southwest, 
4 miles  south  of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 
Black  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish 
River,  west  of  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Black  Diamond.  A town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  9 miles  south  of  Maple 
Valley,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  610  feet.  (1) 

Black  Diamond  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  southwest  of  Black  Diamond, 
in  south  central  King  County.  (80) 

Black  Hills.  A range  of  hills  southwest  of  Olympia,  in  west  central 
Thurston  County;  maximum  elevation,  about  1,500  feet. 

Blackjack  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish River,  west  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
Black  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  east  of  Gloyd  (Ainey),  in  east 
central  Grant  County.  (4) 

Black  Lake.  A lake  2%  miles  long,  on  Black  River,  near  Belmore,  in 
west  central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  126  feet.  (1) 

Black  Mountain.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Whitechuck  River,  south- 
west of  Glacier  Peak,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation, 
7,192  feet.  (52) 

Black  River.  A river  of  western  Thurston  County,  joining  Chehalis 
River  near  Gate.  (1) 

Black  River.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways, 
10  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County.  (4) 

Black  River.  An  outlet  of  Lake  Washington,  at  the  south  end  of  the 
lake,  in  west  central  King  County.  (80) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


79 


Black  Rock.  A rock  in  Rosario  Strait,  near  the  southeastern  shore  of 
Blakely  Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Blackrock  Creek.  A small  lower  tributary  of  Whitechuck  River,  from 
the  north,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Black  Rock  Valley.  A valley  at  the  head  of  Dry  Creek,  east  of  Moxee 
Valley,  between  the  Rattlesnake  and  Yakima  ranges,  in  east  cen- 
tral Yakima  County.  (65) 

Blackwell.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Colfax,  in 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,244  feet.  (4) 

Blackwood  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  south- 
west, 2 miles  below  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

Blackwood,  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Blackwood  Creek,  southwest 
of  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Blaine.  This  town  is  near  the  boundary  line  of  Whatcom  County,  where 
it  adjoins  Canada.  It  has  an  altitude  varying  from  sea-level  to  42 
feet.  The  transportation  is  supplied  by  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  steamers 
to  Sound  ports.  Among  its  industries  are  several  canneries,  saw 
mills,  shingle  mills,  and  a box  factory.  The  population  in  1910  was 
2,289.  (1) 

Blakely  Harbor.  A bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in 
east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Blakely  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  southeast  of  Orcas 
Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,060 
feet.  (1) 

Blalock  Island.  An  island,  7 miles  long  and  2 miles  wide,  in  Columbia 
River,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Benton  County.  (43) 

Blalock  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  4%  miles  above  Fountain, 
in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Blanca  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  on  east  headwater  of  Troublesome 
Creek,  near  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  eleva- 
tion, 4,064  feet.  (1) 

Blanchard.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles  northwest  of  Mt.  Vernon, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Blanchard  Creek.  A stream  rising  on  the  northern  slopes  of  Mount 
Spokane  (Mount  Carlton),  and  flowing  northwest  into  Idaho.  (75) 
Blewett.  A mining  town  on  upper  Peshastin  Creek,  about  15  miles 
south  of  Peshastin,  in  south  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,323 
feet.  (1) 

Blewett  Pass.  A pass  in  the  Wenatchee  Mountains,  at  the  headwaters  of 
Swauk  and  Peshastin  creeks,  crossed  by  the  Sunset  highway;  eleva- 
tion, 4,071  feet.  (78) 

Blind  Bay.  A bay  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Shaw  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Blockhouse.  A post  office  about  7 miles  northwest  of  Goldendale,  in 
central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Blue  Canyon.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Belling- 
ham, in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  315  feet.  (4) 
Blue  Creek.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  17  miles  south  of  Colville,  in 
central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,637  feet. 

Blue  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  lower  Spokane  River,  west 
of  Wellpinit,  in  southwestern  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Blue  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Mill  Creek,  about  10  miles  east  of 
Walla  Walla,  in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County.  (4) 


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Blue  Bake.  A small  lake  in  Grand  Coulee,  about  7 miles  southwest  of 
Coulee  City,  in  northern  Grant  County.  (1) 

Blue  Bake.  A small  lake  about  10  miles  south  of  Loomis,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,684  feet.  (48) 

Blue  Bake.  A small  lake  3 miles  southwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,765  feet.  (62) 

Blue  Bakes.  Small  lakes  3 miles  northeast  of  Cascades,  in  south  cen- 
tral Skamania  County.  (53) 

Blueliglit.  A village  on  the  Klickitat-Yakima  county  boundary  line, 
about  20  miles  southwest  of  Mabton.  (1) 

Blue  Mountain.  A peak  at  the  head  of  McDonald  Creek,  14  miles  south- 
east of  Port  Angeles,  in  eastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Blue  Mountains.  The  northeastern  extension  of  a group  of  mountains 
which  lie  mostly  in  Oregon.  In  Washington  they  are  located  in  the 
southeastern  corner  of  the  state,  in  Asotin,  Garfield,  Columbia  and 
Walla  Walla  counties.  The  general  altitude  of  these  mountains  is 
between  5,000  and  6,000  feet.  They  cover  little  more  than  100  square 
miles  in  Washington.  They  receive  considerable  precipitation,  but 
rarely  remain  snow-covered  throughout  the  year.  The  higher  slopes 
are  timbered,  while  the  lower  levels  are  covered  with  grasses. 
Blueroeks  Banding.  A landing  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Willamette  River,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 
Blueslide.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  38 
miles  northwest  of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,067  feet.  (1) 

Bluestem.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Harrington, 
in  east  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,320  feet.  (1) 

Bluff.  A village  at  the  north  end  of  Samish  Lake,  5 miles  southeast  of 
Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Bly.  A post  office  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asotin  County,  near  the 
Oregon  line.  (1) 

Blyn.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  26  miles 
southeast  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 28  feet.  (19) 

Boardman  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  South  Pork  of  Stilaguamish 
River,  east  of  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Bobs  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Mount  Pleasant, 
in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  2,107  feet.  (53) 
Bookman  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Beaver  post  office,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Bodie.  A mining  camp  on  Toroda  Creek,  about  10  miles  north  of  Wau- 
conda,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,713  feet.  (71) 
Bodie  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Toroda  Creek,  in  northeast- 
ern Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Bogaehiel  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Bogachiel  River,  about  8 miles 
northwest  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  south  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Bogaeliiel  River.  A large  stream  of  the  western  Olympics,  uniting  with 
the  Soleduck  to  form  Quillayute  River,  near  Mora,  in  southwestern 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Boise  Creek.  A tributary  of  White  River,  near  Enumclaw,  in  south  cen- 
tral King  County.  (44) 

Boistfort.  A post  office  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis,  in  south- 
western Lewis  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


81 


Bolles.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles  west  of 
Waitsburg,  in  east  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,166 
feet.  (4) 

Bolster.  A town  about  8 miles  east  of  Molson,  in  northeastern  Okan- 
ogan County.  (1) 

Bolton  Peninsula.  A peninsula  between  Quilcene  and  upper  Dabop  bays, 
in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Bonaparte  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  east,  at 
Tonasket,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Bonaparte  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long  at  the  head  of  Bonaparte 
Creek,  north  of  Mount  Bonaparte,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County. 
(62) 

Bonaparte  Meadows.  Meadows  and  marshes  on  upper  Bonaparte  Creek, 
east  of  Mount  Bonaparte,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 
Bonaparte,  Mount.  A mountain  18  miles  southeast  of  Oroville,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County;  elevation,  7,280  feet.  (62) 

Bone  River.  A small  river  entering  Willapa  Bay,  from  the  east,  west 
of  South  Bend,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Bonita.  A post  office  about  16  miles  northeast  of  Chelan  Palls,  on 
Columbia  River,  in  northwestern  Douglas  County.  (1) 

Bonnie  Lake.  A lake  2%  miles  long,  about  9 miles  west  of  North  Pine, 
in  southwestern  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Booker  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8,400  feet  high,  near  the  summit 
of  the  Cascades,  on  the  headwaters  of  Stehekin  River,  northwest  of 
Lake  Chelan.  (76) 

Boone.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  3 miles  northwest  of  Granger,  in  east  central  Yakima  County; 
elevation,  787  feet.  (4) 

Bordeaux.  A town  about  4 miles  west  of  Little  Rock,  in  southwestern 
Thurston  County.  (4) 

Borup.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Stampede,  in  south- 
eastern King  County;  elevation,  2,406  feet.  (96) 

Bossburg.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  northeast  of  Marcus,  in 
northwestern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,356  feet.  (1) 

Boston  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  at  the  head  of  Stehekin 
River;  elevation,  8,850  feet.  (52) 

Bosworth  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  south  of  Granite  Falls,  in  central 
Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Bothell.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  north- 
western King  County;  elevation,  54  feet.  (1) 

Boulder  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Stehekin  River,  1%  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County. 
(76) 

Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  the  Elwha  from  the  west,  entering  about 
15  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  south  central  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  west,  2 miles 
south  of  Orient,  in  northeastern  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cle  Elum  River,  from  the  east,  11  miles 
north  of  Cle  Elum  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 
Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  Williams  Creek,  2 miles  east  of  Liberty, 
in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (17) 


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Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Boulder  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Rex  River,  south  of  Cedar  Lake, 
in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Boulder  Creek.  A headwater  of  Ohanapecosh  River,  east  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Boulder  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Cascade  River,  4 miles  east  of 
Marblemount,  in  east  central  Skagit  County.  (52) 

Boulder  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  Pilchuck  Creek,  on  the  south  side 
of  Pilchuck  Mountain,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Pork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  from 
the  south,  near  Hazel,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
Boulder  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  south- 
eastern Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Boulder  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  west,  2 miles  be- 
low Baker  Lake,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Boulder  Island.  A small  island  in  Rosario  Strait,  north  of  Point  Col- 
ville, near  the  southeastern  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in  southeastern 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Boulder  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Tenas  Creek,  in  southeastern 
Skagit  County.  (52) 

Boulder  Peak.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Boulder  Creek,  6 miles  east 
of  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County;  elevation,  7,000 
feet.  (Forest  Service)  (19) 

Boulder  Reef.  A reef  northwest  of  Sinclair  Island,  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Boundary.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  International  line,  9 miles 
northeast  of  Northport,  in  northeastern  Stevens  County;  elevation, 
1,354  feet.  (1) 

Boundary  Creek.  A small  stream  flowing  northward  across  the  Inter- 
national line,  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 
Boundary  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Kotsuck  Creek,  on  the  east 
boundary  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  east  of  Mount  Rainier. 
(69) 

Bound  Brook.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  1 mile  north  of 
Waverly,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,410  feet. 
Bow.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  northwest  of  Mt.  Vernon,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  15  feet.  (1) 

Bowden  Springs.  Springs  in  a canyon  about  5 miles  south  of  Kenne- 
wick, in  east  central  Benton  County.  (63) 

Bow  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  west  of  Orillia,  in  west  central  King 
County.  (80) 

Bowman  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Klickitat  Creek,  from  the  north, 
in  central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Box  Canyon.  A canyon  on  Columbia  River,  % mile  long,  about  12  miles 
above  Bridgeport,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Box  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  northwest  of  Kachess  Lake,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Box  Canyon.  Narrows  on  Clark  Fork,  2 y2  miles  north  of  lone,  in  north 
central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Boyds.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Marcus,  in  north- 
eastern Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,293  feet.  (1) 

Boylston.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  southeast  of 
Ellensburg,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,446  feet. 
(1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


83 


Brace  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  4%  miles  south 
of  Alki  Point,  in  west  central  King  County.  (5) 

Bradford  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  at  Cas- 
cades Station,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Brail  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  near  Yelm,  in 
east  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Breakers.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  5 miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  south- 
western Pacific  County.  (1) 

Breckinridge  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Sumas  River,  near  Nook- 
sak,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Bremer.  A post  office  8 miles  northwest  of  Morton,  in  central  Lewis 
County.  (1) 

Bremerton.  This  town  lies  in  the  central  part  of  Kitsap  County,  on  one 
of  the  waterways  of  Puget  Sound.  The  altitude  is  from  sea-level 
to  200  feet.  The  town  is  served  by  boats  to  Seattle  and  other  Sound 
ports.  It  is  the  base  of  the  United  States  Naval  Station  of  Puget 
Sound.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,993.  (1) 

Brennan.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Bellingham, 
in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  16  feet.  (42) 

Brewster.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Okanogan 
River,  and  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  south  central  Okanogan  County; 
elevation,  812  feet.  (1) 

Brewster  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  near  Brewster,  in  north- 
western Douglas  County.  (61) 

Brickel  Creek.  A stream  rising  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  Mount  Spo- 
kane (Mount  Carlton),  and  flowing  eastward  into  Idaho.  (75) 
Bridge  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  northeast,  in 
south  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Bridge  Creek.  A tributary  of  Twisp  River  from  the  north,  8 miles  west 
of  Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Bridge  Creek.  A tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  about  15  miles  northwest 
of  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 
Bridge  Creek,  Fast  Fork.  One  of  the  forks  of  Bridge  Creek,  heading  in 
Twisp  Pass,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Bridge  Creek,  North  Fork.  A tributary  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the  north 
end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Bridge  Creek,  South  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the 
north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Bridgeport.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  about  10  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Okanogan,  in  northern  Douglas  County;  elevation,  817  feet. 
(1) 

Bridgeport  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  1 mile  below  Bridgeport, 
in  northwestern  Douglas  County.  (61) 

Brief.  A post  office  on  Entiat  River,  17%  miles  above  Entiat,  in  south- 
western Chelan  County.  (1) 

Bright.  A post  office  in  southeastern  Douglas  County,  18  miles  south- 
west of  Coulee  City.  (2) 

Brinnon.  A town  on  Hood  Canal,  at  the  mouth  of  Dosewallip  River,  in 
eastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Brisco  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in  south- 
eastern Mason  County.  (5) 

Bristol.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  northwest  of  Ellensburg, 
in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,785  feet.  (4) 


84 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Broad  Spit.  A sand  spit  on  the  west  shore,  near  the  head  of  Dabop  Bay, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (26) 

Broadview  Farms.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  1 mile  south 
of  Rosalia,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,234  feet. 
Brodie  Mountain.  A mountain  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Republic, 
in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  5,685  feet.  (71) 

Broken  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Shaw  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Bromart.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  south  of  Snohomish,  in 
south  central  Snohomish  County. 

Bronxo.  A station  on  the  electric  line,  about  5 miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Brookfield.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum 
County.  (1) 

Brook  Lake.  A small  lake,  1 mile  northeast  of  Stratford,  in  east  cen- 
tral Grant  County.  (4) 

Brooklyn.  A town  on  North  River,  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Pa- 
cific County.  (1) 

Brooks  Slough.  A slough  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  south- 
east of  Skamokawa,  in  south  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (27) 
Brookfield.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  25  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma, 
in  north  central  Pierce  County. 

Brothers,  The.  A mountain  in  the  northeastern  part  of  T.  25  N.,  R.  4 W., 
in  east  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  6,920  feet.  (19) 

Brown  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skokomish  River,  south- 
west of  Lake  Cushman,  in  northwestern  Mason  County.  (19) 

Brown  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  Whitechuck  River,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 
Brown  Island.  An  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  near  Friday  Harbor,  in 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Brown  Island.  An  island  1 mile  west  of  Crane  Island,  southwest  of 
Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Brown  Lake.  A small  lake,  about  7 miles  northwest  of  Okanogan,  in 
central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Brown  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Lost  Creek,  about  11  miles  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,312 
feet.  (69) 

Brown,  Point.  Southern  end  of  a sand  spit  at  the  north  entrance  to 
Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Brown,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of  Ta- 
coma, in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Brown’s  Lake.  A small  lake,  about  6 miles  east  of  Locke,  in  central 
Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Brown’s  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Skagit  River,  emptying  into 
Skagit  Bay,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Brownsville.  A town  on  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  in  central  Kitsap  County. 
(4) 

Bruce.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  17  miles  northwest 
of  Connell,  in  southwestern  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,196  feet.  (96) 
Bruce.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  1 mile  northeast  of  Black  Diamond, 
in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  875  feet. 

Bruce  Creek.  A small  stream,  about  6 miles  east  of  Bossburg,  in  north 
central  Stevens  County.  (29) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


85 


Brush  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  White  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Brush  Prairie.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  295  feet.  (1) 

Bryant.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Arlington,  in  north- 
western Snohomish  County;  elevation,  170  feet.  (4) 

Bryn  Mawr.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  near  the 
southern  end,  between  Seattle  and  Renton,  in  west  central  King 
County.  (25) 

Buck  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  East  Sound,  at 
Olga,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Buck  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  heading  in  Buck  Creek 
Pass,  in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Buck  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  at  Thrall, 
in  east  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Buck  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Suiattle  River,  from  the  northeast, 
in  Skagit  and  Snohomish  counties.  (1) 

Buck  Creek  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  at  the  heads  of  Sui- 
attle River  and  Chiwawa  Creek;  elevation,  5,796  feet.  (76) 

Buckeye.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,965  feet.  (1) 

Buckeye  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Squire  Creek,  heading  on  the 
slopes  of  White  Horse  Mountain,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County. 
(77) 

Buckhorn  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  east  of  Chesaw,  in  northeast- 
ern Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Buckhorn  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  north  of  lower  Methow  River 
and  west  of  Brewster,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (61) 
Buckley.  A town  situated  in  the  north  central  part  of  Pierce  County, 
on  White  River.  The  altitude  is  723  feet.  The  town  is  served  by 
the  N.  P.  Ry.  There  is  considerable  lumbering  and  coal  mining  in 
the  tributary  vicinity.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,272. 

Buckmire  Slough.  An  old  channel  on  the  flood-plain  between  Vancouver 
Lake  and  Columbia  River,  near  Vancouver,  Clarke  County.  (64) 
Buck  3Iountain.  A mountain  near  the  Cascade  summit,  between  the 
headwaters  of  White  River  and  Chiwawa  Creek,  in  northern  Chelan 
County;  elevation,  about  8,400  feet.  (76) 

Buck  Mountain.  A mountain  12  miles  northwest  of  Okanogan,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  6,170  feet.  (61) 

Buck  Rock.  A rock  near  the  southwestern  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  at 
Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Bucoda.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Centralia,  in  south 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  254  feet.  (1) 

Budd  Inlet.  The  southernmost  inlet  of  Puget  Sound,  heading  at  Olym- 
pia, in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (1) 

Buell  Peak.  A peak  about  10  miles  east  of  Mount  Rainier,  north  of  Kot- 
suck  Creek,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,933  feet.  (69) 
Buena.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  17  miles 
southeast  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  785  feet. 
(4) 

Buena  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  about  6 miles 
below  Bridgeport,  in  northwestern  Douglas  County.  (31) 


86 


Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 


Buffalo  Bar.  A bar  1 mile  long-,  in  Snake  River,  about  15  miles  above 
Asotin,  in  east  central  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Buffalo  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  14  miles  above  Asotin,  in 
east  central  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Bullard  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  at  Marble- 
mount,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Bull  Run  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  15  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Snake  River.  (32) 

Bumping  Lake.  A lake  about  3 miles  long,  on  upper  Bumping  River,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  3,395  feet.  (1) 

Bumping  River.  A southwestern  tributary  of  upper  Naches  River,  head- 
ing in  Carlton  Pass,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northwestern 
Yakima  County.  (1) 

Bunker.  A post  office  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Adna,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County.  (2) 

Bunker  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  north,  3 miles 
west  of  Adna,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Burbank.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  southeast  of  Pasco,  in 
west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  354  feet.  (1) 

Burian,  Lake.  A small  lake  near  Point  Pully  (Three  Tree  Point),  in 
west  central  King  County.  (80) 

Burke.  A post  office  11  miles  south  of  Quincy,  in  west  central  Grant 
County.  (1) 

Burke  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  above 
Martin’s  Bluff,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 

Burke  Slough.  A channel  in  Columbia  River,  between  Burke  Island  and 
the  mainland,  near  Martin’s  Bluff,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County. 
(ID 

Burkes  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  at 
Brownsville,  in  central  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Burley.  A town  at  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  southeastern  Kitsap 
County.  (1) 

Burley  Lagoon.  A bay  at  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern  Pierce 
County.  (8) 

Burlington.  A town  in  the  west  central  part  of  Skagit  County,  with  an 
altitude  of  35  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  an  interurban 
line,  and  auto  stages.  It  has  several  shingle  mills,  and  the  sur- 
rounding community  is  occupied  in  lumbering,  dairying,  fruit  and 
poultry  raising.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,302. 

Burnett.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  517  feet.  (1) 

Burnt  Boot  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Sno- 
qualmie  River,  near  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  central  King  County. 
(74) 

Burntbridge  Creek.  A small  stream  in  southern  Clarke  County,  flowing 
from  the  east  into  Vancouver  Lake.  (64) 

Burnt  Mountain.  A ridge  between  Carbon  River  and  headwaters  of 
Gale  Creek,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (44) 

Burnt  Park.  A park  at  the  head  of  Ada  Creek,  between  Lost  and 
Huckleberry  creeks,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Buroker.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,317  feet.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


87 


Burr.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  31  miles  east  of  Pasco,  in  south- 
eastern Franklin  County.  (83) 

Burroughs  Mountain.  The  divide  between  lower  Winthrop  and  Emmons 
glaciers,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Burrows.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in 
southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  17  feet.  (60) 
Burrows  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  shore  of  the  north  end  of  Fidalgo 
Island,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Burrows  Island.  An  island  about  1%  miles  long,  west  of  Fidalgo  Island, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  630  feet.  (6) 
Burton.  A town  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (1) 

Bush.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  south  of  Olympia,  in  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  186  feet.  (4) 

Bush  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  directly 
north  of  Foulweather  Bluff,  in  west  central  Island  County.  (5) 
Butlers  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Budd  Inlet,  3 miles 
north  of  Olympia,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Butte  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Wenaha  River,  in  the  southern  end 
of  Columbia  County.  (1) 

Butte  Creek.  A southern  headwater  of  Smith  Creek,  north  of  Raymond, 
in  north  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Butte,  The.  A small  hill  about  1,100  feet  in  elevation,  8 miles  southeast 
of  Kennewick,  in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Butter  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  south  of  the  Tatoosh 
Range,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Buttermilk  Creek.  A tributary  of  Twisp  River,  from  the  south,  about 
12  miles  west  of  Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 
Buttermilk  Creek,  East  Fork.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Buttermilk 
Creek,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Buttermilk  Creek,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Buttermilk 
Creek,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Byrd.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south  cen- 
tral King  County.  (21) 

Byron.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Prosser,  in  south- 
western Yakima  County;  elevation,  702  feet.  (1) 

Byron  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  about  4 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County. 
(44) 

Cabbage  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Pine  Creek,  east  of  Rosalia, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County.  (59) 

Cabin  Creek.  A tributary  from  the  west,  entering  Wenatchee  River  in 
Tumwater  Canyon,  about  6 miles  above  Leavenworth,  in  south  cen- 
tral Chelan  County.  (47) 

Cabin  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  in  the  north  end  of 
Chelan  County.  (76) 

Cabin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  southwest,  near 
Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Cabinet  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Moses  Coulee,  in  southwestern  Douglas  County.  (55) 

Cactus.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  southwest  of  Connell,  in 
north  central  Franklin  County;  elevation,  720  feet.  (96) 


88 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cactus  Islands.  Small  islands  southeast  of  Stuart  Island  and  north  of 
Spieden  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cadet  Peak.  A peak  2 miles  east  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Sno- 
homish County.  (72) 

Cady  Creek.  One  of  the  headwaters  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River, 
near  Cady  Pass,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 


Cady  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of  Wen-  | 
atchee  River  and  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River;  elevation,  about 
4,400  feet.  (72) 

Cake  Rock.  A small  island  2 miles  off  shore,  and  one  mile  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 116  feet.  (5) 

Calawah  River.  A stream  which  rises  in  the  Olympics,  flows  west  and 
joins  the  Bogachiel  about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in 
southwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Calawah  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  tributary  of  the  Calawah,  join- 
ing- the  main  stream  near  Forks,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

California  Creek.  A tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  from  the  east,  near  Dun- 
can, in  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

California  Creek.  A stream  entering1  Drayton  Harbor  from  the  south- 
east, near  Blaine,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Calispell.  A post  office  7%  miles  southwest  of  Usk,  in  southwestern 
Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Calispell  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  southwest,  near 
Usk,  in  southwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Calispell  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  3 miles  southwest  of  Usk,  in  south 
central  Pend  Oreille  County;  level  of  water,  2,110  feet.  (4) 

Calligan  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Calligan  Lake,  and  an  eastern  tributary 
of  North  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  in  north  central  King  County. 
(91)  < 

Calligan,  Lake.  A lake  about  10  miles  northeast  of  North  Bend,  in  cen- 
tral King  County;  elevation,  2,197  feet.  (4) 

? 

Camano.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Camano  Island,  Island  County. 

(1) 

Camano  Head.  A low  headland  at  the  southern  end  of  Camano  Island, 
Island  County.  (58) 


Camas.  A town  located  in  the  southern  part  of  Clarke  County,  on  the 
S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  14  miles  east  of  Vancouver.  The 
altitude  is  48  feet.  It  has  a paper  mill  and  a bag  factory,  several  ; 
saw  mills,  a creamery,  and  a brick  yard.  The  surrounding  country 
pursues  fishing,  lumbering  and  general  farming.  The  town  had  a <! 
population  of  1,125  in  1910.  (1) 

Camas  Land.  A small  plateau  at  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  4 miles  east 
of  Peshastin  Creek  at  its  junction  with  Ingalls  Creek,  in  southern 
Chelan  County.  (78) 

Camas  Prairie.  A prairie  along  upper  Chamokane  Creek,  southwest  of 
Springdale,  in  south  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Camden.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  southwest  of  Newport,  in 
southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  1,902  feet.  (1) 


Cameron  Branch.  The  principal  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Dungeness 
River,  in  southeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


89 


Camp  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  south,  about  7 
miles  west  of  Lake  Crescent,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Camp  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  White  River,  about  6 miles 
below  the  forks  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 

Camp  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Whitechuck  River,  from  the 
south,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Camp  Muir.  A camp  site  on  the  southeast  end  of  Cowlitz  Cleaver,  on 
the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Camp  No.  4.  A village  on  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  about  5 
miles  above  North  Bend,  in  central  King  County.  (91) 

Campbell  Spring.  A spring  in  Sec.  15,  T.  11  N.,  R.  23  E.,  on  the  southern 
slope  of  Rattlesnake  Hills,  in  east  central  Yakima  County.  (66) 
Campbell  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long  on  the  flood  plain  of  Columbia 
River,  2 miles  north  of  Knapp,  in  western  Clarke  County.  (27) 
Campbells  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  on  Fidalgo  Island,  north  of 
Deception  Pass,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (25) 

Canby.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Harrington,  in  east 
central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,204  feet. 

Canby,  Fort.  A fort  on  the  east  side  of  Cape  Disappointment,  south  of 
Ilwaco,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  in  southwestern  Pacific 
County.  (4) 

Canoe  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Quinault  Lake  from  the  north- 
east, in  north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (19) 

Canoe  Encampment  Rapids.  Rapids  1*4  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River, 
in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Benton  County.  (43) 

Canoe  Island.  An  island  in  Upright  Channel,  between  Shaw  and  Lopez 
islands,  in  central  San  Juan  Islands.  (6) 

Canoe  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  17  miles  below  the  Interna- 
tional boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Canoe  Ridge.  A local  ridge  4 miles  long,  iy2  miles  wide,  400  feet  high, 
2 miles  from  the  Columbia,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Benton 
County.  (43) 

Canto.  A village  on  North  River,  near  the  south  line  of  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (26) 

Canyon.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  19  miles 
southeast  of  Lacrosse,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
718  feet.  (1) 

Canyon  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  in 
northeastern  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Canyon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Dungeness  River,  from  the  southwest, 
entering  the  latter  10  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  northeastern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Canyon  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  south,  1 
mile  above  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Canyon  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  about  5 
miles  east  of  Washougal,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (13) 
Canyon  Creek.  A tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Satsop  River,  from  the 
east,  in  east  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Canyon  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Twisp  River,  11  miles 
west  of  Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Canyon  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Washougal  River,  west  of  Edge- 
water,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 


90 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Canyon  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  from 
the  south,  near  Granite  Falls,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Canyon  Creek.  An  upper  headwater  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  north- 
east, in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Canyon  Creek.  A headwater  of  Dragoon  Creek,  east  of  Loon  Lake,  in 
southeastern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Canyon  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  north  of 
Glacier,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Canyon  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  east  central 
Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Canyon  Lake.  A lake  south  of  Maple  Falls,  and  east  of  Deming,  in  cen- 
tral Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Canyon  No.  1.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  the  valley 
of  the  Columbia,  2 miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  Wenatchee  River, 
in  southeastern  Chelan  County.  (84) 

Canyon  No.  2.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  the  Colum- 
bia, 3 miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  Wenatchee  River,  in  southeastern 
Chelan  County.  (84) 

Canyon  River.  An  upper  tributary  of  Satsop  River,  in  Mason  and  Grays 
Harbor  counties.  (19) 

Cape  Alava.  A headland  near  the  mouth  of  Ozette  River,  about  16  miles 
south  of  Cape  Flattery,  in  western  Clallam  County;  elevation,  118 
feet.  (5) 

Cape  Disappointment.  A high  headland  at  the  north  of  the  entrance  to 
Columbia  River,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Cape  Elizabeth.  A promontory  on  the  sea  coast,  2 miles  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Quinault  River,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 
Cape  Flattery.  The  most  northwestern  point  of  the  mainland  of  Wash- 
ington, in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Cape  George.  A point  on  the  east  shore  at  the  entrance  to  Port  Dis- 
covery, in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Cape  Horn.  A point  on  the  north  shore,  near  the  east  end  of  Ham- 
mersley  Inlet,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Cape  Horn.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  18  miles  west  of  Steven- 
son, in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  48  feet.  (1) 

Cape  Horn.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  about  3 
miles  below  Eagle  Cliff,  in  southeastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 
Cape  Johnson.  A cape  4 miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River, 
in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Cape  Labelle  Creek.  The  principal  eastern  headwater  of  West  Fork  of 
Sanpoil  River,  in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Cape  St.  Mary.  A point  on  the  southeastern  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in 
southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cape  Shoalwater.  The  sandy  cape  north  of  the  entrance  to  Willapa  Bay, 
in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Captain  John  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  17  miles  above 
Asotin,  in  southeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Carbonado.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  34  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  1,146  feet.  (1) 

Carbon  Glacier.  A glacier  about  5 miles  long,  at  the  head  of  Carbon 
River,  on  the  northwestern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation  of 
lower  end,  3,355  feet.  (69) 


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91 


Carbon  Ridge.  A ridge  between  Carbon  River  and  headwaters  of  South 
Prairie  Creek,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  maximum  elevation, 
5,790  feet.  (44) 

Carbon  River.  A river  heading  on  the  northwest  side  of  Mount  Rainier 
and  emptying  into  Puyallup  River,  near  Orting,  in  north  central 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Carders.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,992  feet. 

Carley.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  Benton  County;  elevation,  250  feet.  (43) 

Carlisle.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in 
west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  76  feet.  (2) 

Carlsborg.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  15 
miles  east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 174  feet.  (19) 

Carlton.  A post  office  on  Methow  River,  23  miles  northwest  of  Pateros, 
in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Carlton  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  heading  in  Carlton 
Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Carlton  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  about  18  miles  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  at  headwaters  of  Carlton  Creek  and  Bumping 
River;  elevation,  about  4,100  feet.  (38) 

Carnation.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  18  miles 
south  of  Monroe,  in  north  central  King  County;  elevation,  90  feet. 
(Formerly  Tolt.) 

Carpenter  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Pilchuck  Creek,  near  Machias, 
in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Carpenter  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Lake  What- 
com at  Woodlawn,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Carr  Inlet.  An  arm  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of  McNeil  Island,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (1) 

Carrie,  Mount.  A peak  on  the  divide  north  of  upper  Hoh  River,  7 miles 
northeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  south  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Carroll  Creek.  A tributary  of  Tye  River,  from  the  south,  5 miles  east 
of  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Carroll  Islet.  A small  island  2 miles  off  shore  and  8 miles  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County; 
elevation,  200  feet.  (5) 

Carrolls.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Kalama,  in  south- 
western Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  21  feet.  (1) 

Carry  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Day  Creek,  south  of  Lyman, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Carson.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  4 miles  east  of  Stevenson,  in 
south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  98  feet.  (4) 

Carson  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Carson, 
in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Carter  Falls.  Falls  in  Paradise  River  near  its  mouth,  south  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Carter  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Lummi  Island,  southwest  of 
Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Cascade  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  east  shore  of  East  Sound,  at  Ro- 
sario, in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


92  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cascade  Junction.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  27  miles  southeast  of  Ta- 
coma, in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  471  feet.  (80) 
Cascade  3fountains.  The  Cascade  range  runs  from  north  to  south, 
through  the  west  central  part  of  the  state.  It  varies  in  width  from 
about  50  miles  on  Columbia  River,  opposite  Oregon,  to  125  miles  at 
the  British  Columbia  boundary  line.  The  general  height  does  not 
exceed  8,000  feet  and  averages  from  5,000  feet  to  6,500  feet.  The 
highest  points  in  the  range  are  Mount  Rainier,  14,408  feet;  Mount 
Baker,  10,750  feet;  Mount  Adams,  12,307  feet;  Mount  St.  Helens, 
9,671  feet;  and  Glacier  Peak,  10,436  feet.  The  general  area  of  the 
Cascades  covers  about  23,000  square  miles.  Several  passes  as  low 
as  3,500  feet  above  sea-level  enable  highways  and  railroads  to  cross 
the  range.  A number  of  the  highest  peaks  have  perpetual  snow 
fields  and  there  are  from  350  to  400  glaciers  within  the  range.  The 
west  side  of  the  Cascades  constitutes  a belt  that  receives  a large 
amount  of  rainfall,  and  as  a consequence  it  is  thickly  forested, 
mainly  with  Douglas  fir.  The  eastern  slopes,  where  there  is  less 
rainfall,  is  parklike  and  forested  mostly  with  western  yellow  pine. 
Cascade  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  the  headwaters 
of  Stehekin  and  Cascade  rivers,  in  Chelan  and  Skagit  counties;  ele- 
vation, 5,392  feet.  (52) 

Cascade  River.  A river  rising  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Cascades,  flowing 
west  and  joining  Skagit  River  at  Marblemount,  in  east  central 
Skagit  County.  (1) 

Cascade  River,  31iddle  Fork.  Middle  headwaters  of  Cascade  River,  ris- 
ing on  the  Cascade  divide,  in  southeastern  Skagit  County.  (52) 
Cascades.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Stevenson,  in 
south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  74  feet. 

Cascade  Tunnel.  A tunnel  13,873  feet  long,  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Cascades,  in  King  and  Chelan  counties.  Elevation  of 
Cascade  Tunnel  Station,  near  the  east  portal,  3,374  feet;  elevation  of 
Tye,  near  the  west  portal,  3,115  feet.  (1) 

Cascade  Tunnel.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  east  portal  of  Cas- 
cade Tunnel,  in  west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  3,374  feet.  (2) 
Case  Inlet.  An  arm  of  Puget  Sound,  on  the  line  between  Mason  and 
Pierce  counties.  (1) 

Casey,  Fort.  A fort  and  town  opposite  Port  Townsend,  on  the  west 
shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  in  Island  County.  (1) 

Cash  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Quinault  Lake  from  the  north- 
east, in  north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (19) 

Cashmere.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  and  Wenatchee  River,  11  miles 
above  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  797 
feet.  (Formerly  Mission.)  (46) 

Cashup.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Thornton,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,328  feet.  (4) 

Cashs  Butte.  A small  hill  3V2  miles  northwest  of  Smyrna,  in  southern 
Grant  County.  (70) 

Cassidy,  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  east  of  Marysville,  in  west  central 
Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Castle,  The.  A peak  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  near  Pinnacle  Peak,  in 
northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  6,500  feet.  (69) 

Castle,  The.  A mountain  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Adams,  in 
east  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  5,100  feet.  (87) 

Castle  Island.  A small  island  west  of  Point  Colville,  near  the  southeast- 
ern shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


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93 


Ca»tle  Mountain.  A high  ridge  at  the  head  of  Greenwater  River,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,700  feet.  (38) 

Castle  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  Whatcom-Okanogan  county  line, 
2 miles  south  of  the  International  boundary;  elevation,  8,840  feet. 
(22) 

Castle  Peak.  A round  peak  on  the  mountain  side,  2 miles  west  of  Wen- 
atchee; elevation,  about  1,900  feet.  (84) 

Castle  Rock.  A mountain  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Chelan,  near  the 
head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  8,300 
feet.  (76) 

Castle  Rock.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  Cowlitz  River,  20  miles  north 
of  Kalama,  in  west  central  Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  59  feet.  (1) 
Castle  Rock.  A peak  1 mile  northeast  of  Crater  Lake,  in  east  central 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,116  feet.  (69) 

Castleton.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  west  of  Malden, 
in  northwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,705  feet. 

Cataract  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  upper  Carbon  River,  below 
Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Cataract  Palls.  Palls  in  Cataract  Creek,  west  of  the  lower  end  of  Car- 
bon Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Cat  Creek.  A tributary  of  the  Elwha  from  the  southwest,  entering 
about  16  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  south  central  Clal- 
lam County.  (19) 

Catharine  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  east,  in 
northwestern  Perry  County.  (71) 

Cathcart.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Snohomish,  in 
southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Cathedral  Rock.  A peak  near  the  Cascade  summit,  on  headwaters  of 
Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County; 
elevation,  about  6,700  feet.  (72) 

Cathedral  Rocks.  A cleaver  or  divide  between  upper  Cowlitz  and  In- 
graham glaciers,  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 
Cathlamet.  This  town  lies  in  the  southern  part  of  Wahkiakum  County, 
on  Columbia  River,  and  is  the  county  seat.  It  is  served  by  two 
steamboat  lines.  It  contains  a fish  cannery,  saw  mill,  and  a cream- 
ery. The  surrounding  country  has  a number  of  logging  camps  and 
saw  mills.  The  population  was  352  in  1910.  (1) 

Cathlamet  Island.  An  island  about  2%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River, 
below  Cathlamet,  in  south  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (27) 

Catlin.  A village  on  the  west  side  of  Cowlitz  River,  opposite  Kelso,  in 
southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Catt  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  south  of  Ashford, 
in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Cattle  Point.  A point  at  the  southeast  end  of  San  Juan  Island,  in  south 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Caution,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  north  of 
Friday  Harbor,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cavanaugh  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  South  Pork  of  Nooksak 
River,  east  of  Wickersham,  in  Skagit  County,  near  the  county  bor- 
der. (25) 

Cavanaugh  Lake.  A lake  2%  miles  long,  about  11  miles  east  of  McMur- 
ray,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  1,016  feet.  (1) 

Cave  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  at  Latah,  in 
southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 


94  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cayada  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Chenuis  River,  northwest 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (44) 

Cayada  Mountain.  A peak  north  of  upper  Chenuis  River,  northwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,118  feet. 
(44) 

Cayuse  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  northwest  of  Tonasket,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County;  maximum  elevation,  2,650  feet.  (48) 

Cayuse  Pass.  A pass  or  divide  between  head  of  Chinook  Creek  and  head  I 
of  Klickitat  Creek,  east  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Cayuse  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  3 miles  below  the  mouth  of  ! 
Sanpoil  River,  in  Perry  and  Lincoln  counties.  (31) 

Cecil  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sinlahekin  Creek,  from  the  west,  south  of  j 
Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Cedar  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  entering  the 
latter  at  Etna  post  office  in  northwestern  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Cedar  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  east,  near 
Oakville,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Cedar  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  sea,  5 miles  south  of  Hoh 
Head,  in  western  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Cedar  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Summit  Creek,  at  Jacroux  Mill,  in 
north  central  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Cedar  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Hamilton  Creek,  northwest  of 
Cascades,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Cedar  Falls.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  39  miles  east  of  Seattle, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  930  feet.  (Formerly  Moncton.) 
(1) 

Cedarhursi.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  . 
west  central  King  County.  (4) 

Cedar  Lake.  A lake  about  3%  miles  long,  on  Cedar  River,  3 miles  south- 
east of  Cedar  Falls,  in  east  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,558 
feet.  (1) 

Cedar  Mountain.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  southeast 
of  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  195  feet.  (4) 
Cedar  River.  A stream  heading  on  the  Cascade  divide  and  uniting  with  1 
Black  River  at  Renton,  in  central  King  County.  (1) 

Cedar  River.  A river  entering  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  from  the 
northwest,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Cedarville.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  22  miles 
southeast  of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 
Cedonia.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Valley,  in  southwest- 
ern Stevens  County.  (1) 

Celilo  Falls.  Falls  in  Columbia  River,  near  Celilo,  Oregon,  12  miles 
above  The  Dalles.  (32) 

Cement.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  53  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 
Center.  A post  office  about  6 miles  west  of  Port  Ludlow,  in  northeastern 
Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Center  Island.  An  island  in  Lopez  Sound,  between  southern  Decatur 
and  Lopez  islands,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Center  Reef.  A small  reef  in  Spieden  Channel,  southwest  of  Spieden 
Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


95 


Centerville.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  (Goldendale  Branch),  6 miles 
southwest  of  Goldendale,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,586  feet.  (1) 

Central.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  13  miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 134  feet.  (4) 

Central  Ferry.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  15 
miles  east  of  Riparia,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County.  (4) 

Central  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  3 miles  below  Brewster,  in 
northwestern  Douglas  County.  (61) 

Centralia.  This  city  lies  in  the  valleys  of  the  Chehalis  and  Skookum- 
chuck  rivers,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Lewis  County.  Its  altitude 
is  184  feet.  It  has  excellent  transportation  facilities,  being  served 
by  several  trunk  lines,  and  by  the  South  Bend  and  Grays  Harbor 
branches.  It  has  five  saw  mills,  three  shingle  mills,  a porch  column 
factory,  cigar  factory,  furniture  factory,  sash  and  door  factory, 
glove  factory,  a brick  and  tile  plant,  and  two  foundries.  It  has  an 
electric  car  system,  which  connects  it  with  Chehalis.  Coal  mining, 
dairying,  agriculture,  and  lumbering  are  the  occupations  of  the 
tributary  region.  The  population  in  1910  was  7,311.  (1) 

Ceres.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  west  of  Chehalis,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  232  feet.  (1) 

Chain  Lake.  A lake  1 y2  miles  long,  at  Camden,  in  south  central  Pend 
Oreille  County.  (4) 

Chair  Peak.  A peak  4 miles  northwest  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  cen- 
tral King  County;  elevation,  about  6,300  feet.  (74) 

Chambers.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  south  of  Pullman,  in 
southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,573  feet.  (4) 

Chambers  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Puget  Sound  from  the  east, 
southwest  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Chambers  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  4 miles  southeast  of  Olympia, 
in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Chambers  Prairie.  A prairie  of  several  square  miles,  southwest  of 
Saint  Clair,  in  east  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Chamokane.  A village  on  Spokane  River,  14  miles  northwest  of  Rear- 
dan,  in  northeastern  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Chamokane  Creek.  A tributary  of  Spokane  River,  from  the  north,  in 
south  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Champion  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Green  River,  1 mile  west  of 
Hot  Springs,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Chandler.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  about  12  miles  below  Prosser,  in 
Benton  County;  elevation,  535  feet.  (66) 

Change  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  north  of  Cedar  Lake,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

Chaparral  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  north- 
east of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Chaplain  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  7 miles  north  of  Sultan,  in 
central  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Chapman  Creek.  A tributary  of  the  Columbia,  from  the  north,  west  of 
Roosevelt,  in  southeastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 


96 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Chard.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  15  miles  west 
of  Pomeroy,  in  northwestern  Garfield  County;  elevation,  1,180  feet. 
(4) 

Charles  Fork.  One  of  the  small  branches  of  Asotin  Creek,  in  Asotin 
County.  (1) 

Charles  Island.  A small  island  near  the  southern  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
south  of  Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Charles  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Stuart  Island,  in  north- 
western San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Charleston.  A town  near  the  head  of  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  in  south  cen- 
tral Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Charley  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clallam  River,  from  the  west,  entering’ 
about  2 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Charley  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  south,  near  Eagle 
Gorge,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Charlies  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Grays  Harbor  from  the  south- 
east, at  West  Aberdeen,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Chattaroy.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,800  feet.  (1) 

Chautauqua.  A village  on  the  east  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  2%  miles 
north  of  Burton,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 

Chehalis.  The  county  seat  of  Lewis  County,  located  in  the  northwestern 
part,  at  the  junction  of  the  Newaukum  and  Chehalis  rivers.  Its 
altitude  is  188  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  N.  P.,  G.  N.,  and  O.-W.  rail- 
ways, and  by  trolley  with  Centralia.  It  has  a number  of  turning, 
molding  and  wood  working  plants,  a milk  condensery,  a furniture 
factory,  a door  factory,  several  saw  and  shingle  mills,  a powder 
plant,  two  machine  shops,  a brick  and  tile  plant,  feed  mills,  and  a 
creamery.  Coal  mining,  lumbering,  dairying  and  general  agricul- 
ture occupy  the  surrounding  region.  The  population  in  1910  was 
4,507.  (1) 

Chehalis  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  near 
Porter,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Chehalis  Indian  Reservation.  A small  reservation  in  northwestern  Che- 
halis and  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  counties,  with  an  area  of 
3,799  acres,  all  of  which  are  allotted.  (1) 

Chehalis,  Point.  The  northern  end  of  the  sand  spit  at  the  south  en- 
trance to  Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Chehalis  River.  A river  draining  the  southern  Olympics  and  entering 
Grays  Harbor  at  Aberdeen,  in  southern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Chehalis  River,  South  Fork.  The  principal  headwater  of  Chehalis  River, 
south  of  McCormick,  in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Chehalis  River,  West  Fork.  A small  western  tributary  of  Chehalis 
River,  at  McCormick,  in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Chelan.  A town  on  Chelan  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  east 
central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  about  1,085  feet.  (46) 

Chelan  Butte.  A low  mountain  halfway  between  the  mouth  of  Lake 
Chelan  and  Columbia  River,  in  east  central  Chelan  County;  eleva- 
tion, 3,892  feet.  (46) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


97 


Chelan  County.  This  county  lies  in  north  central  Washington.  The 
area  is  2,900  square  miles.  The  topography  is  mountainous  and 
rolling.  The  temperature  is  variable,  with  a mean  annual  of  48°  F. 
The  annual  rainfall  is  generally  under  15  inches;  the  precipitation 
in  the  western  or  more  mountainous  section  is  considerably  higher. 
Chelan  is  an  Indian  word  meaning  “deep  water.”  The  county  had 
22,129  inhabitants  on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the 
Census  Bureau.  Apple  growing  is  the  greatest  industry  of  the 
county,  with  general  farming,  dairying,  lumbering  and  mining  as 
minor  industries.  Wenatchee,  the  county  seat,  is  the  most  impor- 
tant town.  Other  towns  are  Leavenworth,  Cashmere,  Chelan,  Lake- 
side, Entiat,  and  Peshastin. 

Chelan  Falls.  Falls  in  Chelan  River,  1 mile  above  its  confluence  with 
Columbia  River,  in  east  central  Chelan  County.  In  one  mile  the 
river  has  a drop  of  235  feet.  (4) 

Chelan  Falls.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  junction  of  Chelan  and 
Columbia  rivers,  37  miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  in  east  central  Chelan 
County;  elevation,  737  feet.  (2) 

Chelan,  Lake.  A lake  48  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  one  mile, 
and  maximum  depth  of  1,500  feet,  in  northeastern  Chelan  County; 
elevation  of  surface,  1,079  feet.  (76) 

Chelan  Mountains.  A spur  of  the  Cascades,  between  Lake  Chelan  and 
Entiat  River,  and  south  of  Railroad  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County; 
maximum  elevation,  8,600  feet.  (76) 

Chelan  National  Forest.  A forest  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascades, 
in  Chelan  County,  embracing  677,389  acres.  The  office  of  the  Super- 
visor is  at  Chelan.  (1) 

Chelan  River.  A river  4 miles  long,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Chelan,  tribu- 
tary of  Columbia  River,  in  east  central  Chelan  County.  From  the 
level  of  the  lake  to  the  level  of  the  Columbia  there  is  a descent  of 
399  feet.  (1) 

Cheney.  A town  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Spokane  County. 
The  altitude  is  2,336  feet.  It  is  on  the  lines  of  the  N.  P.,  S.  P.  & S., 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  and  W.  W.  P.  Co.  It  has  a flouring  mill  and  a 
brick  yard.  It  is  an  educational  and  agricultural  center.  One  of 
the  State  Normal  schools  is  located  here.  The  town  had  a popula- 
tion of  1,207  in  1910. 

Cheney  Junction.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  5%  miles  east  of 
Medical  Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,392  feet. 
Chenois  Creek.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6%  miles  northwest  of  Ho- 
quiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Chenois  Creek.  A small  tidal  stream  entering  North  Bay  from  the 
northeast,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Chenuis  Falls.  Falls  on  Chenuis  Creek,  near  its  mouth,  5 miles  below 
the  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Chenuis  Lakes.  Small  lakes  at  the  head  of  Chenuis  Creek,  about  9 miles 
northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Chenuis  Mountain.  The  divide  between  Chenuis  Creek  and  upper  Car- 
bon River,  northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Cherokee.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Okanogan,  in 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  854  feet 
Cherry  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Thrall,  in  east  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 


— 4 


98  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cherry  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Snoqualmie  River,  near  Duvall, 
in  north  central  King  County.  (21) 

Cherry  Valley.  A village  on  Snoqualmie  River,  9 miles  south  of  Monroe, 
in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Chesaw.  A town  about  7 miles  southeast  of  Molson,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,910  feet.  (1) 

Chester.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  south- 
east of  Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,012  feet.  (1) 
Chetlo  Harbor.  A town  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  near  the 
mouth  of  Nasel  River,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Cheviot.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southeast  of  El- 
lensburg,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,164  feet.  (4) 
Chewack  Creek.  The  principal  northeastern  headwater  of  Methow 
River,  north  of  Winthrop,  in  northwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 
Chewelah.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  south  of  Colville,  in  central 
Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,669  feet.  (1) 

Chewelah  Creek.  A tributary  of  Colville  River,  from  the  northeast,  at 
Chewelah,  in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Chewelah  Mountain.  A mountain  about  7 miles  east  of  Chewelah,  in 
central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  5,748  feet.  (29) 

Chewiliken  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  5 miles 
south  of  Tonasket,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Chewiliken  Valley.  A valley  at  the  head  of  Chewiliken  Creek,  in  east 
central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Chibalnlehl  Rocks.  Rocky  islets  near  the  beach,  3 miles  east  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Chickerman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan 
County.  (47) 

Chico.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Dyes  Inlet,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (4) 

Chiliwest  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  south  of  Ma- 
lott,  in  south  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Chillowist.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Okanogan,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  828  feet. 

Chimacum.  A town  about  9 miles  south  of  Port  Townsend,  in  north- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Chimacum  Creek.  A stream  entering  Port  Townsend  Harbor,  from  the 
south,  at  Irondale,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Chimney  Rock.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  at  the  head  of  Middle 
Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  3 miles  south  of  Dutch  Miller  Gap;  eleva- 
tion, 7,727  feet.  (72) 

China  Camp  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  4 miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Spokane  River,  in  Ferry  and  Lincoln  counties.  (31) 

China  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Hanaford  Creek,  at  Cen- 
tralia,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Chinom  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  south- 
western Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Chinook.  A town  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  and  on  the  line 
of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5%  miles  northwest  of  Megler,  in  south- 
western Pacific  County.  (1) 

Chinook  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Ohanapecosh  River,  heading 
on  the  Cascade  summit,  east  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 


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99 


Chinook  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  summit,  between  headwaters  of 
American  and  Ohanapecosh  rivers,  in  Pierce  and  Yakima  counties. 
(69). 

Chinook  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  near  the 
town  of  Chinook,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Chinook  River.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  the  town  of 
Chinook,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Chiwaukum.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  west  of  Leavenworth, 
in  south  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  1,815  feet.  (47) 
Chiwaukum  Creek.  A western  tributary,  entering  Wenatchee  River  at 
Chiwaukum,  in  southwestern  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Chiwaukum  Creek,  South  Fork.  The  principal  tributary  of  Chiwaukum 
Creek,  in  southwestern  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Chiwawa  Creek.  An  important  tributary  of  Wenatchee  River,  rising 
on  the  summit  of  the  Cascades  and  emptying  4 miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Lake  Wenatchee,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Chiwawa  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  at  the  head  of 
Chiwawa  Creek,  west  of  the  north  end  of  Lake  Chelan;  elevation, 
8,300  feet.  (76) 

Chopaka.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  near  the  International  boundary,  21 
miles  northwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County; 
elevation,  1,181  feet.  (1) 

Chopaka  Creek.  A stream  connecting  Chopaka  Lake  with  Sinlahekin 
Creek,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Chopaka  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  4 miles  southwest  of  Nighthawk, 
in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Chopaka  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  northwest  of  Palmer  Lake,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County;  maximum  elevation,  7,870  feet.  (48) 
Christianson.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  30  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County. 

Christie,  Mount.  A mountain  on  the  headwaters  of  Quinault  River, 
southeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation, 
7,100  feet.  (19) 

Christine  Falls.  Falls  on  Van  Trump  Creek,  northeast  of  Longmire,  in 
southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Christmas  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  from  the  north, 
about  10  miles  above  Clearwater  post  office,  in  western  Jefferson 
County.  (19) 

Christopher.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in 
southwestern  King  County;  elevation,  64  feet.  (4) 

Chuckanut  Bay.  A small  embayment  on  the  east  shore  of  Bellingham 
Bay,  south  of  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 
Chuckanut  Island.  A small  island  in  Chuckanut  Bay,  south  of  Belling- 
ham, in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Chumstick  Creek.  A creek  rising  in  the  Entiat  Mountains  and  joining 
Wenatchee  River  at  Leavenworth,  in  south  central  Chelan  County. 
(47) 

Church  Lake.  A lake  about  % mile  long,  4 miles  east  of  Sumner,  in 
north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Church,  Mount.  A peak  12  miles  southwest  of  Lake  Cushman,  on  Mason- 
Grays  Harbor  County  boundary  line.  (19) 

Church  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  northeast  of  Glacier,  in  north 
central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  6,245  feet.  (40) 


100  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cicero.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Arlington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  143  feet.  (1) 

Cinnabar  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Tilton  River,  from  the  north,  in 
central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Circle.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  northeast  of  Oroville,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,571  feet.  (4) 

Circle  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  south, 
in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Cirque  Lake.  A small  lake  7 miles  east  of  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central 
Yakima  County.  (37) 

Cispus.  A post  office  near  Cowlitz  River,  about  14  miles  southeast  of 
Morton,  in  south  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Cispus  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  about  20  miles  north  of 
Mount  Adams,  at  headwaters  of  Cispus  and  Klickitat  rivers;  eleva- 
tion, 6,473  feet.  (37) 

Cispus  River.  An  important  southern  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  in 
southeastern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Cispus  River,  Muddy  Fork.  A tributary  of  Cispus  River,  heading  on  the 
north  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in  Skamania  and  Yakima  counties.  (1) 
Cispus  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Cispus  River,  in 
northeastern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Clallam  Bay.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Clallam  Bay,  in  northwestern 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Clallam  Bay.  An  indentation  about  2 miles  long  by  1 mile  wide,  on  the 
coast,  25  miles  east  of  Cape  Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam 
County.  (5) 

Clallam  County.  This  county  is  situated  south  of  the  Strait  of  Juan  de 
Fuca  and  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Its  area  is  1,726  square 
miles.  The  larger  part  of  the  county  has  a rugged  and  mountainous 
topography.  The  mean  annual  temperature  averages  about  47°  F., 
and  the  annual  range  is  about  20°  F.  The  annual  rainfall  average 
for  the  county  is  near  50  inches,  although  parts  of  the  county  vary 
from  120  to  20  inches.  The  name  Clallam  is  an  Indian  word  far 
“strong  people.”  The  population,  as  estimated  by  the  Census  Bu- 
reau, was  7,479  on  July  1,  1916.  Lumbering  and  fishing  are  the  im- 
portant industries.  Port  Angeles  is  the  county  seat  and  the  largest 
town.  Other  towns  are  Forks,  Sequim,  Dungeness,  and  Neah  Bay. 
Clallam  Point.  A sandy  point  at  the  west  side  of  the  entrance  to  Port 
Discovery  Bay,  about  9 miles  west  of  Port  Townsend.  (5) 

Clallam  River.  A river  entering  Clallam  Bay  from  the  north,  in  north- 
western Clallam  County.  (19) 

Clark.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  16  miles  north  of  Wilbur,  in 
northwestern  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Clark  Fork.  This  river  traverses  a part  of  Montana,  northern  Idaho, 
and  the  northeastern  part  of  Washington,  flowing  northward  in 
its  course  through  this  state.  It  rises  in  the  Silverbow  Moun- 
tains of  Montana  and  empties  into  Columbia  River  very  near  the 
Canadian  border.  Its  approximate  length  is  420  miles  and  its  drain- 
age area  totals  25,800  square  miles.  It  has  many  small  creeks,  but 
few  important  streams,  as  tributaries.  There  are  no  important 
tributaries  in  Washington.  At  Newport  it  has  an  average  yearly 
run-off  of  17,500,000  acre-feet.  The  river  makes  a descent  of  684 
feet  from  Newport  to  its  mouth. 


101 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Clark  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  1%  miles  northeast  of 
Orcas  Island,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Clark  Peak.  A peak  about  11  miles  northwest  of  Conconully,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  7,900  feet.  (48) 

Clark  Point.  A point  at  the  north  end  of  Guemes  Island,  in  northwest- 
ern Skagit  County.  (5) 

Clarke  County.  This  county  borders  on  Columbia  River  and  is  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state.  It  has  an  area  of  634  square  miles 
The  topography  of  nearly  all  of  the  county  is  gentle  and  rolling. 
The  temperature  of  the  district  has  an  annual  average  of  near  40°  F. 
and  a range  of  less  than  25°  F.  The  rainfall  is  generally  near  40 
inches.  The  Census  Bureau  estimated  that  the  population  was  34,098 
on  July  1,  1916.  The  principal  industries  are  lumbering,  dairying, 
diversified  farming,  and  fruit  growing.  Vancouver,  the  county  seat; 
Camas,  Washougal,  Yacolt,  Battle  Ground,  Ridgefield,  La  Center,  and 
Orchards  are  the  principal  towns. 

Clarkston.  A town  in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  Asotin  County, 
on  the  west  bank  of  Snake  River.  The  altitude  is  825  feet.  It  is 
connected  with  Lewiston,  Idaho,  by  a suspension  bridge,  and  the 
N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  are  less  than  a 
mile  away.  It  acts  as  a shipping  center  for  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory, which  is  occupied  in  grain  culture,  and  in  fruit  and  stock  rais- 
ing. It  has  a box  factory,  sash  and  door  factory,  canneries  and 
fruit  packing  houses.  The  town  had  a population  of  1,257  in  1910, 
and  was  the  largest  town  in  the  county. 

Classic.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Holmes  Harbor,  Whidbey 
Island,  in  Island  County.  (4) 

Clay  City.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  28 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  630 
feet.  (1) 

Clayton.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  32  miles  northwest  of  Spokane,  in 
southeastern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  2,266  feet.  (1) 

Clearbrook.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  21  miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 67  feet.  (1) 

Clear  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  Muddy  River,  east  of  Mount 
St.  Helens,  in  central  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Clear  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  above  Darrington,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Clear  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Palouse  River,  east  of  Colfax,  in 
east  central  Whitman  County.  (67) 

Clear  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton  River, 
heading  in  White  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Clear  Fork,  Cowlitz  River.  An  upper  headwater  of  Cowlitz  River,  from 
the  south,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Clear  Lake.  A small  ox-bow  lake  on  the  left  bank  of  Yakima  River, 
about  6 miles  above  its  mouth,  in  east  central  Benton  County.  (63) 
Clear  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  north  of  Eatonville,  in  south 
central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Clear  Lake.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  44  feet.  (1) 

Clear  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  3 miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County.  (58) 


102  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Clear  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  3 miles  south  of  the  town  of  Med- 
ical Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Clear  Lake.  A lake  iy2  miles  long,  at  McIntosh,  in  south  central  Thurs- 
ton County.  (45) 

Clear  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Yelm,  in 
southeastern  Thurston  County.  (4) 

Clearwater.  A post  office  on  Clearwater  River,  21  miles  north  of  Ta- 
hola,  in  southwestern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Clearwater  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Muddy  River,  east  of  Mount 
St.  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Clearwater  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak 
River,  west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Clearwater  Creek.  The  middle  headwater  of  West  Fork  of  Klickitat 
River,  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Clearwater  River.  A river  heading  in  the  western  Olympics,  flowing 
southwest  and  uniting  with  the  Queets,  about  4 miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  in  southwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Cle  Elum.  A town  in  Kittitas  County,  located  in  the  western  part,  on 
Yakima  River.  It  is  1,907  feet  above  sea-level.  It  is  served  by  the 
N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways.  The  surrounding  country  is  en- 
gaged in  coal  mining,  lumbering  and  agriculture.  Dairying  and 
sheep  raising  constitute  the  main  agricultural  pursuits.  The  town 
had  a population  of  2,749  in  1910.  (1) 

Cle  Elum  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  long  and  about  1 mile  wide,  on  Cle 
Elum  River,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,128  feet. 
(1) 

Cle  Elum  Point.  A spur  of  the  mountain  3 miles  south  of  Cle  Elum,  in 
central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Cle  Elum  River.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  in  north- 
western Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Cle  Elum  River,  Middle  Fork.  Middle  headwater  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Cle  Elum  River,  West  Fork.  The  west  headwater  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Cleman  Mountain.  The  divide  between  upper  Wenas  Creek  and  Naches 
River,  in  north  central  Yakima  County;  maximum  elevation,  about 
5,000  feet.  (51) 

Clements  Reef.  A reef  y2  mile  northeast  of  the  Sucia  Islands,  at  the 
southern  end  of  Georgia  Strait,  in  northern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cleveland.  A village  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Roosevelt,  in  north- 
eastern Klickitat  County;  elevation,  3,032  feet.  (1) 

Cleveland  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  4 miles  southwest  of  Sko- 
komish,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  5,301  feet.  (72) 

Cliff  Creek.  A tributary  of  Duckabush  River,  from  the  south,  in  south- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Cliff  Island.  An  island  near  the  northwestern  point  of  Shaw  Island,  in 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cliff  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Butter  Creek,  1 mile  southwest  of 
Pinnacle  Peak,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


103 


Cliff  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  west  of 
Knappton,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Cliffs.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  south  cen- 
tral Klickitat  County;  elevation,  179  feet.  (1) 

Clifton.  A village  at  the  head  of  Hood  Canal,  in  northeastern  Mason 
County.  (1) 

Clifton.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  1 mile  south  of  Waverly, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,446  feet. 

Climax.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,148  feet.  (4) 

Cline.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  2 miles  north  of  Springdale,  in  south 
central  Stevens  County. 

Clinton.  A town  opposite  Everett,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Whidbey 
Island,  in  southeastern  Island  County.  (1) 

Clipper.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Cloquallam.  A village  on  Cloquallam  River,  12  miles  southwest  of  Shel- 
ton, in  south  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Cloquallam  River.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Elma,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Clover  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Steilacoom  Lake  from  the  south- 
east, in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Clover  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near  Kenne- 
wick, in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Clover  Lake.  A lake  on  the  headwaters  of  Sunrise  Creek,  northeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,725  feet. 
(69) 

Cloverland.  A post  office  near  the  central  part  of  Asotin  County,  15 
miles  southwest  of  the  town  of  Asotin.  (1) 

Clugston  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Mill  Creek,  east  of  Marcus,  in 
north  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Clyde.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in 
northeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,241  feet.  (4) 

Coal  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Ozette  Lake  at  its  north  end,  in 
western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Coal  Creek.  A mining  town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  1 mile  east  of  New- 
castle, in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  559  feet.  (4) 

Coal  Creek.  A tributary  of  Fish  Lake,  near  Cumberland,  in  south  cen- 
tral King  County.  (44) 

Coal  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Lake  Washington,  near  Newcastle,  in 
west  central  King  County.  (73) 

Coal  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Crab  Creek,  from  the  northeast,  in 
south  central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Coal  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  east,  at  Chehalis, 
in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Coal  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  east,  about  8 
miles  northeast  of  Lewis  post  office,  in  east  central  Lewis  County. 
(20) 

Coal  Creek.  A small  intermittent  tributary  of  lower  Twisp  River,  from 
the  north,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Coal  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish 
River,  east  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 


104  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Coal  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  east  of  upper  Day  Creek,  near  Day 
Lake,  in  south  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,317  feet.  (77) 
Coats  Landing.  A village  on  Wishkah  River,  about  5 miles  north  of 
Aberdeen,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Coberly  Canyon.  A canyon  about  7 miles  long,  extending  from  the 
plateau  near  Waterville  to  the  Columbia  at  Orondo,  in  western 
Douglas  County.  (46) 

Cobey  Creek.  A tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the 
north,  in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Coffeepot  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Lake  Creek,  northeast  of  Odessa,  in 
central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Coffin,  Mount.  A hill  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  about  5 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Cowlitz  River,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz 
County;  elevation,  240  feet.  (11) 

Cohasset.  A town  on  the  sea  coast,  2 miles  south  of  Westport,  in  south- 
western Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 

Cohasset.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  northwest  of 
Beverly,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  770  feet.  (4) 
Cohasset  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  about  8 miles  above  Bev- 
erly, in  Grant  and  Kittitas  counties.  (31) 

Coke  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoko  River,  entering  2 miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Cokedale  Junction.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  east  of  Sedro 
Woolley,  in  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  68  feet.  (4) 

Coker.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  northeast  of  Ritzville,  in 
north  central  Adams  County.  (96) 

Colbert.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,823  feet.  (Dean  Station.) 
(1) 

Colby.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  opposite  Blake 
Island,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Cold  Basin.  A basin  at  the  head  of  a western  tributary  of  Huckleberry 
Creek,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Cold  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  heading  in  the  high  hills  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Yakima  County,  and  entering  the  Yakima  at 
The  Horn,  in  Benton  County;  sometimes  called  Rattlesnake  Creek. 
(63) 

Cold  Creek.  A tributary  of  Gold  Creek,  north  of  Keechelus  Lake,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Cold  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton  River,  north- 
east of  Tieton  Peak,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Cold  Spring.  A spring  near  the  head  of  Glass  Canyon,  8 miles  south  of 
Cleveland,  in  east  central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Coldwater  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Toutle  River,  near  Spirit 
Lake,  in  Skamania  and  Cowlitz  counties.  (15) 

Coleman  Glacier.  A large  glacier  on  the  northwest  slope  of  Mount 
Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Coleman  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  2 miles 
north  of  Renton,  in  west  central  King  County.  (8) 

Cole  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (8) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


105 


Colfax.  The  county  seat  of  Whitman  County,  located  in  the  central 
part,  on  Palouse  River.  The  elevation  is  1,966  feet.  It  is  served  by 
the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  and  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.  Among-  the  indus- 
tries are  quarries  and  machine  shops,  a sash  and  door  factory,  a 
flouring  mill  and  a foundry.  The  surrounding  country  is  occupied 
in  grain  growing,  dairying  and  stock  raising.  The  population  in 
1910  was  2,783. 

Colletfa.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  about  18  miles  east  of 
Beverly,  in  southern  Grant  County;  elevation,  630  feet.  (70) 

Collins.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Stevenson,  in  south 
central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  98  feet.  (4) 

Collins  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  2 miles 
east  of  Home  Valley,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 
Colocham  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  a tributary  of  Columbia 
River,  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  Chelan  County.  (55) 

Colonel  Bob  Mountain.  A mountain  8 miles  east  of  Quinault  post  office, 
in  northeastern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  4,500  feet.  (19) 
Colonnade.  A cliff  of  rock  on  the  south  side  of  lower  South  Mowich 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Colton.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  south  of  Pullman,  in  south- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,564  feet.  (1) 

Columbia.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  7 miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
546  feet.  (4) 

Columbia  County.  This  county  is  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state, 
south  of  Snake  River  and  adjacent  to  Oregon.  It  has  an  area  of 
858  square  miles.  The  greater  part  of  the  country  is  rolling,  only 
the  southern  part  having  a rough  topography.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  is  53°  F.,  and  the  range  is  generally  less  than  40°  F. 
The  annual  rainfall  is  about  23  inches.  The  raising  of  stock,  fruit 
and  grain  constitutes  the  industry  of  the  county.  Dayton,  the 
county  seat,  Starbuck,  and  Huntsville  are  the  principal  towns. 
Columbia  Crest.  The  highest  point  on  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  14,408 
feet.  (69) 

Columbia,  Fort.  A fort  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  and  on 
the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles  west  of  Megler,  in 
southwestern  Pacific  County.  (4) 

Columbia  Indian  Reservations.  A number  of  scattered  Indian  allot- 
ments, north  of  Lake  Chelan  and  west  of  Okanogan  River,  with  a 
total  of  22,618  acres.  (1) 

Columbia  National  Forest.  A forest  in  the  southern  Cascades,  near  Co- 
lumbia River,  containing  776,480  acres.  It  is  located  in  Cowlitz, 
Klickitat,  Lewis,  Skamania  and  Yakima  counties.  The  office  of  the 
supervisor  is  at  Portland,  Oregon.  (1) 

Columbia  Peak.  A peak  2 miles  southeast  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  south- 
eastern Snohomish  County;  elevation,  7,134  feet.  (72) 

Columbia  River.  This  river  rises  in  British  Columbia,  crosses  the  state 
of  Washington,  and  forms  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  that 
state  and  Oregon.  Its  head  is  at  Columbia  Lake,  in  British  Colum- 
bia; its  mouth  is  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  46th  parallel  of  lati- 
tude. The  length  of  the  stream  in  Washington  is  746  miles.  It 
drains  48,000  square  miles,  or  73  per  cent,  of  Washington.  The  en- 
tire drainage  is  estimated  at  259,000  square  miles.  This  area  in- 
cludes portions  of  six  states  and  British  Columbia.  The  principal 


106  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashingt on  Geological  Survey 


Washington  tributaries  from  west  and  north  are  Kettle,  Sanpoil, 
Okanogan,  Methow,  Chelan,  Entiat,  Wenatchee,  Yakima,  Klickitat, 
White  Salmon,  Lewis,  Kalama,  and  Cowlitz  rivers.  Those  entering 
from  the  eas.t  and  south  are  Clark  Fork,  Colville,  Spokane,  Snake, 
and  Walla  Walla  rivers.  The  Columbia  in  Washington  is  navigable 
for  640  miles.  The  elevation  of  the  stream,  where  it  enters  the 
state  is  1,350  feet.  The  head  of  tide  is  between  Cascades  and  Edge- 
water,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  At  The  Dalles  the  yearly 
average  run-off  of  the  Columbia  is  139,000,000  acre  feet.  (1) 

Columbia  River  Station.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry., 
16  miles  east  of  Wenatchee,  in  southern  Douglas  County;  elevation, 
606  feet.  (1) 

Colville.  The  county  seat  of  Stevens  County,  located  near  the  central 
part,  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  It  has  an  altitude  of  1,579  feet.  It  contains 
a creamery,  flouring  mill,  and  a saw  mill.  The  town  serves  as  a 
trade  center  for  a mining,  lumbering  and  fruit  raising  section.  The 
population  in  1910  was  1,512.  (1) 

Colville  Indian  Reservation.  A large  reservation  in  the  southern  part 
of  Ferry  County  and  the  southeastern  portion  of  Okanogan  County, 
embracing  a total  of  1,347,989  acres  of  allotted  and  unallotted  lands. 
The  Indian  population  under  Federal  supervision  on  June  30,  1915, 
was  2,468.  (1) 

Colville  Island.  A small  island  southwest  of  Point  Colville,  near  the 
southeastern  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Colville  Lake.  A local  enlargement  of  Cow  Creek,  six  miles  long,  on 
the  border  line  between  Adams  and  Lincoln  counties,  between  the 
towns  of  Sprague  and  Keystone.  (1) 

Colville  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Colville,  in 
central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  5,667  feet.  (Also  known  as  Old 
Dominion  Mountain.)  (29) 

Colville  National  Forest.  A forest  located  in  the  Okanogan  Highlands, 
between  Columbia  and  Okanogan  rivers,  in  Ferry,  Okanogan  and 
Stevens  counties.  It  contains  756,395  acres.  The  office  of  the  super- 
visor is  at  Republic.  (1) 

Colville,  Point.  A point  at  the  southeast  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in  south- 
eastern San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Colville  River.  A northward  flowing  river  of  central  Stevens  County, 
joining  Columbia  River  at  Kettle  Falls.  (1) 

Colvos.  A village  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  west 
central  King  County.  (4) 

Colvos  Passage.  A channel  between  Vashon  Island  and  the  mainland  on 
the  west,  in  King,  Kitsap  and  Pierce  counties. 

Coman.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  west 
of  Oakesdale,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,428 
feet. 

Comet  Falls.  Falls  on  the  western  headwaters  of  Van  Trump  Creek,  on 
the  south  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Command,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Colvos  Passage,  in  south- 
eastern Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Commencement  Bay.  An  embayment  on  Puget  Sound,  at  the  mouth  of 
Puyallup  River,  at  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Commonwealth  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  at  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  central  King  County.  (74) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington  107 


Company  Creek.  A tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  entering-  4 miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 
Conboy,  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  south  of  Glenwood,  in  northwestern 
Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Coneonully.  A town  about  15  miles  northwest  of  Riverside,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,358  feet.  (1) 

Coneonully  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long,  at  Coneonully,  in  central  Okan- 
ogan County;  elevation,  2,287  feet.  (48) 

Concord.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southwest  of  Sprague,  in 
southeastern  Lincoln  County.  (96) 

Concrete.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  194  feet.  (1) 

Condons  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  14  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Cone  Islands.  A group  of  very  small  islands  near  the  northeast  shore 
of  Cypress  Island,  in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 
Conglomerate  Point.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Trout  and 
Howard  creeks,  northeast  of  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish 
County.  (72) 

Connawai  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  in  east  central  Grant  County, 
entering  Crab  Lake  from  the  northeast,  3 miles  east  of  Wilson 
Creek.  (1) 

Connell.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  in  north  central  Franklin  County,  36  miles  northeast  of  Pasco; 
elevation,  838  feet.  (1) 

Connelly.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  2%  miles  north  of  Cheney, 
in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,374  feet.  (4) 

Connor  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  ocean  north  of  North  Bay, 
in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Conrad  Glaeier.  A glacier  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Goat  Rocks,  in  west 
central  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Conrad  Meadows.  Meadows  on  upper  South  Fork  of  Tieton  River,  east 
of  Ives  Peak,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  4,026  feet. 
(38) 

Constance  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Dosewallips  River,  on  the  south 
side  of  Mount  Constance,  in  east  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 
Constance,  Lake.  A small  lake  between  Mount  Constance  and  Dose- 
wallips River,  in  east  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Constance,  Mount.  A mountain  in  the  northeast  part  of  T.  26  N.,  R.  4 W., 
in  east  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  7,777  feet.  (19) 
Constitution,  Mount.  A mountain  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Orcas 
Island,  the  highest  point  in  the  San  Juan  Islands;  elevation,  2,409 
feet.  (6) 

Conway.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Mt.  Vernon,  in 
southwestern  Skagit  County.  (Fir  Station.)  (1) 

Cook.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Stevenson,  in 
southeastern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  99  feet.  (1) 

Cooke  Mountain.  A mountain  about  9 miles  northeast  of  Republic,  in 
north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  5,097  feet.  (71) 

Cooks  Island.  An  island  % mile  long,  in  Clark  Fork,  1 % miles  below 
Newport,  in  southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Coolidge.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  in  south- 
ern Benton  County;  elevation,  273  feet.  (81) 


108  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Coon  Lake.  A small  lake  near  Stehekin  River,  about  11  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,140  feet.  (76) 

Coon  Lake  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  outlet  of 
Coon  Lake,  about  10  miles  above  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  north 
central  Chelan  County.  (93) 

Cooper.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Arlington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  110  feet.  (58) 

Cooper  Point.  A point  on  the  southern  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  between 
Budd  and  Eld  inlets,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Cooper  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  2 miles 
below  Eagle  Cliff,  in  southeastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (Id) 
Copalis.  A village  near  the  mouth  of  Copalis  River,  in  west  central 
Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  24  feet.  (60) 

Copalis  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  Pacific  Ocean,  from  the 
northeast,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Copalis  Crossing.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Hoquiam,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  73  feet. 
(60) 

Copalis  Head.  A headland  on  the  sea  coast,  about  7 miles  south  of 
Moclips,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Copalis  Roek.  A small  rock  island  near  the  shore,  about  7 miles  south 
of  Moclips,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Coplay  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  head  of  Clearwater  River,  in 
northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 

Coppei.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  21  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  east  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,531  feet.  (4) 
Coppei  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Touchet  River,  at  Waitsburg,  in 
east  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (4) 

Copper  Butte.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  16  miles  north- 
east of  Republic,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  about 
7,100  feet.  (16) 

Copper  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sanpoil  River  from  the  west,  6 miles  be- 
low Republic,  in  west  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Copper  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  about  5 
miles  east  of  Ashford,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Copper  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  American  River,  north  of  Bump- 
ing Lake,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Copper  Lake.  A lake  on  West  Fork  of  Foss  River,  near  Skykomish,  in 
northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Copper  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Williamson  Creek,  4 miles 
south  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  3,227 
feet.  (77) 

Copper  Lakes.  Two  small  lakes  west  of  Copper  Mountain,  4 miles  south- 
west of  Republic,  in  west  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Copper  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  southwest  of  Republic,  in  west 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  4,446  feet.  (71) 

Copper  Mountain.  A peak  2 miles  northwest  of  Lake  Cushman,  in 
northwestern  Mason  County.  (19) 

Copper  Mountains.  A range  at  the  head  of  Silesia  Creek,  northeast  of 
Mount  Shuksan,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Cordell.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Oroville,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  907  feet. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


109 


Corea.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  east  of  Skykomish,  in 
northeastern  King1  County;  elevation,  2,389  feet. 

Corfu.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  east  of  Beverly,  in 
southern  Grant  County;  elevation,  760  feet.  (1) 

Cormorant  Passage.  A channel  between  Ketron  Island  and  the  main- 
land on  the  east,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Cornet.  A post  office  at  the  north  end  of  Whidbey  Island,  in  Island 
County.  (1) 

Corral  Canyon.  A canyon  between  Rattlesnake  Hills  and  Yakima  River, 
entering  the  valley  of  the  latter  14  miles  below  Prosser,  in  central 
Benton  County.  (66) 

Corral  Canyon.  A short  canyon  on  the  west  side  of  Columbia  River,  in 
the  northeast  corner  of  Yakima  County.  (65) 

Cosgrove.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  southwest  of  Tacoma, 
in  southwestern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  266  feet.  (96) 

Cosmopolis.  This  town  is  in  Grays  Harbor  County  and  lies  across  Che- 
halis  River  from  Aberdeen.  It  is  served  by  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.,  the 
O.-W.  and  the  N.  P.  railways.  It  is  connected  with  Aberdeen  by  an 
electric  system.  It  contains  several  large  lumber  mills,  and  the 
tributary  region  is  engaged  in  farming,  lumbering,  and  salmon  can- 
ning. The  population  was  1,132  in  1910.  (1) 

Cottage  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  east  of  Woodinville,  in  northwestern 
King  County.  (73) 

Cottage  Lake  Creek.  A stream  entering  Sammamish  River  from  the 
north,  near  Redmond,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 
Cottonwood  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Deer  Creek,  east  of 
Chattaroy,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Cottonwood  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  south  of  Mica, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Cottonwood  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Colville  River,  north  of 
Valley,  in  east  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Cottonwood  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Russell  Creek,  south 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County.  (4) 
Cottonwood  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  south  of  Rock 
Lake,  in  north  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Cottonwood  Island.  An  island  about  1%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River, 
opposite  Carrolls,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 
Cottonwood  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  2 
miles  above  Washougal,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (13) 
Couch  Island  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  about  30  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Cougar.  A post  office  on  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  31%  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Woodland,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Cougar  Canyon.  A small  canyon  and  stream  entering  Salmon  Creek 
from  the  south,  about  3 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in 
southwestern  Clarke  County.  (64) 

Cougar  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  White  River,  in  west  central  Chelan 
County.  (47) 

Cougar  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  upper  Ohanapecosh  River,  in 
southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Cougar  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 


110  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Cougar  Falls.  Falls  in  Nickel  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Cougar  Gulch.  A gulch  along  a stream,  tributary  of  Williams  Creek, 
near  Liberty,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Cougar  Lake.  A lake  on  a headwater  of  Bumping  River,  southwest  of 
Bumping  Lake,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Cougar  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  north  of  Maywood,  in  south- 
eastern King  County;  elevation,  4,490  feet.  (44) 

Coulee  Bend.  An  elbow  in  Columbia  River,  about  15  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Nespelem  River.  (31) 

Coulee  City.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  in 
northern  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,584  feet.  (1) 

Coulee  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  lower  Deep  Creek,  near  Nine- 
mile  Falls,  in  northwestern  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Coulee  Junction.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  east  of  Coulee 
City,  in  northern  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,728  feet.  (4) 

Coulters  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  from  the 
northeast,  in  Mason  and  Kitsap  counties.  (1) 

Coupeville.  The  county  seat  of  Island  County,  situated  in  its  west  cen- 
tral part.  It  is  served  by  daily  boats  from  Seattle  and  Everett.  It 
has  a saw  mill,  and  is  located  in  the  center  of  a very  fertile  agricul- 
tural region.  The  population  in  1910  was  310.  (1) 

Course  Creek.  A small  stream  in  the  eastern  part  of  Asotin  County, 
joining  the  Snake  about  10  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Grande 
Ronde.  (1) 

Courtright  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clear  Fork  of  Cowlitz  River,  west  of 
Cowlitz  Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Covada.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  in  southeastern  Ferry  County. 

(1) 

Cove.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  west 
central  King  County.  (4) 

Coveland.  A village  on  Penns  Cove,  3 miles  west  of  Coupeville,  in 
Island  County.  (4) 

Covello.  A post  office  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Dayton,  in  north- 
eastern Columbia  County.  (1) 

Covill.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  10  miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
203  feet.  (19) 

Covington.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
western King  County;  elevation,  346  feet.  (4) 

Covington  Creek.  A tributary  of  Big  Soos  Creek,  west  of  Black  Dia- 
mond, in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 

Cow  Canyon.  A short  canyon  on  the  west  side  of  Columbia  River,  in 
the  northeast  corner  of  Yakima  County.  (65) 

Cow  Creek.  A small  stream,  rising  in  some  lakes  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Spokane  County,  flowing  southwest  and  joining  the  Palouse 
at  Harper.  Local  dams,  produced  by  wind  action,  have  made  sev- 
eral ponds  and  lakes  along  the  course  of  the  creek.  (1) 

Cow  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  about  6 miles 
north  of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Cow  Lake.  One  of  several  small  expansions  of  Cow  Creek,  east  of  Ritz- 
ville,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Adams  County.  (1) 


I Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


111 


Cow  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long-,  5 miles  southeast  of  Kent,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (80) 

Coneman  River.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  east,  in  cen- 
tral Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Cowiche.  A post  office  about  12  miles  northwest  of  North  Yakima,  in 
north  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  1,874  feet.  (1) 

Cowiche  Basin.  A semi-circular  basin  between  Cowiche  Mountain  and 
South  Fork  of  Cowiche  Creek,  below  the  confluence  of  South  and 
Middle  forks,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Cowiche  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  west  of  Yakima, 
in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Cowiche  Creek,  Middle  Fork.  A middle  headwater  of  Cowiche  Creek, 
northwest  of  Tampico,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Cowiche  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Cowiche  Creek, 
near  Cowiche,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Cowiche  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Cowiche  Creek, 
northwest  of  Tampico,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Cowiche  Mountain.  The  divide  between  Cowiche  and  Atanum  creeks, 
west  of  Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County;  maximum  eleva- 
tion, 4,300  feet.  (51) 

Cowlitz  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Waldron  Island, 
north  of  Point  Disney,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Cowlitz  Chimneys.  The  divide  between  headwaters  of  Kotsuck  and 
Fryingpan  creeks,  east  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  7,607  feet.  (69) 

Cowlitz  Cleaver.  A cleaver  or  divide  between  the  heads  of  Cowlitz  and 
Nisqually  glaciers,  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Cowlitz  County.  The  county  is  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 
It  borders  the  Columbia  and  lies  adjacent  to  Oregon.  The  total 
area  is  1,153  square  miles.  Valleys  and  rolling  uplands  dominate  the 
topography.  The  eastern  part  is  mountainous.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  is  about  46°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  rarely  exceeds 
26°  F.  The  annual  rainfall  is  generally  about  55  inches.  The  county 
was  named  after  an  Indian  tribe.  According  to  the  Census  Bureau, 
the  estimated  population  of  the  county  was  15,506  on  July  1,  1916. 
Lumbering  is  the  greatest  industry,  with  dairying  and  fishing  next 
In  importance.  Castle  Rock  is  the  largest  town  and  Kalama  is  the 
county  seat.  Other  towns  are  Kelso,  Woodland,  Ariel  and  Silver 
Lake.  (1) 

Cowlitz  Divide.  The  divide  between  upper  Muddy  Fork  of  Cowlitz 
River  and  Ohanapecosh  River,  in  Pierce  and  Lewis  counties.  (69) 

Cowlitz  Glacier.  A large  glacier,  about  5 miles  long,  on  the  southeast- 
ern slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Cowlitz  Junction.  A junction  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  north 
of  Morton,  in  central  Lewis  County. 

Cowlitz  Park.  A park  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Cowlitz  Glacier, 
southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Cowlitz  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  about  20  miles  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  at  headwaters  of  Summit  Creek  and  North  Fork 
of  Tieton  River;  elevation,  5,191  feet.  (38) 


112  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashingt on  Geological  Survey 


Cowlitz  River.  This  river  flows  in  a westerly  and  southerly  direction 
through  the  southwestern  part  of  Washington.  Its  source  is  at  the 
junction  of  two  principal  headwaters,  about  14  miles  southeast  of 
Mount  Rainier.  It  joins  the  Columbia  near  Kelso,  in  Cowlitz  County. 
It  has  an  approximate  length  of  120  miles  and  drains  an  area  of 
2,460  square  miles.  The  more  important  tributaries  are  Cispus, 
Toutle,  Coweman,  and  Tilton  rivers.  It  is  navigable  for  about  40 
miles  above  its  mouth. 

Cowlitz  River,  Muddy  Fork.  The  principal  northern  headwater  of  Cow- 
litz River,  heading  on  the  southeastern  slopes  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
Lewis  and  Pierce  counties.  (1) 

Cowlitz  Rocks.  Peaks  on  the  divide  between  Cowlitz  and  Paradise 
glaciers,  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  7,457  feet.  (69) 

Coxo  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  y2  mile  above  Clarkston,  in  north- 
eastern Asotin  County.  (36) 

Coyle.  A post  office  on  Hood  Canal,  at  the  south  end  of  Toandos  Penin- 
sula, in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Coyote  Canyon.  A canyon  6 miles  long,  about  8 miles  southwest  of 
Kennewick,  in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Coyote  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Pine  Creek,  near 
Roosevelt,  in  southeastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Coyote  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  west  of  Nes- 
pelem,  in  southeastern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Coyote  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  9%  miles  above  Bridgeport, 
in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Coyote  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 y2  miles  below  Haven  post 
office,  in  Benton  and  Grant  counties.  (65) 

Coyote  Rocks.  A mountain  10  miles  east  of  Cispus  Pass,  at  the  head  of 
Klickitat  River,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,130 
feet.  (37) 

Crab  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Moses  Lake,  flowing  south  and  then  west, 
emptying  into  the  Columbia  at  Beverly,  in  southern  Grant  County. 
(1) 

Crab  Lake.  A lake  about  6 miles  long,  between  the  towns  of  Wilson 
Creek  and  Krupp,  in  east  central  Grant  County.  (1) 

Crabapple  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  west  of  Stimson  Crossing,  in 
northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Crabtree.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Garfield,  in 
northwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,534  feet. 

Craig.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  4 miles  east  of  Medical 
Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,390  feet.  (4) 
Craige.  A post  office  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asotin  County,  3 miles 
from  Snake  River.  (1) 

Cramer  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  20  miles  south- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  near  Cowlitz  Pass;  elevation,  about  6,000 
feet.  (38) 

Cranberry.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R. 
R.  & N.  Co.,  6 y2  miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  west  central  Pacific 
County.  (4) 

Cranberry  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  5 miles  northeast  of  Shelton,  in 
central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Cranberry  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  west  of  Stimson  Crossing,  in 
northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


113 


Crane  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  between  Orcas  and  Shaw 
islands,  west  of  West  Sound,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Crater.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  21  miles  west  of  Ephrata,  in  western 
Grant  County;  elevation,  1,243  feet.  (68) 

Crater  Creek.  A headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Gold  Creek,  in  southwest- 
ern Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Crater  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Crater  Lake,  emptying  into  North  Mowich 
River,  northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Crater  Lake.  A lake  with  a diameter  of  % mile,  northwest  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,929  feet.  (69) 
Crater  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Big  Creek  (tributary  of  Suiattle 
River),  in  southeastern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,960  feet.  (52) 
Crater  Lakes.  Small  lakes  about  6 miles  south  of  Oroville  and  west  of 
Okanogan  River,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Crawford.  A post  office  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  central  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Crawford  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  in  east  central  King  County.  (72) 

Crawford  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Little  Muddy  Creek,  north- 
east of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 
Crawford  Lake.  A small  lake  east  of  Lake  Tapps,  northeast  of  Sumner, 
in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Crazy  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  about  9 miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Okanogan  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (61) 
Creosote.  A town  at  the  south  entrance  to’  Eagle  Harbor,  Bainbridge 
Island,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Crescent.  A post  office  on  the  east  bank  of  Clark  Fork,  about  4 miles 
south  of  Tiger,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Crescent  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  coast,  about  14  miles  west  of  Port 
Angeles,  in  northern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Crescent  Harbor.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  about  6 
miles  northeast  of  Coupeville,  Island  County.  (5) 

Crescent,  Lake.  A lake  roughly  in  the  form  of  a crescent,  nearly  10 
miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  1 mile,  in  north  central  Clal- 
lam County;  elevation,  591  feet.  (19) 

Crescent  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Carbon 
Glacier,  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  level 
of  water,  5,542  feet.  (69) 

Crescent  Mountain.  A ridge  1%  miles  east  of  the  lower  end  of  Carbon 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,703  feet.  (69) 
Cress  Falls.  Falls  in  upper  Spukwush  Creek,  northeast  of  the  lower 
end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Crest.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 miles  west 
of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,280  feet.  (4) 
Crested  Buttes.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Sultan  River,  southwest  of 
Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,326 
feet.  (72) 

Creston.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  23 
miles  northwest  of  Davenport,  in  north  central  Lincoln  County; 
elevation,  2,462  feet.  (1) 

Crocker.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  21  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  289  feet.  (4) 


114  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Crocker  Lake.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16%  miles  south  of  Port 
Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Crocker  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  3%  miles  south  of  the  head  of  Port 
Discovery  Bay,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Crocker.  A small  mining  camp  near  the  head  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the 
north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Cromwell.  A post  office  on  Hale  Passage,  opposite  Pox  Island,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (4) 

Crooked  Fork.  A tributary  of  Wenaha  River,  in  southern  Garfield 
County.  (23) 

Crooked  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  about  12  miles  west  of  Olympia,  in 
west  central  Thurston  County.  (1) 

Crosby.  A post  office  5 miles  east  of  Holly,  in  southwestern  Kitsap 
County.  (4) 

Crosby  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  6 miles  west  of  Skykomish, 
in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  5,533  feet.  (72) 

Crow  Butte.  A hill  2%  miles  long,  1 mile  wide,  400  feet  high,  on  the 
bank  of  the  Columbia,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Benton  County. 
(43) 

Crow  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  heading  on  the  Cas- 
cade divide,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Crow  Creek  Lake.  A small  lake  on  upper  Crow  Creek,  in  northwestern 
Yakima  County.  (38) 

Crown  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Marble, 
in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Crown  Point.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  east  of  Mount  Rainier, 
on  the  Pierce-Yakima  county  line;  elevation,  6,470  feet.  (38) 

Crum.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  8 miles  south- 
east of  Almota,  in  south  central  Whitman  County. 

Crystal  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  near  the 
Cascade  summit,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Crystal  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Whitechuck  River,  from  the  north, 
in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Crystal  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Crystal  Creek,  near  the  Cascade 
summit,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  5,830  feet.  (69) 
Crystal  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  south  of  Maltby,  in  southwestern  Sno- 
homish County.  (73) 

Crystal  Mountain.  A mountain  east  of  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground, 
on  the  southwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  6,306  feet.  (69) 

Crystal  Mountain.  A north-south  ridge,  east  of  upper  White  River, 
northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 7,012  feet.  (69) 

Crystal  Springs.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island, 
in  central  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Cub  Creek.  The  principal  head  of  Hoko  River,  in  western  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Cuitin  Creek.  A small  eastern  headwater  of  Diamond  Fork,  east  of 
Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Cultus  Bay.  A bay  at  the  southern  end  of  Whidbey  Island,  between 
Scatchet  Head  and  Possession  Point,  at  the  south  end  of  Island 
County.  (5) 


115 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Cumberland.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  6 
miles  northeast  of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King  County;  eleva- 
tion, 869  feet.  (1) 

Cumberland  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Toroda  Creek,  south  of  Beaver 
Creek,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Cumberland  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south, 
near  Hamilton,  in  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

Cumberland  Mountain.  A mountain  southwest  of  the  confluence  of 
Toroda  and  Beaver  creeks,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County;  ele- 
vation, 3,846  feet.  (71) 

Cummings,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  at  the  mouth 
of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (5) 
Cummins.  A post  office  about  8 miles  south  of  Boundary,  in  northeast- 
ern Stevens  County.  (4) 

Cunningham.  A town  in  southwestern  Adams  County,  on  the  N.  P. 
Ry.;  elevation,  1,174  feet.  (1) 

Cunningham  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  east  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Curlew.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  and  S.  & B.  C.  railways,  10  miles  south 
of  Danville,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,791  feet.  (1) 
Curlew  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Curlew  Lake,  uniting  with  Kettle  River  at 
Curlew,  in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Curlew  Lake.  A station  on  the  S.  & B.  .C.  Ry.,  11  miles  south  of  Curlew, 
in  northern  Ferry  County.  (4) 

Curlew'  Lake.  A narrow  lake  about  4%  miles  long,  at  the  head  of  Cur- 
lew Creek,  in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  level  of  water,  2,347 
feet.  (1) 

Curry.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  1 y2  miles 
southeast  of  Connell,  in  north  central  Franklin  County.  (30) 

Curry  Gap.  A gap  between  headwaters  of  Sauk  and  North  Fork  of 
Skykomish  rivers,  about  6 miles  east  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeast- 
ern Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Curtis.  A post  office  about  11  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis,  in  west  cen- 
tral Lewis  County.  (2) 

Cushman  Crest.  A divide  west  of  the  lower  end  of  Nisqually  Glacier, 
on  the  south  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Cushman,  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  8 miles  from  Hood  Canal,  in 
northwestern  Mason  County.  (19) 

Cushman  Point.  A point  on  the  south  shore  of  Squaxin  Passage,  op- 
posite Squaxin  Island,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Cusiek.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  19  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,056  feet.  (1) 

Custer.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  northwest  of  Bellingham,  in 
northwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  32  feet.  (1) 

Custer  Range.  A north-south  range  of  mountains,  between  tributaries 
of  Skagit  River  and  headwaters  of  Baker  and  Chilliwack  rivers,  in 
central  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Cutler.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  18  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  ele- 
vation, 813  feet. 

Cutoff.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Hartford,  in  central 
Snohomish  County;  elevation,  468  feet. 


116  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Cutts  Island.  A small  island  near  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwest- 
ern Pierce  County.  (8) 

Cypress  Island.  An  island  about  4 miles  long,  northwest  of  Anacortes, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,530  feet.  (1) 
Cypress  Reef.  A reef  near  the  north  end  of  Cypress  Island,  in  north- 
western Skagit  County.  (6) 

Dabop.  A post  office  at  the  head  of  Dabop  Bay,  Hood  Canal,  in  north- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Dabop  Bay.  A bay  about  12  miles  long,  a part  of  Hood  Canal,  west  of 
Toandos  Peninsula,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Dahlia.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  3 miles  west  of  Brookfield,  in 
southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (4) 

Dairy  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Daisy.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Addy,  in  west  central 
Stevens  County.  (1) 

Dakota  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Drayton  Harbor,  from  the  east, 
near  Blaine,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Dalco  Passage.  A channel  between  the  south  end  of  Vashon  Island  and 
the  mainland  on  the  south,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Dalco  Point.  A point  at  the  southwestern  end  of  Vashon  Island,  in 
southwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Dale.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  1*4  miles  south  of  Waverly,  in 
southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,473  feet. 

Dalkena.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  12  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,071  feet.  (1) 

Dallas,  Mount.  A low  mountain  about  6 miles  west  of  Friday  Harbor, 
in  west  central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  1,036  feet.  (6) 

Dalton.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  northwest  of  Granger,  in 
east  central  Yakima  County. 

Dan.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  2%  miles  north  of  Oakesdale,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,529  feet. 

Danas  Pass.  A channel  at  the  south  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in  south-  ; 

eastern  Mason  County.  (5)  . 

Dan  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sauk  River,  from  the  southeast,  near  Dar- 
rington,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Danger  Rock.  A rock  in  Washington  Sound,  about  2 miles  southwest 
of  Point  Disney,  Waldron  Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Daniels.  A former  post  office  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Adams 
County,  3 miles  south  of  Taunton.  (1) 

Dan’s  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  north  of 
Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Danville.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  and  S.  & B.  C.  railways,  at  the  Inter- 
national boundary,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,738  J 
feet.  (Formerly  Nelson.)  (1) 

Dardanelles.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  northwest  of 
Leavenworth,  in  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,162  feet.  (4) 
Darling  Mountains.  A divide  between  the  headwaters  of  Atanum  Creek  | 
and  South  Fork  of  Tieton'  River,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  | 
(38) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


117 


Darr.  A post  office  6 miles  east  of  Husum,  in  southwestern  Klickitat 
County.  (2) 

Darrington.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  577  feet.  (1) 

Dart.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  20  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,840  feet. 

Dash  Point.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of 
Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Davenport.  The  county  seat  of  Lincoln  County,  located  in  the  north 
central  part.  It  lies  2,409  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  served  by  the 
Central  Washington  branch  of  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  by  a number  of 
auto  stage  lines.  There  is  a large  flour  mill  and  the  town  is  tribu- 
tary to  one  of  the  greatest  wheat  producing  sections  of  the  state. 
The  population  in  1910  was  1,229. 

Davidson.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  2 miles  south  of  Oakesdale, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,466  feet. 

Davin.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Snake  River  Branch),  13  miles  west 
of  Riparia,  in  eastern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  510  feet. 

Davis  Bay.  A bay  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  at  Richard- 
son, in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Davis  Creek.  A tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River,  from  the 
northwest,  near  New  London,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(54) 

Davis  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  south,  south  of 
Usk,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Davis  Junction.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  13 
miles  northwest  of  Newport,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County; 
elevation,  2,068  feet. 

Davis  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  southeast  of  Winthrop,  in  west  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Davis  Lake.  A small  lake,  3 miles  southwest  of  Dalkena,  in  south 
central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Davis  Mountain.  A peak  4 miles  west  of  Lewis  post  office,  in  east 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  4,000  feet.  (20) 

Davis  Slough.  A channel  connecting  Skagit  Bay  and  Port  Susan,  in 
northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Day  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  at  Lyman,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Day  Island.  A small  island  in  Puget  Sound,  at  the  south  end  of  the 
Narrows,  west  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Day  Island  Anchorage.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget 
Sound,  west  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Day  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  at  the  head  of  Day  Creek,  in  south 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  1,825  feet.  (77) 

Days  Camp.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Arlington, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  204  feet.  (58) 

Dayton.  This  town  lies  in  the  center  of  Columbia  County  and  is  the 
county  seat.  Its  altitude  is  1,615  feet.  It  is  served  by  a branch 
line  of  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  It  has  a flour 
and  feed  mill  of  large  capacity.  It  is  the  center  for  all  exports 
from  the  county.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,389.  (1) 

Dead  Canyon.  A small  canyon  occupied  by  an  intermittent  stream,  en- 
tering the  Columbia,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Benton  County. 
(43) 


118  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Dead  Horse  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Nook- 
sak  River,  6 miles  east  of  Glacier,  in  north  central  Whatcom 
County.  (40) 

Deadman  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
south  of  Bellevue  Point,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County  (6) 
Deadman  Creek.  A stream  in  northeastern  Ferry  County,  entering 
Kettle  River  from  the  west,  4 miles  north  of  Marcus.  (1) 

Deadman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Mead,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Deadman  Gulch.  The  upper  valley  of  Deadman  Creek,  in  northeastern 
Garfield  County.  (67) 

Dead  March  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  4 miles  below  Clarkston, 
in  Asotin  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Deadwood  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  heading 
on  the  Cascade  summit,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Deadwood  Lakes.  Lakes  at  the  head  of  Deadwood  Creek,  near  the 
Cascade  summit,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Dean.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,823  feet.  (Colbert  post  office.) 
(1) 

Dean  Island.  An  island  about  % mile  long,  in  Snake  River,  3 y2  miles 
above  its  mouth.  (34) 

Decatur.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Decatur  Island,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County.  (4) 

Decatur  Head.  A headland  on  the  east  shore  of  Decatur  Island,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Decatur  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  between  Lopez 
Island  and  Rosario  Strait,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County;  max- 
imum elevation,  540  feet.  (1) 

Deception  Creek.  A tributary  of  Tye  River,  from  the  south,  west  of 
Scenic,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Deception  Island.  A small  island  at  the  west  end  of  Deception  Pass, 
southwest  of  Fidalgo  Island,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 
Deception  Pass.  A narrow  channel  separating  Whidbey  and  Fidalgo 
islands,  and  connecting  Skagit  Bay  with  Rosario  Strait.  (5) 

Deep  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  midway 
between  the  post  offices  of  Pysht  and  Twin,  in  north  central  Clal- 
lam County.  (19) 

Deep  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Humptulips  River,  entering  about 
7 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  west  central  Grays  Har- 
bor County.  (60) 

Deep  Creek.  A tributary  of  Deep  Lake,  near  Cumberland,  in  south 
central  King  County.  (44) 

Deep  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Bunker  Creek,  from  the  north,  west 
of  Adna,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Deep  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Spokane  River,  south  of  Ninemile 
Falls,  in  northwestern  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Deep  Creek.  A tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  from  the  northeast, 
southeast  of  Chattaroy,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Deep  Creek.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  5 
miles  northwest  of  Medical  Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County; 
elevation,  2,309  feet.  (1) 

Deep  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  southeast,  at 
Northport,  in  northeastern  Stevens  Counts'".  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


119 


Deep  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  near  the  Interna- 
tional line,  in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Deep  Creek.  A tributary  of  Bumping  Lake,  from  the  south,  in  west 
central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Deep  Creek  Pond.  A lake  one  mile  long,  on  Deep  Creek,  in  west  central 
Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  159  feet.  (54) 

Deep  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  southwest  of  Cumberland,  in  south 
central  King  County.  (44) 

Deep  Lake.  A lake  on  Deep  Creek,  southeast  of  Northport,  in  north- 
eastern Stevens  County.  (1) 

Deep  River.  A post  office  on  Deep  River,  about  3 miles  north  of  Colum- 
bia River,  in  northwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Deep  River.  A river  of  western  Wahkiakum  County,  entering  Grays 
Bay  (Columbia  River),  from  the  north.  (27) 

Deepwater  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Cypress  Island, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Deer  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  east,  near  Cur- 
lew, in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Deer  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  upper  Chinook  Creek,  east  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Deer  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River, 
from  the  north,  in  south  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Deer  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  from 
the  north,  near  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Deer  Creek.  A tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  from  the  east,  at 
Chattaroy,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Deer  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Colville  River,  west  of  Gray,  in 
south  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Deer  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  north  shore  of  Skookum  Inlet,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Deer  Harbor.  A post  office  in  southwestern  Orcas  Island,  on  Deer  Har- 
bor, in  central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Deer  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Orcas  Island, 
east  of  Steep  Point,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Deer  Lagoon.  A lagoon  at  the  head  of  Useless  Bay,  near  the  southern 
end  of  Whidbey  Island,  in  Island  County.  (5) 

Deer  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  headwaters  of  Taylor  Creek,  north  of 
Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  3,620  feet. 
(72) 

Deer  Lake.  A lake  about  2 miles  long,  8 miles  east  of  Gray,  in  south- 
eastern Stevens  County.  (1) 

Deer  Park.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  27  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,118  feet.  (1) 

Deer  Point.  A point  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  north  of 
Blakely  Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Deer  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  10  miles  below  the  Interna- 
tional boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Deer  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Skagit  River,  emptying  into  Skagit 
Bay,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Defiance,  Mount.  A mountain  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Cedar  Lake, 
in  east  central  King  County;  elevation,  5,590  feet.  (44) 

Defiance,  Point.  A point  on  Puget  Sound,  northwest  of  Tacoma,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 


ISO  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


DeSe  Peak.  A peak  3 miles  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Emmons 
Glacier,  at  the  west  end  of  Sunrise  Ridge,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  7,006  feet.  (69) 

Delabare  Creek.  One  of  the  principal  headwaters  of  the  Elwha,  in  cen- 
tral Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Delaney.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  8 miles 
east  of  Starbuck,  in  northern  Columbia  County;  elevation,  910  feet 
(4) 

Delano  Beach.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  southeast  of 
Lake  Bay  post  office,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

De  Lions.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1%  miles  north  of  Quilcene,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Del  3fonte.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,953  feet. 

Delphi.  A post  office  about  3 miles  southwest  of  Belmore,  in  west  cen- 
tral Thurston  County.  (4) 

Delrio.  A post  office  in  northeastern  Douglas  County,  33  miles  north- 
east of  Mansfield.  (4) 

Deming.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  203  feet.  (1) 

Demock,  Point.  A point  at  the  northwestern  end  of  Camano  Island,  in 
Island  County.  (5) 

Denison.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,951  feet.  (1) 

Denny.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  southeast  of  Davenport,  in 
east  central  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Denny  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
near  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  central  King  County.  (74) 

Denny  Mountain.  A mountain  2 miles  northwest  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in 
east  central  King  County;  elevation,  about  6,100  feet.  (74) 

Derby  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  entering  Wenatchee  Valley  from 
the  north,  4 miles  below  Leavenworth.  (47) 

Deschutes  River.  A river  of  central  and  southeastern  Thurston  County, 
entering  Puget  Sound  at  Olympia.  (1) 

Des  Moines.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  about  15  miles  1 
south  of  Seattle,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (1) 

Desmond.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  north  of  Mt.  Vernon,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Destruction  Island.  An  island  4 miles  off  shore,  6 miles  southwest  of  ; 
the  mouth  of  Hoh  River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation, 
90  feet.  (5) 

Detillion  Bridge.  A bridge  across  Spokane  River,  about  10  miles  above 
its  mouth,  on  the  Lincoln-Stevens  county  line.  (94) 

Detroit.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Case  Inlet,  north  of  Hart- 
stine  Island,  in  east  central  Mason  County;  elevation,  30  feet.  (1) 

Devils  Bend  Rapids.  Rapids  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near 
Plymouth,  in  south  central  Benton  County.  (81) 

Devils  Canyon.  A canyon  between  Kahlotus  and  Snake  River  on  the 
south,  in  southeastern  Franklin  County.  (30) 

Devils  Canyon.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  east 
of  Mount  Aix,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Devils  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  in  east  cen- 
tral Whatcom  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


121 


Devils  Dream  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Pyramid  Creek,  head- 
ing- in  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground,  southwest  of  Mount  Rainier, 
in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Devils  Head.  A headland  on  the  south  shore  of  the  mainland,  west  of 
Anderson  Island,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Devils  Dake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  north  of  McMurray,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County.  (58) 

Devils  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  southeast  of  Maltby,  in  southwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Devils  Mountain.  A mountain  about  10  miles  east  of  the  mouth  of  Ruby 
Creek,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Devore  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Dewatto.  A post  office  on  the  east  side  of  Hood  Canal,  in  north  central 
Mason  County.  (1) 

Dewatto  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hood  Canal,  from  the  northeast,  at  De- 
watto, in  northeastern  Mason  County.  (26) 

Dewey.  A post  office  on  Fidalgo  Island,  near  the  east  end  of  Deception 
Pass,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Dewey.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  5 miles  north- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  172 
feet.  (79) 

Dewey  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  upper  Chinook  Creek,  near  the 
Cascade  summit,  east  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Dewey  Lake.  A lake  on  the  headwaters  of  American  River,  near  the 
Cascade  summit,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Diabase  Butte.  A mountain  7 miles  north  of  Marblemount,  in  north  cen- 
tral Skagit  County;  elevation,  5,794  feet.  (40) 

Diabase  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  north,  2 miles 
above  Marblemount,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Diamond.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  9 miles 
west  of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,042  feet.  (1) 
Diamond  Butte.  A mountain  9 miles  southeast  of  Cispus  Pass,  on  the 
headwaters  of  Diamond  Fork,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  ele- 
vation, 5,796  feet.  (37) 

Diamond  Fork.  A northeastern  headwater  of  Klickitat  River,  northeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Diamond  Hill.  A low  mountain  on  south  central  Orcas  Island,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  1,020  feet.  (6) 

Diamond  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  about  7 miles  northeast  of  Camden, 
in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Diamond  Lake.  A small  lake  8 miles  east  of  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  cen- 
tral Yakima  County;  level  of  water,  6,421  feet.  (37) 

Diamond  Point.  A point  on  the  southwest  shore  of  East  Sound,  on  Orcas 
Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Dick  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Moraine  Creek,  near  the  lower 
end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Dkkerman  Mountain.  A mountain  5 miles  northwest  of  Barlow  Pass,  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,766  feet.  (52) 

Dickerson  Point.  A point  on  the  southern  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  west 
of  the  entrance  to  Henderson  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston 
County.  (26) 


122  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


\ 


Dickey,  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long-  and  % mile  wide,  4%  miles  east 
of  Ozette  Lake,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Dickodochteder  River.  A stream  in  western  Clallam  County,  rising  in 
Lake  Dickey,  and  emptying  into  the  Quillayute  near  the  mouth  of 
the  latter;  sometimes  called  Dickey  River.  (19) 

Dickodochteder  River,  East  Fork.  The  principal  eastern  tributary  of 
Dickodochteder  River  (Dickey  River),  in  southwestern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Dickodochteder  River,  West  Fork.  The  principal  western  tributary  of 
Dickodochteder  River  (Dickey  River),  in  western  Clallam  County;  I 
outlet  of  Lake  Dickey.  (19) 

Dieringer.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Auburn,  in  north  ! 

central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  75  feet.  (4) 

Dillenbaugh  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  south  of  Chehalis,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Dingford  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  I 
River,  in  east  central  King  County.  (72) 

Dirtyface  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  2 miles  north  of  the  head  of  Lake  j 
Wenatchee,  in  west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  about  6,200 
feet.  (47) 

Discovery  Junction.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P. 
Ry.),  12%  miles  southwest  of  Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jef- 
ferson County;  elevation,  20  feet.  (19) 

Dishman.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County. 

Disney,  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Waldron  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Divide.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  21  miles  west 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
485  feet.  (4) 

Divide  Ridge.  A divide  between  South  Fork  of  Tieton  River  and  the 
headwaters  of  Cowiche  and  Atanum  creeks,  in  west  central  Yakima 
County.  (38) 

Dixie.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,606  feet.  (1) 

Dobson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Arkansas  Creek,  west  of  Castle  Rock,  in 
northwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (27) 

Dock  Butte.  A mountain  10  miles  north  of  Concrete,  in  north  central 
Skagit  County;  elevation,  5,151  feet.  (40) 

Dockton.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Maury  Island,  in  southwest- 
ern King  County.  (4) 

Doebay.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  in  east  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Doe  Bay.  A small  embayment  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Orcas  Island, 
south  of  Lawrence  Point,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Doe  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  Ipsut  Creek,  near  Crater  Lake,  in  east 
central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Dofflemyer  Point.  A point  on  the  southern  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  east 
of  the  entrance  to  Budd  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston  County. 
(26) 

Dog  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  1 mile  west 
of  Cook,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Dog  Lake.  A lake  on  upper  Clear  Creek,  south  of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west 
central  Yakima  County.  (38) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


123 


Dole.  A post  office  11  miles  east  of  Battleground,  in  east  central  Clarke 
County.  (1) 

Dollolf  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  northwest  of  Auburn,  in  southwest- 
ern King  County.  (80) 

Dolly  Varden  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  at  the  head  of  Early  Winter 
Creek,  north  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Dolphin.  A post  office  in  central  Orcas  Island,  on  the  west  shore  of 
East  Sound,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (4) 

Dolphin  Point.  A point  on  the  northeastern  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in 
west  central  King  County.  (5) 

Dome  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  near  the  Skagit  and  Sno- 
homish county  line;  elevation,  8,860  feet.  (52) 

Dome  Peak.  A peak  on  Divide  Ridge,  near  the  head  of  South  Fork  of 
Cowiche  Creek,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,586  feet. 
(38) 

Dominion.  A post  office  14  miles  northeast  of  Colville,  in  central  Stevens 
County.  (2) 

Donald.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 862  feet.  (4) 

Dorothy  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  at  the  head  of  East  Fork  of  Miller 
Creek,  south  of  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation, 
3,046  feet.  (72) 

Dosewallips  River.  A river  heading  in  the  eastern  Olympics  and  empty- 
ing into  Hood  Canal  at  Brinnon,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 
Dot.  A post  office  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Roosevelt,  in  east  central 
Klickitat  County;  elevation,  2,201  feet.  (1) 

Dot  Island.  A small  island  in  Padilla  Bay,  northeast  of  Anacortes,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Doty.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  19  miles 
west  of  Chehalis,  in  west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  322  feet. 
(1) 

Double  Bluff.  A headland  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Whidbey  Island, 
northeast  of  Foulweather  Bluff.  (5) 

Double  Hill.  A hill  on  Orcas  Island,  west  of  East  Sound  post  office,  in 
north  central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  680  feet.  (6) 

Double  Island.  An  island  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  West  Sound,  in 
southwestern  Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Double  Peak.  A peak  about  9 miles  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,200  feet.  (69) 

Doubtful  Lake.  A small  round  lake  at  the  head  of  Stehekin  River,  near 
Cascade  Pass,  near  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County;  elevation,  5,400 
feet.  (52) 

Dougall  Point.  A point  at  the  northeast  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in  east 
central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Dougan  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Washougal  River,  from  the  north- 
west, in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Doughty,  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  northwest 
of  East  Sound  post  office,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Douglas.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  southwestern  Douglas  County, 
36  miles  from  Columbia  River  station;  elevation,  2,374  feet.  (1) 


124  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Douglas  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  central  portion  of  the  state,  in 
the  bend  of  Columbia  River.  Its  area  is  1,787  square  miles.  A 
broad,  rolling  plateau  flanked  by  low  mountains  constitute  its  topog- 
raphy. The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  47°  P.  and  the  range 
is  between  45°  and  50°  F.  The  rainfall  of  the  county  averages  13 
inches.  Wheat  growing  is  the  main  industry.  Stock  raising  and 
dairying  are  important  pursuits.  Waterville,  the  county  seat; 
Bridgeport,  Mansfield,  Withrow  and  Douglas  are  the  more  important 
towns.  (1) 

Douglas  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  southwest  of  Loomis,  in  north  | 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,420  feet.  (48) 

Douglas  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Stilaguamish  River,  at  Stan-  j 
wood,  in  northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Dour  Point.  A point  on  the  south  shore  of  Danas  Passage,  between  Hen- 
derson and  Budd  inlets,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Douty.  A mining  town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  west  of  Carbonado,  in 
north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  655  feet.  (80) 

Douty  Canyon.  A canyon  with  an  intermittent  stream,  a western  tribu- 
tary of  Tule  Canyon,  in  northeastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 
Downing  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  about  2%  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Chelan  River,  in  Chelan  and  Douglas  counties.  (31) 
Downs.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  southwest  of  Harrington,  in 
south  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,906  feet.  (2) 

Dragoon.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  about  9 miles  south  of  Deer  Park, 
in  north  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,746  feet.  (4) 

Dragoon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  in  north  central 
Spokane  County.  (75) 

Drake  Lake.  A small  lake,  2 miles  northeast  of  Maytown,  in  south  cen- 
tral Thurston  County.  (45) 

Draper  Spring.  A spring  3 miles  northwest  of  Glenwood,  in  northwest- 
ern Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Drays  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Columbia  River,  about  6 miles 
west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Cowlitz,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  , 
(Same  as  Coal  Creek.)  (4) 

Drayton  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  east  side  of  Georgia  Strait,  at 
Blaine,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Drayton  Passage.  A channel  between  Anderson  Island  and  the  mainland  : 
on  the  west,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Drift  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  North  Pork  of  Lewis  River,  south- 
east of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  west  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 
Driftwood  Rocks.  Rock  islands  in  Columbia  River,  8 miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Colville  River,  in  Perry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Driscoll  Island.  An  island  in  Okanogan  River,  1 mile  south  of  Oroville, 
in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Drummer  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  northeast  of  Curlew,  in  north 
central  Perry  County;  elevation,  about  3,200  feet.  (71) 

Drury.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  northwest  of  Leavenworth, 
in  south  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  1,592  feet. 

Dryad.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  18  miles 
west  of  Chehalis,  in  west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  304  feet. 
(1) 

Dry  Alkali  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Grand  Coulee,  9 miles  north  of  Coulee 
City,  in  northern  Grant  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


125 


Dry  Creek.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northwest  of  Walla 
Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  688  feet.  (4) 

Dry  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  in  an  east-west  valley  between 
Rattlesnake  Hills  and  the  Yakima  Range,  in  northwestern  Benton 
County.  (65) 

Dry  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  a northern  tributary  of  Yakima 
River,  near  Thorp,  in  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Dry  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hood  Canal,  from  the  northeast,  opposite  Pot- 
latch, in  northeastern  Mason  County.  (26) 

Dry  Creek.  The  principal  headwater  of  Tonasket  Creek,  south  of  Mol- 
son,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Dry  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River,  from  the 
east,  near  Milan,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Dry  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  of  south  central  Walla  Walla 
County,  joining  Walla  Walla  River  at  Lowden.  (1) 

Dry  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Palouse  River,  north  of  Col- 
fax, in  east  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Dry  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  1 mile  north  of  Nile, 
in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Dry  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Bird  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Dryden.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  above  Wenatchee,  in  south 
central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  938  feet.  (4) 

Dry  Gulch.  A gulch  with  an  intermittent  stream,  entering  Columbia 
valley,  east  of  Ellensburg,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County.  (4) 
Dry  Gulch  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  5 miles  below  Clarkston,  in 
Asotin  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Dry  Spring  Canyon.  A canyon  entering  Wenatchee  valley  from  the 
north,  3 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Wenatchee  River,  in  southeastern 
Chelan  County.  (84) 

Dtokoah  Point.  A point  on  the  coast,  about  8 miles  east  of  Cape  Flat- 
tery, in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Dubar  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  Whitechuck  River,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 
Dubuque  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Pilchuck  Creek,  near 
Machias,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Duckabush.  A town  on  Hood  Canal,  near  the  mouth  of  Duckabush  River, 
in  southeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Duckabush  River.  A river  heading  in  the  eastern  Olympics  and  empty- 
ing into  Hood  Canal,  near  Duckabush,  in  southeastern  Jefferson 
County.  (1) 

Duck  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Crab  Creek,  from  the  northeast,  at 
Odessa,  in  southwestern  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Duck  Lake.  A lake  1 y2  miles  long,  on  the  sand  spit  near  the  north 
entrance  to  Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

(60) 

Duck  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  northeast  of  Okanogan,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,254  feet.  (61) 

Dudley.  A station  on  the  N.  -P.  Ry.,  12  miles  northwest  of  Ellensburg, 
in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,704  feet.  (4) 

Duffy  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  1 mile 
above  Gold  Bar,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 


126  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Dugula  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  opposite 
La  Conner,  in  north  central  Island  County.  (5) 

Dulwich.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  north  of  Marcus,  in 
northeastern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,441  feet. 

Dumbbell  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  south 
of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Dnmpky  Creek.  A stream  1 y2  miles  long,  flowing  from  Dumpky  Lake 
into  Lake  Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Dumpky  Falls.  Falls  at  the  mouth  of  Dumpky  Creek,  where  it  enters 
Lake  Chelan,  12  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central 
Spokane  County.  (76) 

Dumpky  Lake.  A lake  iy2  miles  long,  on  the  west  side  of  Dumpky 
Mountain,  near  Lake  Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County;  ele- 
vation, 2,213  feet.  (76) 

Dumpky  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Chelan,  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Railroad  Creek,  in  north  central  Chelan  County; 
elevation,  4,000  feet.  (76) 

Duncan  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  2 miles  east  of 
Edgewater,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Duncan  Rock.  A small  rocky  islet,  2 miles  northwest  of  Cape  Flattery, 
in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Dungeness.  A town  on  New  Dungeness  Bay,  between  Port  Townsend 
and  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Dungeness  Harbor.  A harbor  2 miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  between 
Dungeness  Hook  and  the  mainland,  about  15  miles  east  of  Port 
Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Dungeness  River.  A stream  draining  the  northeastern  Olympics  and  en- 
tering the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  at  New  Dungeness  Bay,  in  north- 
eastern Clallam  County.  (19) 

Dungeness  River,  West  Fork.  A tributary  of  Dungeness  River,  entering 
about  15  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  eastern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Dunlap  Butte.  A butte  2%  miles  west  of  Oakesdale,  in  northeastern 
Whitman  County.  (59) 

Dunn  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Colville  River,  south  of  Addy,  in 
central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Dunn  Mountain.  A high  divide  west  of  Addy,  in  central  Stevens  County. 
(29) 

Dupont.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  southwest  of  Tacoma,  in 
southwestern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  243  feet.  (1) 

Durham.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1%  miles  north  of  Kanaskat,  in 
central  King  County.  (4) 

Durkee.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Waverly,  in 
southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,522  feet. 

Dutchers  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Case  Inlet,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (8) 

Dutch  Miller  Gap.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters 
of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River  and  Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum 
River;  elevation,  about  4,900  feet.  (72) 

Duvall.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  10  miles 
south  of  Monroe,  in  north  central  King  County;  elevation,  39  feet. 
(4) 

Dmvamish  Head.  A headland  at  the  south  entrance  to  Elliott  Bay,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (5) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


127 


Duwamish  River.  A river  entering  Elliott  Bay  (Seattle),  from  the 
southeast,  in  west  central  King  County.  (1) 

Dyes  Inlet.  A small  bay  northwest  of  Bremerton,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (5) 

Dykes.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  1 mile  north  of  Cheney,  in 
west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,374  feet.  (4) 

Dynamite.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Marshall,  in  cen- 
tral Spokane  County.  (96) 

Eagle  Cliff.  A cliff  west  of  Spray  Park,  northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Eagle  Cove.  A small  cove  on  the  south  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  east 
of  Eagle  Point,  in  southwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Eaglecliff.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  about  7 miles  east  of  Cath- 
lamet,  in  southeastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Eagle  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Chumstick  Creek,  in  south  central 
Chelan  County.  (47) 

Eagle  Creek.  A tributary  of  Beckler  River,  from  the  northwest,  near 
Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Eagle  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Twisp  River,  east  of  War  Creek, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Eagle  Falls.  Falls  on  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  near  Halford,  in 
south  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Eagle  Gorge.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in 
south  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,097  feet.  (1) 

Eagle  Harbor.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  opposite 
Seattle,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Eagle  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Cypress  Island,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Eagle  Island.  A small  island  between  McNeil  and  Anderson  islands,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Eagle  Lake.  A lake  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Connell,  in  northwest- 
ern Franklin  County.  (30) 

Eagle  Peak.  A peak  at  the  western  end  of  Tatoosh  Range,  south  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  5,955  feet. 
(69) 

Eagle  Point.  A point  on  the  south  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  about  3% 
miles  west  of  Cattle  Point,  in  southwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Eagle  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  11  miles  above  Bridgeport,  in 
Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Eagleton.  A post  office  about  15  miles  west  of  Centralia,  in  northwest- 
ern Lewis  County.  (1) 

Earlington.  A town  about  1 mile  west  of  Renton,  in  west  central  King 
County.  (2) 

Early.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  2 miles  south  of  Rosalia,  in  north 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,368  feet. 

Early  Winter  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  at  Mazama, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

East  Cedar  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near 
Boundary,  in  northeastern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

East  Cedar  Junction.  A junction  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & 
St.  P.  Ry.),  near  Mineral,  in  north  central  Lewis  County;  elevation, 
1,490  feet. 


128  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


East  Highlands.  A suburban  section  2 miles  south  of  Kennewick,  in 
Benton  County.  (63) 

Eastman.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,694  feet.  (4) 
Easton.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  13  miles 
west  of  Cle  Elum,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,168 
feet.  (1) 

East  Point.  A low  point  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  6 miles 
northwest  of  Langley,  in  Island  County.  (58) 

East  Seattle.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Mercer  Island, 
Lake  Washington,  in  west  central  King  County.  (4) 

East  Sound.  A town  at  the  head  of  East  Sound,  Orcas  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

East  Sound.  A large  indentation  in  central  Orcas  Island,  in  east  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

East  Stanwood.  A post  office  near  Stanwood  station,  on  the  G.  N.  Ry., 
in  northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (2) 

East  Twin  River.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  at 
Twin  post  office,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Eatonville.  A. town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  33 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 800  feet.  (1) 

Ebey  Slough.  The  most  northern  of  the  mouths  of  Snohomish  River,  at 
Marysville,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Echo.  A post  office  9 miles  north  of  Colville,  in  central  Stevens  County. 

(1) 

Echo  Bay.  A bay  in  the  central  area  of  Sucia  Islands,  in  north  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Echo  Cliffs.  Cliffs  between  lower  Cataract  Creek  and  upper  Carbon 
River,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Echo  Lake.  A station  on  the  Seattle-Everett  Electric  Ry.,  12  miles  north 
of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Echo  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  northwest  of  Maple  Valley,  in  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Echo  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  about  5 
miles  southwest  of  Naches  Pass,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  : 
(74) 

Echo  Lake.  A small  lake  3 V2  miles  southeast  of  Maltby,  in  southwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Echo  Lake.  A small  lake  about  10  miles  north  of  Sultan,  in  central  Sno- 
homish County.  (4) 

Echo  Rock.  A rock  point  projecting  through  Russell  Glacier,  on  the 
north  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva-  ! 
tion,  7,862  feet.  (69) 

Eddyville.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  4 miles  south  of  Maple  Valley, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  580  feet.  (4) 

Eden.  A post  office  near  Columbia  River,  about  8 miles  west  of  Brook- 
field, in  west  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (4) 

Eden.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  north  of  Garfield,  in  east  cen- 
tral Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,534  feet.  (59) 

Eden  Valley.  A small  valley  east  of  Mount  Hull,  in  northeastern  Okan- 
ogan County.  (62) 


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129 


Edgar  Rock.  A cliff  on  the  west  side  of  Naches  River,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Lost  Creek,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Bdgecomb.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  north  of  Snohomish,  in 
west  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  128  feet.  (1) 

Edgewick.  A post  office  on  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  5 miles 
southeast  of  North  Bend,  in  central  King  County.  (2) 

Edgewood.  A station  on  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of 
Auburn,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Edison.  A town  on  Samish  Bay,  in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 
Edith  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Paradise  River,  in  Paradise 
Park,  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern 
Pierce  County.  (69) 

Ediz  Hook.  A sand  spit  3 miles  long,  forming  the  bay  of  Port  Angeles, 
in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Edmonds.  This  town  is  located  in  southwestern  Snohomish  County,  on 
the  G.  N.  and  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  railways.  The  altitude  varies 
from  tide  level  to  300  feet.  It  has  an  excelsior  plant  and  a box 
factory,  besides  a number  of  shingle  mills.  The  population  in  1910 
was  1,114.  (1) 

Edmunds  Glacier.  A small  glacier  between  North  and  South  Mowich 
glaciers,  on  the  northwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Edwall.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  east  of  Harrington,  in  east 
central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,314  feet.  (1) 

Edwards  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Aeneas  Valley  from  the  north, 
in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Edwards  Point.  A point  on  Puget  Sound,  near  Edmonds,  in  southwest- 
ern Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Eglon.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  in  northeastern 
Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Ehrlich.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Eightmile  Creek.  A tributary  of  Icicle  Creek,  from  the  southwest,  in 
southern  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Eightmile  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Chewack  Creek,  north  of  Win- 
throp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Elbe.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  47  miles 
southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  1,210 
feet.  (1) 

Elberton.  A town  on  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,189  feet.  (1) 
Elbow  River.  An  elbow  in  Columbia  River,  17  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Spokane  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Elbow  Canyon.  A canyon  south  of  lower  Twisp  River,  near  Twisp,  in 
west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Elbow  Coulee.  A canyon  with  an  intermittent  stream,  entering  the  val- 
ley of  lower  Twisp  River  from  the  north,  in  west  central  Okanogan 
County.  (56) 

Elbow  Lake.  A small  lake  between  Mount  Baker  and  Twin  Sisters 
Mountain,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Eld  Inlet.  One  of  the  inlets  of  Puget  Sound,  west  of  Olympia,  in  north- 
western Thurston  County.  (1) 


130  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Eldon.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  in  north  central 
Mason  County.  (1) 

Eleanor,  Lake.  A lake  on  a western  tributary  of  Huckleberry  Creek, 
about  11  miles  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  4,960  feet.  (69) 

Electron.  A post  office  on  Puyallup  River,  2 miles  east  of  Kapowsin,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  about  583  feet.  (4) 

Elgin.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern  | 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Elizabeth  Ridge.  A ridge  1%  miles  long,  southwest  of  Crater  Lake,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,510  feet.  (69) 

Eliza  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  near  the  south  end  of  Lummi 
Island,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Elk.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  29  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  noi'th  cen- 
tral Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,834  feet.  (1) 

Elk  Creek.  A post  office  on  North  Fork  of  Toutle  River,  about  10  miles 
west  of  Spirit  Lake,  in  northeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Elk  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  west,  at  Doty,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Elk  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  upper  Sultan  River,  in  east  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Elk  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Elk  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  northeast  of  Ozette  Lake,  in  western 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Elk  Marsh.  A marsh  1 mile  long,  about  1 mile  east  of  Lake  Terrell,  in 
west  central  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Elk  River.  A small  river  entering  South  Bay,  from  the  southeast,  in 
southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Elkhorn  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  River,  from  the  east,  in  south- 
western Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Elkhorn  Creek.  A small  northern  headwater  of  Smith  Creek,  north  of 
Raymond,  in  north  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Ellemeham  Mountain.  A mountain  north  of  Palmer  Lake  and  southeast 
of  Nighthawk,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,770 
feet.  (48) 

Ellen  Lake.  A lake  in  sections  24  and  25,  T.  25  N.,  R.  36  E.,  in  east 
central  Ferry  County.  (16) 

Ellensburg.  The  county  seat  of  Kittitas  County,  located  in  the  east 
central  portion.  The  altitude  is  1,572  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  trunk 
lines  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  and  N.  P.  railways,  being  a division  point 
on  the  latter.  It  has  two  flour  mills,  three  creameries,  a glove  fac- 
tory,  and  woolen  mills.  The  city  lies  in  the  center  of  a rich  irri-  ; 
gated  district,  and  had  a population  of  4,209  in  1910.  (1) 

Ellice,  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  at  Megler, 
in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Ellinor,  Mount.  A peak  2 miles  northeast  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north- 
western Mason  County;  elevation,  6,500  feet.  (19) 

Elliott.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & P.  S.  Ry.,  16  miles  southeast  of  Seattle, 
in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  120  feet.  (1) 

Elliott  Bay.  The  bay  upon  which  Seattle  is  located,  in  northwestern 
King  County.  (5) 

Elliott  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  near 
Barlow  Pass,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County.  (52) 


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131 


Elliott  Point.  A point  on  Possession  Sound,  at  Mukilteo,  in  west  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Elliott  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  2%  miles 
west  of  Brookfield,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 
Elliott  Slough.  A tidal  stream  on  the  flood  plain  of  Chehalis  River,  at 
the  head  of  Grays  Harbor,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(54) 

Ellis  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Hoko  River,  from  the  east,  about  7 
miles  southeast  of  Royal  post  office,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Ellisford.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  south  of  Oroville,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  905  feet. 

Ellisport.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  north  of 
Burton,  in  west  central  King  County.  (4) 

Ellsworth.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  6 miles 
east  of  Vancouver,  in  south  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  48 
feet.  (1) 

Elina.  A town  in  the  Chehalis  valley,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Grays 
Harbor  County.  Its  altitude  is  69  feet.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  N.  P. 
Ry.  It  has  a fruit  cannery  and  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a farming 
country.  The  town  had  a population  of  1,532  in  1910.  (1) 

Elmer.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Garfield,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,555  feet. 

Eloika  Lake.  A.  lake  about  3 miles  long,  on  Beaver  Creek,  north  of 
Milan,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Eltopia.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  in  west  central  Franklin  County,  17 
miles  northeast  of  Pasco;  elevation,  591  feet.  (1) 

Elwha.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.).  7 miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
193  feet.  (19) 

Elwha  River.  A large  stream  draining  the  north  central  Olympics  and 
entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  7 miles  west  of  Port  Angeles. 
(19) 

El  wood.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in 
north  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,131  feet.  (4) 

Ely  si  an  Fields.  A park  about  1%  miles  east  of  the  lower  end  of  Carbon 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Emanuel  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  south,  3 
miles  west  of  Curlew,  in  northwestern  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Embro.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of  Skykomish.  in 
northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  2,677  feet. 

Emerald.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles 
southeast  of  Granger,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  714 
feet.  (4) 

Emerald  Park  Creek.  The  chief  tributary  of  Dumpky  Lake,  near  the 
north  end  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 
Emerald  Ridge.  The  divide  between  upper  Tahoma  Creek  and  South 
Puyallup  River,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Emerson  Nipple.  A peak  in  northwestern  Benton  County,  in  Sec.  20, 
T.  13  N„  R.  24  E.;  elevation,  2,199  feet.  (65) 

Emery.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Connell,  in  north 
central  Franklin  County;  elevation,  924  feet.  (4) 

Emmons  Glacier.  A large  glacier,  about  4 miles  long,  on  the  northeast 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation  of  lower  end,  4,719  feet.  (69) 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Empire.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Toppenish  in 
southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  716  feet.  (4) 

Emply  3Iountain.  A mountain  near  the  center  of  T.  30  N.,  R 39  E 
northwest  of  Springdale,  in  south  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Endicoit.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  19  miles  west 
of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,593  feet.  (1) 

English.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles  north  of  Everett,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  120  feet.  (Same  as  Lakewood.) 
(58) 

Ennis.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  14  miles  north 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (4) 

Ennis  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  1 mile  east 
of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Enterprise.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  northwest  of  Belling- 
ham, in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  70  feet.  (4) 

Entiat.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry..  at  the  mouth  of  Entiat  River.  19 
miles  north  of  Wenatchee;  elevation,  689  feet.  (1) 

Entiat  Mountains.  A spur  of  the  Cascades,  forming  the  divide  between 
Entiat  River  and  Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County;  max- 
imum elevation,  9,100  feet.  (47) 

Entiat  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  between  the  mouth  of  Entiat 
River  and  Orondo,  in  Chelan  and  Douglas  counties.  (31) 

Entiat  River.  A stream  in  central  Chelan  County,  heading  in  the  higher 
Cascades,  flowing  southeast,  and  entering  the  Columbia  19  miles 
above  Wenatchee.  (46) 

Entiat  River,  North  Fork.  A tributary  of  Entiat  River,  heading  in 
Chelan  Mountains,  west  of  Lake  Chelan.  (76) 

Entiat  River,  South  Fork.  A tributary  of  Entiat  River,  in  central  Chelan 
County.  (47) 

Entrance  Mountain.  A mountain  on  Orcas  Island,  north  of  Olga,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  1,200  feet.  (6) 

Enumclaw.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  in 
south  central  King  County;  elevation,  742  feet.  (1) 

Enumclaw  Junction.  A junction  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  east 
of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  865  feet.  (44) 

Ephrata.  This  town,  the  county  seat,  is  located  in  the  north  central 
part  of  Grant  County.  It  is  1,265  feet  above  sea-level.  It  is  served 
by  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  and  acts  as  a distributing  center  and  shipping 
point  for  the  surrounding  region.  The  neighboring  district  com- 
prises wheat,  orchard  and  alfalfa  lands.  The  population  in  1910 
was  322.  (1) 

Equilibrium  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  3 miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Erie.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  west  of  Kennewick,  in  Benton 
County.  (63) 

Erie,  Lake.  A small  lake  west  of  Mount  Erie,  south  of  Anacortes,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Erie,  Mount.  The  highest  point  on  Fidalgo  Island,  about  5 miles  south 
of  Anacortes,  in  west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  1,300  feet. 
(8) 

Eschbach.  A station  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  8 miles  north- 
west of  Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (4) 

Espanola.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  22  miles  west  of  Spokane,  in  west 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,378  feet.  (1) 


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183 


Esquatzel  Coulee.  A north  and  south  coulee,  followed  by  the  N.  P.  Ry., 
in  Franklin  County,  and  terminating-  near  Pasco.  (4) 

Essex.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 y2  miles 
northwest  of  Centralia,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County;  eleva- 
tion, 216  feet. 

Essig.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  southwest  of  Ritzville,  in 
central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,576  feet.  (96) 

Estes.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  east 
of  Connell,  in  north  central  Franklin  County;  elevation,  826  feet.  (4) 
Ethel.  A post  office  16  miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in  central  Lewis 
County;  elevation,  472  feet.  (1) 

Ethel  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Myers  Creek,  1 mile  south  of 
Chesaw,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Ethel,  Lake.  A lake  on  a tributary  of  Van  Horn  Creek,  north  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,287  feet.  (69) 
Etna.  A post  office  at  the  confluence  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River  and 
Cedar  Creek,  in  northwestern  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Eufaula.  A village  about  9 miles  northwest  of  Kelso,  in  southwestern 
Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Eunice  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Meadow  Creek,  northwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,355  feet. 
(69) 

Eureka.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  30  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,065  feet.  (1) 
Evans.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  northeast  of  Marcus,  in  west 
central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Evans  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cottage  Lake  Creek,  near  Redmond,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Evans  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  northwest  of  Riverside,  in  central 
Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Evans,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  The  Narrows,  south  of  Point 
Defiance,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Evarts  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Clark  Fork,  in  north- 
western Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 

Eveline.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  south  of  Chehalis,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  437  feet.  (1) 

Everett.  The  county  seat  of  Snohomish  County.  The  city  lies  in  the 
west  central  part,  on  Snohomish  River  and  on  Puget  Sound.  It  is 
served  by  the  N.  P.,  G.  N.,  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways.  It  has  three 
interurban  lines  and  five  steamer  lines.  There  are  over  ninety  man- 
ufacturing plants,  including  a number  of  lumber  and  shingle  mills, 
machine  plants,  paper  factory,  powder  factory,  tannery,  brickyard, 
fish  canneries,  ship  yards,  and  two  flour  mills.  Its  position  is  very 
favorable  for  manufacturing  and  commerce.  The  population  on 
July  1,  1916,  was  35,486,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Cen- 
sus. (1) 

Everett  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  near  Darring- 
ton,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Everson.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  16  miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 84  feet.  (1) 

Ewan.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  west  of  Malden,  in 
northwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,780  feet.  (1) 


134  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Ewing  Island.  An  island  of  the  Sucia  Group,  at  the  south  end  of 
Georgia  Strait,  in  northern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Excelsior.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane, in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,446  feet.  (4) 
Excelsior.  A mining  camp  about  15  miles  east  of  Glacier,  on  North  Fork 
of  Nooksak  River,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Eyhott  Island.  An  island  in  Okanogan  River,  2%  miles  south  of  Oro- 
ville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Faber.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  26  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  209  feet. 

Factoria.  A post  office  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Renton,  in 
west  central  King  County;  elevation,  137  feet.  (Wilburton  Sta- 
tion.) (2) 

Fairbanks.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Oakesdale, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,443  feet.  (2) 
Fairchild  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  lower  Wilson  Creek,  near 
Willapa,  in  northeastern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Fairfax.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  41  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  1,350  feet.  (1) 

Fairfield.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  34  miles 
southeast  of  Spokane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation, 
2,559  feet.  (1) 

Fairmount.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  y2  miles  south  of  Port  Town- 
send, in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Fairview  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  Wen- 
atchee valley  at  Monitor,  7 miles  above  Wenatchee.  (84) 

Fairview  Ridge.  A- flat  divide  between  lower  Diamond  Fork  and  Klicki- 
tat River,  southeast  of  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Fairy  Falls.  Falls  on  one  of  the  headwaters  of  Stevens  Creek,  on  the 
southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Fallbridge.  A junction  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  south  central  Klickitat 
County;  elevation,  166  feet.  (1) 

Fall  City.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  and  Sno- 
qualmie  River,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  80  feet.  (4) 
Fallon.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  north  of  Pullman,  in  east 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,489  feet.  (1) 

Fall  River.  A southern  headwater  of  North  River,  in  northeastern  Pa- 
cific County.  (4) 

Falls  City.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  north  of  Cedar 
Falls,  in  central  King  County.  (21) 

Falls  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Willapa  River,  south  of 
Frances,  in  east  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Falls  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  east  of  Fair- 
fax, in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Falls  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  about  2 miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 
Falls  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sauk  River,  from  the  west,  near  Orient,  in 
northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Falls  Lake.  A small  lake  on  an  upper  tributary  of  Jordan  Creek,  in 
east  central  Skagit  County.  (52) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


135 


False  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  south  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
southwest  of  Friday  Harbor,  in  southwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
False  Palouse  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  16  miles  below  Riparia, 
in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Farmer.  A post  office  in  central  Douglas  County,  9%  miles  east  of 
Douglas.  (1) 

Farmington.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & 
N.  Co.,  9 miles  northeast  of  Garfield,  in  northeastern  Whitman 
County;  elevation,  2,630  feet.  (1) 

Farrington.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Kahlotus, 
in  southeastern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  729  feet. 

Father  and  Son.  Two  rocky  islets  1 mile  off  shore,  between  Point  of 
Arches  and  Cape  Alava,  in  western  Clallam  County;  elevation,  163 
feet.  (5) 

Fauntleroy  Cove.  A small  cove  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  be- 
tween Point  Williams  and  Brace  Point,  in  west  central  King  County. 
(5) 

Fauntleroy  Point.  A point  on  the  northeastern  shore  of  Decatur  Island, 
in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fawn  Island.  A small  island  on  the  west  side  of  Deer  Harbor,  south- 
western Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fay  Peak.  A peak  1 mile  east  of  Crater  Lake,  on  Mother  Mountain,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,500  feet.  (69) 

Featherbed  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Summit  Creek,  near  Hoppers 
Mill,  in  north  central  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Felida.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Vancouver,  in  south- 
western Clarke  County;  elevation,  62  feet.  (1) 

Fellows.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  15 
miles  west  of  Davenport,  in  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,330 
feet.  (Telford  Post  Office.)  (4) 

Fennel  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  the  Puyallup,  from  the  east,  near 
Alderton,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Ferndale.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  northwest  of  Bellingham, 
in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  26  feet.  (1) 

Ferry.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Kettle  River,  at  the  International 
boundary,  in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,886  feet.  (1) 
Ferry  County.  This  county  is  located  in  the  northeastern  portion  of 
the  state,  in  the  central  part  of  the  Okanogan  Highlands.  It  has 
an  area  of  2,220  square  miles.  The  topography  is  a combination  of 
mountains,  rolling  hills,  low  ridges,  and  broad  valleys.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  is  43°  F.,  with  an  annual  range  of  46°  F.  The 
yearly  precipitation  is  generally  about  17  inches.  The  county  was 
named  after  the  first  governor  of  the  state.  The  Census  Bureau 
estimated  that  the  county  had  4,951  inhabitants  on  July  1,  1916.  The 
main  industries  consist  of  dairying,  stock  raising,  mining,  lumber- 
ing, and  diversified  farming.  Republic  is  the  largest  town  and 
county  seat.  Other  towns  are  Orient,  Curlew,  Danville,  and  Keller. 
(1) 

Ferry  Lake.  A lake  on  Second  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River,  in  west 
central  Ferry  County.  (16) 

Fidalgo.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  southeast  of  Anacortes,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  118  feet.  (4) 

Fidalgo  Bay.  A bay  on  the  north  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island,  in  west  cen- 
tral Skagit  County.  (4) 


186  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Fidalgo  Head.  A headland  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Fidalgo  Island, 
north  of  Burrows  Island,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 
Fidalgo  Island.  An  island  north  of  Whidbey  Island,  separated  from  the 
mainland  by  Swinomish  Slough,  in  western  Skagit  County;  maxi- 
mum elevation,  1,300  feet.  (1) 

Fifes  Peaks.  Peaks  on  the  divide  between  Crow  Creek  and  American 
River,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Filuce  Bay.  A bay  west  of  McNeil  Island,  at  Longbranch,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (8) 

Fingalson  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Terrell  Creek,  west  of  Enter- 
prise, in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Finley.  A town  in  southeastern  Benton  County,  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry., 
and  2 miles  from  Columbia  River;  elevation,  348  feet.  (63) 

Finley  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  4 miles  from 
the  head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Finney  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  southeast, 
near  Birdsview,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Fir.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Mt.  Vernon,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County;  elevation,  5 feet.  (Conway  Post  Office.)  (1) 
Firdale.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  about  11  miles  southeast  of 
Raymond,  in  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  205  feet.  (4) 

Fir  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  Cowlitz  divide,  southeast  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  4,325  feet.  (69) 
Fir  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  southeast  of  Wauconda,  in  east  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,666  feet.  (71) 

First  Coulee.  A dry  run,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Adams  County, 
heading  near  Marcellus,  and  joining  Crab  Creek  south  of  Moses 
Lake.  (1) 

First  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  from  the  west,  about 
9 miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  lake,  in  east  central  Chelan  County. 
(46) 

First  Creek.  A tributary  of  Swauk  Creek  from  the  east,  2%  miles  south 
of  Liberty,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Fish  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  east  side  of  Lake  Chelan,  6 miles 
from  the  north  end  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Chelan  County. 
(76) 

Fish  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Cedar  River,  1 mile  south  of  Cedar 
Falls,  in  central  King  County.  (44) 

Fish  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Tahoma  Creek,  near  Lake 
George,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Fish  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Skookum  Creek,  east  of 
Acme,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Fisher.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  9 miles  east 
of  Vancouver,  in  south  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  48  feet. 
(64) 

Fisher  Island.  A small  island  in  Columbia  River,  3 miles  above  Stella, 
in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 

Fishermans  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  south  of 
Lopez  post  office,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fishers  Hornpipe  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Pyramid  Creek, 
on  the  southwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


137 


Fishery  Point.  A point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Waldron  Island,  in 
north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fish  Hook  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  16  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Fishing  Bay.  A small  bay  at  the  northwest  end  of  East  Sound,  Orcas 
Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fish  Lake.  A small  lake  % mile  long,  1%  miles  northeast  of  the  mouth 
of  Lake  Wenatchee,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Fish  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  southwest  of  Cumberland,  in  south 
central  King  County.  (55) 

Fish  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  east  of  Ravensdale,  in  south  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Fish  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in  north- 
western Kittitas  County;  elevation,  3,325  feet.  (72) 

Fish  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  on  the  Lincoln-Spokane  county  bound- 
ary line,  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Sprague.  (4) 

Fish  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Conconully, 
in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,799  feet.  (48) 

Fish  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  4 miles  north  of  Maple  Falls,  in  north 
central  Whatcom  County.  (Same  as  Silver  Lake.)  (25) 

Fish  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Bumping  River,  in  Carlton 
Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Fish  Lake.  A lake  on  a headwater  of  West  Fork  of  Klickitat  River, 
northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 4,042  feet.  (1) 

Fish  Lake  Stream.  A northern  headwater  of  West  Fork  of  Klickitat 
River,  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Fishtrap.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  northeast  of  Sprague,  in 
southeastern  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,282  feet.  (1) 

Fishtrap  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nooksak  River,  near 
Lynden,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Fit*  Henry,  Mount.  A mountain  between  the  Elwha  and  Hoh  rivers,  10 
miles  northeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  south  central  Clallam  County; 
elevation,  7,000  feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 

Fivemile  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  southwest  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (80) 

Five  Mile  Prairie.  A plateau  of  about  6 square  miles,  5 miles  north- 
east of  Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County;  general  elevation, 
about  2,400  feet.  (75) 

Five  Mile  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  about  5 miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Five  Mile  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  5 miles  above  The  Dalles, 
Oregon.  (33) 

Flag  Hill.  A hill  1%  miles  northwest  of  Republic,  in  west  central 
Ferry  County.  (71) 

Flagler,  Fort.  A fort  on  the  north  end  of  Marrowstone  Island,  near 
Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Flag  Peak.  A peak  about  5 miles  west  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern 
Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Flagpole.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles 
east  of  Riparia,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County. 


138  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Flat  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Wil- 
liams, in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Flat  Creek.  A tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan 
County.  (76) 

Flat  Creek,  South  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Flat  Creek,  in  the  north 
end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Flat  Creek,  West  Fork.  A small  tributary  of  Flat  Creek,  in  the  north 
end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Flat  Point.  A low  point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  north 
of  Lopez  post  office,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Flattop  Island.  An  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  between  Spieden  and 
Orcas  islands,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Fletcher.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles 
east  of  Oakesdale,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,408 
feet.  (4) 

Fletcher  Bay.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  op- 
posite the  head  of  Eagle  Harbor,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (2) 
Flett  Glacier.  A small  glacier  west  of  Russell  Glacier,  on  the  north- 
west slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Flick  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  east  side  of  Lake  Chelan, 
near  its  north  end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Flint.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 

Co.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County. 

Flora.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,020  feet. 

Florence.  A town  on  lower  Stilaguamish  River,  2 y2  miles  southeast  of 
Stanwood,  in  northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Florence  Peak.  A peak  about  11  miles  northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,501  feet.  (69) 

Flounder  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island, 
at  the  north  end  of  Burrows  Bay,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 
Flower  Island.  A small  island  near  the  northeast  shore  of  Lopez 
Island,  east  of  Port  Stanley,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Flume  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Clark  Fork,  at 
Metaline  Falls,  in  northwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 

Flynn.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  3 
miles  northeast  of  Mineral,  in  north  central  Lewis  County.  (4) 
Foggy  Dew  Creek.  The  principal  southern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of 
Gold  Creek,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Foran.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  northwest  of  Cen- 
tralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  203  feet.  (45) 
Forbes  Lake.  A small  lake,  2 miles  northeast  of  Kirkland,  in  north- 
western King  County.  (73) 

Forbes  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Crescent  Bay,  on  the  east 
shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  northeast  of  Coupeville,  in  Island  County. 
(5) 

Ford.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  17  miles  east 
of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

Ford.  A post  office  on  Chamokane  Creek,  about  12  miles  southwest  of 
Springdale,  in  south  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Ford  Island.  An  island  in  Snake  River,  28  miles  above  its  mouth,  in 
Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


139 


Forest.  A post  office  8 miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in  west  central 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  299  feet.  (1) 

Forks.  A town  on  Bogachiel  River,  32  miles  south  of  Clallam  Bay,  in 
southwestern  Clallam  County;  elevation,  480  feet.  (19) 

Forks  Prairie  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Willapa  River,  south  of 
Lebam,  in  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Forsell.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 miles  west 
of  Grandview,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  780  feet. 
(66) 

Fortson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  21  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  399  feet.  (4) 

Fossil  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeastern  shore  of  Sucia  Island,  in 
north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Foss  River.  A tributary  of  Tye  River,  from  the  south,  2 miles  east  of 
Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Foss  River,  Fast  Fork.  An  eastern  branch  of  Foss  River,  near  Sky- 
komish, in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Foss  River,  West  Fork.  A western  branch  of  Foss  River,  near  Sky- 
komish, in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Foster  Creek.  A stream  in  northern  Douglas  County,  entering  Colum- 
bia River  2 miles  above  Bridgeport.  (1) 

Foster  Creek  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  above  Bridge- 
port, in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Foster  Island.  An  island  in  Union  Bay,  Lake  Washington,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  King  County.  (73) 

Foulweather  Bluff.  A promontory  at  the  extreme  north  end  of  Kitsap 
County.  (5) 

Foundation  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Atanum 
Creek,  about  7 miles  west  of  Tampico,  in  west  central  Yakima 
County.  (38) 

Found  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cascade  River,  from  the  south,  in  east 
central  Skagit  County.  (52) 

Found  Lake.  A small  lake  on  upper  Found  Creek,  in  southeastern 
Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,150  feet.  (52) 

Fountain.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  11  miles  west  of  Roosevelt, 
in  south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  219  feet.  (4) 

Four  Lakes.  A post  office  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of 
Cheney,  in  west  central  Spokane  County.  (2) 

Fourmile  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  east  side  of  Lake  Chelan,  near 
its  north  end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Fourmile  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Palouse  River,  southeast 
of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Four  Mile  Rock.  A boulder  on  the  beach  on  the  north  side  of  Elliott 
Bay  (Seattle),  in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Four  O’clock  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2%  miles  above  Foun- 
tain, in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Fourth  of  July  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  East  Branch  of  Le  Clare 
Creek,  northeast  of  Ruby,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 
Fourth  of  July  Creek.  A tributary  of  Beckler  River,  from  the  west,  in 
southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Fowler  Lake.  A lake  about  2 miles  long,  2 miles  southwest  of  Kelso, 
in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 


140  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Fox  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Puyallup  River,  from  the  east,  near 
Kapowsin,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Fragaria.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Colvos  Passage,  in  south- 
eastern Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Frailey  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  south  of  Lake  Cavanaugh,  in 
southwestern  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  2,795  feet.  (58) 
Frances.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend,  in 
east  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  232  feet.  (1) 

Frances,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Washington  Sound,  west 
of  Bellingham  Bay,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Francis  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  north  of  Maple  Valley,  in  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Frankfort.  A town  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  in  south  cen- 
tral Pacific  County.  (1) 

Franklin.  A town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  12  miles  south  of  Maple  Valley, 
in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  722  feet.  (1) 

Franklin  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
state,  in  the  triangle  formed  by  the  junction  of  Snake  and  Columbia 
rivers.  The  area  of  the  county  is  1,206  square  miles.  The  country 
is  generally  level,  and  rises  to  the  northward  by  a series  of  benches. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  54°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  is 
46°  F.  According  to  the  Census  Bureau,  the  county  had  a popula- 
tion of  8,087  on  July  1,  1916.  Wheat  raising  constitutes  the  chief 
industry.  Pasco  is  the  county  seat  and  largest  town.  Other  towns 
are  Connell,  Eltopia,  Mesa,  and  Kahlotus.  (1) 

Franklin  Falls.  Falls  in  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  2 miles  west 
of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  central  King  County.  (74) 

Fraser  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Vance  Post  Office,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Frasier  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Outlet  Creek,  at  Glenwood,  in 
northwestern  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Fravel.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  on  Samish  Bay,  in  northwestern 
Skagit  County.  (1) 

Frazer  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Beaver  Creek,  east  of 
Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Frazier  Creek.  A stream  entering  Port  Angeles  Harbor,  at  Port  An- 
geles, in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Fredonia.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Burlington,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  9 feet.  (58) 

Freeland.  A village  at  the  head  of  Holmes  Harbor,  Whidbey  Island,  in 
Island  County.  (4) 

Freeman.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 
& N.  Co.,  19  miles  southeast  of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane 
County;  elevation,  2,580  feet.  (1) 

Freeman  Island.  A small  island  in  President  Channel,  near  the  north- 
west coast  of  Orcas  Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Fremont,  Mount.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Huckleberry  Creek,  about  7 
miles  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County; 
elevation,  7,230  feet.  (69) 

French  Cabin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cle  Elum  River,  from  the  west,  4 
miles  north  of  Cle  Elum  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (63) 
French  Creek.  A fork  of  Icicle  Creek,  in  southwestern  Chelan  County. 
(Formerly  South  Fork  of  Icicle  Creek.)  (47) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W a shin  gt  on 


141 


French  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  at  Methow, 
in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

French  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  near  Hazel,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
French  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Snohomish  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Snohomish,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Frenchman  Hills.  An  east  and  west  range  of  hills  extending  from 
Columbia  River  to  Crab  Creek,  22  miles  south  of  Quincy,  in  central 
Grant  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,908  feet.  (57) 

Frenchman  Spring.  A spring  in  a coulee,  2 miles  east  of  Columbia 
River,  about  21  miles  southwest  of  Quincy,  in  southwestern  Grant 
County.  (68) 

Freshwater  Bay.  A bay  3%  miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  on  the  coast 
at  the  mouth  of  Elwha  River,  near  Port  Angeles.  (5) 

Freshwater  Fake.  A small  lake  in  Grand  Coulee,  about  5 miles  south- 
west of  Coulee  City,  in  northern  Grant  County.  (1) 

Friday  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Lester,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (80) 

Friday  Harbor.  This  town  is  the  county  seat  of  San  Juan  County  and 
lies  near  the  central  part  of  San  Juan  Island.  It  is  located  on  tide 
water  and  is  served  by  a number  of  Sound  boats.  It  has  a large 
salmon  cannery,  and  is  the  trade  center  for  a fishing  and  farming 
region.  The  marine  biological  station  of  the  University  of  Wash- 
ington is  located  here.  The  population  in  1910  was  400  people.  (1) 
Frishnekt  Siding.  A siding  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Northern  Branch), 
6 miles  northwest  of  ’Connell,  in  north  central  Franklin  County. 
(30) 

Frost  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Taneum  Creek,  from  the 
south,  in  southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Frost  Island.  An  island  at  the  north  end  of  Lopez  Sound,  east  of  Port 
Stanley,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Frost  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  upper  Taneum  and 
Manastash  creeks,  in  southwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  5,750 
feet.  (78) 

Frosty  Creek.  A tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the 
north,  in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Frozen  Lake.  A small  lake,  1%  miles  north  of  the  lower  end  of  Em- 
mons Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Fruitland.  A post  office  near  Columbia  River,  35  miles  west  of  Spring- 
dale,  in  southwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Fruitvale.  A village  4 miles  northeast  of  Ellensburg,  in  east  central 
Kittitas  County.  (4) 

Fruitvale.  A station  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  3 miles  north- 
west of  Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County. 

Fry  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Grays  Harbor  from  the  north,  1 
mile  west  of  Aberdeen,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 
Fryingpan  Creek.  A southern  headwater  of  White  River,  draining 
Fryingpan  and  other  glaciers,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 
Fryingpan  Glacier.  A broad  glacier,  east  of  upper  Emmons  Glacier,  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Fryingpan  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  north- 
west of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (38) 


142  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Fuca’s  Pillar.  A rocky  islet  near  the  beach,  about  1 mile  south  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County;  elevation,  140  feet.  (5) 
Fulda.  A village  about  5 miles  south  of  Glenwood,  in  northwestern 
Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Fuller.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  8 miles  east 
of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

Fulton  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Hood  Canal  from  the  west,  2 
miles  south  of  Duckabush,  in  southeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 
Cable  Butte.  An  isolated  hill  in  Sec.  19,  T.  13  N.,  R.  26  E.,  in  northern 
Benton  County;  elevation,  763  feet.  (50) 

Gable  Mountain.  A ridge  about  5 miles  long,  near  Hanford,  in  the 
northeastern  corner  of  Benton  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,100 
feet.  (50) 

Galbraith  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Midle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Gale  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Green  River,  near  Eagle  Gorge,  in 
southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Gale  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Kachess  Lake  from 
the  northwest,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Gale  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Prairie  Creek,  entering  the  latter  at 
the  town  of  South  Prairie,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 
Galena.  An  old  mining  town  on  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  at 
the  mouth  of  Silver  Creek,  northeast  of  Index,  in  southeastern  Sno- 
homish County;  elevation,  1,111  feet.  (4) 

Galena.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  west  of  Spokane,  in  west 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,446  feet.  (4) 

Galena  Mountain.  A mountain  about  4 miles  northwest  of  Marble,  in 
north  central  Stevens  County.  (16) 

Galvin.  A post  office  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles 
northwest  of  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (3) 

Garcia.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Cedar  Falls, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,669  feet.  (4) 

Garda  Falls.  Falls  in  lower  Granite  Creek,  near  the  lower  end  of  Win- 
throp  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Garden  Creek.  A tributary  of  Walla  Walla  River,  from  the  south,  west 
of  Touchet,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Garden  Island.  A small  island  in  east  central  Ozette  Lake,  in  western 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Garden  Spur.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,046  feet. 

Gardiner.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  20 
miles  southwest  of  Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson 
County;  elevation,  130  feet.  (2) 

Garfield.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  S.  & I.  E.  railways  and  the  line  of 
the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  18  miles  northeast  of  Colfax,  in  east  cen- 
tral Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,485  feet.  (1) 

Garfield  County.  This  county  is  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state, 
between  Snake  River  and  the  Oregon  line.  It  has  a total  area  of 
694  square  miles.  The  topography  of  the  county  is  dominated  in 
the  northern  part  by  a rolling  plateau;  the  southern  end  of  the 
county  extends  into  the  Blue  Mountains.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature averages  47°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  is  about  35°  F.  The 
yearly  rainfall  is  rarely  in  excess  of  18  inches.  The  Census  Bureau 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


143 


estimated  the  population  as  4,374  on  July  1,  1916.  Wheat  raising 
and  lumbering  are  the  most  favored  industries.  Pomeroy,  the 
county  seat,  is  the  only  important  town  of  the  county. 

Garfield  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  headwaters  of  Middle  Fork  of  Sno- 
qualmie  River,  12  miles  west  of  Dutch  Miller  Gap,  in  east  central 
King  County;  elevation,  5,500  feet.  (72) 

Gardner,  Mount.  A mountain  or  divide  between  Cedar  River  and  South 
Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  near  Bandera,  in  east  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Garibaldi.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  east  of  Eagle  Gorge,  in 
south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Garluntl  Peak.  A peak  in  Entiat  Mountains,  west  of  Lake  Chelan,  in 
northern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  7,545  feet.  (76) 

Garrison.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  east 
of  Pullman,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,485  feet. 
(67) 

Garrison  Bay.  A small  embayment  about  2 miles  south  of  Roche  Har- 
bor, in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Garrod  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  west,  in  the 
southeastern  corner  of  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Gate.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southwest  of  Olympia,  in  south- 
western Thurston  County;  elevation,  121  feet.  (1) 

Gaviota  Bend.  An  elbow  in  Columbia  River,  16  miles  above  Bridgeport, 
in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Gaynor.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Cascade  Tunnel,  in 
west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,560  feet.  (24) 

Geary.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Oakesdale,  in  - 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,446  feet. 

Gedney  Island.  An  island  about  2 miles  long,  in  Possession  Sound,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 
Gee  Creek.  A small  stream  in  northwestern  Clarke  County,  entering 
Lake  River  at  Ridgefield.  (27) 

Geer.  A post  office  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  16  miles  west  of  Roosevelt,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County.  (2) 

Gehr.  A station  on  the  electric  line,  about  6%  miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  Clarke  County.  (27) 

George  Creek.  The  principal  tributary  of  Asotin  Creek,  in  the  central 
part  of  Asotin  County.  (1) 

George,  Lake.  A lake  on  Mount  Wow,  southwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,232  feet.  (69) 

George,  Point.  A point  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Shaw  Island,  in  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

George’s  Spur.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Cook, 
in  southeastern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  99  feet. 

Georgia  Strait.  A broad  strait  separating  Vancouver  Island  from  the 
mainland  on  the  east,  ending  north  of  the  San  Juan  group  of  islands. 
(1) 

German  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Stella,  in 
western  Cowlitz  County.  (Same  as  Nequally  Creek.)  (4) 

Gerome.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  40  miles  west  of  Springdale, 
in  southwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Gertrude.  A post  office  on  the  north  shore  of  McNeil  Island,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (4) 


144  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Gertrude’s  Island.  A small  island  near  the  north  shore  of  McNeil 
Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Getchell.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  north  of  Snohomish,  in 
west  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  346  feet.  (4) 
Gettysburg.  A post  office  on  the  coast  at  the  mouth  of  Lyre  River, 
about  6 miles  west  of  Crescent  Bay,  in  north  central  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

Ghost  Lake.  A small  lake  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Mount  St.  Helens, 
in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Giant  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  tributary  of  North  Mowich  River,  at  the 
lower  end  of  North  Mowich  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Giants  Graveyard.  Islands  of  rock  near  the  shore  and  about  7 miles 
south  of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  northwestern  Jefferson 
County;  maximum  elevation,  212  feet.  (5) 

Gibbon.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  below  Prosser,  in  central 
Benton  County;  elevation,  627  feet.  (66) 

Gibraltar.  A cliff  of  rock,  1 mile  southeast  of  the  summit  of  Mount 
Rainier;  elevation,  12,679  feet.  (69) 

Gibraltar  Mountain.  A mountain  1%  miles  southeast  of  Republic,  In 
west  central  F£rry  County;  elevation,  3,783  feet.  (71) 

Gibson  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Fox  Island,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (8) 

Giddings  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River, 
from  the  northwest,  near  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County. 
(72) 

Gifford.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Blue  Creek,  in  west 
central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Giffords  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  21  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Colville  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Giffords  Rocks.  Rock  islands  in  Columbia  River,  22%  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Colville  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Gig  Harbor.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Colvos  Passage,  opposite 
Point  Defiance,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 

Gig  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  opposite 
Point  Defiance,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Gilbert.  A mining  camp  on  upper  Twisp  River,  4 miles  east  of  Twisp 
Pass,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  3,528  feet.  (76) 
Gilliam.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,502  feet.  (4) 
Gilligan  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south,  5 
miles  east  of  Clear  Lake,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (58) 
Gilliland.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  northwest  of  Granger,  in 
east  central  Yakima  County. 

Gilmer.  A post  office  about  14  miles  north  of  White  Salmon,  in  west 
central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Gilmer  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  White  Salmon  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Gilmer,  in  west  central  Klickitat  County.  (4) 

Gilmore.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  north  of  Tenino,  in  south 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  292  feet.  (4) 

Giveout  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Toroda  Creek,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (71) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashing  ton 


145 


Glacier.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  44  miles  north- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
919  feet.  (1) 

Glacier  Basin.  A basin  at  the  head  of  Inter  Pork,  between  Winthrop 
and  Emmons  glaciers,  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 
Glacier  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  at 
Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Glacier  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Pork  of  Nooksak  River,  from  the 
south,  at  Glacier,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Glacier  Island.  A rocky  area  surrounded  by  the  Tahoma  and  South  Ta- 
homa  glaciers,  on  the  southwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 
Glacier  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  southwest  of  Packwood  Lake,  in 
east  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Glacier  Peak.  A mountain  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  in  east 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  10,436  feet.  (1) 

Glacier  Peak.  A mountain  near  the  International  boundary,  about  7 
miles  west  of  Skagit  River,  in  northeastern  Whatcom  County.  (22) 
Glade.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Pasco,  in  southern 
Franklin  County;  elevation,  493  feet.  (4) 

Glade  Creek.  A small  intermittent  stream  in  southwestern  Benton 
County,  entering  Columbia  River  opposite  Blalock  Island.  (43) 

Glass  Canyon.  A canyon  with  an  intermittent  stream,  entering  lower 
Squaw  Creek,  from  the  east,  in  central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 
Gleed.  A station  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  7 miles  northwest 
of  Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (96) 

Glen.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  west 
of  Benton  City,  in  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  578  feet.  (4) 
Glen  Acres.  A post  office  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  about 
2 miles  north  of  Vashon,  in  west  central  King  County.  (2) 
Glenavon.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.), 
5 miles  northeast  of  Morton,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (2) 

Glen  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwest- 
ern Pierce  County.  (8) 

Glencove.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwest- 
ern Pierce  County.  (4) 

Glendale.  A post  office  on  Cultus  Bay,  near  the  southern  end  of  Whid- 
bey  Island,  in  Island  County.  (4) 

Glenoma.  A post  office  about  10  miles  southeast  of  Morton,  in  central 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  775  feet.  (2) 

Glenrose.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4%  miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,219  feet. 

Glenwood.  A town  about  22  miles  north  of  Lyle,  in  northwestern  Klicki- 
tat County;  elevation,  1,897  feet.  (1) 

Glenwood.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles 
northeast  of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,064 
feet.  (4) 

Globe.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend,  in 
east  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  200  feet.  (4) 

Glover,  Point.  A point  on  the  mainland  opposite  the  south  end  of  Bain- 
bridge  Island,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Gloyd.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  11  miles  south  of 
Adrian,  in  east  central  Grant  County.  (Same  as  Ainey.) 


146  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Goat  Butte.  A peak  on  the  east  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern 
Yakima  County;  elevation,  7,487  feet.  (37) 

Goat  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Cispus  River,  in  southeastern  Lewis 
County.  (37) 

Goat  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Goat  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  about  6 
miles  east  of  Ashford,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Goat  Island.  An  island  in  Skagit  Bay,  at  the  south  end  of  Fidalgo 
Island,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Goat  Island  Mountain.  A divide  between  Pryingpan  Creek  and  lower 
Emmons  Glacier,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  7,301  feet.  (69) 

Goat  Island  Rock.  A rock  in  Carbon  Glacier,  about  1 mile  from  its 
lower  end,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Goat  Lake.  A lake  at  the  head  of  Elliott  Creek,  near  Monte  Cristo,  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  3,154  feet.  (52) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  or  divide  between  Green  and  Cedar  rivers, 
north  of  Hot  Springs,  in  southeastern  King  County;  elevation,  4,775 
feet.  (44) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  west  of  Cle  Elum  River,  north  of 
Cle  Elum  Lake,  in  northeastern  Kittitas  County;  maximum  eleva- 
tion, about  6,600  feet.  (74) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  southeast  of  Packwood  Lake,  in 
east  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  7,500  feet.  (20) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  about  5 mile's  southwest  of  Pateros, 
in  southwestern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,290  feet.  (61) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  7 miles  northwest  of  Concrete,  in  north 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,726  feet.  (40) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Green  River,  about  12  miles 
northeast  of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County. 
(15) 

Goat  Mountain.  A mountain  about  7 miles  west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  cen- 
tral Whatcom  County;  elevation,  5,514  feet.  (40) 

Goat  Peak.  A peak  3 miles  south  of  Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas 
County;  elevation,  about  5,100  feet.  (74) 

Goat  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  lower  American  River  and 
Bumping  River,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,494 
feet.  (38) 

Goat  Rocks.  A mountain  on  the  Cascade  divide,  about  20  miles  north  of 
Mount  Adams,  near  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County; 
elevation,  8,201  feet.  (37) 

Goblin  Creek.  One  of  the  headwaters  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish 
River,  near  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 
Godfrey.  A village  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  on  Kettle  River,  about  2 miles 
north  of  Marcus,  in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (16) 

Godkln  Creek.  A tributary  of  Elwha  River,  from  the  east,  in  central 
Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Gold  Bar.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles  east  of  Monroe,  in  south 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  189  feet.  (1) 

Gold  Basin.  A town  on  the  Hartford  Eastern  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  17  miles 
east  of  Hartford,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


147 


Gold  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River,  in  west 
central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Gold  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Naches  River,  from  the  northeast,  in 
southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (38) 

Gold  Creek.  A stream  entering-  Keechelus  Lake,  from  the  north,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Gold  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Myers  Creek,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Gold  Creek.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  west,  6 miles  north 
of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Gold  Creek,  Middle  Fork.  A tributary  of  Gold  Creek,  in  southwestern 
Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Gold  Creek,  North  Fork.  The  principal  northern  headwater  of  Gold 
Creek,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Gold  Creek,  South  Fork.  The  principal  southern  headwater  of  Gold 
Creek,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Gold  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Colville  River,  west  of 
Colville,  in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Golden.  An  old  mining  camp  at  the  north  end  of  Wannacut  Lake, 
southwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,884  feet.  (48) 

Goldendale.  This  town  is  located  near  the  center  of  Klickitat  County 
and  is  the  county  seat.  It  is  on  Little  Klickitat  River,  and  has  an 
altitude  of  1,610  feet.  It  is  directly  served  by  a branch  of  the 
S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  and  an  auto  stage  line.  There  are  two  flouring  mills, 
two  planing  mills,  an  ice  and  meat  packing  plant,  two  machine 
shops,  a creamery  and  a brickyard,  with  a number  of  saw  mills  not 
far  away.  The  surrounding  region  is  mainly  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture and  stock-raising.  The  town  had  a population  of  1,203  in 
1910.  (1) 

Golden  Lakes.  Lakes  in  Sunset  Park,  8 miles  northwest  of  the  summit 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Gold  Hill.  A small  mountain  4 miles  west  of  Loomis,  in  north  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,620  feet.  (48) 

Gold  Hill.  The  divide  between  upper  American  River  and  Union  Creek, 
near  Bear  Gap,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Goldie  River.  A tributary  of  upper  Elwha  River,  from  the  west,  in 
north  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Gold  Mountain.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Ninemile  Creek,  in  south 
central  Ferry  County.  (4) 

Gold  Mountain.  A mountain  near  Darrington,  on  the  east  side  of  Sauk 
River,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  3,493  feet.  (77) 
Golgotha  Butte.  A small  mountain  north  of  Columbia  River,  near  Alder- 
dale,  in  southeastern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  about  1,000  feet 
(43) 

Goodman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  south,  about 
10  miles  below  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Goodman  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  sea  4 miles  north  of  Hoh 
Head,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Goodman  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  above  Darrington,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Goodnoe.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  11%  miles  east  of  Cliffs,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  203  feet. 


148  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashington  Geological  Survey 


Goodnoe  Hills.  A village  west  of  Rock  Creek  and  north  of  Columbia 
River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  1,295  feet.  (1) 
Goodwin,  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  4 miles  west  of  English  station, 
in  northwestern  Snohomish  County;  level  of  water,  329  feet.  (58) 
Gooseberry  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Aeneas  Valley,  in  east  central  Okan- 
ogan County.  (62) 

Goose  Egg  Mountain.  A round  mountain  near  the  confluence  of  North 
and  South  forks  of  Tieton  River,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 
(38) 

Goose  Island.  A small  island  in  Middle  Channel,  east  of  the  south  end 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Goose  Island  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  8 miles  above  Riparia,  on 
the  Columbia-Whitman  County  line.  (35) 

Goose  Lake.  A small  lake  about  18  miles  west  of  Nespelem,  in  south 
central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Goose  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  south  of  the 
entrance  to  Palux  River,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 
Goosmus  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  northwest, 
near  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Ferry  County. 
(71) 

Gordon.  A post  office  in  northwestern  Douglas  County,  on  Columbia 
River,  4 miles  above  Brewster.  (1) 

Gordon  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  east  of  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County. 
(70) 

Gordon  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  at  Steilacoom, 
in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Goshen.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  11  miles  south- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  186 
feet.  (1) 

Gosnell  Creek.  A tributary  of  Lake  Isabella,  southwest  of  Shelton,  in 
south  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Gossip  Islands.  Small  islands  at  the  entrance  to  Reid  Harbor,  on  the 
southeast  side  of  Stuart  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Gotchen  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  White  Salmon  River,  near 
Guler,  south  of  Mount  Adams,  in  Yakima  and  Klickitat  counties.  (1) 
Gothic  Peak.  A peak  about  5 miles  west  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeast- 
ern Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Govan.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  6 miles 
west  of  Wilbur,  in  northwestern  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,073 
feet.  (1) 

Gove  Peak.  A peak  3 miles  northwest  of  the  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,321  feet.  (69) 

Governors  Ridge.  A north-south  ridge,  east  of  Shaw  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  6,614  feet.  (69) 

Grace.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  north  of  Woodinville,  in 
southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Graham.  A post  office  6 miles  northwest  of  Kapowsin,  in  central  Pierce 
County.  (1) 

Grand  Dalles.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in 
southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  123  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington  149 


Grand  Mound.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  northwest  of  Centralia, 
in  southwestern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  162  feet.  (1) 

Grand  Park.  A large  park  west  of  upper  Huckleberry  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  Central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Grand  Rapids.  Rapids  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  2%  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Colville  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 
Grand  Ronde  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  23%  miles  above 
Asotin,  in  southeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Grandview.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O-W.  R.  R, 
& N.  Co.,  40  miles  southeast  of  Yakima  in  southeastern  Yakima 
County;  elevation,  811  feet.  (1) 

Grandview  Hutte.  A ridge  1%  miles  long,  3 miles  north  of  Grandview, 
in  southeastern  Yakima  County.  (66) 

Grange  City  Junction.  A junction  on  the  line  of  the  O-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  3%  miles  northwest  of  Starbuck,  in  northwestern  Columbia 
County;  elevation,  520  feet.  (4) 

Granger.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  25  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  east  central  Yakima  County; 
elevation,  731  feet.  (1) 

Granite  Hutte.  A butte  3 miles  southwest  of  Oakesdale,  in  northeastern 
Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,930  feet.  (59) 

Granite  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  west,  at  Republic, 
in  west  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Granite  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  tributary  of  Granite  Creek, 
uniting  with  West  Fork  2 miles  west  of  Republic,  in  north  central 
Ferry  County.  (71) 

Granite  Creek,  West  Fork.  The  principal  headwater  of  Granite  Creek, 
uniting  with  North  Fork  2 miles  west  of  Republic,  In  north  central 
Ferry  County.  (71) 

Granite  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
about  9 miles  east  of  North  Bend,  in  east  central  King  County. 
(44) 

Granite  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Winthrop  Creek,  near  the 
lower  end  of  Winthrop  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Granite  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  southeastern 
Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Granite  Falls.  A town  on  the  Hartford  Eastern  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  6 miles 
east  of  Hartford,  in  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  385  feet. 
(1) 

Granite  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  a tributary  of  South  Fork 
of  Deer  Creek,  in  south  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,190  feet. 
(77) 

Granite  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Boulder  Creek,  in  east  cen- 
tral Skagit  County.  (52) 

Granite  Mountain.  A spur  from  the  Cascade  summit,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Chelan  and  Kittitas  counties.  (72) 

Granite  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  northwest  of  Republic,  in  west 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  5,326  feet.  (71) 

Granite  Mountain.  A mountain  12  miles  southeast  of  Republic,  in  cen- 
tral Ferry  County;  elevation,  5,912  feet.  (71) 

Granite  Mountain.  A peak  3%  miles  southwest  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in 
east  central  King  County;  elevation,  5,820  feet.  (74) 

Granite  Mountain.  The  highest  point  in  the  Skagit  range,  northeast 
of  Mount  Shuksan,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 


150  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Granite  Point  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  25%  miles  below  Clarks- 
ton,  in  Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Granite  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  12  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Grant.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Pickering  Passage,  northeast 
of  Shelton,  in  east  central  Mason  County.  (1) 

Grant  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  within  I 
the  big  bend  of  Columbia  River.  The  area  of  the  county  is  2,720 
square  miles.  Rolling  plains,  undulating  uplands,  and  coulees  char- 
acterize the  topography.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  I 
50°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  is  about  45°  F.  The  rainfall  of  the 
area  is  generally  less  than  8 inches  per  annum.  Wheat  raising  is  I 
the  most  important  industry  of  the  region,  although  alfalfa  and  j 
fruit  are  raised  where  irrigation  is  practiced.  Ephrata,  the  county 
seat.  Coulee  City,  Quincy,  Warden,  Hartline,  Krupp,  Wilson  Creek, 
Soap  Lake,  Beverly,  and  Neppel  are  the  important  towns  of  the 
county.  (1) 

Grant  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Spray  Creek,  in  Spray  Park, 
northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Grant  Orchards.  A post  office  near  Soap  Lake  Station,  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.f 
6 miles  east  of  Ephrata,  in  central  Grant  County.  (4) 

Grass  Creek.  A small  tidal  stream  entering  North  Bay,  from  the  east, 
in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Grassmere.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  22  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  185  feet.  (4) 

Grass  Mountain.  The  divide  between  White  and  Green  rivers,  east  of 
Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Grave  Island.  A small  island  in  Hale  Passage,  north  of  Fox  Island,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Gravel.  A siding  on  the  S.,  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  southern  Benton  County,  j 
(81) 

Gravelle.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  southeast  of  Davenport, 
in  east  central  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Gravelly  Lake.  A small  lake  about  2 miles  southwest  of  Lakeview,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Gravel  Pit.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles 
northeast  of  Winona,  in  west  central  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
1,507  feet. 

Gray.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  36  miles  south  of  Colville,  in  south 
central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,858  feet.  (1) 

Gray  Gables.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam, 
in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  12  feet.  (60) 

Grayland.  A post  office  on  the  ocean  front,  6%  miles  south  of  West-  ; 
port,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (2) 

Grays  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  north  shore  of  lower  Columbia 
River,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (27) 

Grays  Harbor.  A bay  or  estuary  on  the  coast  at  the  mouth  of  Chehalis 
River,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Grays  Harbor  City.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Hoquiam, 
in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


151 


Grays  Harbor  County.  This  is  a central  county  on  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  was  formerly  known  as  Chehalis  County.  It  has  an  area  of 
1,927  square  miles.  The  topography  varies  from  the  lowlands  along 
the  coast  and  the  river  valleys  to  the  hills  and  mountains  of  the 
Olympics.  Originally  all  of  the  county  was  densely  timbered.  The 
mean  annual  temperature  averages  about  49°  F.,  with  compara- 
tively mild  winters  and  cool  summers.  The  annual  rainfall  gen- 
erally exceeds  85  inches.  The  population,  as  estimated  by  the 
Census  Bureau,  was  48,457  on  July  1,  1916.  Lumbering,  salmon 
fishing  and  ship  building  are  all  very  important  industries  in  this 
county.  Aberdeen  and  Hoquiam  are  the  largest  and  most  pros- 
perous towns.  Montesano  is  the  county  seat  and  ranks  next  in 
size.  Other  towns  are  Cosmopolis,  Elma,  Oakville,  Westport,  Mc- 
Cleary,  Satsop,  and  Moclips.  (1) 

Grays  Island.  An  island  % mile  long,  in  Snake  River,  2^  miles  above 
its  mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Grays  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  near 
Frankfort,  in  south  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Grays  River.  A post  office  about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Grays 
River,  in  northwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Grays  River.  A river  of  Pacific  and  Wahkiakum  counties,  entering 
Grays  Bay  (Columbia  River),  from  the  northeast.  (1) 

Greek  Georges  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Bainbridge 
Island,  near  Crystal  Springs,  in  central  Kitsap  County.  (26) 
Greenacres.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  13  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,039  feet.  (4) 

Greenbank.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  at  the 
entrance  to  Holmes  Harbor,  in  Island  County.  (4) 

Green  Canyon.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Green  River,  3 miles  east 
of  Maywood,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Green  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
southwest  of  Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Greendale.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  south  of  Ta- 
coma, in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  400  feet. 

Greenhorn  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Cispus  River,  from  the  south, 
in  southeastern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Green  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  on  the  flood  plain  of  Columbia  River, 
near  Knapp,  in  western  Clarke  County.  (64) 

Green  Lake.  A lake  at  the  northern  end  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern 
King  County.  (73) 

Green  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  6 miles  northwest  of  Okanogan, 
in  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Green  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Ranger  Creek,  northwest  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Green  Lake.  A lake  about  6 miles  southeast  of  Baker  Lake,  in  south 
central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Greenleaf  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Cascades, 
in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Green  Mountain.  The  divide  between  South  Fork  of  Canyon  Creek  and 
South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  in  north  central  Snohomish 
County.  (77) 

Green  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Buck  and  Downey 
creeks,  north  of  Suiattle  River,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County; 
elevation,  5,957  feet.  (52) 


152  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Green  Park.  A park  east  of  upper  Huckleberry  Creek,  at  the  head  of 
Josephine  Creek,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Green  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
North  Fork  of  Naches  and  Green  rivers,  on  the  line  between  King 
and  Kittitas  counties;  elevation,  4,894  feet.  (74) 

Green  Point.  A small  promontory  half  way  between  Port  Angeles  and  | 
Dungeness,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County. 

Green  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  north  of  Fox 
Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Green  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  Spieden  Island,  in  west  central  | 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Green  River.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Toutle  River,  in  northeast-  ; 
ern  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Green  River.  A river  flowing  west  from  the  Cascade  divide  to  White  j 
River  valley,  at  Auburn,  in  southern  King  County.  (1) 

Green  River,  North  Fork.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  north,  | 
near  Eagle  Gorge,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Greenwater  River.  A northern  headwater  of  White  River,  forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  between  King  and  Pierce  counties.  (1) 
Greenwood.  A post  office  5 miles  north  of  Wishkah,  in  central  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (2) 

Greenville  Point.  A promontory  on  the  sea  coast,  about  25  miles  north 
of  Grays  Harbor,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Griffin  Hay.  A large  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  San  Juan 
Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Griffin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Snoqualmie  River,  from  the  east,  2% 
miles  south  of  Tolt,  in  north  central  King  County.  (4) 

Grinnell.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  6 miles  south  of  Garfield,  in  1 
east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,522  feet. 

Groat  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  north  of 
Mercer  Island,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Grosscup.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  15  miles 
west  of  Kennewick,  in  east  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  539  ! 

feet.  || 

Grotto.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  west  of  Skykomish,  in  north-  . 

eastern  King  County;  elevation,  821  feet.  (4) 

Grouse  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Colville  -River,  at  Valley,  in  I 
central  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Grouse  Ridge.  A low  ridge  near  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  6 ; 

miles  southeast  of  North  Bend,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 
Grove.  A village  on  Satsop  River,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Shelton, 
in  southwestern  Mason  County.  (4) 

Grundy  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  northwest  of  Concrete,  in  north 
central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Guemes  Channel.  A channel  between  Guemes  and  Fidalgo  islands,  in 
west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Guemes  Island.  An  island  about  4 miles  long,  north  of  Anacortes,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  560  feet.  (1) 

Guler.  A post  office  about  25  miles  north  of  White  Salmon,  in  north- 
western Klickitat  County;  elevation,  2,005  feet.  (1) 

Gull  Reef.  A small  reef  southeast  of  Stuart  Island,  and  north  of 
Spieden  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


153 


Gunn  Peak.  A peak  west  of  the  headwaters  of  Trout  Creek,  east  of 
Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,245  feet.  (72) 

Gurley  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Admiralty  Inlet,  west  of  Har- 
per, in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Guss  Island.  A small  island  in  Garrison  Bay,  on  the  northwest  coast 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Guye  Peak.  A peak  1%  miles  north  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east  central 
King  County;  elevation,  about  5,100  feet.  (74) 

Hadley.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles 
north  of  Walla  Walla,  in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
848  feet.  (4) 

Hadlock.  A town  on  the  shore,  about  6 miles  south  of  Port  Townsend, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (2) 

Hagen.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  26  miles  south- 
east of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,646 
feet. 

Hager  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  east,  east 
of  Lewis  Post  Office,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Hager  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  east  of  Lewis  Post  Office,  in  east 
central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Hale  Passage.  A channel  between  Pox  Island  and  the  mainland  on  the 
north,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Half  Moon  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Willapa  River,  at 
Lebam,  in  east  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Halford.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Index,  in  south- 
eastern Snohomish  County;  elevation,  743  feet. 

Half  Tide  Reef.  A reef  in  Griffin  Bay,  near  the  southeastern  shore  of 
San"  Juan  Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hall.  A post  office  on  Cedar  Creek,  4 ^ miles  from  North  Fork  of  Lewis 
River,  in  northwestern  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Hall.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles  east 
of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

Hall  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  northwest,  at 
Inchelium,  in  east  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Hall  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
north  of  Cedar  Lake,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

Hall  Island.  A small  island,  southwest  of  Lopez  Island,  about  1 mile 
south  of  Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hall  Peak.  A peak  2 miles  southeast  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish 
County;  elevation,  5,464  feet.  (77) 

Halterman.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  239  feet.  (21) 

Hamilton.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  95  feet.  (1) 

Hamilton.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  7%  miles  west  of  Stevenson, 
in  south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  54  feet. 

Hamilton  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  1 mile  west 
of  Cascades,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Hamilton  Island.  An  island  1%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  below 
Cascades  Station,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Hamilton  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  west  of  Cascades,  in  south- 
western Skamania  County;  elevation,  2,432  feet.  (53) 


154  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Hamma  Hamma  River.  A river  entering  Hood  Canal,  from  the  west, 
in  north  central  Mason  County.  (1) 

Hammer.  A post  office  about  20  miles  north  of  Prescott,  in  north  cen- 
tral Walla  Walla  County.  (2) 

Hammersley  Inlet.  A narrow  channel  extending  west  from  the  north  | 
end  of  Totten  Inlet,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (4) 

Hammond  Point.  A point  at  the  north  end  of  Waldron  Island,  in  north  I 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hampton.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  17  miles  I 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County;  ele- 
vation, 84  feet.  (4) 

Hannaford  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  northeast, 
at  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Hanbury  Point.  A point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
north  of  Mitchell  Bay,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Hancock  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Hancock,  and  an  eastern  tributary 
of  North  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  8 miles  northeast  of  North 
Bend,  in  central  King  County.  (91) 

Hancock  Lake.  A lake  about  8 miles  northeast  of  North  Bend,  in  cen- 
tral King  County;  elevation,  2,166  feet.  (4) 

Hand  Rock.  A small  island  1%  miles  off  shore,  and  10  miles  north  of 
the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  western  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 27  feet.  (5) 

Hanford.  A town  at  the  terminus  of  the  Hanford  branch  of  the  C.  M. 

& St.  P.  Ry.,  on  Columbia  River,  in  northeastern  Benton  County; 
elevation,  385  feet.  (1) 

Hankin  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Shaw  Island,  in  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hannegan  Pass.  A pass  between  the  headwaters  of  North  Fork  of 
Nooksak  River  and  Chilliwak  Creek,  in  central  Whatcom  County; 
elevation,  4,962  feet.  (40) 

Hansen  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  < 
River,  1 mile  east  of  Bandera,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 
Hanson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  16 
miles  northeast  of  Coulee  City,  in  northeastern  Grant  County. 

Hanson  Ferry.  A town  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Asotin  County,  on 
Grande  Ronde  River,  3 miles  from  the  Oregon  line.  (1) 

Hansville.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  between 
Point  no  Point  and  Eglon,  in  northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (2) 
Harbert.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,298  feet.  (4) 

Harbor  Rock.  A rock  at  the  south  end  of  Griffin  Bay,  near  the  south- 
eastern shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  < 
(6)  j 

Harder.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Snake  River  Branch),  20  miles 
west  of  Riparia,  in  eastern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  503  feet.  (4) 
Harding.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  15 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  550 
feet.  (25) 

Hardscrabble.  A peak  at  the  summit  of  Laurel  Hill,  4 miles  southwest 
of  Malaga,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  3,770  feet. 
(55) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


155 


Hardscrabble  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  in  east  central  King-  County.  (72) 

Hardscrabble  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  12  miles  northwest  of  Re- 
public, in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  maximum  elevation,  5,326 
feet.  (71) 

Hardy  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  3 miles 
west  of  Cascades,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 
Harmony.  A post  office  about  12  miles  west  of  Morton,  in  central 
Lewis  County.  (1) 

Harney  Channel.  A channel  between  Shaw  Island  and  the  south  central 
shore  of  Orcas  Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Haro  Strait.  An  irregular  channel  or  strait  separating  the  islands  of 
the  San  Juan  group  from  Vancouver  and  other  islands  on  the  west 
and  northwest.  (1) 

Harper.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  southwest  of  Blake 
Island,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Harpole.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Colfax,  in 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,886  feet.  (4) 

Harrah.  A post  office  9 miles  southwest  of  Wapato,  in  central  Yakima 
County.  (2) 

Harrington.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  50  miles  west  of  Spokane,  in  cen- 
tral Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,167  feet.  (1) 

Harrington  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  east 
of  Grays  Bay,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (9) 

Harris.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Rosalia,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,320  feet.  (4) 

Harris  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  2 miles  west  of  Bandera  Station,  in  east  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Harrison  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Squaw  Creek,  near  Cleveland,  in 
central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Hart  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton 
River,  east  of  Russell  Ranch,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
Hartfield.  A station  on  the  electric  line,  about  5%  miles  northeast  of 
Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Hartford.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Snohomish,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  239  feet.  (1) 

Hart  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Railroad  Creek,  15  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  latter,  in  northern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  3,890  feet.  (76) 
Hartland.  A post  office  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Lyle,  in  southwest- 
ern Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Hartline.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  12 
miles  northeast  of  Coulee  City,  in  northeastern  Grant  County;  ele- 
vation, 1,911  feet.  (1) 

Hartline  Canyon.  A canyon  and  small  stream,  entering  Spokane  River 
from  the  south,  northeast  of  Davenport,  in  northeastern  Lincoln 
County.  (94) 

Hartman.  A triangulation  point  in  Sec.  32,  T.  11  N.,  R 26  E.,  Rattle- 
snake Hills,  Benton  County;  elevation,  3,503  feet.  (66) 

Harts  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  southeast  of  McKenna,  in 
south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Hartstine  Island.  A post  office  at  the  north  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in 
east  central  Mason  County.  (2) 


156  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Hartstine  Island.  An  island  about  10  miles  long-,  west  of  Case  Inlet,  in 
eastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Harvard  Mountain.  The  divide  between  Trout  and  Giveout  creeks,  east 
of  Toroda  Creek,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Harvey.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Arden,  in  west  cen- 
tral Stevens  County.  (1) 

Harvey  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  head  of  Sullivan  Lake,  | 
from  the  south,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Harvey  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Cedonia,  in  ! 
southwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Hassalo  Rocks.  Rocks  in  Columbia  River,  about  3 % miles  below  j 
Camas,  in  south  central  Clarke  County.  (13) 

Hassan.  A post  office  10  miles  southwest  of  Tonasket,  in  central  Oka- 
nogan County.  (1) 

Hathaway  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  flood  plain  of  Columbia  River,  { 
2 miles  south  of  Ridgefield,  in  western  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Hat  Island.  An  island  about  1 mile  long,  in  Padilla  Bay,  east  of  Ana- 
cortes,  in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Hat  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Stilaguamish  River,  about  3 miles 
south  of  Stanwood,  in  northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 
Hatton.  A town  in  southwestern  Adams  County,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,072  feet.  (1) 

Hatton  Coulee.  A coulee  northeast  of  Hatton,  in  south  central  Adams 
County.  (49) 

Haven.  A station  on  the  Hanford  branch  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in 
Sec.  11,  T.  13  N.,  R.  25  E.,  in  northern  Benton  County;  elevation,  460 
feet.  (50) 

Haven.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  at  the  south  end  of  Grant 
County;  elevation,  472  feet. 

Haven  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  east  of  Dewatto,  in  northeastern  Mason 
County.  (25) 

Havillah.  A post  office  14  miles  south  of  Molson,  in  northeastern  Oka- 
nogan County.  (1) 

Hawk  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  south,  at  Peach, 
in  north  central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Hawkins  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  headwaters  of  Teanaway  River,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  about  7,000  feet.  (78) 
Hawks  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  near  the 
mouth  of  North  River,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Hay.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  south 
of  LaCrosse,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,103 
feet.  (1) 

Hayden  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Meadow  Creek,  near  Crater 
Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Hayden  Creek.  A small  southern  headwater  of  Skookum  Creek,  east 
of  Wickersham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Hayes.  A village  on  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  about  5 miles  north- 
east of  Woodland,  in  northwestern  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Hayes  Island.  An  island  %-mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Kettle  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Hayes  River.  A tributary  of  upper  Elwha  River,  from  the  east,  in  north 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


157 


Haystack:  Mountain.  A mountain  about  10  miles  southeast  of  Sedro 
Woolley,  in  west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,126  feet.  (58) 

Hazard  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  near  its  north 
end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Hazel.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  313  feet.  (1) 

Hazel  Point.  A point  at  the  southeast  end  of  Toandos  Peninsula,  on 
Hood  Canal,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Hazelwood.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  6 miles 
north  of  Renton,  in  west  central  King  County.  (2) 

Headlee  Pass.  A pass  between  the  headwaters  of  Sultan  River  and 
South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  in  southeastern  Snohomish 
County.  (72) 

Heart  Lake.  A lake  on  West  Fork  of  Foss  River,  near  Skykomish,  in 
northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Heart  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Fidalgo  Island,  3 miles  south  of  Anacortes, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (25) 

Hector.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,166  feet.  (4) 

Hedges.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles  south- 
east of  Kennewick,  in  Benton  County;  elevation,  362  feet.  (63) 
Heisson.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  northeast  of  Vancouver,  in 
central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  457  feet.  (1) 

Helen  Butte.  A mountain  4 miles  northwest  of  Marblemount,  in  north 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  5,490  feet.  (40) 

Helena  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  South  Fork  of  Clear  Creek, 
north  of  Silverton,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Helena  Peak.  A peak  4 miles  north  of  Silverton,  in  north  central  Sno- 
homish County;  elevation,  5,392  feet.  (77) 

Hell  Gate.  Rock  islands,  narrows,  and  rapids  in  Columbia  River,  3% 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  Sanpoil  River,  in  Ferry  and  Lincoln 
counties.  (31) 

Hellroaring  Creek.  A tributary  of  Big  Muddy  Creek,  draining  Mazama 
Glacier,  on  the  southeast  side  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern 
Yakima  County.  (37) 

Hell’s  Gate.  Narrows  in  Columbia  River,  4 miles  below  Columbus,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Hell’s  Gate  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River  3 miles  below  Columbus, 
in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Helsing  Junction.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  south- 
west of  Rochester,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  155 
feet. 

Hemlock.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of  Palmer  Junction, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  924  feet.  (4) 

Henderson  Inlet.  A small  inlet  extending  southward  from  Danas  Pas- 
sage, at  the  southern  end  of  Puget  Sound,  in  north  central  Thurston 
County.  (26) 

Henderson,  Mount.  A peak  8 miles  north  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north- 
western Mason  County.  (19) 

Henry  Island.  An  island  about  3 miles  long,  near  the  northwest  shore 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


158  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Henrys  Hunting  Ground.  A park  on  the  southwest  slope  of  Mount 
Rainier,  northwest  of  Longmire,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(Properly  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground.)  (69) 

Henry’s  Switch.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.f  about  3 miles  north  of 
Black  Diamond,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  575  feet.  (4) 
Herman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoko  River,  from  the  east,  about  5 
miles  east  of  Royal  Post  Office,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Hermann  31ountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Mount 
Baker,  north  of  Austin  Pass,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Herron.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Case  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (2) 

Herron  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Curlew  Lake,  from  the  south- 
east, in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Herron  Island.  An  island  in  Case  Inlet,  east  of  Hartstine  Island,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 

Hess  Lake.  A small  lake  7 miles  west  of  Riverside,  in  central  Okanogan 
County;  elevation,  1,404  feet.  (48) 

Hessong  Rock.  A peak  6%  miles  northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,140  feet.  (69) 

Hewlett  Point.  A low  point  an  the  east  bank  of  Columbia  River,  2 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Willamette  River,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 
Heybrook.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  2 miles  southeast  of  Index,  in  south- 
eastern Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Heyer,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  north  of 
Tramp  Harbor,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Hicks  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Shaw  Island,  south- 
east of  Point  George,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hidden.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  east  of  Vancouver  Junction, 
in  southwestern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  290  feet.  (Formerly  St. 
John  Station.)  (27) 

Hidden  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  mountain  side,  near  the  south  shore 
of  Wenatchee  Lake,  in  central  Chelan  county.  (47) 

Hidden  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  divide  between  upper  Sunrise  and 
Prospector  creeks,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  5,926  feet.  (69) 

Hidden  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  a tributary  of  North  Fork  of 
Cascade  River,  in  east  central  Skagit  County.  (52) 

Hidden  Lakes.  A chain  of  lakes  on  a tributary  of  Pasayten  River,  in 
northwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Higgins  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  between  North  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River  and  South  Fork  of  Deer  Creek,  in  south  central 
Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  5,202  feet.  (77) 

Highland.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  west  of  Spokane,  in  central 
Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,199  feet.  (4) 

High  Point.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  (North  Bend  Branch),  3 miles 
east  of  Issaquah,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  487  feet.  (4) 
Highrock.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Monroe,  in  south 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  35  feet. 

Hilda.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  18  miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
317  feet.  (19) 

Hillby.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  10  miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,571  feet. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


159 


Hillcrest.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry„  4 miles  east  of  Ralston, 
in  east  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,712  feet. 

Hillhurst.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  337  feet.  (1) 

Hillside.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of  Yakima,  in  north 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  1,201  feet.  (96) 

Hindoo  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  heading  on 
Mount  Aix,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 


Hite.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  10  miles 
northwest  of  Medical  Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,515  feet.  (4) 


Hoballa.  A post  office  on  the  north  side  of  Hammersley  Inlet,  4 miles 
east  of  Shelton,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (2) 


Hobart.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  3 miles  east  of  Maple  Valley,  in 
central  King  County;  elevation,  549  feet.  (1) 

Hockinson.  A village  3 miles  east  of  Bush  Prairie,  in  south  central 
Clarke  County.  (27) 

Hoffstadt  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Toutle  River,  in  north- 
eastern Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Hogarty  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  about  4 
miles  below  Index,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Hogback  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  30  miles 
north  of  Mount  Adams;  elevation,  about  6,700  feet.  (38) 

Hob.  A post  office  2 miles  from  the  mouth  of  Hoh  River,  in  western 
Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Hoh  Head.  A promontory  2%  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  Hoh  River, 
in  west  central  Jefferson  County.  (1) 


Hoh  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  640  acres,  unallotted,  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Hoh  River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County.  (1) 
Hoh  Peak.  A mountain  5%  miles  west  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  north 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Hoh  River.  A river  heading  on  Mount  Olympus,  flowing  west  and  en- 
tering the  sea  near  Hoh  Head,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 
Hoh  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  tributary,  uniting  with  the  main 
stream  3 miles  above  Spruce  Post  Office,  in  north  central  Jefferson 
County.  (19) 

Hoko  River.  A large  stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  at 
Kydaku  Point,  about  4 miles  west  of  Clallam  Bay,  in  northwestern 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Holeomb.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend, 
in  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  119  feet.  (1) 

Holden.  A mining  camp  near  Railroad  Creek,  11  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  latter,  in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Holland.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 miles  east 
of  Pullman,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,426  feet. 
(67) 

Holly.  A post  office  on  Hood  Canal,  in  southwestern  Kitsap  County.  (1) 
Hollywood.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  2 miles 
south  of  Woodinville,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 


160  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Holman.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 

& N.  Co.,  iy2  miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County. 
(4) 

Holman  Mountain.  A mountain  about  5 miles  east  of  Tenino,  in  south 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  1,455  feet.  (45) 

Holmes.  A village  2 y2  miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in  south  central  Kitti- 
tas County.  (51) 

Holmes  Harbor.  A bay  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  between 
Coupeville  and  Langley,  in  central  Island  County.  (1) 

I-Iol*.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  26  miles 
southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  564  feet. 
(4) 

Homan.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Vancouver 
Junction,  in  southwestern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  238  feet.  (For- 
merly Glenwood).  (27) 

Home.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  north  of  Lake  Bay 
Post  Office,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Home  Valley.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 y2  miles  east  of  Steven- 
son, in  south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  98  feet.  (2) 

Homly  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  6 y2  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Snake  River,  in  Benton  and  Walla  Walla  Counties.  (32) 

Hood.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  White  Salmon,  in 
southeastern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  101  feet.  (4) 

Hood  Canal.  A long,  narrow  inlet  of  the  sea,  in  the  western  part  of 
Puget  Sound  Basin,  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Olympic  Mountains. 
(1) 

Hood  Head.  A headland  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  4 miles  south 
of  Port  Ludlow,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Hood  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  west  central 
Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Hoodsport.  A town  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  in  central  Mason 
County.  (1) 

Hooker  Creek.  A headwater  of  Whitestone  Creek,  north  of  Brewster,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County.  (61)  « 

Hooker,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  4 y2  miles  north  of  Quilcene, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Hooper.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 

& N.  Co.,  15  miles  southwest  of  Lacrosse,  in  southwestern  Whitman 
County;  elevation,  1,056  feet.  (1) 

Hope.  A post  office  on  the  northeast  side  of  Fox  Island,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (2) 

Hope  Island.  An  island  west  of  Squaxin  Island,  in  southeastern  Mason  ■ 
County.  (5) 

Hope  Islantl.  An  island  in  the  north  part  of  Skagit  Bay,  between  Whid-  < 
bey  and  Fidalgo  islands,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Hope  Peak.  A peak  near  the  eastern  end  of  Yakima  Range,  in  east 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  3,340  feet.  (65) 

Hopewell.  A village  2 miles  northwest  of  Heisson,  in  central  Clarke 
County.  (27) 

Hopper’s  Mill.  A village  about  23  miles  northwest  of  Goldendale,  in 
north  central  Klickitat  County.  (37) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington  161 


Hoquiam.  This  city  lies  west  of  Aberdeen  on  Grays  Harbor,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Grays  Harbor  County.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
7%  square  miles.  It  is  served  by  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  the  N.  P. 
and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  and  a number  of  ocean  steamers  and 
sailing  vessels.  It  is  connected  with  Aberdeen  by  electric  cars.  It 
has  a number  of  large  lumber  and  shingle  mills.  The  surrounding 
country  is  engaged  in  ship  building,  whaling,  salmon  and  clam 
packing,  farming,  fishing,  and  logging.  The  city  had  a population  of 
11,666  on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census.  (1) 

Hoquiam  River.  A river  about  20  miles  long,  entering  Grays  Harbor 
from  the  north,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Hoquiam  River,  Riddle  Fork.  A tributary  entering  the  main  stream  2 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (54) 

Hoquiam  River,  West  Fork.  A tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Hoquiam 
River,  uniting  with  the  latter  at  Poison  Landing  in  southwestern 
Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Horlick.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  northwest  of 
Ellensburg,  in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,780  feet.  (4) 

Horn.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  2%  miles  north  of  Palouse,  in 
east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,535  feet. 

Horn  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  southeast  of 
McKenna,  in  southwestern  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Horn,  The.  A sharp  elbow  in  Yakima  River,  about  15  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Horr  Spur.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  east  of  Springdale,  in 
south  central  Stevens  County. 

Horsehead  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  north- 
west of  Fox  Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Horse  Heaven.  A post  office  22  miles  southeast  of  Prosser,  in  Benton 
County.  (63) 

Horse  Heaven.  A triangulation  point  in  Horse  Heaven  Hills,  in  Sec.  17, 
T.  7 N.,  R.  28  E.,  in  Benton  County;  elevation,  1,933  feet.  (63) 
Horseshoe  Basin.  A basin  or  amphitheatre  at  the  head  of  Stehekin 
River,  at  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (52) 

Horseshoe  Falls.  Falls  in  Columbia  River,  near  Celilo,  Oregon,  12  miles 
above  The  Dalles.  (32) 

Horseshoe  Lake.  A lake  about  6 miles  northwest  of  Riverside,  in  central 
Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Horseshoe  Lake.  A small  lake  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Camden,  in 
southwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Horseshoe  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  9 miles  northwest  of  Republic, 
in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  maximum  elevation,  5,414  feet.  (71) 
Horseshoe  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  about  17  miles  northwest  of 
Loomis,  near  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Okanogan 
County;  maximum  elevation,  7,930  feet.  (48) 

Horsethief  Point.  A point  on  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake  Ridge,  at 
the  east  end  of  Black  Rock  Valley,  in  east  central  Yakima  County. 
(65) 

Hot  Springs.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  42  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in 
southeastern  King  County;  elevation,  1,518  feet.  (4) 


■6 


162  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Houghtou.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  and  on  the 
east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  2 miles  south  of  Kirkland,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Houser.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  9 miles  west 
of  Pomeroy,  in  northwestern  Garfield  County. 

Hoover.  A town  in  southeastern  Benton  County,  on  Columbia  River, 
and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry. ; elevation,  340  feet.  (83) 

Howard.  A village  in  northwestern  Douglas  County,  29  miles  north- 
east of  Waterville.  (4) 

Howard  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Nooksak 
River,  north  of  Hamilton,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 
Howard  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
southeast,  near  Galena,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 
Howard  Lake.  A small  lake,  south  of  the  head  of  Klickitat  River,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  4,887  feet.  (37) 

Howard  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Ranger  Creek,  in  the  northwestern 
corner  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  5,700  feet.  (69) 

Hozomeen  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  near  the  Inter- 
national boundary,  in  northeastern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 
Hozomeen,  Mount.  A mountain  east  of  Skagit  River,  near  the  Interna- 
tional boundary,  in  northeastern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  9,080 
feet.  (3) 

Hozomeen  Range.  A range  of  mountains  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between 
West  Fork  of  Pasayten  and  Skagit  rivers,  near  the  International 
boundary.  (22) 

Hubbart  Peak.  A peak  5 miles  south  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern 
Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,925  feet.  (72) 

Hubby.  A post  office  15  miles  north  of  Davenport,  in  northeastern  Lin- 
coln County.  (2) 

Huckleberry  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Toats  Coulee  Creek,  from 
the  south,  near  Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 
Huckleberry  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  White  River,  above  West 
Fork,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 

Huckleberry  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  north- 
east of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 
Huckleberry  Island.  A small  island  southeast  of  Guemes  Island,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Huckleberry  Mountain.  The  divide  between  White  and  Green  rivers, 
south  of  Hot  Springs,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 
Huckleberry  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  northeast  of 
Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  King  and  Kittitas  counties;  elevation,  about 
6,400  feet.  (74) 

Huckleberry  Mountain.  A ridge  north  of  upper  Suiattle  River,  on  the 
Skagit-Snohomish  line;  maximum  elevation,  5,355  feet.  (52) 
Huckleberry  Mountain.  A high  divide  east  of  Columbia  River,  in  south- 
western Stevens  County.  (29) 

Huckleberry  Park.  A large  park  on  the  headwaters  of  Huckleberry 
Creek,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Hudson.  A village  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  on  Columbia  River,  about  2 
miles  south  of  Northport,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (16) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


163 


Hudson.  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  at  the  entrance  to  Port 
Townsend,  in  the  city  of  Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson 
County.  (5) 

Hughes  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
west  of  Point  Colville,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Hugo.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  north  of  Chelan  Falls,  in  east 
central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  768  feet. 

Humorist.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles 
north  of  Wallula,  in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
527  feet.  (4) 

Humpback  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
from  the  south,  near  Snoqualmie  Falls,  in  east  central  King 
County.  (74) 

Humphrey.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  33  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in 
southeastern  King  County;  elevation,  1,224  feet.  (44) 

Humphreys  Head.  One  of  the  headlands  at  the  north  end  of  Lopez 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Humptulips.  A town  on  Humptulips  River,  22  miles  north  of  Hoquiam, 
in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Humptulips  River.  A river  draining  the  south  central  Olympics  and 
entering  Grays  Harbor,  from  the  north,  in  western  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (1) 

Humptulips  River,  Fast  Fork.  An  eastern  tributary,  joining  West  Fork 
of  Humptulips  River,  near  Humptulips  Post  Office,  in  central  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

Humptulips  River,  West  Fork.  A western  tributary,  joining  East  Fork 
of  Humptulips  River,  near  Humptulips  Post  Office,  in  central  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

Hungry  Harbor.  A small  embayment  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia 
River,  east  of  Megler,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Hunt.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  southeast  of  Pasco,  in  south- 
western Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  338  feet.  (2) 

Hunter  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  at 
the  southwrest  end  of  Lopez  Sound,  in  southeastern  San  Juan 
County.  (6) 

Hunter  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  west, 
in  east  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Hunter  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  4 miles  below  Riparia,  in 
Columbia  and  Whitman  counties.  (34) 

Hunters.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Springdale,  in  south- 
western Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,610  feet.  (1) 

Hunters  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Hunters, 
in  southwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Huntington  Rock.  A small  island,  % mile  off  shore  and  2 miles  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County; 
elevation,  135  feet.  (5) 

Hunt  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  west  of 
Anderson  Bay,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Huntsville.  A town  on  Touchet  River  and  both  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the 
line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  west  central  Columbia  County; 
elevation,  1,350  feet.  (1) 

Hurd  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  near  Salkum, 
in  central  Lewis  County.  (Same  as  Mill  Creek).  (1) 


164  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Hurlburt.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Danville,  in  north 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,766  feet.  (4) 

Hurst  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Clearwater  Post  Office,  in  southwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 
Husum.  A town  on  White  Salmon  River,  about  8 miles  north  of  White 
Salmon,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  about  360 
feet.  (1) 

Hyak.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  east  end  of  Snoqualmie 
Tunnel,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (24) 

Hyde  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  McNeil  Island,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (8) 

Hylebo  Creek.  A small  stream  entering-  Commencement  Bay,  from  the 
southeast,  near  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (80) 
Hylebos.  A post  office  5 miles  northeast  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (2) 

Iceberg  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in  south  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Ice  Lakes.  Two  small  lakes  at  the  headwaters  of  Entiat  River,  in  the 
Entiat  Mountains,  in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Icicle  Creek.  A stream  heading  on  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  flowing 
southeast,  and  joining  Wenatchee  River  at  Leavenworth,  in  south- 
western Chelan  County.  (47) 

Icicle  Creek,  South  Fork.  (See  French  Creek). 

Idlewild.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  southeast  of  Bellingham, 
in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Ika  Island.  A small  island  in  Skagit  Bay,  south  of  LaConner,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County.  (5) 

Ilia  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  34  miles  above  Riparia,  in  Garfield 
and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Illabat  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  forks  of  upper  tributaries  of  Illabat 
Creek,  in  southeastern  Skagit  County.  (52) 

Ihvaco.  A town  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  and  on  the  line 
of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 
Image.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Vancouver,  in 
south  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  47  feet.  (Formerly  Russell 
Landing.)  (27) 

Independence.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  southwest 
of  Rochester,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County.  (2) 

Independence  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  south- 
west, near  the  Lewis-Grays  Harbor  county  line.  (27) 
Independence  Ridge.  A divide  east  of  upper  Chenuis  Creek,  north  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,300  feet. 
(69) 

Index.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  and  at  the  forks  of  Skykomish  River, 
38  miles  east  of  Everett,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  eleva- 
tion, 532  feet.  (1) 

Index  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River, 
from  the  south,  near  Baring,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 
Index  Mountain.  A mountain  immediately  south  of  the  town  of  Index, 
in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (Same  as  West  Index.) 

Indian.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  between  Elliott  and  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  127  feet. 


4 Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


165 


Indian.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  19  miles  south- 
east of  Almota,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County.  (67) 

Indian  Cove.  An  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Shaw  Island, 
opposite  Canoe  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Indian  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  White  River,  in  west  central 
Chelan  County.  (47) 

Indian  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Hawk  Creek,  from  the  east,  in 
north  central  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Indian  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton  River, 
east  of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground.  A park  on  the  southwest  slope  of 
Mount  Rainier,  northwest  of  Longmire,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Indian  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long1,  in  Clark  Fork,  3 miles  above 
Dalkena,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Indian  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
Sauk  and  White  rivers,  in  Chelan  and  Snohomish  counties;  eleva- 
tion, about  5,000  feet.  (72) 

Indian  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  West  Sound,  opposite  West 
Sound  Post  Office,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Indian  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  above  the  mouth  of 
John  Day  River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Indian  River.  A stream  entering  Elwha  River  from  the  west,  about  7 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  north  central  Clallam  County, 
outlet  of  Lake  Sutherland.  (19) 

Indian  Slough.  A short  slough  at  the  south  end  of  Padilla  Bay,  near 
Whitney,  in  western  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Indio.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in  south- 
eastern Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,392  feet.  (96) 

Ingalls  Creek.  A stream  flowing  from  Mount  Stuart  eastward  to 
Peshastin  Creek,  joining  the  latter  10  miles  south  of  Leavenworth, 
in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (78) 

Ingersoll.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  1 mile  south  of  Freeman,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,556  feet. 

Inglewood.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  7 miles 
south  of  Woodinville,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  43 
feet.  (1) 

Ingraham  Glacier.  A glacier  about  2%  miles  long,  northeast  of  Gibral- 
tar, on  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Inner  Passage.  A channel  between  Salmon  Bank  and  Cattle  Point,  San 
Juan  Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Inter  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  White  River,  north  of  Emmons 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Inter  Glacier.  A glacier  1%  miles  long,  between  Emmons  and  Winthrop 
glaciers,  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Interior.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles 
southeast  of  Almota,  in  south  central  Whitman  County.  (4) 
lone.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  52  miles  north- 
west of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  2,095 
feet.  (1) 

lone  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  northwest,  at  lone, 
in  northwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 


166  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Ipsut  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  4 miles  below 
the  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Ipsut  Pass.  A pass  at  the  head  of  Ipsut  Creek,  near  Crater  Lake,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Irby.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  west  of  Odessa,  in  southwestern 
Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,386  feet.  (1) 

Iron  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Cispus  River,  from  the  south,  in  south- 
eastern Lewis  County.  (1) 

Iron  Mountain.  A mountain  9 miles  southeast  of  Republic,  in  central 
Ferry  County;  elevation,  4,807  feet.  (71) 

Iron  Mountain.  A mountain  south  of  Skagit  River,  near  Hamilton,  in 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,886  feet.  (77) 

Iron  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Trout  and  Howard 
creeks,  northeast  of  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  ele- 
vation, 5,341  feet.  (72) 

Iron  Mountain.  A mountain  1%  miles  northeast  of  Granite  Falls,  in 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  1,085  feet.  (77) 

Iron  3Iountain.  A mountain  east  of  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground,  on 
the  southwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Irondale.  A town  on  the  shore,  about  4 miles  south  of  Port  Townsend, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Irvin.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Spokane,  in  central 
Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,001  feet.  (2) 

Isabella  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  2%  miles  south  of  Shelton,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (26) 

Island  County.  This  county  lies  between  Admiralty  Inlet  and  the  main- 
land on  the  east,  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  state.  It  is 
made  up  of  several  islands,  the  largest  being  Whidbey  and  Camano. 
Their  area  totals  208  square  miles.  The  country  is  level  and  slightly 
rolling  and  the  shores  are  deeply  indented  with  bays  and  harbors. 
The  mean  annual  range  of  temperature  from  January  to  July  is 
22°  F.  The  yearly  rainfall  is  generally  about  21  inches.  This 
county  had  6,487  inhabitants  on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  Census 
Bureau.  Dairying,  fruit,  and  vegetable  raising  are  the  chief  occu- 
pations. Salmon  fishing  is  also  an  extensive  industry.  Langley, 
the  largest  town,  and  Coupeville,  the  county  seat,  with  Oak  Harbor, 
constitute  the  more  important  towns  of  the  county. 

Island  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  north  of  Shelton,  in  central  Mason  County. 
(26) 

Island  Number  2.  An  island  1%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  5 miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Snake  River,  in  east  central  Benton  County.  (32) 
Island  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  about  12  miles  above  Beverly, 
in  Grant  and  Kittitas  counties.  (31) 

Island  Shoal.  Rock  islands  in  Columbia  River,  18  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Islandale.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in  southeast- 
ern San  Juan  County.  (4) 

Issaquah.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  about  12 
miles  east  of  the  southern  end  of  Seattle,  in  central  King  County; 
elevation,  97  feet.  (1) 

Issaquah  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Sammamish  Lake  at  its 
southern  end,  in  central  King  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


167 


Ives  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  23  miles  north  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  Lewis  and  Yakima  counties;  elevation,  about  7,900 
feet.  (38) 

Jack  Creek.  A tributary  of  Icicle  Creek,  from  the  south,  in  southwest- 
ern Chelan  County.  (47) 

Jack  Island.  A small  island  northeast  of  Guemes  Island,  in  northwest- 
ern Skagit  County.  (6) 

Jackman  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  north,  at  Van 
Horn,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Jackson.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles 
east  of  Starbuck,  in  northeastern  Columbia  County;  elevation,  1,057 
feet.  (4) 

Jaekson.  A village  on  the  west  side  of  Cowlitz  River,  1%  miles  south- 
west of  Castle  Rock,  in  west  central  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Jaekson  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  about  7 
miles  south  of  Quilcene,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Jaekson  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  upper  Hoh  River,  in 
north  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Jaekson  Prairie.  A prairie  of  several  square  miles,  4 miles  southeast 
of  Napavine,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Jaekson  Ridge.  A ridge  on  the  headwaters  of  Crooked  Fork,  in  south- 
ern Garfield  County.  (23) 

Jacobson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Naches  Branch),  5 miles  north- 
west of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (96) 

Jaeroux  Mill.  A village  about  20  miles  northwest  of  Goldendale,  in 
north  central  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Jagged  Islet.  A small  rocky  island  1%  miles  off  shore  and  7 miles 
north  of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam 
County;  elevation,  68  feet.  (5) 

James  Island.'  A small  island  % mile  south  of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute 
River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County;  elevation,  125  feet.  (5) 
James  Island.  An  island  in  Provost  Harbor,  on  the  north  side  of  Stuart 
Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

James  Island.  An  island  in  Rosario  Strait,  near  the  east  shore  of  De- 
catur Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

James  Lake.  A lake  on  Van  Horn  Creek,  about  9 miles  north  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,370  feet.  (69) 
Jameson  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Moses  Coulee,  in  central 
Douglas  County.  (2) 

Jamieson.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Medical 
Lake,  in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,382  feet.  (96) 

Janis.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  north  of  Okanogan,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  885  feet. 

Jared.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  29  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation, 
2,061  feet.  (4) 

Jasper  Lake.  A small  lake  near  Cowlitz  River,  about  11  miles  west  of 
Cowlitz  Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Jean.  A village  6 miles  east  of  Mansfield,  in  east  central  Douglas 
County.  (4) 

Jeannette  Heights.  A rocky  point  between  Edmunds  and  South  Mowich 
glaciers,  on  the  west  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 


168  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Jefferson.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  36  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane, in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,520  feet.  (4) 

Jefferson  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  Olympic  Peninsula,  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state,  and  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Its 
area  is  1,747  square  miles.  The  central  portion  of  the  county  con- 
tains the  main  peaks  of  the  Olympic  Range  and  is  exceedingly  rug- 
ged. The  western  part  of  the  county  is  dominated  by  a broad  plateau. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  49°  F.  and  the  mean  annual  range 
from  January  to  July  is  22°  F.  The  average  annual  precipitation 
is  -75  inches.  On  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  Census 
Bureau,  the  county  contained  9,987  people.  Lumbering  and  fishing 
are  the  greatest  industries  of  this  county,  but  dairying  and  stock 
raising  are  becoming  increasingly  important.  The  largest  city  and 
county  seat  is  Port  Townsend.  Other  important  towns  of  the  county 
are  Quilcene,  Port  Ludlow,  and  Chimacum. 

Jefferson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  from  the  south- 
west, in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Jefferson  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  4 miles 
south  of  Kingston,  in  northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Jericho.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Beverly, 
in  southern  Grant  County;  elevation,  about  527  feet.  (41) 

Jerita.  A station  on  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  south  of  La- 
crosse, in  southwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,566  feet.  (4) 
Jerry.  A post  office  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Asotin  County,  4 miles 
west  of  Asotin.  (1) 

Jim  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River, 
from  the  east,  near  Arlington,  in  northwestern  Snohomish  County. 
(58) 

Jim  Crow  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at 
Brookfield,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 

Jim  Crow  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  west 
of  Brookfield,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 

Joe  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  ocean  3 miles  south  of  Moclips, 
in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Joe  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Gold  Creek,  near  the  summit  of 
the  Cascades,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

John  Day  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  below  the  mouth 
of  John  Day  River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

John  Day  Rapids  (Middle)  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  1 mile  below 
the  mouth  of  John  Day  River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County. 
(32) 

John  Day  Rapids  (Upper).  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  at  the  mouth  of 
John  Day  River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

John’s  Butte.  A mountain  14  miles  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  near 
Fish  Lake,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  5,918  feet. 
(37) 

Johns  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  east  of  Stuart  Island 
and  north  of  San  Juan  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Johns  Pass.  A channel  between  Johns  and  Stuart  islands,  in  north- 
western San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Johns  River.  A river  entering  Grays  Harbor,  from  the  west,  at  Mark- 
ham, in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Johnson.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  south  of  Pullman,  in  south- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,629  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


169 


Johnson  Butte.  A mountain  in  Horse  Heaven  Hills,  9 miles  southwest 
of  Kennewick,  in  southeastern  Benton  County;  elevation,  2,043  feet. 
(63) 

Johnson  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Washington  Harbor,  from  the 
west,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Johnson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  southeast,  at 
Lewis  Post  Office,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Johnson  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Skookumchuck  River,  about  7 
miles  east  of  Tenino,  in  south  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 
Johnson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  west,  at 
Riverside,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Johnson  Creek.  A southwest  tributary  of  Sumas  River,  at  Sumas,  in 
northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Johnson  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Columbia  River,  from  the  west, 
near  Cohasset,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County.  (4) 

Johnson  Point.  A point  at  the  southeast  end  of  Sucia  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Johnson  Point.  A point  on  the  southern  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  east  of 
the  entrance  to  Henderson  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston  County. 
(26) 

Jonathan.  A post  office  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles 
northwest  of  Zillah,  in  east  central  Yakima  County.  (2) 

Jones  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  south  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  east  of 
Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Jones  Island.  An  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  % mile  west  of  the  south 
end  of  Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Jones  Lake.  A small  lake  % mile  south  of  Black  Diamond,  in  south 
central  King  County.  (80) 

Jordan  Lakes.  Two  small  lakes  at  the  head  of  Jordan  Creek,  in  east 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4,150  and  4,550  feet.  (52) 

Jorsteds  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Hood  Canal,  from  the  west, 
south  of  Eldon,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Josephine  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  upper  Huckleberry 
Creek,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Josephine,  Mount.  A mountain  5 miles  north  of  Hamilton,  in  north  cen- 
tral Skagit  County;  elevation,  3,860  feet.  (40) 

Josephs  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  14  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Kettle  River,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Joy.  A station  on  the  P.  S.  & W.  H.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  4 miles 
west  of  Chehalis,  in  west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  224  feet. 
Joy  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  northeast  of  Tolt,  in  north  central  King 
County.  (4) 

Joyce.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  16  miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
362  feet.  (19) 

Juan  de  Fuca  Strait.  A broad  channel  extending  eastward  from  the 
open  sea,  and  separating  Vancouver  Island  from  the  coast  of  Wash- 
ington on  the  south.  (1) 

Juanita.  A village  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  2 miles  north 
of  Kirkland,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Juanita  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  near  the 
north  end,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 


170  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashington  Geological  Survey 


Judd  Creek.  A small  stream  on  Vashon  Island,  entering-  Quartermaster 
Harbor  from  the  northwest,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 

Judson  Lake.  A lake  on  the  International  boundary,  about  4 miles  west 
of  Sumas,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Jug  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  northwest  of 
Cowlitz  Pass,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Jumbo  Mountain.  A mountain  4 miles  south  of  Darrington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,806  feet.  (77) 

Jumbo  Mountain.  A mountain  about  15  miles  west  of  Northport,  in 
northwestern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  about  4,500  feet.  (16) 
Jump-Off- Joe.  A low  mountain  in  Horse  Heaven  Hills,  7 miles  south 
of  Kennewick,  in  southeastern  Benton  County;  elevation,  2,196  feet. 
(63) 

Jump-Off-Joe  Lake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  southeast  of  Valley,  in 
southeastern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Junction  City.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  east  of  Cosmopolis, 
in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  10  feet.  (54) 
Junction  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River, 
from  the  northeast,  near  Poison  Landing,  in  southwestern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (54) 

June  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  near  Fairfax, 
in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Jungle  Butte.  A mountain  12  miles  southeast  of  Mount  Adams,  east  of 
Klickitat  River,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Juniper  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  Pine 
Creek  Valley  from  the  north,  near  Roosevelt,  in  eastern  Klickitat 
County.  (39) 

Juniper  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  the  western  head 
of  Tule  Canyon,  in  northeastern  Klickitat  County.  (86) 

Juniper  Mountain.  A ridge  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  northeastern  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Juniper  Spring.  A spring  in  Sec.  14,  T.  13  N.,  R.  24  E.,  on  the  northern 
boundary  of  Benton  County.  (65) 

Juno.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles  west 
of  Thornton,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,976  feet. 
(4) 

Kacliess  Lake.  A lake  6 miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  north  of  Easton, 
in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,226  feet.  (1) 

Kali  lotus.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 

& N.  Co.,  in  western  Franklin  County;  elevation,  891  feet.  (1) 
Kalalock  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  sea,  5 miles  north  of  the  mouth 
of  Queets  River,  in  southwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Kalama.  The  county  seat  of  Cowlitz  County,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  Co- 
lumbia River;  elevation,  21  feet.  (1) 

Kalama  River.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  east,  in  south- 
ern Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Kamiak  Mountain.  A mountain  5 miles  southwest  of  Palouse,  in  east 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  3,650  feet.  (67) 

Kamilehe.  A village  at  the  head  of  Skookum  Inlet,  6 miles  south  of 
Shelton,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Kanaika  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at 
Stevenson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


171 


Kanaka  Bay.  A small  bay  west  of  False  Bay,  in  southwestern  San  Juan 
County.  (6) 

Kanasket.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  21  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south 
central  King  County;  elevation,  845  feet.  (4) 

Kane.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  1 mile  north  of  Prairie,  in  northwest- 
ern Skagit  County;  elevation,  270  feet. 

Kanem  Point.  A point  at  the  west  end  of  Protection  Island,  in  north- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Kangley.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Palmer  Junction, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  958  feet.  (4) 

Kanik.su  National  Forest.  A forest  located  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  state,  and  extending  into  Idaho.  In  Washington  it  is  all  con- 
tained in  Pend  Oreille  County,  embracing  258,776  acres.  The  office 
of  the  supervisor  is  at  Newport.  (1) 

Kapowsin.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  23 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  630 
feet.  (1) 

Kapowsin  Lake.  A lake  about  2^  miles  long,  at  Kapowsin,  in  central 
Pierce  County.  (25) 

Karamin.  A station  on  the  S.  & B.  C.  Ry.,  17  miles  north  of  Republic, 
in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (16) 

Kashukuddib  Point.  A point  on  the  coast,  about  10  miles  east  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Kautz  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  southwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Kautz  Glacier.  A narrow  glacier,  about  3^  miles  long,  on  the  southern 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Kearney  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Newaukum  River,  from  the  east, 
near  Alpha,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Keechelus.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  near  the  north  end  of 
Keechelus  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,531 
feet.  (4) 

Keechelus  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  long,  at  the  head  of  Yakima  River, 
near  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation, 
2,458  feet.  (1) 

Keller.  A town  on  Sanpoil  River,  8 miles  from  Columbia  River,  in  south- 
ern Ferry  County.  (1) 

Kellett  Bluff.  A headland  at  the  south  end  of  Henry  Island,  in  west 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Kellett  Ledge.  A rock  in  Rosario  Strait,  near  the  southeastern  shore 
of  Lopez  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Kelley  Creek.  A tributary  of  Martin  Creek,  near  Cascade  Tunnel,  in 
northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Kelley  Hollow.  A small  valley  with  intermittent  stream,  entering 
Wenas  Valley  from  the  northeast,  in  north  central  Yakima  County. 
(51) 

Kelly  Island.  An  island  in  Clark  Fork,  at  Newport,  on  the  boundary 
line  between  Washington  and  Idaho.  (90) 

Kellys  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  1 mile 
west  of  Ashford,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 


172  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Kelso.  This  town  is  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Cowlitz  County, 
on  Cowlitz  River,  10  miles  north  of  Kalama.  It  has  an  altitude  of 
26  feet.  It  has  four  saw  mills  and  two  shingle  plants.  It  is  served 
by  the  G.  N.  and  N.  P.  railways  and  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  Boats 
run  to  Portland  and  Astoria.  The  region  tributary  is  occupied  in 
fruit  growing,  dairying  and  general  farming.  Large  amounts  of 
smelt  are  shipped  from  here.  The-  population  in  1910  was  2,039. 

Kendall.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  11  miles  south- 
east of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  447  feet. 
(1) 

Kendall  Peak.  A mountain  2 miles  northeast  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  about  5,300  feet.  (74) 

Kenmore.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  north  end  of  Lake  Wash- 
ington, in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Kennedy  Creek.  A stream  in  Thurston  and  Mason  counties,  rising  in 
Crooked  Lake  and  emptying  into  Totten  Inlet.  (4) 

Kennewick.  This  town  is  located  on  Columbia  River,  in  east  central 
Benton  County.  The  altitude  is  355  feet.  The  transportation  facili- 
ties are  excellent.  It  is  on  the  lines  of  the  N.  P.  and  S.  P.  & S. 
railways  and  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  The  town  has  a flour  mill, 
an  electric  plant,  box  factory,  broom  factory,  cold  storage  and  bot- 
tling works,  grape  juice  factory,  sheet  metal  works,  and  a planing 
mill.  Its  population  in  1910  was  1,219. 

Kennydale.  A town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  3 miles  north  of  Renton,  in  west 
central  King  County;  elevation,  223  feet.  (4) 

Kenova.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Malden, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,980  feet.  (4) 

Kent.  A town  in  White  River  Valley,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  King 
County,  about  midway  between  Seattle  and  Tacoma.  It  has  an 
altitude  of  42  feet.  Its  transportation  facilities  are  excellent,  since 
it  is  located  on  all  of  the  main  line  railways  that  serve  Seattle  and 
Tacoma.  Among  its  industries  it  has  three  sawmills,  a shingle  mill, 
a wire  factory,  a milk  condensery,  and  a bed  factory.  The  tributary 
country  is  occupied  in  dairying  and  farming.  The  town  had  a popu- 
lation of  1,908  in  1910. 

Kerns.  A village  one  mile  north  of  Woodland,  in  south  central  Cowlitz 
County.  (27) 

Kerriston.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (terminus  of  Green  River  Branch), 
19  miles  north  of  Palmer  Junction,  in  central  King  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,214  feet.  (1) 

Ketchum,  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  north  of  Stanwood,  in  northwest- 
ern Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Ketron.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Steilacoom,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (97) 

Ketron  Island.  An  island  in  Puget  Sound,  near  Steilacoom,  in  west  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (8) 

Kettle  Falls.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Colville  River, 
in  west  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,307  feet.  (1) 

Kettle  Falls.  Two  falls  in  Columbia  River,  *4  mile  apart,  2 miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Kettle  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Kettle  River.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  west,  rising  in 
British  Columbia,  flowing  through  northern  Ferry  County,  and  join- 
ing the  Columbia  at  Marcus.  (1) 


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173 


Kettle  River  Range.  A range  of  mountains  extending  north  and  south, 
in  northeastern  Ferry  County;  maximum  elevation,  about  7,200  feet. 
(16) 

Keyport.  A town  at  the  entrance  to  Liberty  Bay,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (4) 

Keystone.  A town  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Adams  County,  on  the 
N.  P.  Ry. ; elevation,  1,942  feet.  (1) 

Ki  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  west  of  English  station,  in  northwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Kibbler.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,418  feet. 

Kickerville.  A village  about  5 miles  west  of  Enterprise,  in  northwestern 
Whatcom  County;  elevation,  213  feet.  (42) 

Kiel.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Colville,  in  central 
Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,557  feet.  (Orin  Post  Office.)  (1) 
Kierman.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Vancouver, 
in  southeastern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  48  feet. 

Kiesling.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,532  feet.  (4) 
lvilisut  Harbor.  A narrow  bay  between  Marrowstone  Island  and  the 
mainland  on  the  west,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5; 
Killarney,  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  southwest  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (80) 

Kimball  Creek.  A tributary  of  Money  Creek,  2 miles  from  Berlin,  in 

northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

# 

King  County.  This  county  lies  in  west  central  Washington  and  extends 
from  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. Its  total  area  is  2,111  square  miles.  Its  topography  is  varied, 
containing  many  valleys,  wide  plateaus  and  high  mountains.  The 
county  contains  several  important  lakes,  the  largest  being  Lake 
Washington.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  48°  F.,  while  the 
mean  annual  range  is  about  29°  F.  The  yearly  rainfall  for  the 
county  is  near  60  inches,  the  major  portion  falling  during  December, 
January  and  February.  The  county  had  a population  of  394,397 
people  on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  the  Census.  Agriculture,  lumbering,  manufacturing,  commerce, 
and  fishing  are  the  chief  lines  of  industry.  Lumber  and  shingle 
mills,  shipyards,  wood  product  factories,  feed  and  cereal  mills,  pack- 
ing plants,  machine  shops,  foundries,  clay  product  plants,  milk  con- 
denseries,  canneries,  cracker,  candy,  and  shoe  factories,’  are  among 
the  many  concerns  occupied  in  manufacturing.  The  location  of  the 
county  and  its  chief  cities  enable  it  to  dominate  the  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  state.  Seattle  is  the  largest  city  and  the  county  seat. 
A list  of  other  important  towns  in  the  county  includes  Renton,  Black 
Diamond,  Kent,  Enumclaw,  Auburn,  Bothel,  Newcastle,  Redmond, 
Kirkland,  Issaquah,  Pacific,  Skykomish,  Taylor,  and  North  Bend.  (1) 
King  Mountain.  A low  mountain  about  3 miles  northeast  of  Bellingham, 
in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  521  feet.  (79) 

King  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  plateau,  10  miles  southeast  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  4,710  feet. 
(37) 

Kings  Spit.  A sandy  point  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  8 miles 
north  of  Seabeck,  in  northwestern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Kingston.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  in  northeastern 
Kitsap  County.  (1) 


174  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Kinney  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sumas  River,  from  the  east,  4 miles  south 
of  Sumas,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Kioun.  A town  in  the  central  part  of  Benton  County,  on  Yakima  River 
and  the  N.  P.  Ry. ; elevation,  514  feet.  (63) 

Kipling;.  A village  8 miles  southwest  of  Chesaw,  in  northeastern  Oka- 
nogan County;  elevation,  3,692  feet.  (62) 

Kirkland.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  opposite  the 
north  end  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (1) 

Kirtley  Lake.  A small  lake  east  of  Lake  Tapps,  northeast  of  Sumner, 
in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Kitsap  County.  This  county  lies  in  west  central  Washington,  in  the 
central  part  of  Puget  Sound  Basin.  It  has  an  area  of  371  square 
miles.  The  country  is  generally  rolling  and  has  a number  of  val- 
leys, benches  and  plateaus.  Deeply  indented  islands  compose  a part 
of  the  county.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  51°  F.,  while  the 
mean  annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  22°  F.  The  yearly 
precipitation  is  41  inches.  The  county  was  named  after  an  Indian 
chief,  the  word  Kitsap  meaning  “brave.”  The  Census  Bureau  esti- 
mated that  the  population  on  July  1,  1916,  was  24,487.  Lumbering 
and  manufacturing  of  wood  products  are  important  industries. 
Fishing,  poultry  raising  and  truck  farming  are  followed,  while 
stock  raising,  shipyards  and  creosoting  plants  occupy  the  attention 
of  many  people.  Bremerton  is  the  largest  town  and  Port  Orchard 
is  the  county  seat.  Other  important  centers  are  Charleston,  Poulsbo, 
ManetteT  Colby,  Port  Blakely,  and  Port  Gamble.  (1) 

Kitsap,  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  west  of  Bremerton,  in  south  central 
Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Kittitas.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Ellensburg, 
in  east  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,646  feet.  (1) 

Kittitas  County.  This  county  lies  near  the  center  of  the  state,  between 
the  summit  of  the  Cascades  and  Columbia  River.  The  area  of  the 
county  is  2,329  square  miles.  The  northwestern  portion  of  it  is 
rugged  and  mountainous.  Prairies  and  low  hills  make  up  the  rest 
of  the  region.  A broad,  fertile  valley  dominates  the  central  portion. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  46°  F.,  and  the  mean  annual  range 
from  January  to  July  is  near  42°.  The  annual  rainfall  averages  25 
inches.  The  county  derives  its  name  from  the  Indian  word  meaning 
“gray  gravel  bank.”  The  population,  as  estimated  by  the  Census 
Bureau,  was  24,130  on  July  1,  1916.  Farming  and  coal  mining  are 
the  leading  industries,  while  lumbering  and  gold  mining  rank  next 
in  importance.  Ellensburg  is  the  largest  city  and  county  seat.  Cle 
Elum,  Easton,  Kittitas,  Roslyn,  and  Thorp  are  all  important  and 
prosperous  towns.  (1) 

Klaber.  A post  office  about  13  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Klapatche  Ridge.  A divide  between  North  and  South  Puyallup  rivers, 
west  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation, 
6,076  feet.  (69) 

Klatchopis  Point.  A point  on  the  coast,  about  8 V2  miles  east  of  Cape 
Flattery,  and  near  Neah  Bay.  (5) 

Klickitat.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  (Goldendale  Branch),  14  miles 
northeast  of  Lyle,  in  west  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  440 
feet.  (1) 


1 Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


175 


Klickitat  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  south  central  part  of  the 
state,  with  Columbia  River  as  its  southern  boundary.  It  has  an 
area  of  1,825  square  miles.  The  county  is  mountainous  in  its  west- 
ern part,  but  the  remainder  of  the  section  is  made  up  of  rolling 
plains  and  plateaus  dissected  by  numerous  valleys.  The  mean  an- 
nual temperature  is  50°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  from  January  to 
July  is  37°  F.  The  annual  rainfall  is  generally  less  than  20  inches. 
The  Indian  name  which  the  county  bears  means  “robber.”  Agri- 
culture and  horticulture  form  the  main  industries.  There  is  also 
some  salmon  fishing  in  the  river,  and  a considerable  amount  of  lum- 
bering. Goldendale  is  the  county  seat  and  largest  town.  White 
Salmon,  Bickleton,  Lyle,  Guler,  Centerville,  Glenwood,  Maryhill,  and 
Trout  Lake  are  other  important  centers. 

Klickitat  Creek.  A tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  from  the  east,  in  cen- 
tral Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Klickitat  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  near 
Mayfield,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Klickitat  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  heading 
near  Chinook  Pass,  on  the  Cascade  summit,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Klickitat  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Klickitat  River,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Klickitat  River, 
northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 
Klickton  Divide.  An  east-west  divide,  separating  headwaters  of  Tieton 
and  Klickitat  rivers,  near  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima 
County.  (37) 

Kline.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Sprague,  in 
southeastern  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,113  feet.  (4) 

Klipsan  Beach.  A town  on  the  ocean  front  and  on  the  line  of  the 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles  south  of  Nahcotta,  in  west  central 
Pacific  County.  (1) 

Kloochman  Rock.  A mountain  2 miles  east  of  the  confluence  of  North 
and  South  forks  of  Tieton  River,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 
(38) 

Klum.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  west  of  Dayton,  in  west  cen- 
tral Columbia  County;  elevation,  1,521  feet.  (4) 

Knapp.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  north  of  Vancouver,  in  west- 
ern Clarke  County;  elevation,  61  feet.  (64) 

Knapp  Coulee.  An  old  valley  with  an  intermittent  stream,  connecting 
the  lower  end  of  Lake  Chelan  with  Columbia  River,  in  east  central 
Chelan  County.  (46) 

Knappton.  A town  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  in  south  cen- 
tral Pacific  County.  (1) 

Knapsack  Pass.  A pass  over  Mother  Mountain,  at  the  head  of  Cataract 
Creek,  east  of  Crater  Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Knob.  A post  office  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Winlock,  in  south  cen- 
tral Lewis  County.  (1) 

Knob  Island.  A small  island  northwest  of  Shaw  Island,  and  southwest 
of  Crane  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Knowlton.  A post  office  8 miles  northwest  of  Brewster,  in  south  central 
Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Koitlah  Point.  A point  on  the  coast,  5 miles  east  of  Cape  Flattery,  in 
northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 


176  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Konah.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Oakesdale,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,412  feet. 

Koont*  Coulee.  A coulee  extending  for  several  miles  from  Ringold  to 
the  northeast,  in  west  central  Franklin  County.  (30) 

Kopiah.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  Eastern  Ry.  & Lumber  Co.,  about 
10  miles  east  of  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County;  eleva- 
tion, 305  feet.  (1) 

Kosmos.  A village  on  Cowlitz  River,  10  miles  southeast  of  Morton,  in 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  751  feet.  (1) 

Kotsuck  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  Chinook  Creek,  heading  on 
the  slopes  of  Cowlitz  Chimneys,  east  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  south- 
eastern Pierce  County.  (69) 

Kountze.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  northwest  of  Ellensburg, 
in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,770  feet.  (96) 

Krain.  A village  2%  miles  north  of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Kreger  Lake.  A small  lake  about  6 miles  west  of  Eatonville,  in  south 
central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Krueger  Mountain.  A mountain  west  of  Osoyoos  Lake,  in  north  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,890  feet.  (62) 

Krupp.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  30  miles  east  of  Ephrata,  in  east  cen- 
tral Grant  County;  elevation,  1,315  feet.  (1) 

Kruse.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Everett,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County. 

Kulo  Kala  Point.  A small  headland  half  way  between  New  Dungeness 
Bay  and  Washington  Harbor,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (5) 
Kuhns  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  about  10  miles  southeast  of  Sedro 
Woolley,  in  west  central  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  4,089 
feet.  (58) 

Kulzer.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  10  miles  south  of  Chewelah,  in  south 
central  Stevens  County. 

Kummer.  A town  on  Green  River  and  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  2 miles  south 
of  Black  Diamond,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  644  feet. 
(4) 

Kyro.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  south  of  Nisqually,  in  east 
central  Thurston  County.  (97) 

La  Bohn  Gap.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River  and  Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum 
River,  in  King  and  Kittitas  counties.  (12) 

Lacamas  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Muck  Creek,  at  Roy,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

LaCamas  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  northeast,  near 
Vader,  in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

LaCamas  Lake.  A narrow  lake,  2 miles  long,  on  LaCamas  Creek,  1 
mile  north  of  Camas,  in  southeastern  Clarke  County.  (27) 

La  Center.  A post  office  on  South  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  6*4  miles  north- 
east of  Ridgefield,  in  northwestern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  250 
feet. 

Lacey.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Olympia,  in  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  184  feet.  (1) 

Laconia.  A village  in  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  Coun- 
ty; elevation,  3,010  feet. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


i i 


LaConner.  A town  on  Skagit  Bay,  southwest  of  Mount  Yernon,  in 
southwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Lacrosse.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles 
south  of  Winona,  in  west  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,472 
feet.  (1) 

Ladd.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  about 
14  miles  north  of  Morton,  in  north  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 
Ladow.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Garfield,  in 
east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,583  feet. 

Ladow  Butte.  A butte  6 miles  north  of  Palouse,  in  east  central  Whit- 
man County;  elevation,  3,302  feet.  (67) 

Ladu.  A village  on  Columbia  River,  about  5 miles  southwest  of  Kelso, 
in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Lady  Island.  An  island  2 miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near  Camas, 
in  southeastern  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Lagrande.  A town  on  Nisqually  River  and  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry. 
(C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  37  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  942  feet.  (1) 

Lake.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  north- 
western King  County;  elevation,  41  feet.  (4) 

Lake  Bay.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Lake  Creek.  A tributary  of  Entiat  River,  from  the  east,  in  central 
Chelan  County.  (46) 

Lake  Creek.  A tributary  of  Wenatchee  River,  heading  in  some  lakes  on 
the  Cascade  summit,  in  west  central  Chelan  County.  (72) 

Lake  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  north,  about  7 
miles  north  of  Forks,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County,  outlet  of 
Lake  Tyee.  (19) 

Lake  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  south,  east  of 
Klaber,  in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Lake  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Packwood  Lake,  northeast  of  Lewis  Post 
Office,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Lake  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Crab  Creek,  from  the  northeast,  in 
central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Lake  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Pearrygin  Lake,  iy2  miles  northeast  of  Win- 
throp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (93) 

Lake  Creek.  The  principal  western  headwater  of  Chewack  Creek,  in 
northwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Lake  Creek.  An  upper  headwater  of  Pilchuck  Creek,  the  outlet  of  Cava- 
naugh Lake,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Lake  Creek.  A small  southwestern  tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  near  Spo- 
kane, in  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Lake  Crescent.  A post  office  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Crescent,  in  north 
central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Lake  Cushman.  A post  office  10  miles  northwest  of  Hoodsport,  in  north- 
western Mason  County;  elevation,  570  feet.  (1) 

Lake  Forest  Park.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  on  Lake  Washington, 
19  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Lake  River.  The  outlet  of  Vancouver  Lake,  on  the  flood-plain  of  Co- 
lumbia River,  north  of  Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 

Lake  Stevens.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Stevens,  9 Ms 
miles  northwest  of  Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (2) 


178  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Lakedale.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Roslyn  Branch),  and  on  Cle 
Elum  Lake,  7 miles  northwest  of  Cle  Elum,  in  west  central  Kittitas 
County.  (1) 

Lakeside.  A town  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  1 mile  west  of 
the  mouth  of  the  lake,  in  east  central  Chelan  County;  elevation, 
1,091  feet.  (46) 

Lakeside.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Cheney, 
in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,409  feet.  (4) 
Lakeview.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  277  feet.  (1) 

Lakeview  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  14  miles 
northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  Lewis  and  Yakima  counties;  eleva- 
tion, 6,661  feet.  (37) 

Lakewood.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles  north  of  Everett, 
in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (English  Station.)  (1) 

Lakota.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  near  the  Pierce 
County  line,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (2) 

Lamar.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  853  feet.  (1) 

Lambert  Creek.  A tributary  of  Curlew  Creek,  from  the  east,  near  the 
foot  of  Curlew  Lake,  in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Lambert  Mountain.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  12%  miles 
southeast  of  Curlew,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation, 
about  6,500  feet.  (16) 

Lamberton.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  2 miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
43  feet.  (79) 

Lamona.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  southwest  of  Harrington, 
in  south  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,790  feet.  (1) 

Lamont.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  northwestern  Whitman 
County;  elevation,  1,947  feet.  (1) 

Lancaster.  A post  office  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11 
miles  northeast  of  Winona,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
1,819  feet.  (Willada  Station.)  (1) 

Landers  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  southeast  of 
Kosmos,  in  south  central  Lewis  County.  (15) 

Landsburg.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  28  miles  east  of  Seattle, 
in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  535  feet.  (4) 

Landslide  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  30  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Spokane  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Langiel  Peak.  A peak  between  the  headwaters  of  McCoy  Creek  and 
Lewis  River,  in  north  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Langley.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  opposite  the 
southern  end  of  Camano  Island,  in  Island  County.  (1) 

Langley  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island,  at  the 
south  end  of  Burrows  Bay,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 
Langley  Hill.  A hill  on  the  low  plain  5 miles  north  of  North  Bay,  in 
west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  257  feet.  (60) 
Langley  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island,  near  the 
west  end  of  Deception  Pass,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (5) 
Lantz.  A post  office  in  eastern  Adams  County,  near  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,590  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashington 


179 


Le  Pierre  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  6 y2  miles  above  Bridge- 
port, in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Lapush.  An  Indian  village  on  Quillayute  Indian  Reservation,  at  the 
mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 
Larkin.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  1 y2  miles  north  of  Freeman, 
in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,526  feet. 

Lasts.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  below  Wallula, 
in  Benton  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (83) 

Latah.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  42  miles  south- 
east of  Spokane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,442 
feet.  (1) 

Latah  Creek.  A stream  of  south  central  Spokane  County,  flowing  north- 
westward, and  joining  Spokane  River  at  Spokane.  (1) 

Lauer.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  ( Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
16  miles  west  of  Marcellus,  in  northwestern  Adams  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,620  feet. 

Laughingwater  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Ohanapecosh  River, 
in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Laurel.  A post  office  about  20  miles  north  of  White  Salmon,  in  north- 
western Klickitat  County;  elevation,  1,900  feet.  (4) 

Laurel.  A village  7 miles  north  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  What- 
com County;  elevation,  83  feet.  (79) 

Laurel  Hill.  A ridge  with  a maximum  elevation  of  3,770  feet,  4 miles 
southwest  of  Malaga,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County.  (55) 

Laurier.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Kettle  River,  at  the  International 
boundary,  in  northeastern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,644  feet.  (1) 
Lava  Creek.  A northwestern  headwater  of  Little  White  Salmon  River, 
in  southeastern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Lava  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in 
southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Lavender.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  southeast  of 
Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,100  feet.  (4) 
Lavista.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  west  of  Malden, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,805  feet.  (4) 
Lawrence.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Lawrence,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  6 miles  southeast  of  Rainier, 
in  southeastern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  425  feet.  (45) 
Lawrence  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  Orcas  Island,  in  east  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lawson.  A town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  1 mile  east  of  Black  Diamond,  in 
south  central  King  County;  elevation,  888  feet.  (4) 

Lawson  Bluff.  A bluff  on  the  west  shore  of  Sucia  Island,  in  north  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lawson  Reef.  A reef  in  Rosario  Strait,  about  2 y2  miles  west  of  Decep- 
tion Pass,  in  west  central  Island  County.  (6) 

Lawson  Rock.  A rock  in  Thatcher  Pass,  south  of  Blakely  Island,  in 
southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lawton,  Fort.  A fort  on  Magnolia  Bluff,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Leadbetter  Point.  A sandy  point  south  of  the  entrance  to  Willapa  Bay, 
in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 


180  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 


Leader  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  west  of  Okanogan,  in  central 
Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Leahy.  A post  office  in  northeastern  Douglas  County,  21  miles  north- 
east of  Mansfield.  (4) 

Leavenworth.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  the  south  central  part  of 
Chelan  County.  The  surrounding  country  is  rugged  and  mountain- 
ous. The  altitude  is  1,165  feet.  The  town  has  a large  saw  mill,  with 
planers  and  a box  factory.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,551.  (1) 

Lebam.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend,  in 
central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  189  feet.  (1) 

Le  Clare  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  northeast,  east 
of  Ruby,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Ledbeder.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  13  miles 
west  of  Kennewick,  in  east  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  555 
feet.  (4) 

Lee.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in  north 
central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,115  feet.  (4) 

Lee  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Crater  Creek,  northwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Leech  Lake.  A lake  on  a headwater  of  Clear  Creek,  in  White  Pass,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Leese.  A post  office  15  miles  east  of  Tonasket,  on  Bonaparte  Creek, 
in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (2) 

LeGrow.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast  of  Attalia,  in 
west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  658  feet.  (4) 

Leland.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  south  of  Port  Townsend,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Lemanasky  Lake.  A small  lake  9 miles  south  of  Loomis,  in  north  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Lemanasky  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  south  of  Loomis,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,206  feet.  (48) 

Lemolo.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 y2  miles  west  of  Eagle  Gorge,  in 
south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Lena  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  from  the  north,  in 
Jefferson  and  Mason  counties.  (19) 

Lena,  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Lena  Creek,  west  of  Duckabush, 
in  southeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Lennox  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  6 miles  southwest  of  Sky- 
komish,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  about  5,800  feet. 
(72) 

Lenora.  A village  on  the  east  side  of  Clark  Fork,  2 miles  above  Usk, 
in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Lenox.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  29  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,576  feet.  (4) 

Leon.  A village  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  southeast  of  Uniontown,  in 
southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,593  feet.  (67) 

Leona,  Mount.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  11  miles  south- 
east of  Curlew,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  about  6,600 
feet.  (16) 

Leshers  Island.  An  island  % mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Kettle  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


181 


Leslie.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  west 
of  Kennewick,  in  east  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  492  feet. 
(63) 

Lester.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  44  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  southeast- 
ern King-  County;  elevation,  1,611  feet.  (1) 

Lester  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  south,  near  Lester, 
in  southeastern  King-  County.  (74) 

Levering.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Hanford  Branch),  4 
miles  south  of  Beverly  Junction,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County; 
elevation,  520  feet. 

Levey.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  14  miles  east  of  Pasco,  in  south- 
ern Franklin  County;  elevation,  454  feet.  (4) 

Lewis.  A post  office  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  35  miles  east  of  Morton, 
in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (Same  as  Sulphur  Springs.)  (1) 
Lewis  County.  This  county  occupies  the  central  part  of  southwestern 
Washington.  Its  area  is  2,369  square  miles.  The  country  is  rolling 
and  hilly  in  the  western  section,  but  very  mountainous  in  the  eastern 
half  of  the  county.  The  central  portion  is  cut  up  by  many  valleys. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  51°  F.,  while  the  annual  range 
from  January  to  July  is  26°  F.  This  was  the  first  county  created 
in  the  territory  and  was  named  after  the  explorer.  The  estimated 
population,  as  given  by  the  Census  Bureau,  for  July  1,  1916,  was 
42,795.  Lumbering-  is  the  greatest  industry.  Agriculture,  such  as 
hop-growing,  and  dairying,  are  followed  by  many  people.  There 
are  important  coal  mines  east  of  Centralia.  The  largest  town  is 
Centralia  and  the  county  seat  is  Chehalis.  Other  towns  of  import- 
ance are  Winlock,  Pe  Ell,  Vader,  Mendota,  Napavine,  Morton,  Min- 
eral, Mossyrock,  Silver  Creek,  Doty,  Dryad,  and  Littell.  (1) 

Lewis  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  from 
the  south,  near  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County. 
(72) 

Lewis  Horn.  A tributary  of  Parker  Horn,  on  the  east  side  of  Moses 
Lake,  in  central  Grant  County.  (57) 

Lewis  River,  South  Fork.  A river  flowing  from  east  to  west,  draining 
the  central  part  of  Clarke  County  and  uniting  with  North  Fork,  3 
miles  north  of  Ridgefield.  (1) 

Lewiston  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  at  Clarkston,  in  northeastern 
Asotin  County.  (36) 

Lewisville.  A village  3 miles  northwest  of  Battle  Ground,  in  central 
Clarke  County.  (27) 

Lexington.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Cowlitz  River,  opposite 
Ostrander,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Libby  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  about  9 miles  north 
of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Liberty.  A village  on  Swauk  Creek,  15  miles  northeast  of  Cle  Elum,  in 
north  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,412  feet.  (1) 

Liberty  Bay.  An  extension  of  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  to  the  northwest,  in 
central  Kitsap  County.  (Same  as  Dog  Fish  Bay.)  (5) 

Liberty  Cap.  The  northwestern  dome  or  summit  of  Mount  Rainier,  and 
distant  about  1 mile  from  the  highest  point;  elevation,  14,112  feet. 
(69) 

Liberty  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Liberty  Lake  from  the  south, 
in  east  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 


182  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Liberty  Lake.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Liberty  Lake,  about  16 
miles  east  of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation, 
2,070  feet.  (1) 

Liberty  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  east  of  Spokane,  near  the  state  line, 
in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,054  feet.  (75) 

Liberty  Ridge.  A rock  cleaver  extending  from  Willis  Wall  southward 
into  Carbon  Glacier,  on  the  north  side  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east 
central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Lichtenberg  Mountain.  A peak  near  the  Cascade  summit,  3 miles  north 
of  Stevens  Pass,  in  west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  5,920  feet. 
(72) 

Liehty.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southeast  of  Sunnyside,  in 
southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  739  feet.  (66) 

Licking.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Lightning  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  from  the  west, 

7 miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County. 
(76) 

Lightning  Creek.  A northeastern  headwater  of  Skagit  River,  in  north- 
eastern Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Lillian  River.  A tributary  of  Elwha  River  from  the  east,  entering 
about  21  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  south  central  Clal- 
lam County.  (19) 

Lilliwaup.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  in  north  central 
Mason  County.  (1) 

Lilliwaup  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  opposite 
Dewatto,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Lilliwaup  Creek.  A stream  entering  Hood  Canal  from  the  northwest, 
at  Lilliwaup,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Lily  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Carbon  River  from  the  south,  near 
Carbonado,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Lily  Lake.  A small  lake  near  Clear  Fork  of  Cowlitz  River,  4 miles  west 
of  White  Pass,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Limestone  Junction.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.), 

8 miles  southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  ele- 
vation, 523  feet. 

Limestone  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lincoln.  A post  office  12  miles  northeast  of  Hartline,  in  northern  Grant 
County.  (4) 

Lincoln  County.  This  county  lies  in  east  central  Washington,  west  of 
Spokane  County.  Its  area  is  2,302  square  miles.  The  country  is 
rolling,  with  an  occasional  coulee  or  canyon.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  is  40°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  between  January  and 
July  is  36°  F.  The  yearly  rainfall  averages  16  inches.  The  Census 
Bureau  estimated  that  the  population  on  July  1,  1916,  was  21,042. 
Wheat  raising  constitutes  the  main  industry.  Other  grains  are  also 
raised  and  fruit  growing  is  attempted  with  success.  Davenport  is 
the  leading  town  and  county  seat.  Others  of  importance  are  Odessa, 
Sprague,  Wilbur,  Reardan,  Harrington,  Almira,  Creston,  and  Edwall. 
(1) 

Lincoln  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  west,  north  of 
Eagleton,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Lincoln,  Mount.  A peak  3 miles  northwest  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north- 
western Mason  County.  (19) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  W ashington 


183 


Lincoln  Plateau.  A plateau  between  headwaters  of  Toppenish  Creek 
and  Klickitat  River,  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern 
Yakima  County.  (37) 

Lind.  A town  in  the  central  part  of  Adams  County,  at  the  crossing-  of 
the  N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways;  elevation,  1,363  feet.  (1) 

Lind  Coulee.  A shallow  valley,  occupied  by  an  intermittent  stream, 
heading  near  Ritzville,  and  joining  Crab  Creek  at  the  border  line 
of  Adams  and  Grant  counties.  (1) 

Lindberg.  A post  office  about  5 miles  northeast  of  Morton,  in  central- 
Lewis  County.  (Glenavon  Station.)  (2) 

Linie  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  northeast  of  Metaline  Falls,  in  north 
central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Linne  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  south, 
in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Lion  Gulch.  A gulch  and  stream,  tributary  of  Williams  Creek,  near 
Liberty,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Lisabeula.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Yashon  Island,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (4) 

Litliow.  A village  on  North  Fork  of  Toutle  River,  22 y2  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Castle  Rock,  in  north  central  Cowlitz  County;  eleva- 
tion, 745  feet.  (4) 

Littell.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Chehalis,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  190  feet.  (2) 

Little  Beaver  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  in  north- 
eastern Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Little  Bonaparte  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Bonaparte  Creek, 
south  of  Mount  Bonaparte,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 
Little  Boulder  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  at  its 
northern  end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Little  Chamokane  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Spokane  River,  im- 
mediately west  of  Chamokane  Creek,  in  south  central  Stevens 
County.  (29) 

Little  Chums  tick  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Chumstick  Creek,  in 
central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Little  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  south,  east  of 
Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Little  Dalles.  A village  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  about 
4 miles  south  of  Northport,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (16) 
Little  Dalles.  Narrows  and  rapids  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  16 
miles  below  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens 
County.  (31) 

Little  Deer  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Deer  Creek,  east  of  Chat- 
taroy,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Little  Falls  Power  Plant.  A power  plant  and  village  at  the  lower  end 
of  Long  Lake,  on  Spokane  River,  in  northeastern  Lincoln  County. 
(94) 

Little  Goose  Island.  An  island  in  Snake  River,  5 miles  above  Riparia, 
in  Columbia  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Little  Goose  Island  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  5 miles  above 
Riparia,  in  Columbia  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (35) 

Little  Hoquiam  River.  A tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River, 
from  the  west,  near  Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  Coun- 
ty. (54) 


Bulletin  No.  17,  MV  ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Little  Kachess  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long-,  north  of  Kachess  Lake  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Little  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  south  of  Maltby,  in  southwestern  Sno- 
homish County.  (73) 

Little  Loup  Loup  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Loup  Loup  Creek  in 
central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Little  Mashel  River.  A southern  headwater  of  Mashel  River,  northeast 
of  Alder,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Little  Mount  Adams.  A peak  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,815  feet.  (37) 

Little  Mountain.  A hill  about  4 miles  southwest  of  Friday  Harbor,  in 
west  central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  476  feet.  (6) 

Little  Muddy  Creek.  A southern  headwater  of  West  Fork  of  Klickitat 
River,  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Little  Nisqually  River.  A tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  from  the  south, 
near  Alder,  in  Pierce  and  Lewis  counties.  (20) 

Little  North  River.  A northern  tributary  of  North  River,  near  Cos- 
mopolis,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Little  Pine  Tree  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  13  miles  below  Clarks- 
ton,  in  Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Little  Quilcene  River.  A river  entering  the  head  of  Quilcene  Bay,  from 
the  northwest,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Little  Rattlesnake  Creek.  A southwestern  tributary  of  lower  Rattle- 
snake Creek,  near  Nile,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Little  River.  A stream  entering  Elwha  River,  from  the  east,  about  7 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  north  central  Clallam  Countv 
(19) 

Little  Rock.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southwest  of  Olympia,  in 
southwestern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  138  feet.  (1) 

Little  Soda  Spring.  A spring  on  Wenatchee  River,  at  the  head  of 
Wenatchee  Lake,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Little  Soos  Creek.  A small  stream  between  Kent  and  Maple  Valley,  the 
outlet  of  Swan  Lake,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 

Little  Spokane  River.  A river  of  north  central  Spokane  County,  joining 
Spokane  River  about  9 miles  below  the  city  of  Spokane.  (1) 

Little  Tahoma  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Whitman  Glacier,  2%  miles 
east  of  the  summit  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  11,117  feet.  (69) 

Little  Trout  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Toroda 
Creek,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Little  Washougal.  The  principal  tributary  of  Washougal  River,  enter- 
ing  the  latter  2%  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Washougal,  in  south-  { 
eastern  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Little  White  Salmon  River.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River, 
in  southeastern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Little  Wildcat  Creek.  A small  southern  headwater  of  Rattlesnake 
Creek,  heading  on  Russell  Ridge,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 
(38) 

Little  Wind  River.  A northeastern  tributary  of  lower  Wind  River,  near 
Carson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Livingston  Ray.  An  embayment  at  the  north  end  of  Port  Susan,  on  the 
east  shore  of  Camano  Island.  (58) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


185 


Lochsloy.  A town  on  the  Hartford  Eastern  Railway  (N.  P.  Ry.),  3 
miles  northeast  of  Hartford,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County; 
elevation,  247  feet.  (1) 

Locke.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  25  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation, 
2,056  feet.  (1) 

Lockwood.  A village  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 y2  miles 
southeast  of  Freeman,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation, 
2,601  feet.  (75) 

Lodged  Pole  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  4 miles  below  Trinidad, 
in  Grant  and  Kittitas  counties.  (31) 

Lodi  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  upper  North  Fork  of  White 
River,  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Lofall.  A post  office  on  Hood  Canal,  in  northwestern  Kitsap  County. 
(1) 

Logan  Hill.  A flat-topped  hill  about  6 miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Log  Cabin  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Snake  River,  32 y2  miles 
below  Clarkston,  in  Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Log  Cabin  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  33  miles  below  Clarkston, 
in  Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Logy  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Satus  Creek,  in  south  central 
Yakima  County.  (1) 

Loke.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  7 miles  north  of  Waverly,  in 
southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,586  feet. 

Lone  Fir  Creek.  A stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  from  the  east,  about 
24  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  east  central  Chelan  County. 
(56) 

Lone  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  southwest  of  Langley,  on  Whidbey 
Island,  in  Island  County.  (58) 

Lone  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  west  of  Lake  Quinault,  in  north 
central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (19) 

Lone  Pine.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  between  Seabury  and 
Tekoa,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,530  feet. 

Lone  Ranch  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  east, 
near  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 
Lone  Tree.  A village  on  the  sand  point  at  the  north  entrance  to  Grays 
Harbor,  in  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  9 feet.  (1) 

Long.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  3 y%  miles  west  of  Dayton,  in  west  central  Columbia  County;  ele- 
vation, 1,473  feet.  (4) 

Long  Alex  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  east,  at  Cur- 
lew, in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Long  Reach.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W. 
R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3Y2  miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific 
County.  (1) 

Longbranch.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Drayton  Passage,  oppo- 
site McNeil  Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 

Long  Creek.  A tributary  of  Elwha  River,  from  the  southwest,  enter- 
ing about  18  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  south  central 
Clallam  County.  (19) 

Long  Island.  An  island  about  7 miles  long,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Willapa  Bay,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 


186  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Long:  Island.  An  island  near  the  southwestern  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
south  of  Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Long  Island  Slough.  A channel  separating-  Long  Island  from  the  main- 
land on  the  east,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Long  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  6 miles  southeast  of  Port  Orchard,  in 
southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Long  Lake.  A small  lake  about  11  miles  south  of  Loomis,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,675  feet.  (48) 


Long  Lake.  An  artificial  lake  in  Spokane  River,  about  23  miles  long, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  Chamokane  Creek,  in  south  central 
Stevens  County.  (29) 


Long  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  east  of  Lacey,  in  east  central  Thurs- 
ton County.  (4) 


Long  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  iy2  miles  north  of  Silverton,  in  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,109  feet.  (77) 

Long  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  1 % miles  long,  about  13  miles 
above  Bridgeport,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Long  Spit.  A sand  spit  on  the  east  shore,  near  the  head  of  Dabop  Bay, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (26) 

Longfellow  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Elliott  Bay,  from  the  south, 
in  west  central  King  County.  (73) 

Longmire.  A post  office  in  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  14  miles  east 
of  Ashford,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  2,761  feet.  (4) 
Longs  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish 
River,  at  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Longview.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Paterson,  in 
south  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  279  feet.  (4) 

Longwill.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  3 miles  south  of  Oakes-  ' 
dale,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,496  feet. 

Lookout.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  north  of  Mount  Vernon, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Lookout  Mountain.  A mountain  between  lower  Teanaway  River  and 
lower  Swauk  Creek,  in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  3,440  feet 
(78) 

Lookout  Mountain.  A peak  about  5 miles  southwest  of  Twisp,  in  west  ■ 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,692  feet.  (56) 

Lookout  Mountain.  A north-south  ridge  at  the  head  of  Washougal 
River,  in  west  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Loomis.  A town  on  Sinlahekin  Creek,  13  miles  south  of  Nighthawk,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,306  feet.  (1) 

Loomis.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 

& N.  Co.,  8 miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (4) 
Loomis  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  south  of  Mount  Baker,  in 
south  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  5,521  feet.  (40) 

Loon  Lake.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  38  miles  northwest  of  Spokane,  « 
in  southeastern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  2,418  feet.  (1) 

Loon  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long,  at  the  head  of  Colville  River,  about  7 
miles  east  of  Springdale,  in  southeastern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Lopez.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  in  central  San 
Juan  County.  (1) 


Lopez  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  west  of  Rosario  Strait, 
in  southeastern  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  486  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


187 


Lopez  Pass.  A channel  between  the  south  end  of  Decatur  Island  and 
Lopez  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lopez  Sound.  An  indentation  on  the  east  side  of  Lopez  Island,  opposite 
Decatur  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lord  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Crab  Creek,  southeast  of  Har- 
rington, in  southeastern  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Lost  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clallam  River,  from  the  east,  entering  about 
iy2  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Lost  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Newaukum  River,  4 miles  south  of 
Alpha,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Lost  Creek.  A tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  south- 
west, in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Lost  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Myers  Creek,  at  Bolster,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Lost  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  northwest,  north  of 
Blueslide,  in  west  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Lost  Creek.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  42 
miles  northwest  of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,066  feet.  (4) 

Lost  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Huckleberry  Creek,  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Lost  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  from  the 
east,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Lost  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  5 miles  south 
of  Bumping  River,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Lost  Horse  Plateau.  A plateau  at  the  head  of  Simcoe  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Lost  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  west  of  Keechelus  Lake,  in  northwest- 
ern Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Lost  River.  A tributary  of  Elwha  River,  from  the  east,  in  north  central 
Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Lost  River.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  north,  about  8 miles 
north  of  Mazama,  in  northwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Louise  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  northeast  of  Pinnacle  Peak,  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  4,592 
feet.  (69) 

Loup  Loup  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  north,  at 
Malott,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Loup  Loup  Creek,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Loup  Loup 
Creek,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Lovegren.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  9 miles 
east  of  Issaquah,  in  central  King  County.  (4) 

Lovegren  Mill.  A village  on  Raging  River,  1 mile  southeast  of  Preston, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  596  feet. 

Loveland.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  south  of  Tacoma, 
in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  440  feet. 

Low  Island.  A small  island  in  Andrews  Bay,  on  the  west  coast  of  San 
Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Low  Island.  A small  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  northwest  of  Shaw 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Low  Point.  A point  on  the  coast  near  the  mouth  of  Lyre  River,  about 
4 miles  west  of  Port  Crescent,  in  northern  Clallam  County.  (5) 


188 


Bulletin  iVo.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Low  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Griffin  Bay,  in  south  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Lowden.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  west 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation  490 
feet.  (1) 

Lowell,  Point.  A low  point  near  Algiers  Bay,  in  the  southwestern  shore 
of  Camano  Island,  in  Island  County.  (58) 

Lower  Ilia  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  33  miles  above  Riparia,  in 
Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Lowgap.  A post  office  22  miles  south  of  Quincy,  in  southwestern  Grant  i 
County;  elevation,  1,274  feet.  (1) 

Lucas.  A post  office  about  20  miles  northwest  of  Goldendale,  in  north 
central  Klickitat  County.  (4) 

Lucas  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Newaukum  River, 

4 miles  northeast  of  Forest,  in  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Lucerne.  A camp  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  at  the  mouth  of 
Railroad  Creek,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Lucerne.  A village  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  3 miles  south  j 
of  Kirkland,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Lummi  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  east  shore  of  Georgia  Strait,  north 
of  Lummi  Island,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Lummi  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  12,561  acres,  all  allotted, 
in  southwestern  Whatcom  County,  near  Bellingham.  (1) 

Lummi  Island.  An  island  about  9 miles  long,  in  Washington  Sound, 
west  of  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  maximum 
height,  1,740  feet.  (1) 

Lummi  Peak.  The  highest  point  on  Lummi  Island,  near  the  southern 
end,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  1,740  feet.  (6) 

Lummi  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Lummi  Island,  west 
of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (6) 

Lummi  River.  The  western  mouth  of  Nooksak  River,  emptying  into 
Lummi  Bay,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Lummi  Rocks.  Rocks  in  the  channel  near  the  southwestern  shore  of 
Lummi  Island,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (6) 

Lyle.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  southwestern 
Klickitat  County;  elevation,  101  feet.  (1) 

Lyle  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  about  5 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County. 
(44) 


Lyle  Point.  A point  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Lyman.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in  cen- 
tral Skagit  County;  elevation,  95  feet.  (1) 

Lyman  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  at  the  head 
of  Railroad  Creek,  in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 


“f 


'I 


Lyman  Glaciers.  Glaciers  on  the  northeastern  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in  ; 
southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 


Lyman  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  head  of  Railroad  Creek,  in  northern 
Chelan  County;  elevation,  5,525  feet.  (76) 


Lynch  Cove.  A cove  or  bay  at  the  head  of  Hood  Canal,  in  northeastern 
Mason  County.  (5) 

Lynch  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Ohop  Creek,  at  Eatonville,  in 
south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


189 


Lynden.  A town  located  in  the  west  central  part  of  Whatcom  County. 
The  altitude  is  95  feet.  It  is  on  the  B.  & N.  division  of  the  C.  M. 
& St.  P.  Ry.  It  has  a number  of  saw  mills  and  creameries,  and  is 
the  trade  center  for  a lumbering  and  dairying  section.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  1,148.  (1) 

Lynn.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Thornton,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,362  feet. 

Lynx  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hall  Creek,  from  the  west,  in  central  Ferry 
County.  (1) 

Lyon  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Lake  Washing- 
ton, in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Lyons.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  west  of  Spokane,  in  central 
Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,290  feet.  (4) 

Lyons  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Snake  River,  near  the  Franklin-Whitman 
county  line.  (30) 

Lyre.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  21  miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
172  feet.  (19) 

Lyre  River.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Crescent,  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca  about  5 miles  west  of  Crescent  Bay,  in  north  central  Clal- 
lam County.  (19) 

Lytle.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of  Montesano,  in  south- 
eastern Grays  Harbor  County. 

Lytle  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoquiam  River,  about  7 miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Lytles  Landing.  A village  on  Hoquiam  River,  about  7 miles  north  of 
Hoquiam,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

McAdams.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W. 
R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  east  of  Kahlotus,  in  northeastern  Franklin 
County;  elevation,  950  feet.  (4) 

McAleer  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Lake  Wash- 
ington, in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

McAleer  Lake.  A lake  5 miles  southeast  of  Edmonds,  in  southwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (73) 

McAlester  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  East  Fork  of  Bridge  Creek,  in 
the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

McAllister  Meadows.  Meadows  or  flats  at  the  confluence  of  North  and 
South  forks  of  Tieton  River,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
McArdle  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  west 
of  Point  Colville,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

McArthur  Bank.  A bank  about  3 miles  south  of  Lopez  Island,  in  south 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

McCain  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Green  River,  at  Hot  Springs,  in 
southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

McCay,  Mount.  A peak  about  9 miles  northwest  of  Conconully,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  7,628  feet.  (48) 

McChesney  Spring.  A spring  about  15  miles  southeast  of  Lind,  in  south 
central  Adams  County.  (49) 

McClaskey  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Washougal  River, 
northwest  of  Edgewater,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 
McCleary.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  northeast  of  Montesano, 
in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  287  feet.  (1) 


190  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


McClellan  Butte.  A mountain-  between  Cedar  Lake  and  South  Fork  of 
Snoqualmie  River,  in  east  central  King  County;  elevation,  5,175 
feet.  (44) 

McClure  Rock.  A point  on  the  divide  west  of  lower  Paradise  Glacier, 
on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  7,384  feet.  (69) 

McCormick.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  25  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis, 
in  southwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  468  feet.  (1) 

31cCoy.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  southeast  of  Rosalia,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,403  feet.  (4) 

McCoy  Canyon.  A canyon  with  an  intermittent  stream,  extending  from 
Snake  River  Junction  northwest,  in  south  central  Franklin  County. 
(30) 

McCoy  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cispus  River,  from  the  south,  in  south- 
eastern Lewis  County.  (1) 

McCracken  Point.  A point  at  the  north  end  of  Henry  Island,  in  west 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

McCredie.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Roosevelt, 
in  southeastern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  244  feet.  (39) 
McCreedy  Creek.  A small  northwestern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River, 
northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 
McCue.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  central  Douglas  County,  31  miles 
from  Columbia  River  Station;  elevation,  1,444  feet.  (4) 

McDaniel  Canyon.  A western  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Cowiche  River, 
about  7 miles  west  of  Cowiche,  in  north  central  Yakima  County. 

(51) 

3IcDaniel  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  confluence  of  North  Fork  and 
Rattlesnake  creeks,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

McDonald  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  4 miles 
west  of  Dungeness,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 
McDonald  Lake.  A small  lake  7 miles  east  of  Renton,  in  west  central 
King  County.  (80) 

3IcDougal.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles 
northeast  of  Benton  City,  in  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  533 
feet. 

McFarland  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  3 miles  north 
of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

McFerron.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Medical 
Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,414  feet.  (4) 
McGinnis,  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  east  of  Barry,  in  southeast- 
ern Okanogan  County.  (4) 

McGowan.  A town  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  and  on  the 
line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles  west  of  Megler,  in  south- 
western Pacific  County.  (4) 

3IcGregor.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  2 miles  east  of  Washtucna, 
in  southeastern  Adams  County. 

McGuires  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  iy2  miles  above  Riparia,  in 
Columbia  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

McIntosh.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  northeast  of  Tenino,  in 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  344  feet.  (1) 

McKenna.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  27  miles  south  of  Tacoma, 
in  south  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  285  feet.  (1) 


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191 


McKenzie  Head.  A headland  on  the  southwest  side  of  Cape  Disappoint- 
ment, near  the  mouth  of  Columbia  River.  (27) 

MoLane’s  Creek.  A small  stream  at  the  head  of  Eld  Inlet,  in  north- 
western Thurston  County.  (4) 

McLaughlin  Canyon.  A small  canyon  1 mile  east  of  Okanogan  River,  4 
miles  south  of  Tonasket,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

McLeod  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Sauk  River,  where  it  enters 
Skagit  River,  in  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

McMillin.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  123  feet.  (1) 

McMurray.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
southwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  247  feet.  (1) 

McMurray  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  at  McMurray,  in  southwestern 
Skagit  County;  elevation,  226  feet.  (58) 

McNeeley  Peak.  A peak  near  the  head  of  Huckleberry  Creek,  northeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,806 
feet.  (69) 

McNeil  Island.  An  island  in  Puget  Sound,  northwest  of  Steilacoom,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 

McNeill  Peak.  A peak  at  the  northwest  end  of  Russell  Ridge,  about 
5 miles  east  of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,788  feet.  (38) 

McTaggart  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skokomish  River, 
south  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Mabana.  A post  office  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Camano  Island, 
in  Island  County.  (4) 

Mabton.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  west  of  Prosser,  in  south- 
eastern Yakima  County;  elevation,  715  feet.  (1) 

Maeall.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Lantz,  in  east 
central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,706  feet.  (Same  as  Waukee.) 
(2) 

Machias.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Snohomish,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  124  feet.  (1) 

Mack.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Montesano,  in  south- 
eastern Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  36  feet. 

Mackaye  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  south  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
about  3 miles  southeast  of  Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan 
County.  (6) 

Mad  Creek.  The  principal  western  tributary  of  Entiat  River,  in  central 
Chelan  County.  (46) 

Mad  Lake.  A small  circular  lake  at  the  head  of  Mad  Creek,  in  central 
Chelan  County.  (47) 

Madcap  Falls.  Falls  in  Paradise  River,  1 mile  above  its  mouth,  south 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Mae.  A post  office  4 miles  west  of  Moses  Lake,  24  miles  southeast  of 
Winchester,  in  Grant  County.  (1) 

Maggie,  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  northeast  of  Union,  in  northeastern 
Mason  County.  (26) 

Magnolia  Beach.  A post  office  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Vashon  Island, 
near  Burton,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Magnolia  Bluff.  A bluff  near  West  Point,  in  the  northwestern  part  of. 
Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 


192  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Mah-kin  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  9%  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Mahuckcs  Point.  A point  at  the  north  entrance  to  Filuce  Bay,  west  of 
McNeil  Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Majestic.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.P.  Ry.),  24  miles 
west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation, 
269  feet.  (19) 

Majors  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north,  west  of 
Lyle,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County.  (4) 

Makah  Indian  Reservation.  A large  reservation  in  northwestern  Clal- 
lam County,  bordering  on  both  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  has  a total  area  of  23,040  acres,  and  on  June  30, 
1915,  there  were  702  Indians  under  Federal  supervision.  (1) 

Malachite  Lake.  A small  lake  on  West  Fork  of  Foss  River,  near  Sky- 
komish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Malady  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguam- 
ish  River,  east  of  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
Malaga.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  7 miles  below 
Wenatchee;  elevation,  667  feet.  (55) 

Malden.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  west  of  Tekoa,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,070  feet.  (1) 

Malo.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  north  of  Republic,  in  north 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  2,120  feet.  (1) 

Malone.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  east  of  Montesano,  in 
southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  57  feet.  (2) 

Malone  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from 
the  south,  at  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Malott.  A town  on  Okanogan  River  and  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  north 
of  Brewster,  in  south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  815  feet. 
(1) 

Maltby.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Snohomish,  in  south- 
western Snohomish  County;  elevation,  420  feet.  (1) 

Manastash  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  west,  near 
Ellensburg,  in  south  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Manastash  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  tributary  of  Manastash  i 
Creek,  in  south  central  Kittitas  County.  (78)  ; 

Manastash  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  tributary  of  Manastash 
Creek,  in  south  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

31anastash  Ridge.  A ridge  or  divide  south  of  Manastash  Creek,  in  south 
central  Kittitas  County.  (51) 

Manchester.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  northwest 
of  Blake  Island,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Manette.  A town  on  the  west  side  of  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  near  Bremer-  \ 
ton,  in  south  central  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Manhattan  Mountain.  The  divide  between  Bodie  and  Giveout  creeks, 
east  of  Toroda  Creek,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 
Manito.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  and  the  C.  M. 

& St.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  southeast  of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane 
County;  elevation,  2,575  feet. 

Manning.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Colfax,  in 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,904  feet. 

Manor.  A village  about  11  miles  northeast  of  Vancouver,  in  southwest- 
ern Clarke  County.  (27) 


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193 


Mansfield.  A town  in  north  central  Douglas  County,  terminus  of  the 
Mansfield  branch  of  the  G.  N.  Ry. ; elevation,  2,258  feet.  (1) 

Mansford.  A village  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Darrington,  near  Sauk 
River,  in  south  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Mansford  Prairie.  A prairie  on  the  east  side  of  Sauk  River,  2 miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Suiattle  River,  in  south  central  Skagit  County. 
(77) 

Manson.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  about  10  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  lake.  (4) 

Manzanita.  A village  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Maury  Island,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (4) 

Manzanita.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island, 
in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Maple  Cove.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  3 miles 
southeast  of  Langley,  in  Island  County.  (4) 

Maple  Creek.  A tributary  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan 
County.  (76) 

Maple  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Stevens  Creek,  from  the  west,  south- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Maple  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Granite  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Maple  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Fish  Lake,  at  Maple  Falls,  in  north  central 
Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Maple  Falls.  A town  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  14  miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
665  feet.  (1) 

JIaple  Falls.  Falls  on  Maple  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Maple  Valley.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  east  of  Se- 
attle, in  central  King  County;  elevation,  343  feet.  (1) 

Maplewood.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  2 miles  east  of  Renton,  in  west 
central  King  County;  elevation,  70  feet. 

Marble.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  20  miles  northeast  of  Marcus,  in 
north  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,464  feet.  (1) 

Marble  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  east,  8 miles  above 
Marblemount,  in  northeastern  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Marble  Gulch.  A gulch  with  small  stream,  on  the  south  side  of  South 
Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  at  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish 
County.  (77) 

Marble  Pass.  A pass  between  Marble  Gulch  and  Williamson  Creek,  2 
miles  south  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation, 
4,177  feet.  (77) 

Marble  Peak.  A peak  2 miles  south  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish 
County;  elevation,  5,156  feet.  (77) 

Marblemount.  A town  on  Skagit  River,  10  miles  above  Rockport,  in 
north  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  313  feet.  (1) 

Marcellus.  A town  in  north  central  Adams  County,  at  the  eastern 
terminus  of  a branch  line  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  connecting  with 
the  main  line  at  Warden;  elevation,  1,942  feet.  (1) 

March  Point.  A point  at  the  northeast  end  of  Fidalgo  Island,  southeast 
of  Anacortes,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (5) 


—7 


194  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Marcus.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry,,  14  miles  north- 
west of  Colville,  in  west  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,260 
feet.  (1) 

Marcus  Peak.  A peak  on  Sourdough  Mountains,  between  upper  Huckle- 
berry and  upper  Sunrise  creeks,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,968  feet.  (69) 

Marcus  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  4 miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Kettle  River,  in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Marengo.  A junction  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  and  the 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in  east  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,631 
feet.  (4) 

Margaret  Palls.  Falls  on  a small  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Cowlitz 
Glacier,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Margaret,  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  low  divide  between  Quinault  and 
Elwha  rivers,  in  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Margarum  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Marguerite  Lake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  north  of  Marble,  in  north 
central  Stevens  County.  (16) 

Marias  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Toroda  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Marie  Falls.  Falls  on  the  eastern  headwaters  of  Nickel  Creek,  south- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
JIarietta.  A town  at  the  north  end  of  Bellingham  Bay,  in  west  central 
Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Marion.  A village  on  Columbia  River,  in  east  central  Ferry  County,  3 
miles  below  Kettle  Falls.  (4) 

Marjorie  Lakes.  Two  lakes  on  a tributary  of  Van  Horn  Creek,  north  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevations,  4,558  and 
4,555  feet.  (69) 

Markham.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  west  of  Cosmopolis,  in 
southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Marmot  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Cataract  Creek,  west  of  the 
lower  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Marrowstone  Island.  An  island  about  7 miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  in 
Admiralty  Inlet,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (26) 
Marrowstone  Point.  A point  at  the  northeastern  corner  of  Marrowstone 
Island,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

.Marsh  Lakes.  Two  lakes  at  the  southeast  end  of  Stevens  Ridge,  south- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 
Marshall.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  railways  and  the  line 
of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  9 miles  southwest  of  Spokane,  in  central 
Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,131  feet.  (1) 

Marshall  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  7 miles  north  of  Newport,  in  south- 
eastern Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Marten  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguam- 
ish  River,  west  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
Martha  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  southern  tributary  of  Stevens  Creek, 
southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County. 

3Iartlia  Lake.  A lake  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Edmonds,  in  south- 
western Snohomish  County.  (73) 


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195 


Martha,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  6 miles  southwest  of  Silvana,  in 
northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Martin.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  near  the  east  portal  of  Stampede 
Tunnel,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,784  feet.  (4) 
Martin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Tye  River,  from  the  north,  8 miles  east 
of  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Martin  Hot  Springs.  Springs  1 mile  east  of  Carson,  in  south  central 
Skamania  County.  (53) 

Martin  Island.  An  island  about  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  at  Mar- 
tins Bluff,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 

Martin  Peak.  A peak  3 miles  west  of  Crater  Lake,  in  east  central 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,879  feet.  (69) 

Martin  River.  A river  entering  the  south  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  from  the 
southwest,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Martin  Slough.  A channel  in  Columbia  River,  between  Martin  and  Burke 
islands,  near  Martins  Bluff,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (11) 
Martindale.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Pasco,  in 
southern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  356  feet.  (Formerly  Horn.) 
(83) 

Martins  Bluff.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Kalama,  in 
south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Mary,  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  low  divide  between  Quinault  and 
Elwha  rivers,  in  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Mary  Ann  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Myers  Creek,  at  Chesaw,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Mary  Belle  Falls.  Falls  on  the  eastern  headwater  of  Nickel  Creek, 
southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Maryhill.  A village  near  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  south 
central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Marysville.  This  town  is  situated  in  west  central  Snohomish  County, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  The  altitude  is  15  feet. 
It  is  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  which  extends  from  Everett  to  Vancouver,  B.  C. 
It  has  a large  number  of  lumber  and  shingle  mills  and  is  surrounded 
by  an  agricultural  region.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,239.  (1) 

Mashel  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  near  Lagrande, 
in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Mason.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles 
southwest  of  Cheney,  in  southwestern  Spokane  County;  elevation, 
2,230  feet. 

Mason  County.  This  county  is  located  in  west  central  Washington,  west 
of  Puget  Sound.  Its  area  is  930  square  miles.  The  northwestern 
part  is  mountainous  and  the  southeastern  portion  is  rolling.  It  is 
nearly  all  forest  covered.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  50°  F., 
and  the  annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  24°  F.  The  annual 
precipitation  for  the  county  is  83  inches.  The  county  had  6,001  in- 
habitants on  July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  Census 
Bureau.  Lumbering,  general  farming  and  oyster  growing  are  im- 
portant industries,  and  horticulture  is  of  increasing  importance. 
Shelton  is  the  largest  town  and  county  seat.  Potlatch  and  Union 
are  well  known  towns. 

Mason  Lake.  A lake  5 miles  long,  10  miles  northeast  of  Shelton,  in  east 
central  Mason  County.  (1) 

Massacre  Bay.  A bay  at  the  north  end  of  West  Sound,  Orcas  Island, 
in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


196  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Matheny  River.  The  principal  southern  tributary  of  Queets  River,  en- 
tering- about  14  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  southwestern 
Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Mathewes  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  about 
3 miles  below  Vancouver,  in  southwestern  Clarke  County.  (12) 

Matia  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in  Washington  Sound,  about 
3 miles  northeast  of  Orcas  Island,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County. 

(6) 

Matlock.  A town  about  17  miles  west  of  Shelton,  in  west  central  Mason 
County.  (1) 

Mats  Mats  Bay.  A small  bay,  about  3 miles  north  of  Port  Ludlow,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Matthews.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  44  miles 
northeast  of  Wallula,  in  northeastern  Walla  Walla  County. 

Matthews  Point.  A low  point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River, 
about  4 miles  below  Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 

Maury.  A village  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Maury  Island,  in  southwest- 
ern King  County.  (4) 

Maury  Island.  An  island  about  5 miles  long,  in  Puget  Sound,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (1) 

Maverick  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  upper  Mad  Creek  and 
Chiwawa  Creek,  in  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  5,308  feet.  (47) 
Maxlield  Creek.  A tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  from  the  east,  4 miles 
north  of  Porks,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Maxwelton.  A post  office  near  the  southern  end  of  Whidb'ey  Island,  in 
Island  County.  (1) 

May  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Washington, 
from  the  southeast,  in  west  central  King  County.  (1) 

3Iay  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Wallace  River,  near  Gold  Bar,  in  south 
central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Mayfield.  A town  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  20  miles  east  of  Winlock,  in  ; 

central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  374  feet.  (1) 

Maynard.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  14 
miles  southwest  of  Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County;  t 
elevation,  15  feet. 

Mayo  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  at  Lake  Bay, 
in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Mays.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  west  of  Chehalis,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  289  feet. 

Maytown.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  northeast  of  i 
Rochester,  in  central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  225  feet.  (45) 
Mayview.  A post  office  17  miles  northeast  of  Pomeroy,  in  northeastern  1 
Garfield  County.  (1) 

Maywood.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  37  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
eastern King  County;  elevation,  1,336  feet.  (4) 

Mazama.  A post  office  on  upper  Methow  River,  57  miles  northwest  of 
Pateros,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Mazama  Glacier.  A large  glacier  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Baker, 
in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Mazama  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 


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197 


Manama  Lake.  A small  lake  southwest  of  Mount  Baker,  on  the  head- 
waters of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  in  central  Whatcom 
County.  (40) 

Mazama  Ridge.  The  divide  between  upper  Paradise  River  and  upper 
Stevens  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis 
County.  (69) 

Mead.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  cen- 
tral Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,907  feet.  (Morse  Station.)  (1) 
Meade  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Goat  Rocks,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Meadow  Brook.  A village  % mile  east  of  Snoqualmie,  on  Snoqualmie 
River,  in  central  King  County.  (91) 

Meadow  Creek.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  northwest 
of  Easton,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (4) 

Meadow  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  south  end  of  Keechelus  Lake, 
from  the  west,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Meadow  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Toroda  Creek,  from  the  west,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Meadow  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Mowich  River,  near 
Crater  Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Meadow  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Deep  Creek,  at  Spirit,  Southeast 
of  Northport,  in  northeastern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Meadowdale.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  south  of  Everett,  in 
southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Meadow  Lake.  A small  lake  6 miles  east  of  Renton,  in  west  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Meadow  Lake.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  5%  miles  north  of 
Cheney,  in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,394  feet.  (3) 
Meadow  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  west  of  the  lower  end  of 
Lake  Keechelus;  elevation,  about  3,600  feet.  (74) 

Meadow  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of 
Shilshole  Bay,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Meagliersville.  A mining  town  2 miles  east  of  Liberty,  in  north  central 
Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Meany,  Mount.  A mountain  6 miles  southeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in 
central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  about  7,150  feet.  (19) 

Medical  Lake.  This  town  is  situated  in  the  west  central  part  of  Spo- 
kane County,  and  has  an  altitude  of  2,437  feet.  The  town  is  served 
by  the  Washington  Central  branch  of  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  an  inter- 
urban  line  to  Spokane.  There  are  two  granite  quarries  in  the 
vicinity.  The  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  is  located  here.  The 
population  in  1910  was  1,730.  (1) 

Medical  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  near  the  town  of  Medical  Lake, 
in  west  central  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Medicine  Lake.  A lake  about  8 miles  east  of  Conconully,  in  central 
Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Medina.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  opposite  the 
central  portion  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (2) 
Melbourne.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles 
east  of  Aberdeen,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 
Melmont.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  39  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  1,292  feet.  (4) 


198  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


3Ienaken.  A siding-  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles 
northeast  of  Bolles,  in  west  central  Columbia  County.  (4) 

Mendota.  The  eastern  terminus  of  the  Centralia  Eastern  Ry.,  11  miles 
from  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  313  feet. 
(1) 

Menlo.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend,  in 
central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  57  feet.  (1) 

Menzel  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  northwest  of  Pilchuck,  in  central 
Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Mercer  Island.  An  island  about  5 miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  in  the 
southern  part  of  Lake  Washington,  in  west  central  King  County. 
(1) 

Mercer  Slough.  A stream  and  marsh  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Wash- 
ington, opposite  the  north  end  of  Mercer  Island,  in  northwestern 
King  County.  (73) 

Merchant  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  Trout  Creek,  east  of  Index,  in 
southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,466  feet.  (72) 
3Ieridian.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  McNeil  Island,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Meridian  Hill.  A hill  3 miles  northeast  of  Kopiah,  in  north  central 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  1,350  feet.  (45) 

Merrill,  Lake.  A small  lake  1%  miles  long,  near  Cougar  Post  Office, 
in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County;  sometimes  called  Trout  Lake.  (1) 
Merritt.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  21  miles  northwest  of  Leavenworth 
and  12  miles  east  of  Cascade  Tunnel;  in  west  central  Chelan  County; 
elevation,  2,186  feet.  (1) 

Merritt.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  28  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane, in  southeastern  Spokane  County. 

Mesa.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  in  central  Franklin  County,  26  miles 
northeast  of  Pasco;  elevation,  677  feet.  (1) 

Mesatchee  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  American  River,  near 
Bumping  Lake,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Meskill.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  west  of  Chehalis,  in  west 
central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Meta  Lake.  A small  lake  about  9 miles  northeast  of  Mount  St.  Helens, 
in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (15) 

3Ietaline.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Clark  Fork,  2 miles  above 
Metaline  Falls,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

3Ietaline  Falls.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  61 
miles  northwest  of  Newport,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County; 
elevation,  2,061  feet.  (1) 

3Ieteor.  A post  office  on  Stranger  Creek,  in  southeastern  Ferry  County. 

(1) 

Methow.  A post  office  on  Methow  River,  11  miles  northwest  of  Pateros, 
in  southwestern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,158  feet.  (1) 
3Iethow  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  1 mile  below  the  mouth 
of  Methow  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (61) 

3Ietum.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  north- 
western King  County.  (4) 

Meydenbauer  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  north 
of  Mercer  Island,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

3Ieyers  Falls.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  northwest  of  Colville, 
in  west  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,631  feet.  (1) 


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199 


3Iica.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  16  miles  south- 
east of  Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,480 
feet.  (1) 

Mica  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  at  Rockford,  in  south- 
eastern Spokane  County.  (59) 

Michigan  Prairie.  A plateau  about  12  miles  south  of  Lind,  in  south 
central  Adams  County.  (49) 

Middle  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Quimper  Peninsula,  3% 
miles  east  of  Protection  Island,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County. 
(5) 

Middle  Rock.  A rock  island  1 mile  off  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Hoh  River, 
in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  40  feet.  (5) 

Middleport.  A post  office  about  20  miles  northeast  of  Colville,  on  Pend 
Oreille  Creek,  in  east  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Midland.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  5 
miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  460  feet. 
(1) 

Midnight  Mountain.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  17  miles 
northeast  of  Republic,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation, 
about  6,100  feet.  (16) 

Midvale.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  3 miles  south 
of  Sunnyside,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  694  feet. 
(1) 

Midway.  A station  on  the  W.  W.  P.  Co.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Cheney, 
in  west  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,415  feet. 

Midway  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Little  Mashel  Creek,  northeast 
of  Alder,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Migley,  Point.  A point  on  the  north  end  of  Lummi  Island,  west  of  Bel- 
lingham, in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Milan.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  24  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,780  feet.  (1) 

Miles.  A post  office  on  Spokane  River,  at  its  junction  with  Columbia 
River,  in  north  central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Milk  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Naches  River,  from  the  east,  in  south- 
western Kittitas  County.  (38) 

Milk  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  south, 
in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Mill  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  entering  Spokane  River,  from  the 
south,  northwest  of  Mondovi,  in  northeastern  Lincoln  County.  (94) 
Mill  Creek.  A small  stream  in  the  eastern  part  of  Asotin  County,  uniting 
with  Snake  River  about  4 miles  above  Asotin.  (1) 

Mill  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Stella,  in  west- 
ern Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Mill  Creek.  A tributary  of  Klickitat  Creek,  from  the  north,  in  central 
Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Mill  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Lake  Isabella,  entering  Hammersley  Inlet 
from  the  south,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (4) 

Mill  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Willapa  River,  east  of  Menlo, 
in  east  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Mill  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south,  near 
Birdsview,  in  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

Mill  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Colville  River,  north  of  Colville, 
in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 


200  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Mill  Creek.  A tributary  of  Walla  Walla  River,  from  the  northeast,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Walla  Walla,  in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County. 
(1) 

Mill  Creek.  A southeastern  headwater  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  southeastern 
Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Millard  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Beaver  Creek,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Miller  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clearwater  River,  from  the  north,  about  8 
miles  above  Clearwater  Post  Office,  in  western  Jefferson  County. 
(19) 

Miller  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Hood  Canal  from  the  west,  north 
of  Hoodsport,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Miller  Peak.  A peak  on  the  summit  line  of  Wenatchee  Mountains,  be- 
tween the  headwaters  of  Peshastin  and  Negro  creeks;  elevation, 
6,460  feet.  (78) 

Miller  River.  A stream  entering  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from 
the  south,  near  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 
Miller  River,  Fast  Fork.  An  eastern  branch  of  Miller  River,  near  Sky- 
komish, in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Miller  River,  West  Fork.  The  west  branch  of  Miller  River,  near  Sky- 
komish, in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Mills  Crossing.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  Eastern  Ry.  & Lumber  Co., 
6 miles  east  of  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 
Milltown.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  south  of  Mount  Vernon,  in 
southwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  4 feet.  (1) 

Millwood.  A post  office  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,953  feet.  (2) 

Milridge  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clear  Fork  of  Cowlitz  River,  heading 
in  White  Pass,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Milton.  A post  office  4 miles  north  of  Puyallup,  in  north  central  Pierce 
County.  (1) 

Mima.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  southwest  of  Olympia,  in 
southwestern  Thurston  County.  (4) 

Mine  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  1 mile  west  of  Garcia,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 
Mine  5.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Roslyn  Branch),  2 miles  northwest 
of  Cle  Elum,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County. 

Mineral.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  about 
14  miles  north  of  Morton,  in  north  central  Lewis  County;  elevation, 
1,439  feet.  (1) 

Mineral  Creek.  A tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  from  the  south,  near 
Mineral,  in  north  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Mineral  Creek,  North  Fork.  A tributary  of  Mineral  Creek,  near  the 
town  of  Mineral,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Mineral  Hill.  A mountain  2%  miles  northwest  of  Conconully,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,500  feet.  (48) 

Mineral  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  at  the  town  of  Mineral,  in  north 
central  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Mineral  Mountain.  The  divide  between  Winthrop  and  Carbon  glaciers, 
on  the  north  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Mineral  Springs.  A village  on  Kalama  River,  14  miles  northeast  of 
Kalama,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (27) 


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201 


3Iinkler.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
central  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Minna  Creek.  A small  stream  northeast  of  Gate,  a tributary  of  Black 
River,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Minniek.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,925  feet.  (4) 

3Iirror  Lake.  A small  lake  west  of  Keechelus  Lake,  north  of  Yakima 
Pass,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Mirror  Lake.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  southeast  of  Belling- 
ham, in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  376  feet.  (25) 
Misery  Peak.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  North  Fork  of  Bogachiel  River, 
5 miles  southwest  of  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs;  elevation,  3,650  feet. 
(Forest  Service.)  (19) 

Misery,  Point.  A headland  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  at  Seabeck, 
in  west  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Mission.  A village  on  Omak  Creek,  3%  miles  southeast  of  Omak,  in 
central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Mission.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Colville,  in 
west  central  Stevens  County.  (Ward  Post  Office.) 

3Iission  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Wenatchee  River,  from  the 
south,  at  Cashmere,  in  southern  Chelan  County.  (46) 

31ission  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hood  Canal,  from  the  north,  near  Clifton, 
in  northeastern  Mason  County.  (26) 

3Iission  Lake.  A small  lake  10  miles  southwest  of  Charleston,  in  south- 
western Kitsap  County.  (26) 

3Iist  Park.  A small  park  on  the  headwaters  of  Cataract  Creek,  east  of 
Crater  Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

3Iiiehell  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  northwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island, 
south  of  Hanbury  Point,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
3Iitehell  Creek.  A stream  entering  Lake  .Chelan,  from  the  east,  about 
16  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  lake.  (46) 

3Iitchell  Creek.  An  upper  headwater  of  Grays  River,  in  southeastern 
Pacific  County.  (27) 

3Ioab.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in  east 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,080  feet.  (1) 

Sloecasin  Lake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  south  of  Winthrop,  in  west 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,193  feet.  (56) 

3Iock.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  23  miles  southwest  of  Spokane, 
in  southwestern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,289  feet.  (4) 
3Ioekonema.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles 
west  of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,119  feet.  (4) 
3Ioclips.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  sea  coast,  28  miles  northwest 
of  Hoquiam,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

3Iohler.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  southwest  of  Harrington,  in 
south  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,985  feet.  (1) 

3IohrweIs.  A post  office  14  miles  northwest  of  Shelton,  in  central  Mason 
County.  (1) 

3Iold.  A post  office  in  east  central  Douglas  County,  about  15  miles  north 
of  Coulee  City.  (1) 

3lolson.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  25  miles  northeast  of  Oroville,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  3,683  feet.  (1) 


£02  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Monaghan  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  5 miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Monarch  Gulch.  A valley  with  a stream  entering  Wishkah  River,  about 
5 miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  central.  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (54) 

Monatt  Reef.  A reef  in  Cowlitz  Bay,  near  the  northwest  shore  of  Wal- 
dron Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Mondovi.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  8 
miles  east  of  Davenport,  in  northeastern  Lincoln  County;  elevation, 
2,508  feet.  (1) 

3Ioney  Creek.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
southwest,  near  Berlin,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Monitor.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Wenatchee  River,  7 miles  above 
Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  697  feet.  (84) 
Monohan.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  4 miles 
north  of  Issaquah,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  58  feet. 
(1) 

31onroe.  A town  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Snohomish  County,  on 
Skykomish  River.  It  is  on  the  lines  of  the  G.  N.  and  the  C.  M.  & 
St.  P.  railways.  Among  the  industrial  plants  are  a shingle  mill,  a 
condensery,  and  a creamery.  The  State  Reformatory  is  located  here. 
The  population  of  the  town  was  1,552  in  1910.  The  altitude  is  59 
feet.  (1) 

Monroe,  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island, 
in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

3Ion.se.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Brewster,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  870  feet.  (Swanson  Sta- 
tion.) (2) 

31ontborne.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  south  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  southwestern  Skagit  County;  elevation,  116  feet.  (1) 

Monte.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  North  Yakima, 
in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  815  feet.  (96) 

3Ionte  Cristo.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  42  miles  east  of  Hartford,  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  2,774  feet.  (1) 

3Ionte  Cristo  Lake.  A small  lake  on  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  north 
of  Barlow  Pass,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  1,970 
feet.  (52) 

3Iontesano.  This  town  is  the  county  seat  of  Grays  Harbor  County  and 
lies  in  the  southwestern  part,  near  the  junction  of  Chehalis  and 
Wynooche  rivers.  It  has  an  altitude  of  65  feet.  It  is  served  by  the 
N.  P.,  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  and  the  O.-W.  railways.  It  has  two  saw 
mills,  three  shingle  mills,  a planing  mill,  a creamery  and  a con- 
densery. It  is  surrounded  by  a good  farming  section.  The  town 
had  2,488  inhabitants  in  1910.  (1) 

Monument.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Kahlotus, 
in  southeastern  Franklin  County. 

Monumental  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  23  miles  below  Riparia,  in 
Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

3Ioody.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
25  miles  west  of  Marcellus,  in  northwestern  Adams  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,454  feet.  (4) 

31oonax.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Roosevelt,  in 
southeastern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  238  feet.  (4) 


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203 


Moore.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  47  miles  north- 
east of  Wallula,  in  northeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  467 
feet.  (4) 

Moore.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  at  the  mouth  of 
Fish  Creek,  6 miles  from  the  north  end  of  the  lake,  in  north  central 
Chelan  County.  (76) 

3Iora.  A post  office  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Quillayute  River,  2 miles 
above  its  mouth,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (Formerly 
known  as  Boston.)  (19) 

Moraine  Creek.  A stream  on  the  east  side  of  the  lower  part  of  Carbon 
Glacier,  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Moraine  Park.  A park  on  the  east  side  of  the  lower  part  of  Carbon 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Moran.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  8 miles  southeast  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,431  feet.  (4) 

Moran’s  Slough.  A former  channel  of  Columbia  River,  on  the  east  side 
of  that  river,  at  Priest  Rapids,  below  Beverly,  in  southwestern 
Grant  County.  (31) 

Morocco.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  southwest  of  Harrington, 
in  south  central  Lincoln  County. 

Morrison.  A post  office  13%  miles  southeast  of  Winchester,  in  central 
Grant  County.  (1) 

Morrison  Creek.  A headwater  of  East  Fork  of  White  Salmon  River, 
southwest  of  Mount  Adams,  in  northeastern  Skamania  County.  (15) 
Morristown.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  near  Burnett,  in  north  centra] 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  609  feet.  (Formerly  Spiketon.)  (4) 
Morse.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  central 
Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,888  feet.  (Mead  Post  Office.)  (1) 
Morse  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  3%  miles 
east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Morse  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  American  River,  heading  near 
Bear  Gap,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Morse  Island.  A small  island  near  the  north  end  of  Henry  Island,  in 
west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

3Iorton.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  and 
on  Tilton  River,  in  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  945  feet.  (1) 
3Iorton,  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  west  of  Black  Diamond,  in  south  central 
King  County.  (80) 

3Ioses.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles  west 
of  Lewiston,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County. 

3Ioses  Coulee.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  Moses  Coulee,  5 miles  from 
Columbia  River  Station,  in  southern  Douglas  County;  elevation,  794 
feet.  (4) 

Moses  Coulee.  A large  coulee  with  intermittent  streams,  extending  in 
a southwest  direction  from  central  Douglas  County  to  the  Columbia, 
near  Columbia  River  Station.  (1) 

Moses  Creek.  A stream  heading  on  the  plateau  about  Waterville  and 
flowing  into  Moses  Coulee,  in  southwestern  Douglas  County.  (46) 
3Ioses  Lake.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  south  of  Neppel, 
in  southeastern  Grant  County.  (1) 

3Ioses  Lake.  A lake  14  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  % mile, 
in  central  Grant  County;  elevation  of  surface,  1,038  feet.  (1) 


20 4 Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Mosher.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Everett,  in  south- 
western Snohomish  County.  "(25) 

Mosley  Lakes.  Small  lakes  2 miles  west  of  Stevenson,  in  south  central 
Skamania  County.  (53) 

Mosquito  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  sea,  2%  miles  north  of 
Hoh  Head,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Mosquito  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  near  Stampede  Pass,  in 
west  central  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Mosquito  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  7 miles 
south  of  Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Mosquito  Flat.  A small  flat  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  James,  about  7 miles 
north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Mosquito  Lake.  A lake  % mile  long,  about  4 miles  east  of  Clipper,  in 
west  central  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

3Iosquito  Pass.  A channel  between  San  Juan  Island  and  the  south  end 
of  Henry  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Moss  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  at  Kirkland, 
in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Mossy  Rock.  A post  office  about  12  miles  west  of  Morton,  in  central 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  667  feet.  (1) 

Mother  Mountain.  A ridge  about  3 miles  long,  northeast  of  Crater  Lake, 
in  east  central  Pierce  County;  maximum  elevation,  6,500  feet.  (69) 
Mottinger.  A town  in  southern  Benton  County,  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry. 

and  Columbia  River;  elevation,  309  feet.  (81) 

Mottinger  Island.  An  island  1 % miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near 
Mottinger,  in  southern  Benton  County.  (81) 

Mound  Prairie.  A prairie  of  several  hundred  acres,  northeast  of  Grand 
Mound,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Mount  Adams  Lake.  A lake  about  9 miles  northeast  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Mount  Hope.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  25  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane, in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Mount  Hull.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Oroville, 
in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,693  feet.  (4) 

Mount  Hull.  A mountain  8 miles  southeast  of  Oroville,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  5,110  feet.  (62) 

Mount  Pleasant.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  22  miles  east  of  Van- 
couver, in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  48  feet.  (27) 
Mount  Solo.  A post  office  between  Stella  and  Kelso,  in  west  central  Cow- 
litz County.  (2) 

Mount  Tom  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  Hoh  River,  in  north 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Mount  Vernon.  The  county  seat  of  Skagit  County,  located  in  the  west- 
ern part,  on  Skagit  River.  The  altitude  is  24  feet.  It  is  served  by 
the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  by  an  interurban  line.  It  has  milk  condenseries, 
creameries,  and  wood-working  plants.  It  is  a trade  center  for  an 
agricultural  district.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,381.  (1) 

Mountain  Meadows.  Meadows  or  park  at  head  of  Meadow  Creek,  west 
of  Crater  Lake,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Mowich  River.  A river  heading  on  the  west  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  and 
emptying  into  Puyallup  River,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


205 


Moxee  City.  A town  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  9 miles  southeast 
of  North  Yakima,  in  east  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  about 
1,000  feet.  (1) 

Muckleshoot  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  3,491  acres,  all  allot- 
ted, in  King-  and  Pierce  counties,  along  White  River,  southeast  of 
Auburn.  (1) 

Mud  Bay.  A bay  at  the  south  end  of  Lopez  Sound,  in  southeastern 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Mud  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Entiat  River,  in  east  cen- 
tral Chelan  County.  (46) 

Mud  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  northwest  of  Republic,  in  west  central 
Ferry  County.  (7) 

Mud  Lake.  A small  lake  4 y2  miles  northwest  of  Maple  Valley,  in  cen- 
tral King  County.  (80) 

Mud  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  southwest  of  Molson,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Mud  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  northeast  of  Conconully,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,119  feet.  (48) 

3Iud  Lake.  A small  lake  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Edmonds,  in  south- 
western Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Mud  Lake.  A small  lake  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Granite  Falls,  in 
north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  640  feet.  (77) 

Mud  Lake  Valley.  A valley  extending  5 miles  southwest  from  Molson, 
in  northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Mud  Spring.  A spring  8 miles  southwest  of  Goldendale,  in  northwestern 
Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Mud  Spring.  A spring  in  Spring  Creek,  4 miles  southwest  of  Cleveland, 
in  north  central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Muddy  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  lower  Indian  Creek,  2 miles 
west  of  Russell  Ranch,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Muddy  River.  A northern  headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River, 
southeast  of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  central  Skamania  County.  (1) 
Mukamuk  Hill.  A low  mountain  about  4 miles  northwest  of  Conconully, 
in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Mukilteo.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Everett,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Mukkaw  Ray.  A small  bay  on  the  west  coast,  5 miles  south  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Mule  Dry  Creek.  An  intermittent  tributary  of  lower  Satus  Creek,  from 
the  south,  in  south  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Muller,  Mount.  A mountain  2 miles  northwest  of  the  upper  end  of  Lake 
Crescent,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation,  about  4,000 
feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 

Mumby.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  northeast  of 
Rochester,  in  southern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  175  feet. 

Mumm  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  north  of  Bush,  in  central  Thurston 
County.  (45) 

Mummy  Rocks.  Rocks  in  Middle  Channel,  % mile  west  of  Richardson, 
in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Mummy,  The.  A mountain  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  east  central  Skamania  County.  (4) 


206  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashington  Geological  Survey 


Murders  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island, 
opposite  West  Point,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (Same  as  Roll- 
ing Bay.)  (5) 

Murdock.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  4% 
miles  northwest  of  Ellensburg,  in  south  central  Kittitas  County.  (4) 
Murdock  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca, 
about  7 miles  west  of  Crescent  Bay,  in  north  central  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Murphy  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  east  of 
Rockford,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Murphys  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  6 miles  below  the  Interna- 
tional boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Murray  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  American  Lake,  from  the  south- 
east, in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Musqueti  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  Hood  Canal,  opposite  Pot- 
latch, in  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Mutiny  Bay.  A bay  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Whidbey  Island, 
northeast  of  Foulweather  Bluff,  in  south  central  Island  County.  (5) 
Myers  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  southwest,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Mystery  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Marrowstone  Island, 
part  of  Kilisut  Harbor,  in  northeastern  Jeffersop  County.  (5) 
Mystic  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  West  Fork  of  White  River, 
on  the  north  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Naches.  A town  on  the  N.  Y.  & V.  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  14  miles  northwest 
of  North  Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Naches  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  at  the  headwaters  of 
Middle  Fork  of  Naches  and  Clearwater  rivers;  elevation,  4,988  feet. 
(74) 

Naches  River.  A large  stream  of  northwestern  Yakima  County,  joining 
Yakima  River  at  Yakima.  (1) 

Naches  River,  Middle  Fork.  The  midle  headwater  of  Naches  River,  near 
the  Cascade  summit,  on  the  Kittitas-Yakima  county  line.  (74) 
Naches  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Naches  River,  in 
southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Naches  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Naches  River,  in 
northwestern  Yakima  County.  (52) 

Naff  Ridge.  A ridge  about  5 miles  northwest  of  Oakesdale,  in  north- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  3,033  feet.  (59) 

Nagel.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  east  of  Moses  Lake, 
in  east  central  Grant  County. 

Nagrom.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  about  7 miles  west  of  Lester,  in 
southeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Nahcotta.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  and  on  the  line  of 
the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 
Naliunta  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  tributary  of  upper  Nisqually  River, 
near  the  lower  end  of  Nisqually  Glacier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Nahwatel,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  4 miles  east  of  Matlock,  in  south- 
western Mason  County.  (1) 

Naneuin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Wilson  Creek,  north  of  Ellensburg,  in 
north  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 


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207 


Napavine.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  441  feet.  (1) 

Narada  Falls.  Falls  in  Paradise  River,  5%  miles  south  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (4) 

Narcisse  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Pend  Oreille  Creek,  east  of 
Colville,  in  central  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Narrowneck  Gap.  A gap  on  Darling  Mountain,  between  headwaters  of 
Tieton  and  Atanum  creeks,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,972  feet.  (38) 

Narrows,  The.  A narrow  portion  of  Puget  Sound,  west  of  Tacoma,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Nasel.  A town  on  the  lower  Nasel  River,  about  7 miles  east  of  the  head 
of  Willapa  Bay,  in  south  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Nasel  River.  A river  of  south  central  Pacific  County,  emptying  into 
Willapa  Bay,  near  its  southern  end.  (1) 

Nason  Creek.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  northwest  of  Leaven- 
worth, in  west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,162  feet.  (Dar- 
danelles Post  Office.)  (1) 

Nason  Creek.  A tributary  of  Wenatchee  River,  from  the  west,  in  w'est 
central  Chelan  County.  (1) 

Nasty  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Atanum  Creek, 
northwest  of  Tampico,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 
National.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  53 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,590  feet.  (4) 

Natural  Bridge.  A bridge  near  the  head  of  Van  Horn  Creek,  about  9 
miles  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Natural  Corral.  A small  east  and  west  coulee,  2%  miles  north  of  Col- 
letta,  in  southern  Grant  County.  (70) 

Navarre  Coulee.  An  old  valley  with  intermittent  streams,  connecting 
Columbia  River  with  Lake  Chelan,  about  9 miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  lake,  in  east  central  Chelan  County.  (46) 

Naylor.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  southwest  of  Ephrata,  in 
central  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,266  feet.  (4) 

Neah  Bay.  An  Indian  village,  post  office,  and  store,  on  the  shore  about 
7 miles  east  of  Cape  Flattery,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County; 
agency  for  Makah  Indian  Reservation.  (5) 

Neck  Point.  A point  at  the  northwest  end  of  Shaw  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Neds  Rook.  A rock  needle  near  Point  New,  on  the  east  shore  of  North 
Bay,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  72  feet.  (60) 
Nee  Bridge.  A bridge  across  Spokane  River,  1 mile  above  its  mouth, 
on  the  Lincoln  and  Stevens  county  line.  (94) 

Needham.  A post  office  12  miles  northwest  of  Corfu,  in  south  central 
Grant  County.  (2) 

Needle  Creek.  The  principal  headwater  of  Kotsuck  Creek,  east  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Needle  Rock.  A rock  point  projecting  through  North  Mowich  Glacier, 
on  the  northwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  7,575  feet.  (69) 

Negistieook  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Oak 
Point,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (19) 


208  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Negro  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Peshastin  Creek,  entering  the  latter 
about  2 miles  north  of  Blewett,  in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (78) 
Nehockum  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Wenatchee  River,  from  the 
north,  at  Cashmere,  in  southern  Chelan  County.  (Properly  Naha- 
hum.)  (46) 

Neill  Point.  A point  at  the  southeastern  end  of  Vashon  Island,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (5) 

Neilson  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

Neissou  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Puyallup  River,  about  12  miles 
north  of  Ashford,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Nellita.  A post  office  on  Hood  Canal,  in  southwestern  Kitsap  County. 
(4) 

Nelson.  A village  in  northeastern  Douglas  County,  12%  miles  northeast 
of  Mansfield.  (4) 

Nelson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  west  of  Cle  Elum,  in  west 
central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,032  feet.  (4) 

Nelson  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Henry  Island,  in  west 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Nelson  Butte.  A peak  about  5 miles  east  of  Bumping  Lake,  in  west 
central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Nelson  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  2 miles 
east  of  Stevenson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Nemah.  A town  at  the  mouth  of  Nemah  River,  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
Willapa  Bay,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Nemah  River.  A river  entering  Willapa  Bay,  from  the  southeast,  at 
Nemah,  in  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Nemo.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Odessa,  in  southwest- 
ern Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,709  feet.  (4) 

Neppel.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
and  on  Moses  Lake,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation,  about 
1,055  feet.  (1) 

Nesika.  A post  office  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  6 miles  south  of  Morton, 
in  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  654  feet.  (2) 

Nespelem.  A town  on  Nespelem  River,  8 miles  north  of  Columbia  River, 
in  southeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  about  1,800  feet.  (1) 
Nespelem  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  % mile  below 
the  mouth  of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  County.  (31) 

Nespelem  Canyon.  A canyon  on  Columbia  River,  3 miles  long,  about  13 
miles  above  Bridgeport,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Nespelem  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  1 mile  above  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Nespelem  River.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north,  in 
southeastern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Neuskahl  Creek.  A stream  entering  Grays  Harbor,  from  the  south,  near 
West  Aberdeen,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 
Newauken  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  south,  about  9 
miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (80) 
Newaukum.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Chehalis,  in 
west  central  Lewis  County.  (3) 

Newaukum  River.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  at  Chehalis, 
in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 


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209 


Newaukum  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Newaukum 
River,  in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Newberry.  A post  office  about  16  miles  southwest  of  Prosser,  in  south- 
western Benton  County.  (1) 

Newby  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  lower  Twisp  River,  in  west 
central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Newcastle.  A town  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  9 miles  northeast  of  Renton,  in 
west  central  King-  County;  elevation,  461  feet.  (1) 

New  Channel.  A channel  north  of  Spieden  Island,  in  northwestern  San 
Juan  County.  (6) 

New  Dungeness  Bay.  A bay  at  the  entrance  to  Dungeness  Harbor,  be- 
tween the  end  of  the  sand  spit  and  the  mainland,  about  18  miles 
east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Newell.  A village  at  the  head  of  Useless  Bay,  Whidbey  Island,  in 
Island  County.  (4) 

Newhatem  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  west  of 
the  mouth  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 
New  Kamilehe.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Totten  Inlet,  southeast 
of  Shelton,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

New  London.  A village  on  West  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River,  about  6 miles 
north  of  Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 
Newman  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Newman  Lake,  from  the  north, 
in  east  central  Spokane  County,  near  the  state  line.  (75) 

Newman  Lake.  A lake  2 y2  miles  long,  in  east  central  Spokane  County, 
near  the  state  line;  elevation,  2,130  feet.  (1) 

New,  Point.  A low  point  on  the  east  shore  of  North  Bay,  6 miles  west 
of  Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Newport.  This  town  lies  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Pend  Oreille  Coun- 
ty, on  Clark  Fork.  It  is  near  the  Idaho  boundary  line  and  is  the 
county  seat.  It  is  served  by  the  Idaho  and  Washington  Northern 
and  the  Great  Northern  railways.  It  has  a number  of  wood  working 
plants  and  lumber  mills.  The  town  is  the  trade  center  and  shipping 
point  of  the  county.  It  had  1,199  inhabitants  in  1910.  It  has  an 
elevation  of  2,113  feet.  (1) 

Newton.  A post  office  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam, 
in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  23  feet.  (1) 
Newton.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 
& N.  Co.,  3 miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County. 
(4) 

New  York  Bar  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  12  miles  above  Riparia, 
in  Columbia  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Nez  Perce  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north- 
west, in  southeastern  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Nicholson  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  lower  Toroda  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Nickel  Creek.  A tributary  of  Muddy  Fork  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the 
northeast,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  Lewis  and  Pierce  coun- 
ties. (69) 

Nicolay.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  6 miles  south- 
east of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  401  feet. 
(25) 

Niggerhead  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  McCoy  Creek,  near  Langiel 
Peak,  in  north  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 


210  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Nigger  Rapiils.  Jtapids  in  Snake  River,  about  26%  miles  above  Asotin, 
in  southeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Nigger  Rocks.  Peaks  on  the  divide  between  Lewis  River  and  McCoy 
Creek,  in  north  central  Skamania  County.  (20) 

Nighthavrk.  A town  on  Similkameen  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation, 
1,157  feet.  (1) 

Nile  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  2 miles  north  of  Nile, 
in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Nimbus.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  1 mile  south  of  Oakesdale,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,451  feet. 

Nine  Mile.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of  Oroville,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County;  elevation,  3,077  feet.  (4) 

Ninemile  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  northwest, 
in  southeastern  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Ninemile  Creek.  A tributary  of  Osoyoos  Lake,  from  the  east,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Ninemile  Falls.  A post  office  on  Spokane  River,  about  12  miles  north- 
west of  Spokane,  in  northwestern  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Nippon.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Skykomish,  in  north- 
eastern King  County. 

Nisqually.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  southwest  of  Tacoma, 
in  southwestern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  86  feet.  (96) 

Nisqually  Flats.  The  delta  of  Nisqually  River,  at  its  mouth,  in  north- 
eastern Thurston  County.  (26) 

Nisqually  Glacier.  A glacier  about  4 miles  long,  west  of  Paradise  Park, 
on  the  southern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Nisqually  Head.  A headland  on  Puget  Sound,  2 miles  west  of  the  mouth 
of  Nisqually  River,  in  northeastern  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Nisqually  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  4,717  acres,  all  allotted, 
in  Pierce  and  Thurston  counties,  along  Nisqually  River,  near  its 
mouth.  (1) 

Nisqually  Lake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  northwest  of  Roy,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Nisqually  Reach.  A section  of  Puget  Sound,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Nisqually  River,  between  Anderson  Island  and  the  mainland,  in 
Thurston  and  Pierce  counties.  (26) 

Nisqually  River.  A river  flowing  southward,  westward  and  northwest- 
ward from  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascades.  It  heads  in  several 
glaciers  on  the  south  side  of  Mount  Rainier.  It  empties  into  Case 
Inlet,  a part  of  Puget  Sound,  between  Tacoma  and  Olympia.  The 
approximate  length  is  81  miles,  and  the  drainage  area  675  square 
miles.  There  are  a number  of  creeks  and  rivers  feeding  it.  These 
include  Paradise  and  Kautz  rivers,  and  Mineral,  Mashel  and  Ohop 
creeks.  (1) 

Nisson.  A post  office  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County,  14  miles  north 
of  Aberdeen.  (4) 

Nixon  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  about  1 mile  above  Columbia 
River  Station,  in  Chelan  and  Douglas  counties.  (31) 

Noble.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  26  miles  east  of  Seattle,  in 
south  central  King  County;  elevation,  440  feet. 

Nodule  Point.  A low  point  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Marrowstone 
Island,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 


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211 


Noisy  Creek.  A stream  entering-  Baker  Lake,  from  the  southeast,  in 
south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Nolan  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoh  River,  from  the  south,  6 miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  western  Jefferson  County.  (19) 
Nookachamps  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Skagit  River,  from  the 
south,  near  Burlington,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (58) 
Nooksak.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  north 
central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  94  feet.  (1) 

Nooksak  Falls.  Falls  in  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  at  the  mout 
of  Wells  Creek,  8 miles  east  of  Glacier,  in  central  Whatcom  County; 
height  of  water  fall  is  173  feet.  (80) 

Noon.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  7 miles  north- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  200 
feet.  (79) 

No  Point,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  in  north- 
eastern Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Nordland.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Marrowstone  Island,  about 
4 miles  south  of  Fort  Flagler,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 
Norman.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  19  miles  north  of  Everett,  in  north- 
western Snohomish  County;  elevation,  34  feet.  (4) 

North  Bay.  A north  embayment  of  Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

North  Bay.  An  embayment  at  the  north  end  of  Griffin  Bay,  near  Argyle, 
in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

North  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  west  coast  of  Waldron  Island,  north 
of  Sandy  Point,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

North  Bend.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (terminus  of  North  Bend  Branch), 
and  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  456 
feet.  (1) 

North  Cove.  A post  office  at  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  about  4 
miles  northwest  of  Tokeland,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (1) 
North  Cove.  A small  embayment  at  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  east 
of  Cape  Shoalwater,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

North  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  upper  Twisp  River,  at  Gilbert, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (76) 

North  Creek.  A small  stream  in  southwestern  Snohomish  County,  flow- 
ing south  and  entering  Sammamish  River  near  Bothell.  (73) 

North  Creek.  An  intermittent  tributary  of  lower  Satus  Creek,  from  the 
northwest,  in  south  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Northcroft  Mountain.  A mountain  about  3 miles  southeast  of  Tenino, 
in  south  central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  1,431  feet.  (45) 
Northern  Crags.  Cliffs  on  the  east  wall  of  the  valley,  opposite  the  lower 
end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

North  Head.  A rocky  headland  on  the  west  side  of  Cape  Disappoint- 
ment, 2 miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  Columbia  River;  elevation,  211 
feet.  (27) 

North  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  west  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

North  Mowich  Glacier.  A large  glacier,  about  4 miles  long,  on  the  north- 
west slope  of  Mount  Rainier-.  (69) 

North  Mowich  River.  A northern  headwater  of  Mowich  River,  north- 
west of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 


212  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


North  Navarre  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  Lake  Chelan  and 
Methow  River,  west  of  the  town  of  Methow;  elevation,  about  7,825 
feet.  (56) 

North  Pacific  Rock.  A rock  in  Griffin  Bay,  near  the  southeastern  shore 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

North  Park.  A park  at  the  head  of  Palls  Creek,  in  the  northwestern 
corner  of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

North  Passage.  A channel  between  Reef  Island  and  Steep  Point,  on 
Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

North  Pine.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  32  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in 
south  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,188  feet.  (4) 

North  Pine  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Pine  Creek,  near  North 
Pine,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 

North  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  near  the 
north  end,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

North  Prosser.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 
miles  north  of  Prosser,  in  Benton  County;  elevation,  761  feet.  (66) 
North  Puyallup.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of 
Tacoma,  in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  85  feet. 

North  Puyallup  River.  A northern  headwater  of  Puyallup  River,  west 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

North  River.  A river  draining  portions  of  Grays  Harbor  and  Pacific 
counties,  and  entering  the  sea  at  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Harbor. 
(1) 

North  Rock.  A rock  island  2 miles  off  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Hoh 
River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  100  feet.  (5) 
North  Star  Mountain.  A mountain  between  the  summit  of  the  Cascades 
and  the  north  end  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  northern  Chelan  County;  ele- 
vation, 9,500  feet.  (76) 

Northport.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  28  miles  north- 
east of  Marcus,  in  north  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,333 
feet.  (1) 

Northup.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  11  miles 
north  of  Renton,  in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  160  feet. 
(4) 

Northwootl.  A town  3 miles  northeast  of  Lynden,  in  northwestern 
Whatcom  County;  elevation,  133  feet.  (79) 

North  Yakima.  See  Yakima. 

No.  12,  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  south  of  Ravensdale,  in  south  cen- 
tral King  County;  elevation,  725  feet.  (44) 

Novara.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Othello, 
in  southwestern  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,120  feet.  (4) 

Novelty.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  12  miles 
south  of  Monroe,  in  north  central  King  County.  (4) 

Oak  Bay.  A small  bay  between  the  south  end  of  Marrowstone  Island 
and  the  mainland,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Oak  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  lower  Tieton  River,  in  west  central 
Yakima  County.  (1) 

Oakesdale.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & 
N.  Co.,  47  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County; 
elevation,  2,465  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


2 IS 


Oak  Harbor.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  5 miles  north 
of  Coupeville,  in  Island  County.  (1) 

Oak  Head.  A headland  at  the  southern  point  of  Toandos  Peninsula,  on 
Hood  Canal,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Oak  Hill.  A mountain  on  the  plateau,  18  miles  southeast  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  3,113  feet.  (37) 
Oakland.  A village  on  Oakland  Bay,  2 miles  northeast  of  Shelton,  in 
east  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Oakland  Bay.  A small  inlet  or  bay,  northeast  of  Shelton,  in  south  cen- 
tral Mason  County.  (5) 

Oak  Point.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz 
County.  (1) 

Oak  Spring'.  A spring  on  the  southern  slope  of  Cowiche  Mountain, 
northeast  of  Tampico,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 
Oakville.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  east  of  Montesano,  in  south- 
eastern Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  97  feet.  (1) 

O’Brien.  A town  in  White  River  Valley,  2%  miles  north  of  Kent,  in 
west  central  King  County;  elevation,  33  feet.  (1) 

O’Brien  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  southeast,  near 
Republic,  in  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Observation  Rock.  A rock  on  the  divide  between  Russell  and  Fleet 
glaciers,  on  the  north  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  8,364  feet.  (69) 

Observatory  Point.  A point  at  the  west  end  of  Freshwater  Bay,  about 
10  miles  west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northern  Clallam  County.  (5) 
Obstruction  Island.  An  island  between  Orcas  and  Blakely  islands,  in 
east  central  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  about  200  feet. 
(6) 

Obstruction  Passages.  Channels  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  Ob- 
struction Island,  north  of  Blakely  Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan 
County.  (6) 

Ocean  Park.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  about  1%  miles  west  of  Nah- 
cotta,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (4) 

Oceanside.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W. 
R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7%  miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  west  central  Pacific 
County.  (4) 

Ochlare.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  21  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,406  feet.  (4) 

Ocosta.  A town  on  the  south  shore  of  Grays  Harbor  and  on  the  N.  P. 

Ry.,  16  miles  west  of  Cosmopolis.  (1) 

Odessa.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  east  of  Wilson  Creek,  in 
southwestern  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,539  feet.  (1) 

Offi  Falls.  Falls  in  Lodi  Creek,  about  2*4  miles  northeast  of  the  lower 
end  of  Winthrop  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Offield  Canyon.  A small  canyon  entering  the  Snake  Valley,  near  May- 
view  Post  Office,  in  northeastern  Garfield  County.  (67) 

Offut.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  northeast  of  Roches- 
ter, in  central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  305  feet.  (45) 

Offut  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  near  Offut,  in  south  central  Thurston 
County;  elevation,  231  feet.  (45) 

Ohanapecosh  Glacier.  A glacier  about  2 miles  long,  south  of  Fryingpan 
Glacier,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 


214  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Ohanapecosh  Park.  A park  at  the  head  of  Boulder  Creek,  east  of  Ohana- 
pecosh  Glacier,  east  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Ohanapecosh  River.  An  upper  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the 
north,  in  northeastern  Lewis  and  southeastern  Pierce  counties.  (1) 
Ohop.  A town  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  29  miles 
southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  710 
feet.  (1) 

Ohop  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  about  2%  miles 
west  of  Lagrande,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Ohop  Lake.  A lake  2%  miles  long,  about  iy2  miles  north  of  Eatonville, 
in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Okanogan.  This  town  is  located  in  the  central  part  of  Okanogan  Coun- 
ty, on  the  Okanogan  River,  and  is  the  county  seat.  It  has  an  alti- 
tude of  829  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  G.  N.  Ry.  The  town  has  a 
flouring  mill,  a saw  mill,  a creamery,  and  a factory  manufacturing 
spraying  materials.  The  surrounding  country  is  occupied  in  fruit 
growing  and  farming.  The  population  was  611  in  1910.  (1) 

Okanogan  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  north  central  part  of  the 
state,  adjacent  to  Canada.  It  has  an  area  of  5,221  square  miles,  and 
is  the  largest  county  in  the  state.  The  northeastern  and  north- 
western parts  of  the  county  are  mountainous,  and  two  wide  valleys 
make  up  most  of  the  remaining  portion.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature averages  47°  F.  for  the  county.  The  yearly  precipitation 
averages  about  17  inches.  The  name  of  the  county  is  an  Indian 
word  meaning  “rendezvous.”  The  Census  Bureau  estimated  the 
population  of  the  county  as  18,041  on  July  1,  1916.  Grazing,  formerly 
the  chief  industry,  still  continues  among  the  most  important.  An- 
other great  industry  is  fruit  growing.  Mining,  wheat  growing,  and 
stock  raising  are  equally  important  occupations.  Dairying  is  be- 
coming more  favored.  Okanogan  is  the  largest  town  and  the 
county  seat.  Oroville,  Pateros,  Riverside,  Conconully,  Brewster, 
Chesaw,  Molson,  and  Loomis  are  other  important  centers.  (1) 
Okanogan  National  Forest.  A forest  located  on  the  eastern  slopes  of 
the  Cascades,  in  western  Okanogan  County,  containing  1,487,136 
acres.  The  office  of  the  supervisor  is  at  Okanogan.  (1) 

Okanogan  River.  This  river  flows  southward  from  British  Columbia 
into  the  north  central  part  of  Washington,  joining  Columbia  River 
near  Brewster.  Its  approximate  length  in  Washington  is  80  miles. 
The  principal  tributaries  are  Similkameen  River  and  Salmon  and 
Omak  creeks.  (1) 

Olala  Creek.  A tributary  of  Ohanapecosh  River,  from  the  west,  in  north- 
eastern Lewis  County.  (69) 

Olalla.  A town  on  Colvos  Passage,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (1 
Old  Baldy.  A peak  on  the  summit  line  of  Wenatchee  Mountains,  12 
miles  southwest  of  Wenatchee;  elevation,  6,887  feet.  (84) 

Old  Baldy.  A mountain  8 miles  north  of  Conconully,  in  central  Oka- 
nogan County;  elevation,  5,230  feet.  (48) 

Old  Baldy.  A mountain  10  miles  northwest  of  Conconully,  in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  7,870  feet.  (48) 

Old  Baldy.  A peak  on  Carbon  Ridge,  at  the  head  of  South  Prairie 
Creek,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,790  feet.  (44) 

Old  Butte.  A peak  on  the  mountain  front,  2 miles  southwest  of  Wen- 
atchee, in  southeastern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  about  1,750  feet. 
(84) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


215 


Old  Desolate.  A ridge  between  Carbon  Glacier  and  the  lower  end  of 
Winthrop  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Old  Eagle  Mountain.  A mountain  about  5 miles  northeast  of  Chewelah, 
in  east  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Old  Huckleberry.  A mountain  ridge  between  lower  Lava  Creek  and 
Little  White  Salmon  River,  about  15  miles  north  of  Cook,  in  east 
central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  5,200  feet.  (15) 

Old  Lady  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  west  of  Roose- 
velt, in  southeastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Olds.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  in  south- 
eastern Chelan  County;  elevation,  658  feet. 

Old  Scab  Mountain.  A mountain  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Bumping 
Lake,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,642  feet.  (38) 

Old  Snowy  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  24  miles 
north  of  Mount  Adams,  on  the  Lewis  and  Yakima  county  line;  ele- 
vation, about  7,900  feet.  (38) 

Olele  Point.  A point  about  3 ^ miles  north  of  Port  Ludlow,  in  north- 
• eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Olenin.  A post  office  8 miles  west  of  Malott,  in  south  central  Okanogan 
County;  elevation,  2,037  feet.  (4) 

Olequa.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  27  miles  north  of  Kalama,  in  north- 
western Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  109  feet.  (1) 

Olequa  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  at  Olequa, 
in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Olga.  A town  on  the  southeast  shore  of  East  Sound,  Orcas  Island,  in 
east  central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  50  feet.  (1) 

Ollie  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Pratt  River,  in  east  central  King  County; 
elevation,  3,415  feet.  (44) 

Olney  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Wallace  River,  near  Startup,  in 
south  central  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Olsen  Creek.  A small  stream  from  the  east,  entering  the  north  end  of 
Lake  Whatcom,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Olson.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  29  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County. 

Olson,  Mount.  A peak  13  miles  northwest  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north- 
western Mason  County.  (19) 

Olympia.  The  county  seat  of  Thurston  County,  and  also  the  State  Cap- 
ital. It  is  located  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  on  an  arm  of 
Puget  Sound.  It  is  on  the  lines  of  the  N.  P.  and  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.  It  has  a number  of  manufacturing  plants,  including  creamer- 
ies, fruit,  oyster  and  shrimp  canneries,  machine  shops,  ship  yards, 
saw  and  shingle  mills,  a sash  and  door  factory,  steam  laundries, 
and  an  extract  factory.  It  serves  as  a shipping  center  for  a large 
agricultural  area.  The  city  had  6,996  inhabitants  in  1910.  (1) 

Olympia  Slough.  A tidal  inlet  entering  Padilla  Bay,  north  of  Bayview, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Olympic  Mountains.  These  mountains  occupy  a large  triangular  area 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  between  Grays  Harbor  and 
the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  Their  general  height  is  between  4,000 
and  5,000  feet,  with  several  peaks  rising  to  6,000  or  7,000  feet. 
Mount  Olympus  has  an  elevation  of  8,150  feet.  Their  general  area 
covers  about  250  square  miles.  The  average  rainfall  for  the  entire 
mountain  mass  is  about  100  inches  annually.  The  highest  peaks 


216  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


are  always  snow-capped  and  carry  small  glaciers.  Due  to  the  heavy 
rainfall  there  are  many  rivers,  which  have  worn  deep  canyons  and 
created  sharp  divides.  The  slopes  are  all  heavily  timbered,  only 
the  highest  peaks  and  divides  rising  above  the  timber  line.  (1) 
Olympic  National  Forest.  A forest  located  in  the  heart  of  the  Olympic 
Mountains,  extending  over  parts  of  Clallam,  Grays  Harbor,  Jefferson 
and  Mason  counties.  The  total  area  is  1,534,680  acres.  The  office 
of  the  supervisor  is  at  Olympia.  (1) 

Olympus,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the  Olympic  Mountains,  in 
T.  27  N.,  R.  8 W.,  in  north  central  Jefferson  County;  elevation,  about 
8,150  feet.  (1) 

Omak.  A town  on  Okanogan  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of 
Okanogan,  in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  858  feet.  (1) 
Omak  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  long,  southeast  of  Okanogan,  in  south 
central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Onions.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  southeast  of  Davenport,  in 
east  central  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Onalaska.  A terminus  of  the  Newaukum  Valley  Railway,  10  miles  east 
of  Napavine,  in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

O’Neal  Island.  A small  island  in  Rocky  Bay,  near  the  northeast  shore 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Oneida.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  the  mouth  of  Deep 
River,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (4) 

Oneil  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Quinault  River,  from  the  east,  in 
south  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Onion  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  south,  east 
of  Marble,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Onslow.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in 
west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  81  feet.  (26) 

Open  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Henry  Island,  in  west 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Opportunity.  A post  office  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  12  miles  east  of 
Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Orcas.  A post  office  on  the  south  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  opposite  Shaw 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Orcas  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  south  of  Georgia  Strait, 
in  northern  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  2,409  feet.  (1) 
Orcas  Knob.  The  highest  point  on  Turtle  Back  Range,  in  northwestern 
Orcas  Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County;  elevation,  1,487 
feet.  (6) 

Orchard  Avenue.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5 y2  miles  east  of  Spo- 
kane, in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,953  feet. 

Orchard  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  4 miles  north 
of  Harper,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Orchard  Rocks.  Rocks  in  Richs  Passage,  southwest  of  Port  Blakely,  in 
east  central  Kitsap  County.  (8) 

Orchards.  A station  on  the  electric  railway,  about  6 miles  northeast 
of  Vancouver,  in  south  central  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Orient.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Kettle  River,  17  miles  north  of 
Marcus,  in  northeastern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,441  feet.  (1) 
Orillia.  A town  12  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in  White  River  Valley,  in 
west  central  King  County;  elevation,  40  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


217 


Oriu.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Colville,  in  central 
Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,557  feet.  (Kiel  Station.)  (1) 

Oro  Bay.  A bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (8) 

Oromlo.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  in  western  Douglas  County,  about 
7 miles  west  of  Waterville.  (1) 

Oroville.  A town  on  Okanogan  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Similkameen 
River,  and  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  ele- 
vation, 921  feet.  (1) 

Orsiuo  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Skookum  Creek,  east  of  Acme, 
in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Orting.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  cen- 
tral Pierce  County;  elevation,  198  feet.  (1) 

Orting  Lake.  A small  lake  2 y2  miles  northeast  of  Orting,  in  north  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (80) 

Osceola.  A village  4 miles  west  of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King 
County.  (4) 

Oso.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in  north  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County;  elevation,  207  feet.  (1) 

Osoyoos  Lake.  A large  lake  on  Okanogan  River,  north  of  Oroville,  on 
the  International  boundary;  elevation,  913  feet.  (1) 

Ostrander.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  on  Cowlitz  River,  13  miles 
north  of  Kalama,  in  central  Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  41  feet.  (1) 
Ostrander  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Cowlitz  River  from  the  east, 
at  Ostrander,  in  central  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Ostrich  Bay.  An  extension  of  Dyes  Inlet  to  the  south,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (5) 

Othello.  A town  in  western  Adams  County,  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,050  feet.  (1) 

Otis  Orchards.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County.  (4) 

O’Toole  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south,  near 
Hamilton,  in  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

Otso  Point.  A point  at  the  north  end  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (8) 

Otter  Lake.  A small  lake  3%  miles  northwest  of  Maple  Valley,  in  cen- 
tral King  County.  (80) 

Outer  Bay.  A bay  north  of  Iceberg  Point,  on  the  south  shore  of  Lopez 
Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Outlet  Creek.  A tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  from  the  west,  near  Glen- 
wood,  in  northwestern  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Outlook.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  west  of  Sunnyside,  in  east 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  778  feet.  (1) 

Oval  Peak.  A peak  about  16  miles  southwest  of  Twisp,  in  west  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  8,800  feet.  (56) 

Owhi,  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  northeast  of  Nespelem,  in  southeast- 
ern Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Owyhee  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  1%  miles  below  Arlington, 
Oregon.  (32) 

Owyhigli  Lakes.  Small  lakes  at  the  head  of  Shaw  Creek,  about  9 miles 
northeast  of  the  summit  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County.  (69) 


218  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Owl  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Carrollton,  in 
southwestern  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Oyhut.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  North  Bay,  5 miles  north  of  Lone 
Tree,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Oysterville.  A town  on  the  west  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  about  3 miles 
north  of  Nahcotta,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Ozette  Indian  Reservation.  A small  reservation  on  the  coast,  near 
Ozette  Lake,  in  west  central  Clallam  County.  It  has  an  area  of 
640  acres,  all  unallotted.  (1) 

Ozette  Island.  An  island  % mile  long  and  % mile  off  shore,  near  Cape 
Alava,  in  western  Clallam  County;  elevation,  240  feet.  (5) 

Ozette  Lake.  A lake  8 miles  long,  with  a maximum  width  of  2 y2  miles, 
about  2 miles  from  the  ocean,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 
Ozette  River.  A stream  about  4 miles  long,  outlet  of  Ozette  Lake,  near 
Cape  Alava,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Pacific  Beach.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  sea  coast,  25  miles 
northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 
Pacific  City.  A town  on  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  Ry.,  south  of  Auburn, 
in  southwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Pacific  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of 
the  state,  and  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Columbia  River.  Its 
area  is  895  square  miles.  The  country  has  a rolling  topography, 
divided  by  a number  of  small  rivers.  The  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  51°  F.,  and  the  annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  18°  F. 
The  yearly  precipitation  for  the  county  averages  75  inches.  The 
population  was  estimated  by  the  Census  Bureau  to  be  16,649  on 
July  1,  1916.  Lumbering,  oyster  and  salmon  fishing,  dairying,  and 
truck  farming  are  the  principal  industries.  South  Bend  is  the  larg- 
est town  and  county  seat.  Raymond,  Ilwaco,  Nahcotta,  Tokeland, 
Lebam,  Chinook,  and  Long  Beach  are  some  of  the  county’s  most 
prosperous  towns.  (1) 

Pacific  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Lake  Creek,  north  of  Odessa,  in  south- 
western Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Pacific  Point.  A point  at  the  north  end  of  Moraine  Park,  on  the  north- 
ern slopes  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,250  feet.  (69) 

Packard.  A town  in  north  central  Adams  County,  on  a branch  line  of 
the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. ; elevation,  1,840  feet.  (1) 

Packwood.  A station  on  the  Centralia  Eastern  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast 
of  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  214  feet.  (45) 
Packwood  Lake.  A lake  1 % miles  east  of  Lewis  Post  Office,  in  east 
central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  3,020  feet.  (1) 

Padden,  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  south  of  Bellingham  and  east 
of  Lake  Chuckanut,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 
Paddock.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,093  feet. 

Padilla.  A post  office  at  the  south  end  of  Padilla  Bay,  in  west  central 
Skagit  County.  (25) 

Padilla  Bay.  A bay  between  Guemes  and  Fidalgo  islands  and  the  main- 
land, in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Page.  A town  on  Snake  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  21  miles  east  of 
Pasco,  in  southern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  466  feet.  (1) 

Page.  A post  office  1 mile  south  of  Page  Station,  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry., 
in  southern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  405  feet.  (83) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


219 


Page.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  23  miles  north- 
east of  Wallula,  in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  406 
feet.  (4) 

Page  Creek.  A small  stream  in  the  northern  part  of  Asotin  County, 
joining  Snake  River  at  Silcott.  (1) 

Page  Mill.  A town  2 miles  north  of  Eagle  Gorge,  in  south  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Paha.  A town  in  the  central  part  of  Adams  County,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,564  feet.  (1) 

Palisade.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  west  of  Malden, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,910  feet.  (4) 
Palisades.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  Moses  Coulee,  16  miles  from 
Columbia  River  Station,  in  southern  Douglas  County;  elevation,  978 
feet.  (1) 

Palisades,  The.  Cliffs  at  the  head  of  Lost  Creek,  northeast  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Palmaria.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  opposite  Winesap  Station 
in  west  central  Douglas  County.  (2) 

Palmer.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  1 mile 
south  of  Palmer  Junction,  in  south  central  King  County;  elevation, 
882  feet.  (4) 

Palmer  Creek.  A stream  connecting  Palmer  Lake  with  Similkameen 
River,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Palmer  Creek.  An  upper  headwater  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish 
River,  heading  in  Barlow  Pass,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County. 
(52) 

Palmer  Junction.  A junction  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  east  of  Auburn, 
in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  858  feet.  (4) 

Palmer  Lake.  A lake  3%  miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  4 miles  north  of 
Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,150  feet.  (1) 
Palmer  Lake.  A small  lake  on  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  south  of  Bar- 
low  Pass,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Palmer  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  7 miles  northwest  of  Sky- 
komish,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  about  5,000  feet. 
(72) 

Palmer  Mountain.  A mountain  ridge  northeast  of  Loomis  and  south 
of  Palmer  Lake,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,370 
feet.  (48) 

Palouse.  A town  situated  on  the  east  central  boundary  of  Whitman 
County,  on  Palouse  River.  The  altitude  is  2,433  feet.  It  is  on  the 
lines  of  the  N.  P.  and  S.  & I.  E.  railways.  It  has  flouring  mills, 
machine  shops,  and  a creamery.  The  tributary  region  is  agricul- 
tural. The  population  was  1,549  in  1910.  (1) 

Palouse  Falls.  A post  office  on  Palouse  River,  5 miles  east  of  Wash- 
tucna,  in  southeastern  Adams  County.  (4) 

Palouse  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Palouse 
River,  about  7 miles  below  Riparia,  on  the  Columbia  and  Whitman 
county  boundary.  (34) 

Palouse  River.  A river  rising  in  Idaho,  flowing  west  across  central 
Whitman  County,  then  southwest,  and  joining  Snake  River  west 
of  Riparia.  (1) 

Palux  River.  A river  entering  Willapa  Bay  from  the  east,  southwest  of 
South  Bend,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (4) 


220  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Pampa.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  south- 
west of  Lacrosse,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,338 
feet.  (1) 

Panakanic.  A post  office  about  16  miles  north  of  Lyle,  in  west  central 
Klickitat  County.  (4) 

P.  & E.  Junction.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  about  13  miles 
southwest  of  Raymond,  in  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  294 
feet. 

Pandora.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  west  of  Tekoa, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,370  feet.  (4) 
Pang-born  Lake.  A lake  % mile  long,  about  5 miles  southwest  of  Sumas, 
in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Panther  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  Wind  River,  about  7 miles 
north  of  Carson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Panther  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  lower  Ruby  Creek,  in  south- 
eastern Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Panther  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  east  of  O’Brien,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

Panther  Lake.  A small  lake  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Snohomish,  in 
west  central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Pantops.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,197  feet. 

Paradise  Flats.  A table  land  about  6 miles  northwest  of  Connell,  in 
north  central  Franklin  County.  (49) 

Paradise  Glacier.  A glacier  about  1%  miles  long,  west  of  Cowlitz 
Glacier,  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Paradise  Park.  A park  between  upper  Paradise  River  and  lower  Nis- 
qually  Glacier,  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  south- 
eastern Pierce  County.  (69) 

Paradise  River.  A tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  heading  in  Paradise 
Glacier,  on  the  south  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Paradise  Valley.  A valley  of  upper  Paradise  River,  southeast  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Paris  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cle  Elum  River,  from  the  east,  9 miles 
north  of  Cle  Elum  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 
Park.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  southeast  of  Bellingham,  in 
southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  328  feet.  (1) 

Park  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Stehekin  River,  northwest  of  Lake 
Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Park  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  northwest,  below 
Baker  Lake,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Park  Creek  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  Park  and 
Thunder  creeks,  northwest  of  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan.  (35) 

Park  Junction.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P. 
Ry.),  50  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County; 
elevation,  1,355  feet.  (4) 

Parker.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  7 miles  south  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation, 
938  feet.  (1) 

Parker  Horn.  An  inlet  of  Moses  Lake,  about  2%  miles  long,  on  the  east- 
ern shore,  in  central  Grant  County.  ^57) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


221 


Parker  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  west  side  of  Clark  Fork,  6 miles 
north  of  Locks,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Parker  Reef.  A reef  in  Washington  Sound,  1 mile  north  of  Orcas  Island, 
in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Parkland.  A town  7 miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  west  central  Pierce 

County.  (1) 

Parks  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Shaw  Island, 
north  of  Point  George,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Parkview.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  8%  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,536  feet. 

Parkwater.  A post  office  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  east  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,946  feet.  (2) 

Parnell.  A village  9 miles  east  of  Coulee  City,  in  northern  Grant  Coun- 
ty. (4) 

Parsons  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  16  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Partridge,  Point.  The  most  western  point  of  Whidbey  Island,  directly 
north  of  Port  Townsend,  in  west  central  Island  County.  (1) 
Parvin.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  8 miles  south- 
east of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,151 
feet.  (4) 

Pasayten  River.  A tributary  of  Similkameen  River,  flowing  northward 
across  the  International  line,  in  northwestern  Okanogan  County. 

(1) 

Pasco.  This  town  is  located  at  the  junction  of  Columbia  and  Snake 
rivers,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Franklin  County.  The  altitude  is 
378  feet.  It  is  a division  point  for  the  N.  P.  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  rail- 
ways. It  has  a sheet  metal  works,  an  iron  foundry,  a wood  working 
factory,  machine  shop,  cigar  factory,  and  a bottling  and  soda  works. 
It  has  a natural  advantage  in  its  location,  which  facilitates  quick 
and  cheap  transportation.  The  town  had  2,083  inhabitants  in  1910. 
(1) 

Pass  Island.  A small  island  between  Whidbey  and  Fidalgo  islands,  in 
Deception  Pass,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Pass  Lake.  A lake  on  Fidalgo  Island,  north  of  Deception  Pass,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County.  (6) 

Pataha.  A village  3%  miles  east  of  Pomeroy,  in  north  central  Garfield 
County.  (1) 

Pataha  Creek.  The  principal  northern  tributary  of  Tucannon  River, 
joining  the  latter  about  7 miles  east  of  Starbuck,  in  northern  Colum- 
bia County.  (1) 

Pateros.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  junction  of  the  Methow  and 
Columbia  rivers  in  south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  780 
feet.  (1) 

Paterson.  A town  in  southwestern  Benton  County,  on  Columbia  River 
and  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry. ; elevation,  286  feet.  (43) 

Paterson  Ridge.  A low  ridge  in  southwestern  Benton  County,  7 miles 
long  and  1 mile  wide,  2 miles  from  Columbia  River  and  parallel 
with  it.  (43) 

Patos  Island.  An  island  at  the  southern  end  of  Georgia  Strait,  about  5 
miles  north  of  Orcas  Island,  in  northern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Patterson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  5 
miles  northeast  of  Coulee  City,  in  northern  Grant  County.  (4) 


222  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Patterson  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long-,  3 miles  southwest  of  Winthrop,  in 
west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,380  feet.  (56) 

Patterson  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  near  St.  Clair,  in  east  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  154  feet.  (45) 

Paul  Peak.  A peak  north  of  Mowich  River,  in  the  northwestern  corner 
of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  ele- 
vation, 4,809  feet.  (69) 

Paxson.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Curlew,  in  north- 
western Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,817  feet.  (4) 

Paxton.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in  east  central  Adams 
County;  elevation,  1,675  feet.  (4) 

Peach.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  11  miles  northeast  of  Creston, 
in  north  central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Peacock  Mountain.  A mountain  3 miles  south  of  Conconully,in  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,250  feet.  (48) 

Peacock  Spit.  A sand  spit  at  the  south  end  of  Cape  Disappointment  and 
west  of  Sand  Island,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Peak  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Salmon  Creek,  northwest  of  Con- 
conully,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Peales  Passage.  A channel  between  Hartstine  and  Squaxin  islands,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Peapod  Rocks.  Rocky  islands  in  Rosario  Strait,  near  the  east  shore  of 
Orcas  Island,  at  Doebay,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Pear  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Indian  Creek,  northeast  of  Cow- 
litz Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Pear  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Chelan,  3 miles  from  the 
head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Pear  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  north  of 
Griffin  Bay,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Pearl.  A post  office  in  north  central  Douglas  County,  12  miles  east  of 
Bridgeport.  (1) 

Pearl  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  northeast  < 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Pearl  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  Kautz  Creek,  on  the  southwest  ! 

slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Pearl  Falls.  Falls  in  Pearl  Creek,  on  the  southwest  slope  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Pearl  Island.  An  island  in  Roche  Harbor,  east  of  the  north  end  of 
Henry  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Pearrygin  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  northeast  of  Winthrop,  in  west  1 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,925  feet.  (56) 

Pearson.  A post  office  on  the  south  shore  of  Liberty  Bay,  in  central  i 
Kitsap  County.  (1)  fl  l 

Peavine  Pass.  A channel  between  Obstruction  and  Blakely  islands,  in  ; 
east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Peavine  Ridge.  A ridge  east  of  Klickitat  River,  south  of  Surveyors  c 
Creek,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  maximum  elevation,  4,413 
feet.  (37) 

Pedigo.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla,  | 
in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  732  feet. 

Pe  Ell.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis,  in 
southwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  412  feet.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


223 


Pelican  Horn.  An  inlet  of  Moses  Lake,  about  2 y2  miles  long-,  on  the 
southeastern  shore  of  the  lake,  in  central  Grant  County.  (57) 
Penawawa.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles 
west  of  Almota,  in  south  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  613 
feet.  (1) 

Penawawa  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  Snake  River,  at  Pena- 
wawa, in  south  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Penawawa  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  24  miles  above  Riparia,  on 
the  Garfield  and  Whitman  county  line.  (35) 

Pend  Oreille  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  the 
state,  next  to  the  Canadian  and  Idaho  boundary  lines.  Its  area  is 
1,472  square  miles.  About  half  of  the  county  is  mountainous  and 
rugged,  and  the  other  portion  is  rolling.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature is  45°  F.,  and  the  mean  annual  range  from  January  to 
July  is  40°  F.  There  is  an  average  precipitation  of  25  inches  per 
annum.  This  is  the  newest  county  in  the  state,  being  organized  in 
1911.  Grazing  and  lumbering  are  the  leading  industries,  with  mixed 
farming  and  mining  undergoing  rapid  developments.  Newport  is 
the  county  seat  and  also  the  largest  town.  Some  of  the  other  towns 
are  lone,  Metaline  Falls,  Usk,  Dalkena,  and  Cusick.  (1) 

Pend  Oreille  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Colville  River,  at  Arden, 
in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Pend  Oreille  Lakes.  Lakes  on  upper  Pend  Oreille  Creek,  at  Middleport, 
20  miles  northeast  of  Colville,  in  east  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 
Penn  Cove.  A cove  or  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  at 
Coupeville,  in  central  Island  County.  (5) 

Penrith.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  southwest  of  Newport,  in 
southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  2,082  feet.  (1) 
Pen-waw  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  8 miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Sanpoil  River,  in  northwestern  Lincoln  County.  (31) 
Peola.  A post  office  18  miles  southeast  of  Pomeroy,  in  central  Garfield 
County;  elevation,  4,000  feet.  (1) 

Peone  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Deadman  Creek,  east  of  Mead,  in 
north  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Peony  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Bonaparte  Creek,  from  the  south,  in 
east  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Perry.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Snake  River  Branch),  9 miles  west 
of  Riparia,  in  eastern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  523  feet.  (4) 

Perry  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River, 
from  the  northeast,  near  Barlow  Pass,  in  east  central  Snohomish 
County.  (52) 

Perry  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  head  of  Eld  Inlet,  from  the 
west,  in  northwestern  Thurston  County.  (4) 

Pershall.  A mining  camp  at  the  head  of  Stehekin  River,  near  Cascade 
Pass,  at  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (52) 

Peshastin.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  4 miles  below  Leavenworth,  in 
south  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  1,047  feet.  (1) 

Peshastin  Creek.  A stream  heading  in  Wenatchee  Mountains,  flowing 
north  and  emptying  into  Wenatchee  River  5 miles  below  Leaven- 
worth, in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Peter  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  east  of  Jared,  in 
central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Peter  Point.  A point  on  the  northwestern  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in 
west  central  King  County.  (5) 


224<  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Peterson  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
near  Acme,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Peterson  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  northwest  of  Maple  Valley,  in 
central  King  County.  (80) 

Phalan  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Bruce  Creek,  northeast  of 
Bossburg,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Phantom  Lake.  A lake  % mile  west  of  Sammamish  Lake,  in  northwest- 
ern King  County.  (73) 

Phelps  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  from  the  east,  in  northern 
Chelan  County.  (76) 

Philleo  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  3 miles  southwest  of  Spangle,  in  south 
central  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Phinney  Bay.  A small  bay  off  Port  Washington  narrows,  in  south  cen- 
tral Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Pickard.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in 
northeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,273  feet.  (4) 
Pickering  Passage.  A channel  between  Hartstine  Island  and  the  main- 
land, on  the  west,  in  east  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Pickhandle  Point.  A peak  near  the  Cascade  summit,  east  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (38) 

Piedmont.  A post  office  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Crescent,  about  8 
miles  from  Port  Crescent,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Piedmont.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  7 miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,486  feet. 

Pierce  County.  This  county  lies  in  west  central  Washington,  southeast 
of  Puget  Sound.  It  has  an  area  of  1,701  square  miles.  Its  elevation 
ranges  from  tide  level  to  14,408  feet  at  the  summit  of  Mount  Rainier. 
Low  plateaus  and  wide  valleys  dominate  the  western  half  of  the 
county,  while  the  eastern  half  extends  to  the  summit  of  the  Cas- 
cades. The  mean  annual  temperature  is  50°  F.,  and  the  mean  annual 
range  is  24°  F.  The  average  yearly  precipitation  is  42  inches.  The 
Census  Bureau  estimated  that  the  county  had  161,863  inhabitants 
on  July  1,  1916.  Manufacturing  is  the  most  important  industry. 
Lumbering,  coal  mining  and  fishing  rank  next  in  importance.  Berry 
raising  is  more  prominent  here  than  in  any  other  place  in  the  state. 
Poultry  raising,  dairying,  stock  raising  and  truck  farming  are  all 
important.  Tacoma  is  the  county  seat  and  largest  city.  Puyallup, 
Buckley,  Sumner,  Orting,  Eatonville,  Roy,  South  Prairie,  Kapowsin, 
Carbonado,  Alder,  Elbe,  and  Fairfax  are  some  of  the  more  important 
towns.  (1) 

Pierce  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  about  4 miles 
below  Cascade  Station,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 
Pierre  Lake.  A lake  near  the  head  of  Toulon  Creek,  west  of  Northport, 
in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Pigeon  Peak.  A peak  on  the  west  side  of  North  Fork  of  White  River, 
about  10  miles  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Pigeon  Springs.  A post  office  on  Kalama  River,  20  miles  east  of  Kalama, 
in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (2) 

Pillar  Point.  A headland  on  the  coast  between  Crescent  and  Clallam 
bays,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Pillar  Rock.  A village  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  1%  miles 
west  of  Brookfield,  in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


991 


[Pillar  Rock.  A point  of  rock  in  Columbia  River,  1 y2  miles  below  Brook- 
field, in  southwestern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 

Pilchuck.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Arlington,  in 
northwestern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  139  feet.  (1) 

Pilchuck  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Cavanaugh  Lake,  joining  Stilaguamish 
River  about  5 miles  below  Arlington,  in  northwestern  Snohomish 
County.  (1) 

Pilchuck  Creek.  A stream  entering  Snohomish  River,  from  the  north, 
at  Snohomish,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Pilchuck  Mountain.  A mountain  about  10  miles  east  of  Granite  Falls, 
in  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,334  feet.  (77) 

Pile  Point.  A point  on  the  southwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  west 
of  Kanaka  Bay,  in  southwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Pilot  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  in  northeastern 
Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Pine  City.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Malden,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,015  feet.  (4) 

Pine  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north,  east  of 
Roosevelt,  in  eastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Pine  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  a few  miles  long,  entering  Wagon- 
road  Coulee  from  the  northwest,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 
Pine  Creek.  A stream  of  Spokane  and  Whitman  counties,  flowing  west, 
and  joining  Rock  Creek  near  Rock  Lake.  (1) 

Pine  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  south- 
east of  Mount  St.  Helens,  in  west  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 
Pine  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Walla  Walla  River,  east  of 
Touchet,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Pine  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  northeast  of  Rock 
Lake,  in  north  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Pineeroft.  A statioh  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  8%  miles  east  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,967  feet. 

Pinegrass  Ridge.  A mesa  or  plateau  on  the  east  side  of  Klickitat  River, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  West  Fork,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Pine  Grove.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  5%  miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,292  feet. 

Pinehurst.  A station  on  the  Seattle-Everett  Interurban  Ry.,  5 miles 
south  of  Everett,  in  southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Pine  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  east  of  Monohan,  in  west  central  King 
County.  (73) 

Pine  Mountain.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  North  Fork  of  Bogachiel 
River,  5 miles  southwest  of  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  south  central 
Clallam  County;  elevation,  4,050  feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 

Pine  Spring.  A spring  in  Sec.  20,  T.  7 N.,  R.  19  E.,  in  south  central 
Yakima  County.  (86) 

Pine  Tree  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  31  miles  below  Riparia,  in 
Garfield  and  Whitman  counties.  (34) 

Piner  Point.  A point  at  the  southeast  end  of  Maury  Island,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (80) 

Ping.  A village  16  miles  northwest  of  Pomeroy,  in  northwestern  Gar- 
field County.  (4) 


226  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


l’ingstones  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  9 miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Kettle  River,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Pinnacle  Glacier.  A small  glacier  on  the  northeast  side  of  Pinnacle 
Peak,  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 
Pinnacle  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  western  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in 
southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Pinnacle  Peak.  A peak  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  7 miles  southeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  6,562  feet. 
(69) 

Pioneer.  A village  about  5 miles  east  of  Ridgefield,  in  western  Clarke 
County.  (27) 

Pipe  Lake.  A lake  3%  miles  southwest  of  Maple  Valley,  in  south  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Pipestone  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  entering  the 
valley  of  Beaver  Creek  from  the  northwest,  in  west  central  Oka- 
nogan County.  (56) 

Pipple  Island.  A small  island  southeast  of  Johns  island,  and  north  of 
Spieden  Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Piscoe  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  northeast 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Pitcher  Canyon.  A canyon  and  creek  entering  Squillchuck  Creek,  from 
the  west,  two  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  near  Wenatchee, 
in  southeastern  Chelan  County.  (84) 

Pitship  Point.  A sandy  point  at  the  east  side  of  the  entrance  to  Wash- 
ington Harbor,  between  Dungeness  and  Port  Townsend,  in  north- 
eastern Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Pitt.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  (Goldendale  Branch),  11  miles 
northeast  of  Lyle,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  352 
feet.  (4) 

Pitt  Island.  A small  island ‘west  of  McNeil  Islarjd,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (8) 

Pitt  Passage.  A channel  between  McNeil  Island  and  the  mainland  on 
the  west,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Pizarro.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Ralston, 
in  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,605  feet.  (4) 

Plain.  A post  office  14  miles  north  of  Leavenworth,  in  central  Chelan 
County.  (4) 

Plaza.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  28  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in  south 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,353  feet.  (1) 

Pleasant  Bay.  A small  embayment  at  the  south  end  of  Chuckanut  Bay, 
south  of  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (6) 
Pleasant  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  2 miles 
south  of  Brinnon,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Pleasant,  Mount.  A peak  IV2  miles  southeast  of  Crater  Lake,  in  east 
central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,453  feet.  (69) 

Pleasant,  Mount.  A low  mountain  1%  miles  north  of  Mount  Pleasant 
Station,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  1,010  feet.  (53) 
Pleasant  Prairie.  A prairie  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,432  feet.  (75) 

Pleasant  Valley.  A north  and  south  valley,  about  6 miles  west  of  Moses 
Lake,  in  central  Grant  County.  (57) 

Pleasant  Valley  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Cottonwood  Creek, 
southeast  of  Rock  Lake,  in  north  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


22r 


Pleasant  View.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  northwest  of  Eureka, 
in  northeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,447  feet.  (1) 

Plum.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  14  miles  northwest  of  Wrilbur, 
in  northwestern  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

! Plumb.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Tenino,  in  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  234  feet.  (4) 

Plummer  Peak.  A peak  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  1 mile  southwest  of 
Pinnacle  Peak,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  6,300 
feet.  (69) 

Pluvius.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  28  miles  southeast  of  South  Bend. 

in  east  central  Pacific.  County;  elevation,  728  feet.  (1) 

Plymouth.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  on  Columbia  River,  in 
south  central  Benton  County;  elevation,  284  feet.  (1) 

Pogue  Flat.  A plain  embracing  several  square  miles,  at  Omak,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Pohls  Hill.  A hill  on  Bear  Prairie,  6 miles  north  of  Mount  Pleasant, 
in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  1,405  feet.  (53) 

! Point  No  Point.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  in 
northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Point  of  Arches.  A headland  on  the  coast,  10  miles  south  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Point  Williams.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  3%  miles 
south  of  Alki  Point,  in  west  central  King  County.  (5) 

Poland  Butte.  A mountain  on  the  plateau,  22  miles  southeast  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  3,143  feet.  (37) 
Polandville.  A village  on  Wishkah  River,  4 miles  north  of  Wishkah 
Post  Office,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 


Pole  Pass.  A channel  between  Crane  and  Orcas  islands,  in  central  San 
Juan  County.  (6) 

Pollard.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  9 miles  north  of  Republic,  in  north 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  2,349  feet.  (4) 

Polnell,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  Crescent  Bay,  on  the  east 
shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  northeast  of  Coupeville,  in  Island  County. 
(5) 

Poison  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River,  from 
the  west,  about  6 miles  north  of  Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (54) 

Poison  Landing.  A village  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Hoquiam  River,  about 
4 miles  north  of  Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(54) 

Pomeroy.  This  town  lies  in  the  center  of  the  northern  or  main  portion 
of  Garfield  County  and  is  the  county  seat.  The  altitude  is  1,849 
feet.  It  is  the  terminal  of  a branch  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  and 
is  also  served  by  auto-stages  to  Lewiston,  Idaho,  and  Dayton.  The 
tributary  community  is  occupied  with  stock  raising  and  farming. 
Pomeroy  handles  the  grain  of  an  extensive  district.  The  population 
was  1,605  in  1910.  (1) 

Pomona.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  north  of  Yakima,  in  north 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  1,157  feet.  (1) 


Pontiac.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  north- 
western King  County.  (73) 

Poorman  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  lower  Twisp  River,  in 
west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 


228  Bulletin  No.  17,  W a shin  gt  on  Geological  Survey 


Porcupine  Ridge.  A ridge  about  15  miles  east  of  Bucoda,  in  southeast- 
ern  Thurston  County;  elevation,  1,920  feet.  (45) 

Port  Angeles.  The  county  seat  of  Clallam  County,  located  in  the  north 
central  portion  of  the  county,  on  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  It  is 
served  by  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  By.,  and  by  several  steamboat  lines. 
It  has  lumber  mills,  a salmon  cannery,  a creamery,  and  a sash  and 
door  factory.  The  town  had  2,286  inhabitants  in  1910.  (1) 

Port  Angeles  Harbor.  A bay  3 miles  long  and  1%  miles  wide,  between 
Ediz  Hook  and  the  mainland,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (5) 
Port  Blakeley.  A town  on  Blakeley  Harbor,  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east 
central  Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Port  Columbia.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  in  northwestern 
Douglas  County,  about  8 miles  below  Bridgeport.  (4) 

Port  Crescent.  A village  on  Crescent  Bay,  about  14  miles  west  of  Port 
Angeles,  in  northern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Port  Discovery.  A post  office  on  tidewater,  north  of  Fairmount,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Port  Discovery  Bay.  An  indentation  or  bay,  about  8 miles  long,  on  the 
Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Port  Gamble.  A town  on  Hood  Canal,  in  northwestern  Kitsap  County. 
(1) 

Port  Gamble.  A bay  or  inlet  6 miles  south  of  Foulweather  Bluff,  on 
the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  northern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 
Port  Gardner.  A bay  at  Everett  (part  of  Possession  Sound),  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Port  Ludlow.  A town  on  the  shore,  about  15  miles  south  of  Port  Town- 
send, in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Port  Ludlow.  A small  embayment  on  the  west  side  of  Admiralty  Inlet, 
opposite  Foulweather  Bluff,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 
Port  Madison.  A town  at  the  north  end  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  north- 
eastern Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Port  Madisou.  A bay  at  the  north  end  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  north- 
eastern Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Port  Madison  Indian  ReserAation.  A reservation  of  7,284  acres,  on  the 
shores  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  northeastern 
Kitsap  County.  (1) 

Port  Orchard.  The  county  seat  of  Kitsap  County,  on  the  east  shore  of 
Port  Orchard  Inlet.  (1) 

Port  Orchard.  A channel  or  inlet,  between  Bainbridge  Island  and  the 
mainland  on  the  west,  in  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Port  Stanley.  A town  at  the  north  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in  central  San 
Juan  County.  (4) 

Port  Susan.  A bay  or  arm  of  the  sea,  between  Camano  Island  and  the 
mainland,  in  east  central  Island  County.  (1) 

Port  Townsend.  This  city  is  situated  in  the  northeastern  extremity  of 
Jefferson  County,  of  which  it  is  the  county  seat.  It  is  on  Quimper 
Peninsula,  at  the  entrance  to  Puget  Sound.  It  is  served  by  steamer 
transportation  and  by  branch  railways  to  Quilcene  and  Port  An- 
geles. It  has  a number  of  saw  mills,  a boat  building  plant,  a fer- 
tilizer manufacturing  plant,  two  salmon  canneries  and  several  wood 
working  plants.  Its  population  in  1910  totalled  4,181.  (1) 

Port  Townsend  Harbor.  A bay  or  port,  about  6 miles  long  and  2 miles 
wide,  on  Admiralty  Inlet,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


229 


Port  Washington  Narrows.  A channel  connecting  Dyes  Inlet  and  Port 
Orchard,  in  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Port  Williams.  A town  on  the  coast,  between  Port  Townsend  and  Dun- 
geness,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Portage.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  2 miles  north 
of  Burton,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Portage  Head.  A headland  on  the  coast,  8 miles  south  of  Cape  Flattery, 
in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Portage  Slough.  A slough  at  the  eastern  mouth  of  Nooksak  River,  west 
of  Marietta,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Porter.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  east  of  Montesano,  in  south- 
eastern Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  52  feet.  (1) 

Porter  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  northeast,  at 
Porter,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Portuguese  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  east 
of  Knappton,  in  south  central  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Possession  Point.  A headland  at  the  southeastern  end  of  Whidbey 
Island,  east  of  Point  No  Point,  in  south  central  Island  County.  (5) 

Possession  Sound.  A bay  between  the  southern  end  of  Whidbey  Island 
and  the  mainland  on  the  east,  in  south  central  Island  County.  (1) 

Potato  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Entiat  River,  in  east  central 
Chelan  County.  (46) 

Pot  Holes.  Depressions  with  a maximum  depth  of  200  feet,  located  2% 
miles  east  of  Columbia  River  and  10  miles  southwest  of  Quincy,  in 
west  central  Grant  County.  (68) 

Potholes,  The.  A series  of  shallow  depressions  in  the  sandy  plains  4 
miles  southwest  of  the  south  end  of  Moses  Lake,  in  central  Grant 
County.  (57) 

Potlach.  A town  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  in  central  Mason 
County.  (1) 

Poulsbo.  A town  at  the  head  of  Liberty  Bay,  in  north  central  Kitsap 
County.  (1) 

Poverty  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  4 miles  south 
of  Des  Moines,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Prairie.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  north  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Prairie  31ountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  lower  Suiattle 
and  Sauk  rivers,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation, 
5,670  feet.  (52) 

Prairie  River.  A tributary  of  Quinault  River,  from  the  north,  3 miles 
south  of  Quinault  Lake,  in  north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (19) 

Pratt,  Mount.  A peak  at  the  head  of  North  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River, 
in  northeastern  King  County.  (4) 

Pratt  River.  A tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  from 
the  south,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

Preachers  Slough.  A tidal  stream  on  the  flood  plain  of  Chehalis  River, 
3 miles  east  of  Cosmopolis,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(26) 

Preachers  Slough.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co., 
7 miles  east  of  Aberdeen,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(26) 


230  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Prescott.  A. town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  20  miles  north 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,017  feet. 
(1) 

President  Channel.  A channel  between  Orcas  and  Waldron  islands,  in 
north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

President  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  3 miles 
south  of  Kingston,  in  northeastern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Pressentin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south,  near 
Birdsview,  in  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

Preston.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  8 miles  east 
of  Issaquah,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  508  feet.  (4) 
Preston  Point.  A point  on  the  south  side  of  the  entrance  to  Snohomish 
River,  at  Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Prevost.  A post  office  on  the  north  shore  of  Stuart  Island,  in  north- 
western San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Prevost  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  north  shore  of  Stuart  Island, 
in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Prices  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  east  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north  central 
Mason  County.  (19) 

Priest  Point.  A point  on  the  north  side  of  the  entrance  to  Snohomish 
River,  near  Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Priest  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Budd  Inlet,  2 miles  north 
of  Olympia,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Priest  Rapids.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  south  of 
Beverly,  in  northeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  495  feet.  (1) 
Priest  Rapids.  A series  of  rapids  in  Columbia  River,  9 miles  long,  with 
a drop  of  70  feet,  a few  miles  below  Beverly,  in  southwestern  Grant 
County.  (31) 

Prince  Creek.  A stream  entering  Lake  Chelan  from  the  east,  about  15 
miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County. 
(56) 

Prindle.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  16  miles  west  of  Stevenson,  in 
southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  51  feet.  (4) 

Proctor  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  4 miles 
above  Gold  Bar,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 
Proebstel.  A village  on  LaCamas  Creek,  about  10  miles  northeast  of 
Vancouver,  in  south  central  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Profanity  Peak.  A mountain  in  Kettle  River  Range,  11  miles  southwest 
of  Orient,  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  about  6,100  feet. 
(16) 

Prospect  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Big  Quilcene  River,  from  the 
west,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Prospector  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Huckleberry  Creek,  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Prosser.  The  county  seat  of  Benton  County.  It  is  located  on  the  N.  P. 
Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  the  west  central 
part  of  the  county,  on  Yakima  River.  It  has  an  altitude  of  661 
feet.  It  has  an  ice  plant,  flour  mill,  creamery,  and  an  electric  plant 
which  develops  about  900  horse  power  from  the  Yakima  River.  The 
population  for  1910  was  1,298.  (1) 

Protection  Island.  An  island  about  2 miles  long,  in  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca,  opposite  the  entrance  to  Port  Discovery  Bay,  in  northeast- 
ern Jefferson  County.  (5) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


231 


Providence.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  southwest  of  Lind,  in 
southwestern  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,538  feet.  (4) 

Ptarmigan  Ridge.  A divide  north  of  North  Mowich  Glacier,  in  east  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (69) 

Puffin  Island.  One  of  the  Matia  group,  in  Washington  Sound,  about  3 
miles  northeast  of  Orcas  Island,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Puget.  A post  office  on  Puget  Sound,  11  miles  northeast  of  Olympia,  in 
north  central  Thurston  County.  (1) 

Puget  Island.  An  island  about  5%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  at 
Cathlamet,  in  southeastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Puget  Sound.  A term  originally  applied  to  those  arms  of  the  sea  south 
and  west  of  the  Narrows,  near  Tacoma;  a general  name  now  given 
to  all  the  channels,  inlets,  and  bays  which  are  found  south  of  Port 
Townsend.  (1) 

Pugh  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  lower  Whitechuck 
and  Sauk  rivers,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  7,150 
feet.  (52) 

Pulali  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  6 miles  south  of 
Quilcene,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Pullman.  A city  situated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Whitman  County. 
The  altitude  is  2,342  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  O.-W.  and  the  N.  P. 
railways.  In  industrial  lines  it  has  a flouring  mill,  ice  plant,  cream- 
ery, vinegar  factory,  cigar  factory  and  bottling  works.  It  acts 
as  the  distributing  center  for  a grain-growing  and  dairying  sec- 
tion. It  is  an  important  educational  center,  being  the  seat  of  the 
State  College  of  Washington.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,602.  (1) 

Pullman  Junction.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  south  of  Pullman, 
in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,381  feet.  (67) 

Pully,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  midway  be- 
tween Tacoma  and  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County.  (Same  as 
Three  Tree  Point.)  (5) 

Purdy.  A village  at  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern  Pierce 
County.  (8) 

Purple  Point.  A point  and  hotel,  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Chelan,  at 
its  north  end,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Purrington.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  19  miles 
east  of  Riparia,  in  south  central  Whitman  County. 

Pusey  Island.  A small  island  between  the  northern  points  of  San  Juan 
and  Henry  islands,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Puyallup.  A town  located  in  the  north  central  part  of  Pierce  County. 
The  altitude  is  49  feet.  The  town  is  served  by  the  N.  P.,  G.  N.,  O.-W., 
and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  and  electric  interurbans  and  auto  stages. 
It  has  several  factories  and  saw  mills.  It  has  a shingle  mill,  fruit 
cannery,  and  a creamery.  It  is  the  shipping  center  for  a large  fruit 
and  berry  district.  The  population  in  1910  was  4,969.  (1) 

Puyallup  Glacier.  A glacier  about  3 V2  miles  long,  on  the  western  slope 
of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Puyallup  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  17,463  acres,  all  allotted, 
on  the  low  lands  at  the  mouth  of  Puyallup  River,  near  Tacoma.  (1) 
Pyramid  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kautz  Creek,  heading  in  the  snow  fields 
on  the  southwest  slopes  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 


232  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Pyramid  Glacier.  A small  glacier  between  Kautz  and  South  Tahoma 
glaciers,  on  the  southwestern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Pyramid  Mountain.  A peak  of  Chelan  Mountains,  3 miles  west  of  Lake 
Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  8,240  feet.  (76) 
Pyramid  Mountain.  A mountain  in  the  crescent  of  Crescent  Lake,  and 
1 Yz  miles  distant,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  elevation,  3,500 
feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 

Pyramid  Park.  A park  on  the  headwaters  of  Pyramid  Creek,  on  the 
southwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Pyramid  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  north  of  Naches  Pass,  in 
King  and  Kittitas  counties;  elevation,  5,723  feet.  (74) 

Pyramid  Peak.  A peak  near  the  head  of  Pyramid  Creek,  on  the  south- 
west slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,937  feet.  (69) 

Pysht.  A post  office  on  the  coast,  14  miles  east  of  Clallam  Bay,  in  north- 
western Clallam  County.  (5) 

Pysht  River.  A river  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  near  Pillar 
Point,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (10) 

Pysht  River,  Fast  Fork.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Pysht  River,  in  north- 
western Clallam  County.  (19) 

Quarantine  Station.  A government  station  on  the  coast,  1 mile  west  of 
entrance  to  Port  Discovery  Bay,  and  about  10  miles  west  of  Port 
Townsend,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Quartermaster  Harbor.  A bay  or  harbor  between  Vashon  and  Maury 
islands,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Quartz  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Naches  River,  from  the  northeast, 
in  southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Quartz  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  near  Cleveland,  in 
north  central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Quartz  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Cispus  River,  from  the  south,  south 
of  Rhine,  in  south  central  Lewis  County.  (4) 

Quartz  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Crow  Creek,  in  northwestern 
Yakima  County.  (38) 

Quartz  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  southeast  of  Republic,  in  west 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  4,803  feet.  (71) 

Quatsop  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Duckabush  River,  in  southeastern  Jefferson  County.  (26) 
Queets,  Mount.  A mountain  5%  miles  southeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Queets  River.  A river  heading  in  the  central  Olympics,  flowing  south- 
west and  entering  the  sea  about  14  miles  north  of  Cape  Elizabeth, 
in  southwestern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Querquellin  River.  A small  stream  entering  Palux  River  near  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Quilceda  Creek.  A small  stream  from  the  north,  entering  Possession 
Sound,  near  the  mouth  of  Snohomish  River,  in  west  central  Sno- 
homish County.  (58) 

Quileene.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  on  Hood  Canal,  in  northeastern 
Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Quileene  Bay.  A bay  about  4 miles  long,  the  northwest  arm  of  Dabop 
Bay,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 


233 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Quillamine  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  8 miles  below  Trinidad, 
in  Grant  and  Kittitas  counties.  (31) 

Quillatoene  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  entering  Columbia  River 
from  the  west,  northeast  of  Ellensburg,  in  northeastern  Kittitas 
County.  (4) 

Quillayute  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  837  acres,  unallotted, 
at  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County. 

(1) 

Quillayute  Needle.  A small  needle,  1 mile  off  shore,  and  3 miles  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County; 
elevation,  83  feet.  (5) 

Quillayute  River.  A large  stream  formed  by  the  confluence  of  Soleduck 
and  Bogachiel  rivers,  entering  the  ocean  at  Lapush,  in  southwestern 
Clallam  County.  (5) 

Quil  quil-a-meue  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  entering  Columbia 
River  from  the  west,  in  northeastern  Kittitas  County.  (4) 
Quimper  Peninsula.  A peninsula  between  Port  Discovery  Bay  and  Port 
Townsend  Harbor,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Quinault.  A post  office  on  Quinault  Lake,  42  miles  north  of  Hoquiam, 
in  north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 

Quinault  Indian  Reservation.  A large  reservation  on  the  coast,  west  of 
Quinault  Lake,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County,  with  a total 
area  of  223,543  acres.  (1) 

Quinault  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  long  and  1%  miles  wide,  on  the  Quinault 
River,  in  north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Quinault  River.  A river  draining  the  southwestern  Olympics,  and  en- 
tering the  Pacific  Ocean  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 
Quincy.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  16  miles  west  of  Ephrata,  in  west 
central  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,302  feet.  (1) 

Rabbit  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  east,  10 
miles  south  of  Republic,  in  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Raccoon  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  north 
of  Mount  Constitution,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Raft  Island.  A small  island,  near  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwest- 
ern Pierce  County.  (8) 

Raft  River.  A stream  about  15  miles  long,  entering  the  Pacific  Ocean 
in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Raging  River.  A tributary  of  Snoqualmie  River,  near  Fall  City,  in  cen- 
tral King  County.  (44) 

Ragnar.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  east  of  Cedar  Falls, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,215  feet.  (4) 

Rahms.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  39  miles 
southeast  of  Spokane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (4) 
Railroad  Creek.  A creek  flowing  from  the  summit  of  the  Cascades  east- 
ward to  Lake  Chelan,  entering  8 miles  below  the  head  of  the  lake, 
in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Railroad  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  2 miles 
west  of  Ashford,  in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Rainbow  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Stehekin  River  2 miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County.  (76) 
Rainbow  Creek.  A tributary  of  Shuksan  Creek,  from  the  west,  east  of 
Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 


234  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Rainier.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  9 miles 
northeast  of  Tenino,  in  east  central  Thurston  County;  elevat'on,  430 
feet.  (1) 

Rainier  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  American  River,  rising  on  the 
Cascade  divide,  east  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northwestern  Yakima 
County.  (38) 

Rainier,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the  state,  in  southeastern 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  14,408  feet.  (1) 

Rainier  National  Forest.  A forest  located  in  the  heart  of  the  Cascades, 
surrounding  Mount  Rainier.  It  covers  portions  of  King,  Kittitas, 
Lewis,  Pierce,  Skamania,  Thurston,  and  Yakima  counties,  embracing, 
all  told,  1,316,057  acres.  The  office  of  the  supervisor  is  at  Tacoma. 
(1) 

Rainy  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  Bridge  and  Granite 
creeks,  north  of  Lake  Chelan,  on  the  Chelan  and  Skagit  county  line. 
(22) 

Ralston.  A town  in  central  Adams  County,  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,650  feet.  (1) 

Ramapo.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  13 
miles  west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  ele- 
vation, 233  feet.  (19) 

Ramerman.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  northwest  of  Granger, 
in  east  central  Yakima  County. 

Ram  Island.  An  island  at  the  west  end  of  Lopez  Pass,  southwest  of 
Decatur  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Rampart  Ridge.  The  divide  between  Kautz  Creek  and  upper  Nisqually 
River,  northwest  of  Longmire,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Rand.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Stevenson,  in  , 
south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  74  feet. 

Randle.  A post  office  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  20  miles  east  of  Morton, 
in  east  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  1,045  feet.  (1) 

Range  Point.  A point  on  Willapa  Bay,  south  of  the  mouth  of  Willapa  ' 
River,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Ranger.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  9 
miles  west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 200  feet.  (19) 

Ranger  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  east  of  Fairfax, 
in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Ranjohns  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  northwest  of  Eatonville,  in 
south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Rankin  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
southwest  of  Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Rapid  River.  The  principal  eastern  headwater  of  Beckler  River,  in 
southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Rasmussen  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca, 
about  7 miles  east  of  Neah  Bay,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

Rat  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Icicle  Creek,  about  7 miles  above 
Leavenworth,  in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (92) 

Rat  Lake.  A small  lake  6 miles  north  of  Brewster,  in  southwestern 
Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Rattlesnake  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  White  Salmon  River,  from 
the  northeast,  in  western  Klickitat  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


235 


Rattlesnake  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  north 
of  Marble,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (4) 

Rattlesnake  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  near  Nile,  in 
west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Rattlesnake  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Rattlesnake 
Creek,  east  of  Bumping-  Lake,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
Rattlesnake  Hills.  A high  ridge  or  range  of  hills,  north  of  the  lower 
Yakima  River,  mostly  in  Benton  County.  (66) 

Rattlesnake  Ledge.  A mountain  1 mile  north  of  Cedar  Falls,  in  central 
King  County.  (44) 

Rattlesnake  Mountain.  A triangulation  point  on  the  south  line  of  Sec. 
8,  T.  11  N.,  R.  24  E.,  on  Rattlesnake  Hills,  in  Benton  County;  eleva- 
tion, 3,621  feet.  (66) 

Rattlesnake  Peaks.  Peaks  near  the  head  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  north- 
east of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
Rattlesnake  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  9 miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Nespelem  River,  in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 
Rattlesnake  Ridge.  A divide  between  upper  North  Fork  and  South 
Fork  of  Simcoe  Creek,  northeast  of  Mount  Adams,  in  west  central 
Yakima  County;  elevation,  3,007  feet.  (37) 

Rattlesnake  Spring.  A spring  located  in  Sec.  29,  T.  12  N.,  R.  25  E.,  in 
northern  Benton  County,  on  the  road  from  Yakima  to  White  Bluffs. 
(50) 

Rattler  Run.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  28  miles  southeast  of 
Spokane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,537  feet.  (4) 
Rattler  Run.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  north  of  Fair- 
field,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Ravensdale.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south 
central  King  County;  elevation,  619  feet.  (1) 

Raymond.  A town  situated  in  north  central  Pacific  County,  near  the 
mouth  of  Willapa  River.  It  is  located  on  tide  water.  It  is  served 
by  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways.  There  are  several  saw 
mills,  shingle  mills,  salmon  canneries,  a boat  building  plant,  an 
iron  and  steel  works,  a machine  shop  and  boiler  works,  a furniture 
factory,  an  ice  plant  and  bottling  works,  a cigar  factory  and  a sash 
and  door  factory.  The  town  had  a population  of  2,450  in  1910.  (1) 

Rayville.  A village  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Elma,  in 
southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 

Reach  Island.  A small  island  near  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  in  northeast- 
ern Mason  County.  (5) 

Reardan.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  15 
miles  east  of  Davenport,  in  northeastern  Lincoln  County;  elevation, 
2,498  feet.  (1) 

Rebel  Flat.  A long  narrow  valley  about  2%  miles  southwest  of  Colfax, 
in  central  Whitman  County.  (67) 

Red  Butte.  A round  mountain  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  7,203  feet.  (37) 

Red  Creek.  A tributary  of  White  River,  from  the  northeast,  near 
Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Redmond.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  11  miles  north 
of  Issaquah,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  53  feet.  (1) 
Red  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  north  of  Snoqualmie  Pass, 
in  King  and  Kittitas  counties;  elevation,  5,550  feet.  (74) 


236  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Red  Mountain.  A mountain  north  of  Cle  Elum  Lake  and  west  of  Cle 
Elum  River,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  5,707  feet. 
(74) 

Red  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Wind  River  and 
Little  White  Salmon  River,  about  20  miles  north  of  Stevenson,  in 
central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  4,100  feet.  (4) 

Red  Mountain.  A mountain  about  8 miles  southwest  of  Glacier  Peak,  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,930  feet.  (52) 

Red  Mountain.  A mountain  between  Silesia  and  Tomyhoi  creeks,  in 
north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Redondo.  A post  office  on  the  east  side  of  Puget  Sound,  4 miles  south 
of  Des  Moines,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (1) 

Red  Rock.  A village  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  east  of  Smyrna, 
in  south  central  Grant  County;  elevation,  598  feet.  (70) 

Red  Rock  Coulee.  A north  and  south  coulee,  with  intermittent  stream, 
2 miles  northwest  of  Colletta,  in  southern  Grant  County.  (70) 

Red  Shirt.  An  old  mining  camp  on  Beaver  Creek,  4 miles  east  of  Twisp, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,912  feet.  (56) 
Redstone  Peak.  A peak  between  upper  Van  Horn  Creek  and  North  Fork 
of  White  River,  north  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  5,700  feet.  (69) 

Redtop.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  North  Fork  of  Teanaway  River 
and  Swauk  Creek,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  about 
5,200  feet.  (78) 

Reed  Island.  An  island  1%  miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  3 miles  above 
Washougal,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (13) 

Reef  Island.  A small  island  near  the  southwest  point  of  Orcas  Island, 
northwest  of  Crane  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Reef  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  1 mile  above  Bridgeport,  in 
Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Reese.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  23  miles  west 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
383  feet.  (83) 

Reeser  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Ellensburg,  in  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Reeveton.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  11 
miles  east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 166  feet.  (2) 

Reflection  Lakes.  Small  lakes  1 mile  north  of  Pinnacle  Peak,  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  4,861 
feet.  (69) 

Regents  Park.  A post  office  3 miles  west  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (2) 

Reid  Harbor.  An  embayment  on  the  southeastern  shore  of  Stuart 
Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Reid  Rock.  A rock  in  San  Juan  Channel,  northeast  of  Friday  Harbor, 
in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Reids  Creek.  A small  intermittent  stream,  about  10  miles  north  of 
Malott,  in  south  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Reil  Harbor.  A small  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lummi 
Island,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Reiter.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Index,  in  south  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County;  elevation,  308  feet.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


237 


Reliance.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.), 
43  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,250  feet. 

Relief.  A. siding-  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  south 
of  Starbuck,  in  northwestern  Columbia  County.  (4) 

Reno.  A post  office  on  the  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  8 V2  miles  north- 
east of  Kalama,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Rennie  Island.  A tidal  island  near  the  head  of  Grays  Harbor,  opposite 
Hoquiam,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

Renshaw  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  3 miles 
above  lone,  in  northwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 

Renslow.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Ellensburg,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  995  feet.  (4) 
Renton.  A town  located  at  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Washington,  in 
west  central  King  County.  It  has  an  altitude  of  40  feet.  It  is 
served  by  two  electric  interurbans  and  the  N.  P.,  C.  M.  & St.  P.,  and 
P.  C.  railways.  It  is  essentially  a coal  mining  town  and  contains 
the  mines  of  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  Railway.  Other  plants  are 
those  of  the  Denny-Renton  Clay  and  Coal  Company  and  the  Seattle 
Car  Manufacturing  Company.  There  is  also  a coal  briquetting  plant. 
The  population  in  1910  was  2,740.  (1) 

Renton  Junction,  A junction  on  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  Ry.,  11  miles 
south  of  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County.  (4) 

Republic.  This  town,  the  county  seat,  is  located  in  the  north  central 
part  of  Ferry  County.  The  altitude  is  2,503  feet.  It  is  served  by  the 
G.  N.  and  the  S.  & B.  C.  railways.  It  is  a mining  town,  having  gold 
and  silver  mines  in  the  vicinity.  There  are  two  cyanide  ore  reduc- 
tion plants  and  a number  of  sawmills  in  the  tributary  region.  The 
surrounding  country  is  also  profitably  utilized  in  agriculture.  The 
population  in  1910  was  999.  (1) 

Republic  Hill.  A hill  about  1 mile  southwest  of  Republic,  in  west  cen- 
tral Ferry  County.  (71) 

Rescue  Island  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  33  miles  below  Riparia, 
in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Reser.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  northeast  of  Eureka,  in 
northeastern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,356  feet.  (4) 
Reservation  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island, 
north  of  the  west  end  of  Deception  Pass,  in  southwestern  Skagit 
County.  (6) 

Reservation  Creek.  A headwater  of  South  Fork  of  Atanum  Creek,  east 
of  Cispus  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Restoration  Point.  A point  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Bainbridge 
Island,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Retsil.  A post  office  at  the  Soldiers’  Home,  1 mile  northeast  of  Port 
Orchard,  on  Port  Orchard  Bay,  in  south  central  Kitsap  County.  (2) 
Reveille  Island.  A small  island  in  Lake  Whatcom,  near  Idlewild,  in 
southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Revere.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  west  of  Malden,  in 
northwestern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,600  feet.  (1) 

Rex  River.  A tributary  of  Cedar  Lake,  from  the  southeast,  in  south- 
eastern King  County.  (1) 

Reynolds  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Stehekin-Twisp  divide,  northeast  of  the 
head  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation, 
about  8,300  feet.  (76) 


238  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Rhine.  A post  office  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  17  miles  southeast  of  Mor- 
ton, in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Rhode  Lake.  A small  lake  4%  miles  northeast  of  Orting,  in  north  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (80) 

Rice.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  west  of  Arden,  in  west  central 
Stevens  County.  (1) 

Rich  Bar.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  2 miles  northwest  of  Oroville,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County. 

Richardson.  A town  at  the  south  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in  south  central 
San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Richmond  Beach.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  on  Puget  Sound,  15 
miles  north  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (1) 

Richmond  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  5 miles  below  the  foot  of 
Priest  Rapids,  in  northwestern  Benton  County.  (65) 

Richmond  Highlands.  A post  office  3 miles  east  of  Richmond  Beach,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Richmond,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Colvos  Passage,  north 
of  Gig  Harbor,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Rich’s  Passage.  A channel  connecting  Port  Orchard  and  Admiralty 
Inlet,  south  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County. 
(26) 

Rick  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Deer  Creek,  about  8 miles  northeast 
of  Lake  Cavanaugh,  in  south  central  Skagit  County.  (77) 

Rickey  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  about  3 miles  below  Kettle 
Falls,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (29) 

Riekeys  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  5 miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Colville  River,  in  west  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 
Ricksecker  Point.  A promontory  northeast  of  the  confluence  of  Nis- 
qually  and  Paradise  rivers,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  eleva- 
tion, 4,212  feet.  (69) 

Ridgefield.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles 
north  of  Vancouver,  in  west  central  Clarke  County;  elevation,  60 
feet.  (1) 

Ridley  Creek.  The  head  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  southwest 
of  Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Ridpath.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles 
east  of  Riparia,  in  southwestern  Whitman  County. 

Rift'e.  A post  office  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  8 miles  southwest  of  Mor- 
ton, in  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  533  feet.  (1) 

Riffle.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,249  feet. 

Riley  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  south  of  Oso,  in  north  central  Sno- 
homish County;  elevation,  525  feet.  (77) 

Ringo.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Palouse,  in  east 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,562  feet. 

Riugold.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  25  miles  north  of  Pasco,  in 
west  central  Franklin  County.  (21) 

Riparia.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  24  miles  southwest  of  Lacrosse,  in  southwestern  Whitman 
County;  elevation,  549  feet.  (1) 

Risbeek.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  south- 
east of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,080 
feet. 


239 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Ritxville.  The  county  seat  of  Adams  County,  located  in  the  midst  of  an 
undulating  prairie  country  devoted  to  cereal  growing.  It  is  situated 
on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  county.  The  alti- 
tude is  1,814  feet.  A flouring  mill  is  operated,  having  a capacity  of 
450  barrels  per  day;  other  plants  are  a creamery  and  an  ice  manu- 
facturing plant.  The  surrounding  country  is  very  rich  and  fertile, 
and  the  snowfall  of  the  winter  and  the  summer  rainfall  enables 
Ritzville  to  be  a great  wheat  shipping  center.  The  population  in 
1910  was  1,859.  (1) 


River  Homes.  A post  office  on  Spokane  River,  24  miles  north  of  Daven- 
port, in  north  central  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Riverside.  A town  on  Okanogan  River  and  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles 
north  of  Okanogan,  in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  862 
feet.  (1) 


Riverside.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  about  7 
miles  southeast  of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,165  feet.  (67) 

Riverview.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Everett, 
in  west  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  20  feet. 


Roaring  Creek.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  on  the  west  side  of 
Keechelus  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (21) 


Roaring  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  lower  Entiat  River,  in  east 
central  Chelan  County.  (46) 


Robe.  A town  on  the  Hartford  Eastern  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.),  14  miles  east 
of  Hartford,  in  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  860  feet.  (1) 


Roberts  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  east  of  Conconully,  in  central  Oka- 
nogan County.  (48) 

Roberts,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Georgia  Strait,  west  of 
Blaine,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 


Robinson.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Oakesdale, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,502  feet. 

Robinson  Creek.  A headwater  of  Methow  River,  from  the  northwest,  in 
northwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Robinson  Fork.  An  upper  tributary  of  Touchet  River,  joining  the  latter 
near  Dayton,  in  central  Columbia  County.  (1) 

Robinson  Gulch.  A gulch  and  stream  tributary  to  Yakima  River,  from 
the  west,  at  Ellensburg,  in  south  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Robinson  Point.  A point  at  the  northeastern  end  of  Maury  Island,  in 
southwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Roche  Harbor.  A town  on  the  northwest  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  in 
west  central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Roche  Harbor.  An  embayment  between  San  Juan  and  Henry  islands,  in 
west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Rochester.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  10  miles 
northwest  of  Centralia,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County;  eleva- 
tion, 149  feet.  (1) 

Rock  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  from  the  northeast, 
in  central  Chelan  County.  (1) 

Rock  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  uniting  with  the 
latter  about  5 miles  above  Porter,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (26) 


Rock  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  south,  at  Hot  Springs, 
in  southeastern  King  County.  (67) 


I 


240  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Rock  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  1 mile  east  of  Alice  Creek  Station,  in  east  central  King 
County.  (44) 

Rock  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Cedar  Lake,  about  5 miles  south- 
east of  Cedar  Falls,  in  central  King  County.  (44) 

Rock  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north,  in  central 
Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Rock  Creek.  The  principal  headwater  of  upper  Crab  Creek,  south  of 
Edwall,  in  southeastern  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Rock  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  from  the  southeast, 
near  Rockford,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (1) 

Rock  Creek.  A stream  in  Spokane  and  Whitman  counties,  joining  Pa- 
louse  River,  from  the  north,  about  6 miles  west  of  Winona.  (1) 
Rock  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  near  Stevenson, 
in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Rock  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  Naches  River,  about  6 miles 
above  Nile,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Rock  Creek  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Rock 
Creek,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Rockcut.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  south  of  Laurier,  in 
northeastern  Ferry  County.  (2) 

Rock  Island.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Wenatchee,  in 
southern  Douglas  County;  elevation,  615  feet.  (Hammond  Post 
Office.  (1) 

Rock  Island.  A very  small  island  at  the  north  end  of  Cypress  Island, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Rock  Island  Creek.  A stream  flowing  south  from  Badger  Mountain  and 
joining  Columbia  River  at  Rock  Island  Station,  in  southern  Douglas 
County.  (1) 

Rock  Island  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  at  Rock  Island  Station, 
about  12  miles  below  Wenatchee,  in  Chelan  and  Douglas  counties. 
(31) 

Rock  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  long,  on  Rock  Creek,  northeast  of 
Ewan,  in  north  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Rock  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  2 miles  south 
of  Lopez  Post  Office,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Rockdale.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  west  end  of  Sno- 
qualmie Tunnel,  in  east  central  King  County;  elevation,  2,520  feet. 
(1) 

Rockford.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Spokane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation, 
2,377  feet.  (1) 

Rocklyn.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  6 
miles  west  of  Davenport,  in  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,386 
feet.  (1) 

Rockport.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  32  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  225  feet.  (1) 

Rockwell.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  8 miles  south  of  Colville 
Lake,  in  northeastern  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,826  feet.  (96) 
Rocky  Bay.  A bay  near  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  in  northwestern  Pierce 
County.  (8) 

Rocky  Bay.  A bay  on  the  northeast  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  south 
of  Limestone  Point,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


241 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Rocky  Canyon.  An  upper  tributary  of  Day  Creek,  from  the  west,  south 
of  Lyman,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Rocky  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  3 miles  below 
Marblemount,  in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (40) 

Rocky  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  west,  south  of 
Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Rocky  Point.  A point  at  the  east  entrance  to  Holmes  Harbor,  on  the 
east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  in  Island  County.  (5) 

Rocky  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  and  on  the 
west  side  of  Grays  Bay,  in  south  central  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Rocky  Point.  A point  near  the  head  of  Eld  Inlet,  on  the  eastern  shore, 
in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Rocky  Prairie.  A prairie  of  3 or  4 square  miles,  extending  from  Offut 
Lake  nearly  to  Maytown,  in  south  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 
Rocky  Run.  A tributary  of  Gold  Creek,  from  the  east,  near  the  north 
end  of  Keechelus  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 
Rocky  Run.  A small  southern  tributary  of  White  River,  about  4 miles 
below  the  forks  of  the  latter,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 
Rodna.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  34  miles  southwest  of  Spokane, 
in  southwestern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,090  feet.  (4) 
Roesiger,  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  about  6 miles  east  of  Machias,  in 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  568  feet.  (21) 

Rogers  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  23  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  Spokane  River,  in  southwestern  Stevens  County.  (31) 
Rogersburg.  A town  in  southeastern  Asotin  County,  at  the  junction  of 
Grande  Ronde  and  Snake  rivers.  (1) 

Rolling  Bay.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east 
central  Kitsap  County.  (25) 

Rollins.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  2 y2  miles  south  of  Spring  Valley 
Junction,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,408  feet. 
Rome.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  southeast  of  Kiona,  in  Benton 
County.  (63) 

Ronald.  A station  on  the  Seattle-Everett  Electric  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of 
Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Ronald.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Roslyn  Branch),  5 miles  northwest 
of  Cle  Elum,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,346  feet. 
(1) 

Ronan.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  north- 
east of  Dayton,  in  central  Columbia  County. 

Roosevelt.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  south- 
eastern Klickitat  County;  elevation,  236  feet.  (1) 

Roosevelt  Beach.  A sandy  beach  5 miles  south  of  Moclips,  in  west  cen- 
tral Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Rooster  Comb  Mountain.  A mountain  about  4 miles  northwest  of  Hot 
Springs,  in  southeastern  King  County;  elevation,  4,180  feet.  (44) 
Rosalia.  A town  on  the  N.  P.,  C.  M.  & St.  P.  and  S.  & I.  E.  railways,  36 
miles  south  of  Spokane,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,237  feet.  (1) 

Rosario.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  East  Sound,  Orcas  Island,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County.  (4) 

Rosario  Strait.  A channel  separating  the  islands  of  the  San  Juan  group 
from  those  of  Skagit  County  on  the  east,  in  northwestern  Washing- 
ton. (1) 


242  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Rosburg.  A post  office  about  2 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Grays  River, 
in  west  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Rose  Creek.  A southern  headwater  of  Fourmile  Creek,  north  of  Pull- 
man, in  east  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Rose,  3Iomit.  A peak  1 mile  north  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  northwestern 
Mason  County.  (19) 

Rosedale.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Roslyn.  A town  in  the  west  central  part  of  Kittitas  County.  It  lies 
2,218  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  essentially  a coal  mining  town, 
located  in  one  of  the  most  important  coal  fields  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 
It  is  served  by  a branch  line  of  the  N.  P.  Ry.  It  had  3,500  inhab- 
itants in  1910.  (1) 

Round  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  headwaters  of  Deer  Creek,  near 
Orient,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Round  Mountain.  A mountain  immediately  east  of  Lake  Chelan  and 
7 miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  northeastern  Chelan  County; 
elevation,  4,364  feet.  (76) 

Round  Mountain.  A mountain  about  6 miles  southeast  of  Cowlitz  Pass, 
in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Round  Pass.  A pass  on  Emerald  Ridge,  between  tributaries  of  South 
Puyallup  River  and  Tahoma  Creek,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Rounded  Islet.  A rock  island  1 mile  off  shore,  about  9 miles  south  of 
the  mouth  of  Quillayute  River,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County; 
elevation,  129  feet.  (5) 

Rowan.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16  miles  east  of  Arlington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  269  feet.  (21) 

Roxboro.  A town  in  western  Adams  County,  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. ; 
elevation,  1,245  feet.  (1) 

Roy.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  south  cen- 
tral Pierce  County;  elevation,  315  feet.  (1) 

Royal.  A post  office  on  the  road  from  Ozette  Lake  to  Clallam  Bay,  15 
miles  from  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Roza.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  21  miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in  south- 
eastern Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,250  feet.  (4) 

Roza  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Yakima  River,  on  the  Kittitas- 
Yakima  county  line,  south  of  Wymer.  (51) 

Rubeck.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  1 mile  north  of  Freeman,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,524  feet. 

Ruby.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  east  of  Lind,  in  central  Adams 
County;  elevation,  1,455  feet.  (96) 

Ruby.  An  old  mining  camp,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Okanogan,  in 
central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Ruby.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  33  miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation, 
2,070  feet.  (1) 

Ruby.  An  old  mining  camp  at  the  confluence  of  Ruby  Creek  and  Skagit 
River,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Ruby  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  at  Blueslide,  in  central 
Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Ruby  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  east,  in  southeastern 
Whatcom  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


MS 


Ruby  Hill.  A hill  or  mountain,  10  miles  northwest  of  Okanogan,  in  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,950  feet.  (61) 

Ruff.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  (Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
16  miles  north  of  Warden,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation, 
1,342  feet.  (1) 

Rulo.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  962  feet.  (4) 

Rush  Canyon.  A canyon,  3 miles  long,  entering  the  Columbia  at  Mot- 
tinger,  in  southern  Benton  County.  (81) 

Rushingwater  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  lower  Mowich  River, 
northwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Rusk  Creek.  A headwater  of  Big  Muddy  Creek,  draining  Rusk  Glacier, 
on  the  east  side  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County. 
(37) 

Rusk  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in  south- 
western Yakima  County.  (37) 

Russell.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  north 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County. 

Russell  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Walla  Walla  River,  at  Walla 
Walla,  in  southeastern  Walla  Walla  County.  (1) 

Russell  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton 
River,  at  Russell  Ranch,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
Russell  Glacier.  A glacier  about  2 % miles  long,  west  of  Carbon  Glacier, 
on  the  northwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Russell  Ridge.  A north  and  south  ridge  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  in 
southern  Garfield  County.  (23) 

Russell  Ridge.  A divide  north  of  the  North  Fork  of  Tieton  River,  south- 
east of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Rustler  River.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Quinault  River,  from  the 
east,  in  south  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Ruston.  A town  on  Puget  Sound,  northwest  of  and  adjoining  Tacoma, 
in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (1) 

Ruth.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  west  of  Chehalis, 
in  west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  264  feet. 

Ruth  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  from 
the  north,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Ruth,  Mount.  A point  of  rock  between  Inter  and  Emmons  glaciers,  on 
the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  8,700  feet.  (69) 
Ruth  Mountain.  A mountain  between  Ruth  Creek  and  the  headwaters 
of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County, 
(40) 

Ryan.  A village  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  Columbia  River,  about  7 miles 
north  of  Bossburg,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (16) 

Ryan  Point.  A point  on  the  north  bank  of  Columbia  River,  about  1 % 
miles  above  Vancouver,  in  south  central  Clarke  County.  (12) 

Rye.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  southeast  of  Ellens- 
burg,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,755  feet.  (4) 

Rye.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Colfax,  in  central 
Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,995  feet.  (4) 

Rye  Grass  Coulee.  A coulee  about  5 miles  southeast  of  Eltopia,  in  cen- 
tral Franklin  County.  (30) 

Sacheen  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Camden, 
in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 


244  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Saddle  Hill.  A hill  on  a low  plain,  1%  miles  north  of  North  Bay,  in 
west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  310  feet.  (60) 

Saddle  Mountain.  An  east  and  west  range  of  mountains,  south  of  Crab 
Creek,  in  southern  Grant  County;  maximum  elevation,  2,696  feet. 
(57) 

Saddle  Peak.  A peak  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Stevenson,  in  south- 
western Skamania  County.  (4) 

Saddlebag  Island.  An  island  in  Padilla  Bay,  northeast  of  Anacortes,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Safety  Harbor  Creek.  A stream  entering  Lake  Chelan,  from  the  east, 
about  midway  of  the  length  of  the  lake,  in  east  central  Chelan 
County.  (56) 

Sage.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  4 miles  west  of  Paterson,  in 
southwestern  Benton  County;  elevation,  261  feet.  (4) 

Sagemoor.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  north  of  Pasco,  in  south- 
ern Franklin  County;  elevation,  about  567  feet.  (4) 

Saginaw.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  13  miles 
east  of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 

Sahale  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  Cascade  summit,  at  the  head- 
waters of  Stehekin  River,  in  northwestern  Chelan  County;  eleva- 
tion, about  8,600  feet.  (52) 

Saint  Andrews.  A post  office  in  east  central  Douglas  County,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Coulee  City.  (1) 

Saint  Andrews  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  South  Puyallup  River, 
west  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Saint  Andrews  Park.  A park  west  of  Lower  Tahoma  Glacier,  at  the 
head  of  Saint  Andrews  Creek,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Saint  Andrews  Rock.  A rock  at  the  upper  end  of  Puyallup  Cleaver,  be- 
tween Tahoma  and  Puyallup  glaciers,  on  the  west  slope  of  Mount 
Rainier;  elevation,  11,562  feet.  (69) 

Saint  Clair.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  east  of  Olympia,  in  east 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  138  feet.  (97) 

Saint  Clair,  Lake.  A lake  near  Saint  Clair  Station,  in  east  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  72  feet.  (45) 

Saint  Elmo  Pass.  A pass  on  the  divide  between  Inter  and  Winthrop 
glaciers,  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  7,415 
feet.  (69) 

Saint  Germain.  A village  in  central  Douglas  County,  7 miles  northwest 
of  Withrow.  (4) 

Saint  Helens.  A post  office  on  North  Fork  of  Toutle  River,  25  miles  by 
road  northeast  of  Castle  Rock,  in  northeastern  Cowlitz  County;  ele- 
vation, 952  feet.  (1) 

Saint  Helens,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  7 miles  north  of  Mount 
Saint  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Saint  Helens,  Mount.  A snow  peak  in  northwestern  Skamania  County; 
elevation,  9,671  feet.  (1) 

Saint  Jacobs  Lake.  A small  lake  on  the  Cowlitz  divide,  southeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Saint  Jobn.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  13  miles 
west  of  Thornton,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,963 
feet.  (1) 

Saint  Jobn.  A village  in  southwestern  Clarke  County,  about  6 miles 
northeast  of  Vancouver.  (27) 


245 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Saint  Johns  Falls.  Falls  in  Nickel  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier, 
in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Saint  Peter  Creek.  A tributary  of  Curlew  Creek,  from  the  east,  7 miles 
south  of  Curlew,  in  north  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Saint  Urbans.  A village  5 miles  southeast  of  Napavine,  in  southwestern 
Lewis  County;  elevation,  465  feet.  (45) 

Saline.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  31  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,459  feet.  (4) 

Salkum.  A village  21  miles  southeast  of  Chehalis,  in  central  Lewis 
County;  elevation,  551  feet.  (1) 

Sallal  Prairie.  A level  plain  with  an  elevation  of  about  700  feet,  4 miles 
southeast  of  North  Bend,  in  central  King  County.  (44) 

Salmon  Bank.  A bank  1%  miles  south  of  the  south  end  of  San  Juan 
Island,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Salmon  Bay.  A bay  at  Ballard  (now  part  of  Seattle),  in  northwestern 
King  County.  (73) 

Salmon  Creek.  A small  stream  in  southwestern  Clarke  County,  entering 
Lake  River  near  Knapp.  (64) 

Salmon  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  North  River,  uniting  with  the 
latter  at  Arctic,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Salmon  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  sea  from  the  west,  at  the 
head  of  Port  Discovery  Bay,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Salmon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  northwest,  at 
Okanogan,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Salmon  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Salmon  Creek, 
near  Conconully,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Salmon  Creek.  A southern  headwater  of  Nasel  River,  east  of  Nasel,  in 
south  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Salmon  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from 
the  northwest,  near  Galena,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Salmon  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Skookumchuck  River,  6 
miles  east  of  Bucoda,  in  south  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Salmon  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Black  River,  south  of  Belmore, 
in  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Salsbury  Point.  A headland  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  west  of 
Port  Gamble,  in  northwestern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Salsich  Junction.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P. 
Ry.),  11  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation, 
420  feet.  (2) 

Salt  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  5 miles  southeast  of  Malott,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Salt  Lake  Hill.  A hill  about  8 miles  southeast  of  Malott,  in  south  cen- 
tral Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,960  feet.  (61) 

Samis  River.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Queets  River,  entering  about 
22  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  southwestern  Jefferson 
County.  (19) 

Samish.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  northwest  of  Mount  Vernon, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (4) 

Samish  Bay.  A small  indentation  of  the  coast  line,  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  Skagit  County.  (1) 


246  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Samish  Island.  An  island  between  Samish  and  Padilla  bays,  in  north- 
western Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  120  feet.  (6) 

Samish  Lake.  A lake  about  4 miles  long,  6 miles  southeast  of  Belling- 
ham, in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Samish  River.  A river  entering  Samish  Bay,  from  the  east,  in  north- 
western Skagit  County.  (25) 

Sammamish.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  By.  (North  Bend  Branch),  3%  miles 
south  of  Redmond,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  43  feet. 
(4) 

Sammamish  Lake.  A lake  8 miles  long  and  1 mile  wide,  east  of  Lake 
Washington,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  35  feet.  (1) 

Sammamish  River.  A river  connecting  Sammamish  Lake  with  Lake 
Washington,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Sand  Creek.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  By.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  58 
miles  northwest  of  Newport,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County. 
(90) 

Sand  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  lower  Spokane  River,  in 
southwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Sand  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  east  of  Arch  Rock, 
in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (74) 

San  de  Fnca.  A post  office  on  Penn’s  Cove,  opposite  Coupeville,  in 
Island  County.  (1) 

Sand  Hollow.  An  east  and  west  valley,  with  intermittent  stream,  on 
the  south  side  of  Frenchman  Hills,  entering  Columbia  River  about 
7 miles  north  of  Beverly,  in  southwestern  Grant  County.  (57) 

Sand  Island.  A low  island  in  Columbia  River,  south  of  Ilwaco,  in  south- 
western Pacific  County.  (1) 

Sand  Point.  A low  point  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  south  of 
the  south  end  of  Camano  Island,  in  Island  County.  (58) 

Sand  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  north  of 
Union  Bay,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Sanders  Creek.  An  upper  eastern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  in  south 
central  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Sanderson.  A post  office  in  northeastern  Douglas  County,  26  miles 
northeast  of  Coulee  City.  (1) 

Sandy  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  west,  southeast  of 
Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Sandy  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  3 miles  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Palux  River,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 
Sandy  Point.  A low  point  at  the  west  end  of  Waldron  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sandy  Point.  A point  on  the  southern  shore  of  Puget.  Sound,  east  of 
the  entrance  to  Totten  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Sandy  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Georgia  Strait,  north  of 
Lummi  Bay,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Sandy  Ridge.  A low  ridge  between  Spring  and  Willow  creeks,  in  north- 
eastern Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Sanford,  Point.  A point  on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Vashon  Island, 
in  west  central  King  County.  (5) 

San  Juan  Channel.  A channel  northeast  of  San  Juan  Island,  and  west 
of  Shaw  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


247 


San  Juan  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the 
state,  between  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia. 
It  is  the  smallest  county  in  the  state,  having  an  area  of  178  square 
miles.  The  county  is  made  up  of  a great  many  islands,  with  deeply 
indented  shore  lines.  Low  mountains  and  broad  valleys  characterize 
the  topography.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  50°  F.  The  yearly 
rainfall  of  the  county  is  25  inches.  The  population  was  4,026  on 
July  1,  1916,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  Census  Bureau.  The 
manufacturing  of  lime  is  an  important  industry.  The  canning  of 
salmon,  crabs,  and  clams  is  a well  developed  business.  Stock  raising 
and  horticulture  are  also  important.  Friday  Harbor,  the  largest 
town  and  county  seat,  with  Roche  Harbor  and  East  Sound,  are  the 
more  important  towns  of  the  county.  (1) 

San  Juan  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  east  of  the  southern 
end  of  Vancouver  Island,  in  western  San  Juan  County;  maximum 
elevation,  1,036  feet.  (1) 

Sanpoil  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Sanpoil  River,  3%  miles  northeast  of 
Republic,  in  west  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  2,360  feet.  (71) 
Sanpoil  River.  The  principal  stream  of  southwestern  Ferry  County, 
rising  near  Republic  and  joining  Columbia  River  at  Clark.  (1) 
Sanpoil  River,  West  Fork.  The  principal  western  tributary  of  Sanpoil 
River,  uniting  with  the  main  stream  14  miles  south  of  Republic,  in 
west  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Sapolil.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,273  feet. 

Sara.  A village  1%  miles  east  of  Knapp,  in  western  Clarke  County.  (27) 
Saratoga.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  Whidbey  Island,  4 miles  north- 
west of  Langley,  in  Island  County.  (4) 

Saratoga  Passage.  A channel  between  Whidbey  and  Camano  islands,  in 
central  Island  County.  (1) 

Sarsapkin  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Sinlahekin  Creek,  from  the  west, 
in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Sarvent  Glaciers.  A group  of  glaciers,  east  of  Fryingpan  Glacier,  about 
6y2  miles  east  of  the  summit  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Satsop.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Montesano,  in  south- 
eastern Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  38  feet.  (1) 

Satsop  River.  A river  heading  in  the  south  central  Olympics,  flowing 
south  and  entering  Chehalis  River,  6 miles  east  of  Montesano,  in 
eastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Satsop  River,  Fast  Fork.  An  eastern  tributary,  uniting  with  West  Fork, 
about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Satsop  River,  in  eastern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

Satsop  River,  West  Fork.  A western  tributary,  uniting  with  East  Fork 
about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Satsop  River,  in  eastern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

Satulich  Point.  A mountain  point  south  of  Henrys  Hunting  Ground, 
southwest  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 5,574  feet.  (69) 

Satus.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  southeast  of  Toppenish,  in 
southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  674  feet.  (4) 

Satus  Creek.  A stream  of  southeastern  Yakima  County,  flowing  north- 
east and  joining  Yakima  River  between  Granger  and  Mabton.  (1) 
Sauk.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Rv.,  30  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley,  in 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  224  feet.  (1) 


248 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


SaUk  Mountain.  A mountain  5 miles  north  of  Rockport,  in  north  central 
Skagit  County,  elevation,  5,510  feet.  (40) 

Sa“^Rwr,',  A lar®e  rl!er>  rislns  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascades, 
m Snohomish  County,  flowing-  north  and  joining  Skagit  River  at 
Rockport,  m central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Sauk  River,  North  Fork.  A northeastern  headwater  of  Sauk  River,  west 
ot  Glacier  Peak,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County,  (l) 

SaUk^iVef’  ^outh  Branch-  A southwestern  headwater  of  North  Fork 
ot  Sauk  River,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Sauk  River,  South  Fork.  A southwestern  headwater  of  Sauk  River  in 
east  central  Snohomish  County.  (1)  ’ 

Savage  Island.  An  island  about  3 miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  about 
4 miles  below  Hanford,  in  northwestern  Franklin  County.  (31) 

Sawmill  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  from  the  south,  near  Lester 
m southeastern  King  County.  (74) 

Sawmill  Creek.  A small  stream  on  the  International  boundary,  at 
Molson,  m northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Sawtooth  Range.  A divide  between  upper  Nisqually  and  Cowlitz  rivers 
south  of  Longmire  Springs,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (4) 

Sawtooth  Ridge.  A spur  of  the  Cascades,  forming  the  divide  between 
the  northern  end  of  Lake  Chelan  and  Twisp  River,  in  Chelan  and 
Okanogan  counties.  (56) 

Sawyer.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.,  14  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County  ele- 
vation, 827  feet.  ’ 

Sawyer,  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  long,  2 miles  northwest  of  Black  Dia- 
mond, in  south  central  King  County.  (80) 

Saiby.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  26  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,644  feet. 

Saxon.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  26  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  south- 
western  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  320  feet.  (4) 

Saxton  Rock.  The  highest  point  on  Peavine  Ridge,  14  miles  east  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  4,413  feet. 
(37) 

Scaffold  Camp  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Twisp  River,  west 
of  Buttermilk  Creek,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Scandia.  A post  office  on  the  west  side  of  Liberty  Bay,  opposite  Poulsbo 
in  north  central  Kitsap  County.  (2) 

Scarbora  Hill.  A hill  about  1,000  feet  high,  northeast  of  Fort  Columbia, 
near  Chinook,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (9) 

Scarfaee.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  upper  North  Fork  of 
White  River  and  Huckleberry  Creek,  about  11  miles  northeast  of 
(69^n^  ^a*n*er’  *n  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,100  feet. 

Scatchet  Head.  A headland  at  the  southwestern  end  of  Whidbey  Island 
east  of  Point  No  Point,  at  the  southern  end  of  Island  County.  (5) 

Scatter  Creek.  A tributary  of  White  River,  from  the  north,  about  7 
miles  east  of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Scatter  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  northeast,  in 
southwestern  Thurston  County.  (4) 

Scenic.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of  Skykomish,  in 
northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  2,106  feet.  (1) 


249 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Schaffer  Creek.  An  intermittent  tributary  of  White  Creek,  in  north 
central  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Schofield  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  3 miles  below  the  mouth  of 
John  Day  River,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Schoonover.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  west  of  Mar- 
cellus,  in  north  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,745  feet.  (4) 
Sclirag.  A town  in  northwestern  Adams  County,  at  the  eastern  term- 
inus of  a branch  line  of  the  Connell  and  Northern  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.)  (1) 
Scotch  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  upper  Johnson  Creek,  near 
Conconully,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Scotia.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  southwest  of  Newport,  in 
southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  2,051  feet.  (1) 

Scott.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  40  miles  north- 
east of  Wallula,  in  north  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
459  feet.  (4) 

Scott  Peak.  A peak  6 miles  south  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Sno- 
homish County.  (72) 

Scraggins  Ridge.  A ridge  in  T.  9 N.,  R.  42  E.,  in  the  Blue  Mountains, 
in  southern  Garfield  County.  (16) 

Scriher  Rake.  A small  lake  4 miles  east  of  Edmonds,  in  southwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Scribner.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  southwest  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County. 

Seabeck.  A town  on  Hood  Canal,  in  west  central  Kitsap  County.  (1) 
Seabeck  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  at  Seabeck,  in 
west  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Seabold.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in 
east  central  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Seabury.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  and  S.  & I.  E.  railways,  7 miles 
west  of  Tekoa,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,460 
feet.  (4) 

Seafield,  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  from  the  coast  and  2%  miles  north- 
west of  Ozette  Lake,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Sea  Lion  Rock.  A rock  island  3 miles  off  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Raft 
River,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Seal  Rock.  A rocky  islet  near  the  beach,  about  4 miles  east  of  Cape 
Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Seaton.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  22  miles  northwest  of  Wilbur, 
in  northwestern  Lincoln  County.  (2) 

Seaton.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  16  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,146  feet. 

Seattle.  This  city  is  the  county  seat  of  King  County,  and  the  largest 
city  of  the  state.  It  lies  in  the  west  central  part  of  the  county,  on 
Elliot  Bay  and  Puget  Sound.  The  altitude  ranges  from  sea  level 
to  500  feet.  It  has  an  area  of  58%  square  miles.  The  city  is  served 
by  seven  trunk  railroads,  three  electric  roads  and  numerous  auto 
stage  routes.  Regular  lines  of  steamers  ply  between  Seattle  and 
China,  Japan,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  the  Philippines.  Other  foreign 
lines  and  coast-wise  steamers  make  this  port  a terminal.  Its  in- 
dustries are  many  and  varied.  They  include  ship  yards,  foundries, 
machine  shops,  flouring  mills,  salmon  canneries,  and  lumber  and 
shingle  mills.  Nearly  all  phases  of  manufacturing,  mining,  fishing, 
ship  building,  and  agriculture  occupy  the  tributary  region.  It  has 


250  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


many  natural  advantages  afforded  by  its  location.  It  lies  on  a 
splendid  harbor,  surrounded  by  great  resources.  Lake  Washington, 
which  lies  on  the  eastern  side,  has  been  connected  with  Puget  Sound  | 
by  way  of  Lake  Union  and  a canal.  The  many  miles  of  water  front  I 
of  the  city  enable  it  to  handle  large  amounts  of  shipping,  and  as  a 
result  it  is  served  by  sixty-four  water  lines.  The  city  had  237,194 
inhabitants  in  1910.  The  estimate  of  the  Census  Bureau  gave  Se- 
attle a population  of  348,639  on  July  1,  1916.  (1) 

Seattle  Heights.  A station  on  the  Seattle-Everett  Interurban  Ry.,  about 
3 miles  east  of  Edmonds,  in  southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (4) 
Seattle,  Mount.  A mountain  8 miles  southeast  of  Mount  Olympus,  in 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Seattle  Park.  A park  north  of  Russell  Glacier,  and  west  of  the  lower  j 
end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Seaview.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 

& N.  Co.,  2 miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County. 

(1) 

Sebert  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  7 miles 
east  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Second  Coulee.  A dry  run,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Adams  County, 
heading  near  Packard,  and  joining  the  Third  Coulee  at  Weber.  (1) 
Second  West  Fork.  A tributary  of  Sanpoil  River,  from  the  west,  7 miles 
south  of  Republic,  in  west  central  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Sedro  Woolley.  A town  located  in  west  central  Skagit  County,  on  Skagit 
River.  Its  altitude  is  50  feet.  It  is  served  by  the  G.  N.  and  the 
N.  P.  railways  and  also  the  Bellingham  and  Mount  Vernon  inter- 
urban. In  industrial  lines  it  has  a machine  shop,  shingle  mills,  a 
foundry,  furniture  factory,  creamery,  milk  condensery,  vinegar  fac- 
tory and  feed  mill.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  excellent  farming 
country.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,129.  (1) 

Seiler.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  14%  miles  northwest  of 
Warden,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,165  feet.  (4) 
Sekiu  Point.  A point  on  the  coast  at  the  west  end  of  Clallam  Bay,  in 
northwestern  Clallam  County.  (Sometimes  Sekon.)  (5) 

Sekiu  River.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  about  6 
miles  west  of  Clallam  Bay,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Selah.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Yakima,  in  north  cen- 
tral Yakima  County;  elevation,  1,108  feet.  (1) 

Selah  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Yakima  River,  at  Pomona,  in 
northeastern  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Selah  Valley.  A valley  parallel  to  Yakima  River,  northeast  of  Wenas, 
in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Selleck.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  6 miles 
southwest  of  Cedar  Falls,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,070 
feet.  (1) 

Seltice.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  south 
of  Tekoa,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,529  feet.  (4) 
Semiamoo  Bay.  A portion  of  Georgia  Strait,  at  Blaine,  in  northwestern 
. Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Sentinel  Island.  A small  island  southwest  of  Spieden  Island,  and  north 
of  San  Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sentinel  Mountain.  A peak  of  Saddle  Mountains,  about  4 miles  south- 
east of  Beverly,  in  southwestern  Grant  County;  elevation,  2,408 
feet.  (57) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


251 


Sentinel  Rook.  A small  rock  near  Sentinel  Island,  southwest  of  Spieden 
Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sequalitehew  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Puget  Sound  from  the 
east,  west  of  American  Lake,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 
Sequalitehew  Lake.  A small  lake  southwest  of  American  Lake,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Sequim.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  19  miles 
southeast  of  Port  Angeles,  in  northeastern  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 209  feet.  (19) 

Servia.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  west  of  Lind,  in 
west  central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,280  feet.  (4) 

Sevan  Lake.  A lake  in  Sec.  20,  T.  35  N.,  R.  32  E.,  in  west  central  Ferry 
County.  (16) 

Seward.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Odessa,  in  south- 
western Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,447  feet. 

Seymour  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak 
River,  west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (25) 
Seymour  Peak.  A peak  between  upper  Chinook  Creek  and  the  Cascade 
summit,  east  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  6,351  feet.  (69) 

Shadow.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  A.  & W.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.).  23 
miles  west  of  Port  Angeles,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 206  feet.  (19) 

Shadow  Lake.  A small  lake  about  7 miles  northeast  of  the  summit  of 
Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  6,200  feet.  (69) 

Shag  Reef.  A small  reef  southeast  of  Stuart  Island  and  north  of  Spieden 
Island,  in  northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Shag  Rock.  A small  rock  near  the  southern  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  west 
of  the  entrance  to  East  Sound,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Shallow  Bay.  A bay  at  the  west  end  of  Sucia  Island,  in  north  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Shano.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  10  miles  northwest 
of  Connell,  in  southwestern  Adams  County.  (96) 

Shark  Reef.  A reef  on  the  western  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  about  2 miles 
north  of  Richardson,  in  south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sharon.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  12  miles  south  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,532  feet.  (2) 

Shaw.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla  in 
central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  935  feet.  (4) 

Shaw  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  northeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Shaw  Island.  A post  office  on  Shaw  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County. 

(2) 

Shaw  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  southwest  of  Orcas  Island 
and  northwest  of  Lopez  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County;  maxi- 
mum elevation,  about  300  feet.  (6) 

Shaw  Mountain.  A mountain  6 miles  west  of  Glenwood,  in  northwestern 
Klickitat  County;  elevation,  3,620  feet.  (37) 

Shawnee.  A mining  camp  near  the  International  boundary,  about  5 
miles  west  of  Danville,  in  northwestern  Ferry  County.  (7) 
Shawnee.  A station  on  the  line  of  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles  south- 
east of  Colfax,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,182 
feet.  (4) 


252  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Sheep  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  in  north  central 
Stevens  County,  near  the  International  line.  (1) 

Sheep  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Loon  Lake  and  head  of  Colville  River,  east 
of  Springdale,  in  southeastern  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Sheep  Creek  Bend.  An  elbow  in  Columbia  River,  9 miles  below  the  In- 
ternational boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Sheep  Gap  Mountain.  A mountain  near  the  head  of  Sultan  River,  south- 
west of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Sheep  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near  Mottinger, 
in  southern  Benton  County.  (81) 

Sheep  Island.  A small  island  near  the  east  shore  of  West  Sound,  near 
West  Sound  Post  Office,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sheep  Lake.  A small  lake  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  4,881  feet.  (69) 

Sheep  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Elliott  Creek  and 
South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  east  of  Barlow  Pass,  in  east  central  Sno- 
homish County;  elevation,  6,120  feet.  (52) 

Shellrock  Peak.  A peak  near  the  head  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  about  7 
miles  east  of  Cowlitz  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 
Shelton.  This  town  is  located  in  the  southern  part  of  Mason  County,  on 
Hammersley  Inlet,  and  is  the  county  seat.  Transportation  is  chiefly 
by  means  of  boats  to  Olympia  and  Tacoma.  Auto  stages  run  to 
Olympia.  There  are  a number  of  lumber  and  shingle  mills,  and  the 
surrounding  country  is  engaged  in  logging,  oystering  and  farming. 
The  population  in  1910  was  1,163.  (1) 

Shelton  Creek.  A creek  entering  Oakland  Bay  from  the  west,  at  Shelton, 
in  south  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Sheomet.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles' east  of  Arlington,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  445  feet.  (21) 

Sheridan.  A village  on  Port  Washington  Narrows,  near  Bremerton,  in 
central  Kitsap  County.  (25) 

Sheridan  Camp.  A mining  camp  at  the  head  of  East  Fork  of  Toroda 
Creek,  northeast  of  Wauconda,  in  northeastern  Okanogan  County. 
(71) 

Sherman  Creek.  A stream  in  east  central  Ferry  County,  entering  Colum- 
bia River  from  the  west,  opposite  Kettle  Falls.  (1) 

Sherman  Peak.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Republic,  in  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  7,200  feet.  (16) 
Sherwood.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  6%  miles  east  of  Maple  Valley, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  1,055  feet.  (44) 

Shillapoo  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long  and  % mile  wide,  on  the  flood  plain 
of  Columbia  River,  5 miles  below  Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 
Shilshole  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  north  of 
West  Point,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Shine.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  west  of  Port 
Gamble,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Ship  Bay.  A small  bay  at  the  northeast  end  of  East  Sound,  Orcas  Island, 
in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Shoal  Bay.  A bay  on  the  north  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  between  Upright 
Head  and  Humphrey’s  Head,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Shoal  Bight.  An  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
north  of  Cape  Saint  Mary,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


4 Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


253 


Shoalwater  Indian  Reservation.  A small  reservation  of  335  acres,  un- 
allotted, at  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  in  northwestern  Pacific 
County.  (1) 

Shoe  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  Cascade  summit,  4 miles  south  of 
White  Pass,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  6,134  feet. 
(38) 

Shoecraft,  Lake.  A lake  % mile  long-,  6 miles  west  of  Stimson  Crossing, 
in  northwestern  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Shoskin.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3*4  miles  northwest  of  Ellensburg, 
in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,583  feet.  (96) 

Shovel  Creek  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  28  miles  above 
Asotin,  in  southeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Shriner  Lake.  A lake  east  of  lower  Chinook  Creek,  in  southeastern 
Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,920  feet.  (69) 

Shuksau  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  north,  at  Baker 
Lake,  in  central  Whatcom  County.'  (40) 

Shuksau,  Mount.  A mountain  about  11  miles  northeast  of  Mount  Baker, 
in  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  9,038  feet.  (44) 

Shultz.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  5 miles  east  of 
Grandview,  in  west  central  Benton  county;  elevation,  804  feet. 
Shushuskin  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  Yakima 
Valley  from  the  south,  near  Ellensburg,  in  south  central  Kittitas 
County.  (51) 

Si,  Mount.  A mountain  about  2%  miles  northeast  of  North  Bend,  in  cen- 
tral King  County;  elevation,  4,190  feet. 

Sidley  Lakes.  A chain  of  lakes  northwest"  of  Molson,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County.  (50) 

Sieler.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  ( Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
6 miles  north  of  Warden,  in  southeastern  Grant  County.  (4) 

Sifton.  The  terminus  of  an  electric  line,  about  8 miles  northeast  of  Van- 
couver, in  south  central  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Signal  Peak.  A peak  on  the  plateau,  17  miles  east  of  Mount  Adams,  in 
southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  5,111  feet.  (37) 

Silcott.  A town  in  the  northern  end  of  Asotin  County,  on  Snake  River, 
10  miles  below  Clarkston.  (1) 

Silesia  Creek.  A stream  in  north  central  Whatcom  County,  north  of 
Mount  Shuksan,  flowing  northward  across  the  International  line.  (1) 
Silesia  Creek,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Silesia  Creek,  near 
the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Sillusi  Butte.  A small  butte  overlooking  Columbia  River,  east  of 
Plymouth,  in  southern  Benton  County.  (81) 

Silt  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Dosewallips  River,  in  central 
Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Silvana.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  17  miles  north  of  Everett,  in  north- 
western Snohomish  County;  elevation,  28  feet.  (1) 

Silver.  A village  on  Methow  River,  about  5 miles  below  Twisp,  in  west 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,512  feet.  (56) 

Silver  Beach.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Bellingham,  in 
west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  313  feet.  (1) 

Silver  Canyon.  A canyon  with  small  stream,  entering  lower  Klickitat 
River  from  the  north,  near  Lyle,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County. 
(4) 


254  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Silver  Creek.  A post  office  near  Cowlitz  River,  about  25  miles  southeast 
of  Chehalis,  in  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  678  feet.  (1) 

Silver  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  east  of 
Vance  Post  Office  in  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Silver  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  at 
Mayfield,  in  south  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Silver  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Silver  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
north,  at  Galena,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Silver  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  at  Easton, 
in  west  central  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Silver  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Palouse  River,  at  Elberton,  in 
east  central  Whitman  County.  (59) 

Silver  Falls.  Falls  on  the  Ohanapecosh  River,  about  12  miles  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Silver  Gulch.  A gulch  with  a small  stream,  on  the  south  side  of  South 
Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  at  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish 
County.  (77) 

Silver  Hill.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  10%  miles  south  of 
Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,532  feet. 

Silver  Lake.  A post  office  on  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  6 miles  north- 
east of  Castle  Rock,  in  north  central  Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  519 
feet.  (1) 

Silver  Lake.  A lake  4 miles  long  with  an  average  width  of  1 mile,  6 
miles  northeast  of  Castle  Rock,  in  north  central  Cowlitz  County; 
elevation,  481  feet.  (1) 

Silver  Lake.  A small  lake  about  5 miles  west  of  Eatonville,  in  south 
central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Silver  Lake.  A lake  about  7 miles  south  of  Everett,  in  southwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Silver  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Silver  Creek,  near  Monte  • 
Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Silver  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long,  southeast  of  the  town  of  Medical 
Lake,  in  west  central  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Silver  Peak.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  west  of  the  north  end  of 
Lake  Keechelus;  elevation,  about  5,500  feet.  (74) 

Silver  Star  Mountain.  A mountain  south  of  Canyon  Creek,  near  the 
county  line,  in  northeastern  Clarke  County.  (15) 

Silverdale.  A town  near  the  head  of  Dyes  Inlet,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (1) 

Silvertip  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Sauk  River,  from 

the  south,  near  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  ' 
(72) 

Silvertip  Peak.  A peak  1%  miles  southwest  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  south- 
eastern Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,382  feet.  (72) 

Silverton.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  29  miles  east  of  Hartford,  in  cen- 
tral Snohomish  County;  elevation,  1,523  feet.  (1) 

Simcoe  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Toppenish  Creek,  north  of  Fort 
Simcoe,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Simcoe  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Simcoe  Creek, 
northwest  of  Fort  Simcoe,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


9 


55 


Simcoe  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Simcoe  Creek, 
northwest  of  Fort  Simcoe,  in  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Simcoe,  Fort.  An  Indian  agency,  about  27  miles  southwest  of  Wapato, 
in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  1,428  feet.  (1) 

Similk  Bay.  A bay  on  the  southern  shore  of  Fidalgo  Island,  northeast 
of  Deception  Pass,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Similkameen  River.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  north- 
west, near  Lake  Osoyoos,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 
Simmons.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  31  miles 
northeast  of  Wallula,  in  north  central  Walla  Walla  County;  eleva- 
tion, 419  feet.  (4) 

Simmons.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  16  miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation, 
635  feet. 

Simmons  Lake.  A small  lake,  2%  miles  west  of  Olympia,  in  north  cen- 
tral Thurston  County.  (26) 

Simpson.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  10  miles  northeast  of  Elma,  in 
south  central  Mason  County.  (1) 

Sinclair  Inlet.  An  extension  of  Port  Orchard  to  the  southwest,  in  south 
central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Sinclair  Island.  An  island  about  2 miles  long,  north  of  Cypress  Island, 
in  the  northwest  corner  of  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  140 
feet.  (6) 

Sine.  A village  on  Chehalis  Creek,  about  10  miles  northeast  of  Porter, 
in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Sinlahekin  Creek.  A tributary  of  Palmer  Lake,  from  the  south,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Sister  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
north  of  Twin  Sisters  Mountains,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Sister  Islands.  Small  islands  south  of  Clark  Island  and  northeast  of 
Orcas  Island,  in  northeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Sisters  Point.  A point  on  the  north  side  of  Hood  Canal,  east  of  Union, 
in  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Sitkum  River.  A tributary  of  Calawah  River,  about  7 miles  due  east 
of  Forks,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Sivrash  Creek.  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  east,  north  of 
Tonasket,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Sixmile  Creek.  A stream  entering  Lake  Chelan,  from  the  west,  4 miles 
from  the  head  of  the  lake,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 
Sixprong.  A post  office  about  8 miles  northwest  of  Alderdale,  in  south- 
eastern Klickitat  County;  elevation,  1,018  feet.  (1) 

Six  Prong  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Alder  Creek,  from  the  west,  near 
Alderdale,  in  southeastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Skagit  Bay.  A bay  between  the  northern  end  of  Whidbey  Island  and 
the  mainland  on  the  east,  in  northeastern  Island  County.  (1) 

Skagit  County.  This  county  lies  in  northwestern  Washington,  and 
fronts  the  ocean.  Its  area  is  1,774  square  miles.  The  eastern  half 
of  the  county  is  very  mountainous,  while  the  western  half  is  level 
in  places,  but  generally  undulating  or  hilly.  A number  of  islands 
are  also  included  in  the  county.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is 
50°  F.,  while  the  annual  range  is  32°  F.  for  most  of  the  county.  The 
yearly  precipitation  averages  about  60  inches.  The  county  was 
named  after  an  Indian  tribe.  The  Census  Bureau  estimated  that  the 


256  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


county  contained  38,652  people  on  July  1,  1916.  Lumbering  and 
dairying  are  the  leading  industries.  Cement  manufacturing  is  in- 
creasing in  importance.  Farming  holds  the  attention  of  many 
people.  Mount  Vernon  is  the  county  seat  and  Anacortes  is  the  larg- 
est town.  Some  of  the  other  towns  are  Sedro  Woolley,  Burlington, 

La  Conner,  Biglake,  Clearlake,  Concrete  and  McMurray.  (1) 

Skagit  Island.  An  island  at  the  north  end  of  Skagit  Bay,  near  the  east 
end  of  Deception  Pass,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Skagit  Range.  The  mountains  at  the  headwaters  of  Baker  and  Chilli- 
wack rivers,  and  the  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  in  central 
Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Skagit  River.  A river  rising  in  Beaver  Lake,  British  Columbia,  and 
emptying  into  Skagit  Bay,  an  arm  of  Puget  Sound.  It  flows  across 
the  northwestern  corner  of  Washington,  through  Whatcom  and 
Skagit  counties.  It  is  about  125  miles  long  and  drains  an  area  of 
3,100  square  miles,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascades.  The  chief 
tributaries  of  the  river  are  Sauk  and  Baker  rivers,  each  of  which 
has  a large  drainage  area.  (1) 

Skamania.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  11  miles  west  of  Stevenson, 
in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  51  feet.  (2) 

Skamania  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  heart  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state.  It  has  an  area  of 
1,685  square  miles.  The  county  is  mountainous,  and  only  the  valleys 
are  inhabited  and  cultivated.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  48° 

F.,  and  the  mean  annual  range  is  33°  F.  The  yearly  precipitation 
averages  86  inches.  Skamania  is  an  Indian  word  meaning  “swift 
water.”  The  Census  Bureau  estimated  the  population  of  the  county 
as  3,639  people,  on  July  1,  1916.  Fruit  and  berry  growing,  dairying, 
poultry  raising,  lumbering  and  fishing  are  all  equally  important  in- 
dustries in  this  county.  Stevenson  is  the  largest  town  and  also  the 
county  seat.  (1) 

Skamokawa.  A town  on  Columbia  River,  east  of  the  mouth  of  Ska- 
mokawa  Creek,  in  south  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (1) 

Skamokawa  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Ska-  ! 

mokawa,  in  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 

Skate  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north,  near  Lewis 
Post  Office,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Skiff  Bar  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Snake  River,  13  miles  below  Riparia,  in 
Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Skiff  Point.  A point  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  opposite 
West  Point,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Skipjack  Island.  A small  island  in  Washington  Sound,  about  4%  miles 
northwest  of  Orcas  Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6)  ( 

Skokomish  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  7,803  acres,  all  al- 
lotted, at  the  mouth  of  Skokomish  River,  near  Union,  in  central  ' 
Mason  County.  (1) 

Skokomish,  Mount.  A peak  8 miles  northwest  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  , 
northwestern  Mason  County.  (19) 

Skokomish  River.  A river  heading  in  the  southeastern  Olympics  and 
entering  Hood  Canal  at  Union,  in  northwestern  Mason  County.  (1) 
Skokomish  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Skokomish 
River,  in  northwestern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Skokomish  River,  South  Fork.  A south  headwater  of  Skokomish  River, 
in  northwestern  Mason  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


o i 


Skooknm  Creek.  A tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  from  the  northeast,  east 
of  Usk,  in  south  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Skookum  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
northeast  of  Wickersham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (25) 

Skookum  Inlet.  A western  tributary  of  Totten  Inlet,  in  southeastern 
Mason  County.  (5) 

Skooktimchnck  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  entering-  Columbia  River 
from  the  west,  east  of  Ellensburg,  in  east  central  Kittitas  County. 

(4) 

Skootenay  Springs.  Springs  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Connell,  in 
northwestern  Franklin  County.  (30) 

Skull  Island.  A small  island  near  the  head  of  West  Sound,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Skye.  A village  near  Washougal  River,  about  10  miles  northeast  of 
Washougal,  in  southeastern  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Skykomish.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  22  miles  west  of  Cascade  Tunnel, 
in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  930  feet.  (1) 

Skykomish  River.  This  river  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  North 
and  South  forks,  near  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  It 
combines  with  Snoqualmie  River  near  Monroe  to  form  Snohomish 
River.  The  river  is  approximately  30  miles  long,  and  its  drainage 
area  covers  the  slope  of  the  Cascade  Range  for  30  miles.  Its  largest 
tributary  is  Sultan  River.  It  is  not  navigable.  Both  forks  of  the 
river  rise  on  the  Cascade  divide  and  drain  a considerable  area  on 
the  western  slope.  Important  tributaries  are  Tye,  Foss,  Beckler, 
Miller,  Wallace,  and  Sultan  rivers.  (1) 

Skykomish  River,  South  Fork.  A river  heading  on  the  Cascade  divide, 
flowing  west  and  northwest  and  uniting  with  North  Fork  at  Index, 
in  King  and  Snohomish  counties.  (1) 

Skyscraper  Mountain.  A peak  2 miles  east  of  the  lower  end  of  Win- 
throp  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  7,065  feet. 
(69) 

Slate  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Ruby  Creek,  heading  in  Slate  Creek 
Pass,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County.  (22) 

Slate  Creek  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  summit,  at  the  head  of  Slate 
Creek  (tributary  of  Ruby  Creek),  on  the  Whatcom-Okanogan  line; 
elevation,  6,197  feet.  (4) 

Slater.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  northeast  of  Attalia,  in  west 
central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  730  feet.  (1) 

Slaughter  House  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  1 y2  miles  above  Clark- 
ston,  in  northeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Slide  Lake.  A small  lake  on  upper  Illabat  Creek,  in  southeastern  Skagit 
County;  elevation,  3,300  feet.  (52) 

Slide  Mountain.  A mountain  between  upper  Lost  Creek  and  White 
River,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County; 
elevation,  6,630  feet.  (69) 

Sloan  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  Elliott  Creek  and  North 
Fork  of  Sauk  River,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation, 
7,790  feet.  (52) 

Sluiskin  Falls.  Falls  near  the  head  of  Paradise  River,  on  the  southeast 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Sluiskin  Mountain.  A mountain  about  7 miles  north  of  Mount  Rainier, 
in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  7,015  feet.  (69) 


—9 


258  Bulletin  No.  17 , W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Small  Island.  An  island  in  Lopez  Sound,  near  the  eastern  shore  of  Lopez 
Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Smallpox  Bay.  A small  bay  south  of  Andrews  Bay,  in  west  central  San 
Juan  County.  (6) 

Smay  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Green  River,  1 % miles  east  of 
Maywood,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Smith  Canyon.  A canyon  2 miles  northeast  of  Eltopia,  in  central  Frank- 
lin County.  (30) 

Smith  Cove.  A small  bay  or  cove  on  the  north  side  of  Elliott  Bay  (Seat- 
tle), in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

Smith  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  south,  at 
Lewis  Post  Office,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Smith  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  from  the 
east,  in  north  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Smith  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  Muddy  River,  east  of  Mount 
Saint  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Smith  Island.  A small  island  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca,  about  11  miles  southwest  of  Deception  Pass,  in  west  central 
Island  County.  (6) 

Smith  Island.  One  of  the  low  islands  in  the  mouth  of  Snohomish  River, 
between  Everett  and  Marysville,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County. 
(58) 

Smoot  Hill.  A hill  2*4  miles  northeast  of  Albion,  in  east  central  Whit- 
man County.  (67) 

Smyrna.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  east  of  Beverly,  in 
southern  Grant  County;  elevation,  about  553  feet.  (1) 

Snahapish  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Clearwater  River,  from  the 
north,  in  western  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Snake  River.  This  river  is  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Columbia.  It 
rises  in  western  Wyoming,  flows  across  southern  Idaho,  and  enters 
Washington  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  It  empties  into 
Columbia  River  near  Pasco,  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  state. 
Its  total  length  in  Washington  is  175  miles,  distributed  as  follows: 
From  the  mouth  to  Riparia,  66  miles;  from  Riparia  to  Lewiston,  73 
miles;  and  from  Lewiston  to  the  Oregon  line,  36  miles.  The  Palouse, 
Grande  Ronde  and  Tucannon  rivers  are  the  most  important  tribu- 
taries in  Washington.  The  river  is  easily  navigable  from  Lewiston 
to  Riparia.  At  the  mouth  the  yearly  average  run-off  of  Snake  River 
is  47,200,000  acre  feet.  (1) 

Snake  River  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Snake  River,  near  Snake  River  Junc- 
tion, in  south  central  Franklin  County.  (30) 

Snake  River  Junction.  A junction  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  26  miles  east 
of  Pasco,  in  southeastern  Franklin  County;  elevation,  496  feet.  (1) 
Snipes  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  heading  near  the  summit  of 
Rattlesnake  Hills,  flowing  south,  and  entering  the  Yakima  5 miles 
below  Prosser.  (66) 

Snipes  Mountain.  A ridge  about  7 miles  long,  between  Granger  and 
Sunnyside,  in  east  central  Yakima  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,290 
feet.  (86) 

Snohomish.  A town  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Snohomish 
County,  on  Snohomish  River.  It  is  served  by  the  G.  N.,  N.  P.,  and 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  by  river  boats,  and  an  interurban  line  to 
Everett.  It  has  a number  of  lumber  and  shingle  mills,  a condensery, 
creamery,  cannery,  and  iron  works.  A rich  agricultural  region  is 
tributary  to  it.  The  population  was  3,244  in  1910.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


259 


Snohomish  County.  This  county  lies  in  northwestern  Washington,  and 
extends  from  Puget  Sound  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascades.  It  con- 
tains 2,664  square  miles.  The  eastern  half  is  very  mountainous, 
while  the  western  part  is  rolling  and  dissected  by  many  important 
rivers.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  45°  F.,  while  the  mean 
annual  range  is  28°  F.  The  yearly  precipitation  varies  about  the 
county  from  40  to  over  100  inches.  The  population  on  July  1,  1916, 
was  81,375,  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  Census  Bureau.  Everett 
is  the  largest  town  and  also  the  county  seat.  Some  of  the  more 
important  towns  of  the  county  are  Snohomish,  Monroe,  Marysville, 
Arlington,  Edmonds,  Stanwood,  Gold  Bar,  Granite  Falls,  Index,  and 
Sultan.  (1) 

Snohomish  River.  The  Snohomish  River  is  formed  by  the  union  of  Sky- 
komish  and  Snoqualmie  rivers,  near  Monroe,  in  southwestern  Sno- 
homish County.  It  flows  in  a northwesterly  direction  into  Puget 
Sound,  near  Everett.  It  is  approximately  20  miles  long,  and  is 
navigable  for  most  of  its  course.  (1) 

Snoqualmie.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  3 miles 
northwest  of  North  Bend,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  434 
feet.  (1) 

Snoqualmie  Falls.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  north 
of  Cedar  Falls,  in  central  King  County;  elevation,  495  feet. 
Snoqualmie  Falls.  Falls  in  Snoqualmie  River,  below  the  junction  of 
North,  Middle,  and  South  forks,  near  the  town  of  Snoqualmie,  in 
central  King  County;  vertical  fall  of  river,  268  feet.  (1) 

Snoqualmie  Bake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  on  the  headwaters  of  Taylor 
Creek,  north  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  northeastern  King  County;  ele- 
vation, 3,225  feet.  (72) 

Snoqualmie  Mountain.  A peak  2%  miles  north  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in 
east  central  King  County;  elevation,  6,270  feet.  (74) 

Snoqualmie  National  Forest.  A forest  located  on  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Cascades,  in  King  and  Snohomish  counties.  It  has  an  area  of 
695,322  acres.  The  office  of  the  Supervisor  is  at  Seattle.  (1) 
Snoqualmie  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters 
of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  and  Yakima  rivers;  elevation,  3,010 
feet.  (74) 

Snoqualmie  River.  This  river  is  located  mostly  in  King  County  and 
flows  in  a northerly  direction  into  Snohomish  County,  where  it  com- 
bines with  the  Skykomish  to  form  Snohomish  River.  It  is  made  up 
of  the  South,  Middle  and  North  forks,  which  unite  near  North  Bend. 
It  has  a drainage  area  of  about  475  square  miles.  The  chief  tribu- 
taries are  Pratt  and  Tolt  rivers.  (1) 

Snoqualmie  River,  Middle  Fork.  A river  flowing  west  and  uniting  with 
North  Fork,  near  North  Bend,  in  east  central  King  County.  (1) 
Snoqualmie  River,  North  Fork.  A river  flowing  southwest  and  uniting 
with  Middle  Fork,  near  North  Bend,  in  central  King  County.  (1) 
Snoqualmie  River,  South  Fork.  A river  flowing  west  from  Snoqualmie 
Pass  and  uniting  with  the  main  stream  near  North  Bend,  in  east 
central  King  County.  (1) 

Snoqualmie  Tunnel.  A tunnel  11,894  feet  long,  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry., 
at  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  in  King  and  Kittitas  counties;  eleva- 
tion of  Rockdale,  near  the  west  portal,  2,520  feet.  (1) 

Snow  Creek.  A tributary  of  Icicle  Creek,  from  the  south,  four  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  southern  Chelan  County.  (47) 


260  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Snow  Creek.  A stream  entering  the  sea,  from  the  south,  at  the  head  of 
Port  Discovery  Bay,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Snow  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  4 miles  northwest  of  Snoqualmie  Pass, 
in  east  central  King  County.  (74) 

Snow  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  north  of  Unicorn  Peak,  southeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  4,678  feet. 
(69) 

Snowden.  A post  office  about  15  miles  northwest  of  Lyle,  in  west  cen-  I 
tral  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Snowplow  Mountain.  A mountain  about  7 miles  southeast  of  Mount  ! 

Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  5,070  feet.  (37) 
Snowshoe  Butte.  A mountain  on  the  Cascade  divide,  south  of  Stampede 
Tunnel;  elevation,  5,139  feet.  (74) 

Soap  Lake.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry„  6 miles  east  of  Ephrata,  in  cen-  I 
tral  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,189  feet.  (4) 

Soap  Lake.  A town  at  the  south  end  of  Soap  Lake,  3 miles  northwest 
of  Soap  Lake  Station,  in  central  Grant  County.  (1) 

Soap  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  7 miles  northeast  of  Ephrata,  in  north 
central  Grant  County.  (1) 

Sobey.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Hartford,  in 
west  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  269  feet.  (58) 

Sobiesky  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  2 miles  southeast  of  Sky- 
komish,  in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  about  4,400  feet. 
(47) 

Sockeye.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  south  of  Bellingham,  in 
southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Soda  Spring.  A spring  on  the  north  side  of  Wenatchee  River,  7 miles 
above  the  head  of  Wenatchee  Lake,  in  west  central  Chelan  County. 
(47) 

Soda  Spring  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  east 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Sokulk.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  4 miles  south  of  Oakesdale,  in 
northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,528  feet.  (4) 

Sol  Due  Falls.  Falls  in  Soleduck  River,  2 miles  above  Sol  Due  Hot 
Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Soldue.  A post  office  and  hotel  on  the  upper  Soleduck  River,  about  7 
miles  due  south  of  Lake  Crescent,  in  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Soleduck  River.  A large  stream,  heading  in  the  high  mountains  north 
of  Mount  Olympus,  flowing  northwest,  west,  and  southwest,  and 
uniting  with  the  Bogachiel  to  form  Quillayute  River,  in  southwest- 
ern Clallam  County.  (19) 

Soleduck  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  tributary  of  Soleduck  River, 
about  8 miles  below  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

Soleduck  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  tributary  of  Soleduck  River, 
about  9 miles  below  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  central  Clallam  County. 
(19) 

Solleks  River.  The  principal  southern  tributary  of  upper  Clearwater 
River,  in  western  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Solo,  Mount.  A hill  on  the  north  side  of  Columbia  River,  about  5 miles 
west  of  Kelso,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County;  elevation,  about 
500  feet.  (11) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


261 


Sorenson  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  from  the  south,  7 
miles  east  of  Sedro-Woolley,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Soup  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Tieton  River,  north  of  Tieton 
Basin,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 


Sourdough  Canyon.  A canyon  on  the  west  side  of  Columbia  River,  3% 
miles  north  of  Priest  Rapids  station,  in  northeastern  Yakima  County. 


(65) 


Sourdough  Mountain.  A mountain  north  of  Skagit  River  and  2 miles 
northwest  of  the  mouth  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  southeastern  Whatcom 
County;  elevation,  2,382  feet.  (22) 


Sourdough  Mountains.  Mountains  west  of  upper  White  River,  north- 
east of  Emmons  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation, 
7,006  feet.  (69) 

South  Aberdeen.  A town  on  Grays  Harbor  and  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and 
the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (54) 

South  Bay.  A south  embayment  of  Grays  Harbor,  in  southwestern 
Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

South  Bend.  This  town  is  the  county  seat  of  Pacific  County,  and  is 
located  at  the  head  of  deep  water  navigation  on  Willapa  Bay.  It  is 
served  by  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  various  steamship  lines.  There  are  a 
number  of  salmon  canneries,  saw  mills,  shingle  mills,  oyster  can- 
neries, ship  building  plants,  foundries,  a cigar  factory,  an  ice  plant 
and  a bottling  plant.  The  tributary  region  is  generally  engaged  in 
lumbering,  manufacturing  and  dairying.  The  population  in  1910 
was  3,023.  (1) 

South  Butte.  A peak  on  the  south  slope  of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwest- 
ern Yakima  County;  elevation,  7,790  feet.  (37) 

South  Canyon  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Libby  Creek,  south  of 
Twisp,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

South  Cheney.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,292  feet. 

South  Cle  Elum.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  29.  miles  northwest 
of  Ellensburg,  in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,945  feet.  (4) 


South  Colby.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  at  the 
head  of  Yukon  Harbor,  in  southwestern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 


South  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  upper  Twisp  River,  near  Gilbert, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (76) 


South  Elma.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles 
east  of  Montesano,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 

South  Hanaford  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Hanaford  Creek,  east  of 
Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

South  Harbor.  A village  on  the  south  shore  of  Grays  Harbor,  2 miles 
northeast  of  Markham,  in  southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 
South  Head.  A headland  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  north  of 
McNeil  Island,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

South  Montesano.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  1% 
miles  south  of  Montesano,  in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(2) 

South  Mowich  Glacier.  A glacier  about  2%  miles  long,  north  of  Puyal- 
lup Glacier,  on  the  western  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

South  Mowich  River.  A southern  headwater  of  Mowich  River,  north- 
west of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 


262  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


South  Navarre  Peak.  A peak  near  the  divide  between  Lake  Chelan  and 
Methow  River,  west  of  the  town  of  Methow;  elevation,  7,800  feet. 
(56) 

South  Nemah  River.  A liver  entering-  Willapa  Bay,  from  the  southeast, 
at  Nemah,  in  west  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

South  Prairie.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  26  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma, 
in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  430  feet.  (1) 

South  Prairie  Creek.  A tributary  of  Carbon  River,  near  Orting,  in  north 
central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

South  Puyallup  River.  A southern  headwater  of  Puyallup  River,  head- 
ing in  Tahoma  Glacier,  on  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

South  Rock.  A rock  island  3 miles  off  shore  and  4%  miles  southwest 
of  the  mouth  of  Hoh  River,  in  west  central  Jefferson  County;  eleva- 
tion, 46  feet.  (5) 

South  Slough.  A slough  several  miles  long,  on  the  south  side  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  between  Arlington  and  Silvana,  in  northwestern  Sno- 
homish County.  (58) 

South  Tahoma  Glacier.  A glacier  nearly  4 miles  long,  on  the  southwest- 
ern slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Southworth.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  opposite 
the  north  end  of  Vashon  Island,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (2) 
Southworth,  Point.  A point  on  the  mainland,  west  of  the  north  end  of 
Vashon  Island,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Spanaway.  A town  10  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  in  west  central  Pierce 
County.  (1) 

Spanaway  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  10  miles  south  of  Tacoma, 
in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  329  feet.  (80) 

Spangle.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in  south 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,432  feet.  (1) 

Spangle  Creek.  A tributary  of  Latah  Creek,  from  the  southwest,  near 
Spangle,  in  south  central  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Spaw  Canyon.  A canyon  1 mile  long,  entering  Columbia  River,  east  of 
Mottinger,  in  southern  Benton  County.  (81) 

Spear.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  east 
of  Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County. 

Spectacle  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  head  of  West  Fork  of  Cle  Elum 
River,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 

Spectacle  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  3 miles  east  of  Loomis,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,352  feet.  (48) 

Spedis.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  9 miles  west  of  Fallbridge,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  141  feet.  (4) 

Spencer.  A post  office  in  Moses  Coulee,  in  southeastern  Douglas  County, 
16  miles  east  of  Douglas.  (1) 

Spencer  Bar.  A bar  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  30  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Colville  River,  in  west  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 
Spencer  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  South  Fork  of  Tieton 
River,  southeast  of  Tieton  Basin,  in  west  central  Yakima  County. 
(38) 

Spencer,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  8 miles  northeast  of  Shelton,  in  east 
central  Mason  County.  (26) 

Spencer  Spit.  A sand  spit  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  op- 
posite Frost  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


263 


Spieden  Bluff.  A headland  at  the  west  end  of  Spieden  Island,  in  west 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Spieden  Channel.  A channel  between  Spieden  and  San  Juan  islands,  in 
northwestern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Spieden  Island.  An  island  about  3 miles  long,  southwest  of  Stuart 
Island,  and  north  of  San  Juan  Island,  in  west  central  San  Juan 
County;  maximum  elevation,  about  410  feet.  (6) 

Spiketon.  See  Morristown. 

Spire  Mountain.  A mountain  near  the  head  of  Howard  Creek,  northeast 
of  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,065  feet. 
(72) 

Spire  Point.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  near  the  Skagit-Snohomish 
boundary  line;  elevation,  8,220  feet.  (52) 

Spirit.  A post  office  on  Deep  Creek,  about  10  miles  southeast  of  North- 
port,  in  northeastern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Spirit  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long,  at  the  head  of  Toutle  River,  north  of 
Mount  Saint  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation, 
3,199  feet.  (15) 

Split  Rock.  A small  rock  island  near  the  shore,  about  7 miles  north  of 
the  mouth  of  Quinault  River,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(5) 

Spokane.  This  city  is  the  county  seat  of  Spokane  County,  and  is  lo- 
cated in  the  central  part,  on  Spokane  River.  The  altitude  is  1,910 
feet.  It  has  an  area  of  about  39  square  miles.  The  city  is  well 
served  by  several  trunk  line  railroads  and  a number  of  branch  lines 
and  interurbans.  There  are  215  factories,  including  sash  and  door, 
shingle  and  box  factories,  metal  working  plants,  brick,  clay  and 
cement  works,  meat  packing  plants,  candy,  cracker  and  biscuit  fac- 
tories, flouring  mills,  and  railroad  shops.  It  is  a natural  center  for 
a lumbering,  mining  and  agricultural  region.  The  population  in 
1910  was  104,402.  According  to  the  estimates  of  the  Census  Bureau 
the  population  on  July  1,  1916,  was  150,323.  (1) 

Spokane  Bridge.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  east  of 
Spokane,  in  east  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,114  feet.  (4) 
Spokane  County.  This  county  is  located  in  east  central  Washington,  ad- 
jacent to  Idaho.  It  contains  1,756  square  miles.  The  topography  of 
the  county  is  generally  rolling,  with  mountains  along  the  eastern 
line.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  48°  F.,  and  the  mean  annual 
range  is  42°  F.  The  precipitation  per  year  averages  17  inches.  Spo- 
kane is  an  Indian  word  meaning  “chief  of  the  sun.”  Spokane  County 
has  the  second  largest  population  of  the  state.  The  Census  Bureau 
estimated  that  it  was  190,870  on  July  1,  1916.  Manufacturing  and 
diversified  agriculture  are  the  leading  occupations  of  the  people. 
Apple  growing  and  dairying  constitute  two  of  the  important  indus- 
tries. Spokane  is  the  largest  city  and  the  county  seat.  Some  of  the 
other  important  towns  are  Cheney,  Medical  Lake,  Deer  Park,  Rock- 
ford, Spangle,  Fairfield,  Latah,  and  Waverly.  (1) 

Spokane,  Fort.  A village  near  the  mouth  of  Spokane  River,  in  north 
central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  1,673  feet.  (4) 

Spokane  Indian  Reservation.  A large  reservation,  with  a total  area  of 
147,422  acres,  located  in  southwestern  Stevens  County,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  Columbia  and  Spokane  rivers.  (1) 

Spokane,  Mount.  A mountain  northeast  of  Spokane,  in  northeastern 
Spokane  County,  near  the  state  line;  elevation,  5,208  feet.  (For- 
merly Carlton.)  (75) 


264  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashmgton  Geological  Survey 


Spokane  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  y2  mile  above  the  mouth 
of  Spokane  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Spokane  River.  A river  traversing  the  northern  part  of  Idaho  and  the 
northeastern  part  of  Washington.  It  flows  in  a westerly  direction 
in  Washington  and  joins  the  Columbia  at  the  common  boundary  of 
Ferry,  Lincoln  and  Stevens  counties.  As  determined  at  Spokane  the 
yearly  run-off  in  acre  feet  is  6,040,000.  There  is  a drop  of  about 
1,083  feet  from  Coeur  d’Alene  Lake  to  the  mouth  of  the  river.  (1) 

Spoon  Lake.  A small  lake  2%  miles  west  of  Maple  Valley,  in  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Sprague.  A town  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Lincoln  County,  with  an 
altitude  of  1,899  feet.  The  town  lies  on  the  main  line  of  the  N.  P. 
Ry.  The  surrounding  wheat  growing  region  supports  a flour  mill 
and  makes  this  town  a shipping  center.  The  population  in  1910  was 
1,110.  (1) 

Sprague  Avenue.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  east  of 
Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County. 

Spray  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  North  Mowich  River,  northwest 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Spray  Falls.  Falls  on  Spray  Creek,  about  1 mile  north  of  the  lower  end 
of  North  Mowich  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Spray  Park.  A park  on  the  headwaters  of  Spray  Creek,  north  of  the 
lower  end  of  North  Mowich  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Spring  Beach.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Spring  Coulee.  An  abandoned  valley  about  3 miles  west  of  Okanogan, 
in  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Spring  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  mainly  in  townships  10  and  11 
N.,  ranges  23  and  24  E.,  draining  a part  of  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Rattlesnake  Hills.  (66) 

Spring  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Alder  Creek,  from  the  north,  near 
Bickleton,  in  northeastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Spring  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Squaw  Creek,  near  Cleveland,  in 
north  central  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Spring  Creek.  An  intermittent  tributary  of  Bonaparte  Creek,  from  the 
south,  in  east  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Spring  Creek.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast  of  Walla 
Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,354  feet. 
(4) 

Spring  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  5 miles 
west  of  Nile,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Spring  Flat.  A narrow  valley,  about  2 miles  west  of  Albion,  in  east 
central  Whitman  County.  (67) 

Spring  Gulch.  A gulch  with  intermittent  stream,  entering  Columbia 
River,  south  of  Wallula,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 
Spring  Passage.  A channel  between  Orcas  and  Jones  islands,  in  cen- 
tral San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Spring  Valley.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  40  miles  southeast  of  Spo- 
kane, in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,405  feet.  (4) 
Spring  Valley  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  North  Pine  Creek,  at 
North  Pine,  in  southeastern  Spokane  County.  (59) 


265 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Springdale.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  40  miles  south  of  Colville,  in 
south  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  2,087  feet.  (1) 

Spruce.  A post  office  on  Hoh  River,  15  miles  southeast  of  Forks,  in 
western  Jefferson  County.  (1) 

Spukshowki  Canyon.  A canyon,  a few  miles  long,  occupied  by  an  inter- 
mittent stream,  entering  Columbia  River  east  of  Mottinger,  in  south- 
ern Benton  County.  (81) 

Spukwush  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  upper  Carbon  River,  below 
the  lower  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Spurgeon  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Deschutes  River,  near 
Plumb,  in  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 

Squak  Mountain.  A mountain  2 miles  south  of  Issaquah,  in  central 
King  County;  elevation,  1,980  feet.  (73) 

Squalicum  Creek.  A small  stream  flowing  southwest  and  entering  Bel- 
lingham Bay,  north  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County. 
(1) 

Squalicum  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Squalicum  Creek,  4 miles 
east  of  Van  Wyck,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (79) 
Squalicum  3Iountain.  A circular  mountain  at  the  northeast  of  Lake 
Whatcom,  northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom 
County;  elevation,  1,525  feet.  (79) 

Squally  Hook  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  5 miles  below  Rock 
Creek,  in  south  central  Klickitat  County.  (32) 

Squamish  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  oppo- 
site Port  Gamble,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Squaw  Saddle.  Peaks  on  the  mountain  side,  2 miles  southwest  of  Wen- 
atchee, in  southeastern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,010  feet.  (84) 
Squaxin  Pass.  A channel  at  the  south  end  of  Squaxin  Island,  in  south- 
eastern Mason  County.  (5) 

Squier.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in 
central  Yakima  County. 

Squillchuck  Creek.  A stream  entering  Columbia  River,  from  the  south, 
2 miles  below  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County.  (84) 
Squaw  Canyon.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  between  Malden 
and  Rosalia,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,150  feet. 
Squaw  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  east,  at  Wymer, 
in  southeastern  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Squaw  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Rock  Creek,  near  Cleveland,  in 
central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Squaw  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  3 miles  south  of 
Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Squaw  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Pine  Creek,  southwest  of 
Plaza,  in  south  central  Spokane  County.  (59) 

Squaw  Lake.  A lake  in  Indian  Henrys  Hunting  Ground,  on  the  south- 
west slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Squaxin  Island.  An  island  about  4 miles  long,  in  Puget  Sound,  west  of 
the  southern  end  of  Hartstine  Island,  in  southeastern  Mason  County. 
(1) 

Squaxin  Island  Indian  Reservation.  A small  reservation  of  1,494  acres, 
all  allotted,  on  Squaxin  Island,  in  Puget  Sound,  east  of  Shelton,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Squire  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Stilaguamish  River,  from 
the  south,  near  Darrington,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 


266  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Stabler.  A post  office  on  Wind  River,  10  miles  northwest  of  Carson,  in 
south  central  Skamania  County.  (2) 

Stafford  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Teanaway  River,  in 
north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Staley.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Pullman,  in  south- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,527  feet.  (4) 

Stampede.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  west  end  of  Stampede 
Tunnel,  in  southeastern  King  County;  elevation,  2,777  feet.  (1) 

Stampede  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
Green  and  Yakima  rivers,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  eleva- 
tion, 3,925  feet.  (74) 

Stampede  Tunnel.  A tunnel  9,844  feet  long,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Cascades,  in  King  and  Kittitas  counties.  Elevation  of 
Martin,  near  the  east  portal,  2,784  feet;  elevation  of  Stampede,  near 
the  west  portal,  2,777  feet.  (1) 

Standard.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  south- 
western Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Stanwood.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  north  of  Everett,  in  north- 
western Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5 feet.  (1) 

Stapleton.  A station  on  an  electric  line,  about  4 miles  northeast  of 
Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Star  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  southwest  of  Kent,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

Star  Peak.  A peak  on  Sawtooth  Ridge,  east  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  north- 
ern Chelan  County;  elevation,  8,400  feet.  (56) 

Starbuek.  A station  on  Tucannon  River  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 
& N.  Co.,  in  northwestern  Columbia  County;  elevation,  644  feet.  (1) 

Starr.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  12  miles  south  of  Brewster,  in  south- 
western Okanogan  County;  elevation,  768  feet. 

Startup.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  east  of  Monroe,  in  south 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  145  feet.  (1) 

State  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Clark  Fork,  from  the  northeast,  in 
north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Stavis  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  south  of 
Seabeck,  in  west  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Staymen.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  32  miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  in 
east  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  725  feet. 

Steamboat  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  sea,  8 miles  south  of 
Hoh  Head,  in  western  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Steamboat  Island.  A small  island  in  Totten  Inlet,  west  of  Squaxin 
Island,  in  southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Steamboat  Mountain.  A mountain  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  east  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  4,600  feet.  (15) 
Steamboat  Pass.  A pass  between  headwaters  of  Lewis  and  White  Sal- 
mon rivers,  west  of  Steamboat  Mountain,  in  east  central  Skamania 
County;  elevation,  3,400  feet.  (4) 

Steamboat  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  7 miles  below  the  Inter- 
national boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 
Steamboat  Rock.  A village  in  Grand  Coulee,  in  northeastern  Douglas 
County,  21  miles  north  of  Coulee  City.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


267 


Steamboat  Rock.  A small  mountain  or  butte,  in  Grand  Coulee,  about  7 
miles  from  Columbia  River,  in  northern  Grant  County.  (4) 

Steamboat  Rock.  A rock  on  the  left  bank  of  Columbia  River,  7%  miles 
below  the  International  boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County. 
(31) 

Steamboat  Slough.  The  principal  mouth  of  Skagit  River,  emptying  into 
Skagit  Bay,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Steamboat  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Snohomish  River,  near  Marys- 
ville, in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Stearns  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  south,  south- 
west of  Chehalis,  in  west  central  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Stearnsville.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  22  miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam, 
in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  96  feet.  (4) 

Stebbius  Creek.  A northeastern  headwater  of  Washougal  River,  west  of 
Stevenson,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Steel  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  northwest  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

Steep  Point.  A point  at  the  southwest  end  of  Orcas  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Stegeman  Canyon.  A canyon  with  an  intermittent  stream,  entering 
Alder  Creek  from  the  north,  in  eastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 
Stehekin.  A small  town  on  Stehekin  River,  at  the  north  end  of  Lake 
Chelan,  in  north  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  1,108  feet.  (76) 
Stehekin  River.  A river  entering  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan,  from  the 
northwest,  in  north  central  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Steilacoom.  A town  on  Puget  Sound  and  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  southwest 
of  Tacoma,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (1) 

Steilacoom,  Fort.  A post  office  about  iy2  miles  east  of  Steilacoom,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (4) 

Steilacoom  Lake.  A lake  about  1 y2  miles  long,  6 miles  southwest  of 
Tacoma,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Stella.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  in  southwestern  Cowlitz  County. 

(1) 

Stemilt  Creek.  A stream  entering  Columbia  River  from  the  south,  4 
miles  below  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan  County.  (84) 
Stephens  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  south  of  the  mouth  of  Cispus  River, 
in  southeastern  Lewis  County.  (15) 

Steptoe.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  10  miles  north  of  Colfax,  in  cen- 
tral Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,310  feet.  (4) 

Steptoe  Butte.  A butte  about  8 miles  southwest  of  Oakesdale,  in  north- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  3,614  feet.  (59) 

Steptoe  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Snake  River,  southwest  of 
Uniontown,  in  south  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Steptoe  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  11  y2  miles  below  Clarkston,  in 
Asotin  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Sterling.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  2 miles  east  of  Burlington,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  35  feet.  (58) 

Stevens.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  between  Cedar  Mountain  and 
Maple  Valley,  in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  253  feet. 
Stevens  Canyon.  A canyon  of  Stevens  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rain- 
ier, in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 


268  Bulletm  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Stevens  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the 
state.  It  has  a total  area  of  2,394  square  miles.  The  topography  is 
dominated  by  mountains,  hills  and  valleys.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature is  45°  F.  and  the  mean  annual  range  is  also  45°  F.  There 
is  an  annual  average  of  17  inches  for  the  rainfall  of  the  county. 
-Lumbering,  fruit  raising  and  diversified  agriculture  are  the  most 
important  industries.  Colville  is  the  county  seat  and  largest  town. 
Other  leading  towns  are  Chewelah,  Kettle  Falls,  Springdale,  Marcus, 
Northport  and  Bossburg.  (1) 

Stevens  Creek.  A tributary  of  Muddy  Fork  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the 
northwest,  near  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 
Stevens  Glacier.  A small  glacier  on  the  southern  margin  of  Paradise 
Glacier,  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Stevens,  Lake.  A lake  about  3%  miles  long,  near  Hartford,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  212  feet.  (58) 

Stevens  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
Nason  Creek  and  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River;  elevation,  4,061 
feet.  (72) 

Stevens  Peak.  A peak  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  southeast  of  Mount  Rain- 
ier, in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  6,511  feet.  (69) 

Stevens  Ridge.  A divide  between  Stevens  Creek  and  Muddy  Fork  of 
Cowlitz  River,  near  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County. 
(69) 

Stevenson.  The  county  seat  of  Skamania  County,  located  in  the  south 
central  part,  on  Columbia  River.  The  town  is  served  by  the  S.  P. 
& S.  Ry.  and  by  steamer  lines  on  the  river.  It  has  several  saw  and 
planing  mills  in  the  town  or  vicinity.  The  population  in  1910  was 
337.  (1) 

Stickney  Lake.  A small  lake  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Everett,  in 
southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Stidadell  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Skagit  River,  west  of  the 
mouth  of  Ruby  Creek,  in  southeastern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 
Stilaguamish  Lake.  A small  lake  1%  miles  north  of  Snohomish,  in  west 
central  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Stilaguamish  Peak.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  upper  South  Fork 
of  Stilaguamish  River  and  Sauk  River,  near  Barlow  Pass,  in  east 
central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,683  feet.  (52) 

Still  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  north  shore  of  McNeil  Island,  in  north- 
western Pierce  County.  (8) 

Stillmans  Creek.  A tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  from  the  south,  near 
Klaber,  in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Stillwater.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  south  of  Mon- 
roe, in  north  central  King  County;  elevation,  65  feet.  (21) 
Stillwater  Creek.  A tributary  of  Olequa  Creek,  from  the  west,  at  Vader, 
in  southwestern  Lewis  County.  (27) 

Stoneham.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3 miles  north  of  Thornton, 
in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,400  feet. 

Stony  Creek.  A srriall  eastern  tributary  of  upper  Williamson  Creek, 
south  of  Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Stony  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Palux  River,  in  northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Storm  King.  A mountain  southeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Crescent  Lake 
and  % mile  from  the  shore,  in  north  central  Clallam  County;  eleva- 
tion, 4,000  feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 


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269 


stormy  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Entiat  River,  in  east  central 
Chelan  County.  (46) 

Stormy  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Chelan  Mountains,  about  16  miles 
northwest  of  the  mouth  of  Lake  Chelan;  elevation,  7,219  feet.  (46) 
Stowe.  A post  office  12  miles  northeast  of  Delrio,  in  northeastern  Doug- 
las County.  (2) 


Straight  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  south, 
in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Strandell.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  15  miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 100  feet.  (4) 

Stranger  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  west,  near 
Inchelium,  in  east  central  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Stranger  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Colville  River,  north  of  Addy, 
in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Stranger  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at  Gifford, 
in  west  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Stratford.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  east  of  Adrian,  in  east 
central  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,277  feet.  (1) 

Stratton  Butte.  A butte  1%  miles  south  of  Farmington,  near  the  Idaho 
line,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  3,300  feet.  (59) 
Strawberry  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Cypress  Island,  in 
northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Strawberry  Island.  An  island  1 mile  long,  in  Snake  River,  2 y2  miles 
above  the  mouth,  in  south  central  Franklin  County.  (63) 
Strawberry  Island.  A small  island  near  the  west  shore  of  Cypress  Island, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Strawberry  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  west  of  Bolster,  in  northeastern 
Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Strawberry  Mountain.  A mountain  7 miles  south  of  Chesaw,  in  north- 
eastern Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,750  feet.  (62) 

Strawberry  Mountain.  A mountain  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Mount 
Saint  Helens,  in  northwestern  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Stretch  Island.  A small  island  near  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  in  north- 
eastern Mason  County.  (5) 


Stromberg  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  entering  Chumstick  Creek 
from  the  west,  in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (Spromberg  Canyon 
is  correct.)  (47) 

Strummel  Canyon.  A canyon  and  small  stream  entering  lower  Entiat 
Valley  from  the  east,  in  east  central  Chelan  County.  (46) 

Stuart  Island.  An  island  in  Washington  Sound,  in  northwestern  San 
Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  640  feet.  (6) 

Stuart,  Mount.  The  highest  peak  of  the  Wenatchee  Mountains,  on  tha 
headwaters  of  Ingalls  and  Icicle  creeks,  in  southwestern  Chelan 
County;  elevation,  9,470  feet.  (78) 

Stuck  River.  A stream  about  10  miles  long,  connecting  White  River, 
near  Auburn,  with  Puyallup  River,  near  Sumner,  near  the  King- 
Pierce  county  line.  (1) 

Sturm  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the  north  end  of 
Chelan  County.  (76) 

Sturtevant  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  northeast  of  Bellevue,  in  north- 
western King  County.  (73) 


270  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Success  Cleaver.  A ridge  or  cleaver  between  South  Tacoma  and  Success 
glaciers,  on  the  northwest  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Success  Glacier.  A small  western  tributary  of  Kautz  Glacier,  on  the  up- 
per southwestern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Success,  Point.  A point  on  Mount  Rainier,  about  % mile  southwest  of 
the  highest  point;  elevation,  14,150  feet.  (69) 

Sucia  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  at  the  southern  end  of  Georgia 
Strait,  about  3 miles  north  of  Orcas  Island,  in  northern  San  Juan 
County.  (6) 

Sudbury.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Ray- 
mond, in  east  central  Pacific  County;  elevation,  624  feet. 

Sudbury.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla, 
in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  660  feet.  (4) 

Suez  River.  A stream  entering  Mukkaw  Bay,  from  the  southeast,  about 
4 miles  southwest  of  Neah  Bay,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County. 
(Sometimes  Suyes  or  Sooes.)  (19) 

Sugar  Loaf.  A high  hill  on  Fidalgo  Island,  about  4 miles  south  of  Ana- 
cortes,  in  west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  1,060  feet.  (6) 
Sugarloaf  Mountain.  A peak  near  the  junction  of  North  Pork  with  main 
Bogachiel  River,  9 miles  southwest  of  Sol  Due  Hot  Springs,  in  south 
central  Clallam  County;  elevation,  2,950  feet.  (Forest  Service.)  (19) 
Sugar  Loaf  Mountain.  A mountain  about  1,500  feet  high,  4 miles  east  of 
Ravensdale,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Sugarloaf  Peak.  A peak  of  the  Entiat  Mountains,  about  10  miles  south- 
east of  the  mouth  of  Wenatchee  Lake,  in  central  Chelan  County; 
elevation,  5,840  feet.  (47) 

Suiattle  River.  A river  draining  the  north  and  east  slopes  of  Glacier 
Peak  and  joining  Sauk  River  about  8 miles  north  of  Darrington.  (1) 
Sullivan.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  7 y2  miles  east  of  Spo- 
kane, in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,967  feet. 

Sullivan  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  at  Metaline  Falls, 
in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (1) 

Sullivan  Lake.  A lake  3 miles  long,  5 miles  southeast  of  Metaline  Falls, 
in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  2,600  feet.  (1) 
Sullivan  Slough.  A tidal  inlet  near  LaConner,  in  southwestern  Skagit 
County.  (5) 

Sulphide  Mountain.  A mountain  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Northport, 
in  northwestern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  about  5,500  feet.  (16) 
Sulphur.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  east 
of  Connell,  in  north  central  Franklin  County;  elevation,  754  feet.  (4) 
Sulphur  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Rattle- 
snake Hills,  on  the  border  line  between  Benton  and  Yakima  coun- 
ties. .(66) 

Sulphur  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  from  the  north- 
east, in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Sulphur  Creek.  A tributary  of  Baker  River,  from  the  west,  south  of 
Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Sulphur  Lake.  A small  lake  in  the  coulee  at  Sulphur,  in  north  central 
Franklin  County.  (4) 

Sulphur  Springs.  A village  4 miles  north  of  Liberty,  in  north  central 
Kittitas  County.  (4) 

Sultan.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Monroe,  in  south  central 
Snohomish  County;  elevation,  107  feet.  (1) 


i Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


271 


Sultan  River.  A large  northern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  at  Sultan, 
in  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Sulzer  Valley.  A valley  with  a small  creek,  an  eastern  tributary  of  Che- 
halis  River,  at  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 
Sumas.  A town  on  the  N.  P.,  G.  N.  and  B.  & N.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.)  railways, 
at  the  International  boundary,  23  miles  northeast  of  Bellingham,  in 
north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  48  feet.  (1) 

Sum  as  Mountain.  A mountainous  area  of  40  or  50  square  miles,  south- 
east of  Sumas,  and  west  of  Nooksak,  in  northwestern  Whatcom 
County.  (4) 

Sumas  River.  A river  of  northwestern  Whatcom  County,  flowing  north 
and  crossing  the  International  boundary  at  Sumas.  (1) 

Summer  Land.  A park  at  the  head  of  Pryingpan  Glacier,  northeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Summit.  A station  on  the  S.  & B.  C.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Republic,  in 
northern  Ferry  County.  (4) 

Summit  Chief  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  divide,  at  the  head  of 
Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie  River,  iy2  miles  south  of  Dutch  Miller 
Gap;  elevation,  about  7,300  feet.  (72) 

Summit  Creek.  A tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  from  the  east,  in  north- 
western Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Summit  Creek.  A tributary  of  Carlton  Creek,  heading  in  Cowlitz  Pass, 
in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (38) 

Summit  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Clearwater  River,  in  north- 
eastern Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,636  feet.  (44) 

Sumner.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  11  miles  east 
of  Tacoma,  in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  72  feet.  (1) 
Sunbeam  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  western  tributary  of  Stevens  Creek,  2 
miles  north  of  Unicorn  Peak,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  north- 
eastern Lewis  County.  (69) 

Sundaleu  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Roosevelt,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  221  feet.  (39) 

Sunday  Creek.  A tributary  of  Green  River,  near  Stampede,  in  south- 
eastern King  County.  (74) 

Sunday  Lake.  A small  lake  6 miles  east  of  Stanwood,  in  northwestern 
Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Sunnydale.  A village  10  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in  west  central  King 
County.  (80) 

Sunnyside.  This  town  lies  in  the  Yakima  valley,  near  the  east  margin 
of  Yakima  County.  It  has  an  altitude  of  747  feet.  Transportation  is 
supplied  by  the  O.-W.  and  N.  P.  railways.  It  has  a cannery,  an  ice 
plant  and  a creamery.  Fruit  growing,  stock  raising  and  the  grow- 
ing of  forage  crops  by  irrigation  is  practiced  in  the  tributary  region. 
The  population  in  1910  was  1,379.  (1) 

Sunnyside  Junction.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  southwest  of 
Toppenish,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County;  elevation,  728  feet.  (4) 
Sunrise  Creek.  A southwestern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  in  east 
central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Sunrise  Ridge.  A divide  between  Sunrise  Creek  and  White  River,  north- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Sunset.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  west 
of  Thornton,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,127  feet. 
(1) 


272  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Sunset  Amphitheater.  An  amphitheater  on  the  west  side  of  Mount  Rain- 
ier, at  the  head  of  Puyallup  Glacier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Sunset  Beach.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  sea  coast,  27  miles 
northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 
Sunset  Falls.  Falls  in  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  near  Index,  in 
south  central  Snohomish  County.  (21) 

Sunset  Park.  A park  between  upper  South  Mowich  and  North  Puyallup 
rivers,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Sunshine.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Pullman,  in  south- 
eastern Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,584  feet.  (4) 

Supplee.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  central  Douglas  County,  7 miles 
northeast  of  Douglas;  elevation,  2,494  feet. 

Suquamish.  A post  office  on  Port  Madison  Bay,  in  northeastern  Kitsap 
County.  (4) 

Surprise  Creek.  A tributary  of  Tye  River,  from  the  south,  at  Scenic, 
in  northeastern  King  County.  (72) 

Surprise  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  north  of  Puyallup,  in  north  central 
Pierce  County.  (80) 

Surprise  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  east  of  Cispus  Lake,  in  west  central 
Yakima  County.  (37) 

Surveyors  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  east  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Sutherland,  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long  and  V2  mile  wide,  1 mile  east  of 
Lake  Crescent  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Sutter  Mountain.  A ridge  south  of  Skagit  River  and  west  of  the  mouth 
of  Sauk  River,  in  central  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,396 
feet.  (77) 

Sutton.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  north 
of  LaCrosse,  in  west  central  Whitman  County. 

Suyes.  A post  office  on  the  ocean  front,  3 miles  southwest  of  Neah  Bay, 
in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Snakane  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Columbia  River,  from  the 
west,  about  8 miles  above  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan  Coun- 
ty. (46) 

Swamp  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  north  end  of  Lake  Wash- 
ington, in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Swamp  Creek..  A tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from  the  northwest,  at 
Brewster,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Swamp  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
from  the  north,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Swamp  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  West  Fork,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Swamp  Creek.  A small  northern  headwater  of  Cunningham  Creek,  east 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Swamp  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  2 miles  south  of 
Bumping  River,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Swamp  Lake.  A lake  on  a headwater  of  Bumping  River,  southwest  of 
Bumping  Lake,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Swan.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  between  Rosalia  and  Seabury, 
in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,425  feet. 

Swan  Hamann  Spur.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  4 miles  west  of 
Lyle,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  101  feet. 


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273 


Swan  Lake.  A lake  about  2 miles  long,  4 miles  west  of  Maple*  Valley,  in 
west  central  King  County;  elevation,  478  feet.  (1) 

Swansea.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northeast  of  Brewster,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  870  feet.  (2) 

Swartz  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  east  of  Granite  Falls,  in  central 
Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Swauk  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  west  of 
Clealum,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Swauk  Prairie.  A prairie  between  lower  Teanaway  River  and  lower 
Swauk  Creek,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Sweat  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Granite  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Sweet  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Clark  Fork,  4 miles  above 
Metaline,  in  northwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (17) 

Sweet  Peak.  A peak  south  of  Carbon  River,  in  the  northwestern  corner 
of  Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  ele- 
vation, 4,600  feet.  (69) 

Swift.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  west  of 
Almota,  in  south  central  Whitman  County. 

Swift  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  south 
of  Mount  Saint  Helens,  in  west  central  Skamania  County.  (1) 

Swift  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Sauk  River,  near  Orient,  in 
northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Swift  Creek.  A tributary  of  Shuksan  Creek,  from  the  north,  between 
Mount  Baker  and  Mount  Shuksan,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 
Swifts  Bay.  A bay  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  south  of 
Humphreys  Head,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (59) 

Swiftwater  River.  The  south  fork  of  Raft  River,  entering  2 y2  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor  Coun- 
ty. (19) 

Swindels  Cove.  A small  cove  on  the  east  side  of  Oakland  Bay,  near 
Shelton,  in  south  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Sw'inomish  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  7,359  acres,  all  allotted, 
on  Fidalgo  Island,  near  LaConner,  in  west  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 
Swinomish  Slough.  A channel  connecting  Skagit  and  Padilla  bays,  at 
LaConner,  in  western  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Swofford.  A post  office  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Morton,  in  central 
Lewis  County.  (4) 

Sylvan.  A post  office  on  the  north  side  of  Fox  Island,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (4) 

Sylvan  Lake.  A lake  about  3 miles  long,  on  upper  Crab  Creek,  near 
Odessa,  in  southwestern  Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Sylvester  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Green  River,  1 mile 
west  of  Maywood,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Sylvia  Falls.  Falls  on  Stevens  Creek,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Synarep.  A post  office  16  miles  east  of  Riverside,  in  central  Okanogan 
County.  (4) 

Table  Mountain.  A flat  topped  mountain,  6 miles  northeast  of  Liberty, 
in  North  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  6,243  feet.  (78) 

Table  Mountain.  A mountain  about  6 miles  east  of  Big  Lake,  in  south- 
western Skagit  County.  (58) 


274  Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


Table  Mountain.  A mountain  5 miles  west  of  Stevenson,  in  south  central 
Skamania  County;  elevation,  3,420  feet.  (53) 

Tacoma.  This  city  is  the  county  seat  of  Pierce  County,  and  is  located  on 
the  shores  of  Commencement  Bay,  a part  of  Puget  Sound.  It  has 
an  area  of  about  40  square  miles.  It  is  well  served  by  several  trans- 
continental railroads  and  by  a number  of  branch  roads  and  electric 
interurbans,  as  well  as  by  transoceanic  and  coastwise  steamship 
lines.  The  city  contains  a large  number  of  manufacturing  plants, 
among  which  are  shingle  and  lumber  mills,  ship  yards,  flour  and 
grist  mills,  wheat  warehouses,  meat  packing  plants  and  a large 
smelter.  The  city  had  a population  of  83,743  in  1910.  According  to 
the  estimates  of  the  Census  Bureau  the  population  on  July  1,  1916, 
was  112,770.  (1) 

Tacoma  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  between  headwaters  of 
Yakima  and  Green  rivers,  east  of  Lester,  in  King  and  Kittitas 
counties;  elevation  about  3,500  feet.  (74) 

Taholali.  An  Indian  town  on  the  Quinault  Reservation,  at  the  mouth  of 
Quinault  River,  9 miles  north  of  Moclips,  in  northwestern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (1) 

Tahoma  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  southwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Tahoma  Glacier.  A large  glacier,  4 miles  long,  on  the  southwestern 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Tahuya.  A post  office  on  the  north  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  opposite  Union, 
in  central  Mason  County.  (2) 

Tahuya  Lake.  A small  lake  9 miles  west  of  Charleston,  in  southwestern 
Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Tahuyeh  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hood  Canal,  from  the  northeast,  in 
northeastern  Mason  County.  (1) 

Taillant  Creek.  A small  intermittent  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  from 
the  west,  near  Malott,  in  south  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Tala  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  the  entrance  to  Port  Ludlow,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Talkire  Lake.  A small  lake  about  11  miles  southeast  of  Tonasket,  near 
Huntley,  in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  3,015  feet.  (62) 
Talmage.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 y2  miles  southeast  of  Easton,  in 
west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,111  feet.  (96) 

Tamanos  Mountain.  A divide  between  upper  Shaw  and  Wright  creeks, 
northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Tampico.  A village  on  Atanum  Creek,  about  20  miles  southwest  of 
Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  2,116  feet.  (51.) 
Taneum  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  west,  near 
Thorp,  in  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Taneum  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Taneum  Creek, 
in  southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Taneum  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Taneum  Creek, 
in  southwestern  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Tanner.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  north  of  Cedar  Falls, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  520  feet.  (4) 

Tan  wax  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  about  7 miles 
west  of  Eatonville,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Tanwax  Junction.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P. 
Ry.),  21  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 720  feet.  (25) 


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to 


Tanwax  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long-,  3 miles  southwest  of  Kapowsin, 
in  south  central  Pierce  County.  (25) 

Taos  Peak.  A mountain  at  the  south  end  of  Tatoosh  Range,  in  north- 
eastern Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  6,500  feet.  (20) 

Tapps,  Lake.  A lake  about  2 y2  miles  long,  about  4 miles  northeast  of 
Sumner,  in  north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  516  feet.  (80) 
Tassel  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Soleduck  River,  3 miles  north  of 
Forks,  in  southwestern  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Tato  Falls.  A falls  on  a small  stream  west  of  the  lower  end  of  Nisqually 
Glacier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Tatoosh  Creek.  A tributary  of  Paradise  River,  north  of  the  Tatoosh 
Range,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 

Tatoosh  Island.  A small  island,  % of  a mile  off  the  mainland  at  Cape 
Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  County;  Post  Office,  Lighthouse, 
Weather  Bureau  and  Telegraph  Station;  elevation,  86  feet.  (5) 
Tatsolo  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  east  of  Ander- 
son Island,  in  west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Taunton.  A town  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Adams  County,  on  the 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. ; elevation,  870  feet.  (1) 

Taylor.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  8 miles  east  of  Maple  Valley,  in 
central  King  County;  elevation,  1,159  feet.  (1) 

Taylor  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Cedar  River,  from  the  south, 
near  Barneston,  in  central  King  County.  (44) 

Taylor  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Middle  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Taylors  Creek.  A stream  entering  Port  Angeles  Harbor  at  Port  Angeles, 
in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Tealwhit  Head.  A promontory  about  4 miles  south  of  the  mouth  of 
Quillayute  River,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Teanaway.  A village  4 miles  east  of  Cle  Elum,  in  central  Kittitas 
County;  elevation,  1,836  feet.  (4) 

Teanaway  River.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  near 
Cle  Elum,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Teanaway  River,  Middle  Fork.  The  middle  tributary  of  Teanaway  River, 
in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Teanaway  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Teanaway 
River,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Teanaway  River,  West  Fork.  A western  tributary  of  Teanaway  River, 
in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (78) 

Tebo,  Mount.  A peak  8 miles  west  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  northwestern 
Mason  County.  (19) 

Tekeson  Coulee.  A coulee  on  the  west  side  of  Columbia  River,  about  3 
miles  below  Trinidad,  in  northeastern  Kittitas  County.  (31) 

Tekiu  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  in  southwestern 
Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Tekoa.  This  town  lies  in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  Whitman 
County.  The  altitude  of  the  town  is  2,537  feet.  It  is  located  on  the 
lines  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  and  the  O-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  It  has  a 
flouring  mill  and  a chop  and  feed  mill.  The  town  ships  considerable 
grain  and  live  stock  for  the  surrounding  country.  The  population 
was  1,694  in  1910.  (1) 

Telegraph  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lopez  Island, 
south  of  Cape  Saint  Mary,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 


276  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Telegraph  Slough.  A short  channel,  a branch  of  Swinomish  Slough,  near 
Whitney,  in  western  Skagit  County.  (58) 

Telford.  A post  office  14  miles  west  of  Davenport,  in  central  Lincoln 
County.  (Fellows  Station.)  (1) 

Telma.  A post  office  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Wenatchee  Lake,  in 
central  Chelan  County.  (1) 

Temple  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Cascades,  3 miles  west  of  Skykomish, 
in  northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  3,570  feet.  (72) 

Tenas  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Nisqually  River,  west  of 
Tahoma  Creek,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Tenas  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Suiattle  River,  in  southeast- 
ern Skagit  County.  (52) 

Tenas  Mary  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  east,  in 
northwestern  Ferry  County.  (71) 

Teneriffe,  Mount.  A mountain  about  5 miles  northeast  of  North  Bend,  in 
central  King  County;  elevation,  about  4,800  feet. 

Tenino.  A town  located  in  the  south  central  part  of  Thurston  County. 
It  is  an  important  railway  point.  Among  its  industries  are  two 
stone  quarries,  saw  mills,  wood  working  plants  and  a creamery. 
The  altitude  is  280  feet.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,038.  (1) 

Tenmile  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Asotin  Creek,  in  the  central  part  of 
Asotin  County.  (1) 

Tenmile  Creek.  A tributary  of  Railroad  Creek,  entering  from  the  north, 
in  northern  Chelan  County.  (76) 

Tenmile  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Nooksak  River,  at  Fern- 
dale,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Ten  Mile  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  3 miles  above  Asotin,  in  north- 
eastern Asotin  County.  (36) 

Ten  3Iile  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  10  miles  above  The  Dalles, 
Oregon.  (33) 

Tennant  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  south  of  Ferndale,  in  west  central 
Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Tenos  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  northeast  of  Lake  Cushman,  in  north 
central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Tepee  Creek.  An  eastern  headwater  of  White  Creek,  east  of  Mount 
Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Terrell  Creek.  An  outlet  of  Lake  Terrell,  and  emptying  into  Birch  Bay, 
southwest  of  Custer,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (42) 

Terrell,  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  about  5 miles  west  of  Ferndale,  in 
west  central  Whatcom  County;  level  of  water,  208  feet.  (1) 

Texas  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Methow  River,  about  10 
miles  north  of  Methow,  in  southwestern  Okanogan  County.  (56) 
Texas  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  West  Fork  of  Washougal 
River,  north  of  Mount  Pleasant,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County. 
(53) 

Texas  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  iy2  miles  below  Riparia,  in  Col- 
umbia and  Whitman  counties. 

Thatcher.  A post  office  on  the  west  shore  of  Blakely  Island,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Thatcher  Pass.  A channel  between  Blakely  and  Decatur  islands,  in  east 
central  San  Juan  County. 

Thera.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles  west 
of  Colfax,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,862  feet.  (4) 


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277 


Thiel.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  northwest  of  Walla  Walla,  in 
south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  841  feet.  (4) 

Third  Coulee.  A dry  run,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Adams  County, 
rising-  near  Marcellus,  and  uniting  with  Second  Coulee  at  Weber 

(1) 

Thomas.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  south  of  Seattle,  in  south- 
western King  County,  elevation,  61  feet.  (1) 

Thompson  Cove.  A small  bay  at  the  south  end  of  Anderson  Island,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Thompson  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Methow  River,  south  of 
Winthrop,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Thompson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skookumchuck  River,  from  the  south- 
east, east  of  Bucoda,  in  south  central  Thurston  County.  (45) 
Thompson  Creek.  A tributary  of  lower  Glacier  Creek,  from  the  east, 
near  Glacier,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Thompson  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Pratt  River,  in  east  central  King 
County;  elevation,  3,620  feet.  (44) 

Thompson,  Mount.  A peak  4 miles  north  of  Snoqualmie  Pass,  in  east 
central  King  County.  (.74) 

Thompson,  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  northeast 
of  East  Sound  Post  Office,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
Thorn  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Pine  Creek,  at  Pine  City,  in 
north  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 

Thornton.  A town  on  the' S.  & I.  E.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R. 
& N.  Co.,  8 miles  west  of  Oakesdale,  in  north  central  Whitman  Coun- 
ty; elevation,  2,297  feet.  (1) 

Thornwood.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  west  central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  362  feet.  (1) 

Thorp.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  8 miles 
northwest  of  Ellensburg,  in  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,635 
feet.  (1) 

Thorp  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cle  Elum  River,  from  the  west,  5 miles 
north  of  Cle  Elum  Lake,  in  northwestern  Kittitas  County.  (74) 
Thrall.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in  south- 
eastern Kittitas  County,  elevation,  *1,445  feet.  (1) 

Three  Brothers  Mountain.  Peaks  between  Ingalls  Creek  and  the  head 
of  Negro  Creek,  in  southern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  7,370  feet. 
(78) 

Three  Creeks.  A southern  tributary  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  east  of 
Mount  Aix,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Three  Fingers  Mountain.  A mountain  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Sil- 
verton,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,854  feet. 
(77) 

Three  Fools  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Lightning  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Three  Forks.  A post  office  on  Mill  Creek,  about  10  miles  northeast  of 
Colville,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Three  Island  Bend.  A bend  in  Snake  River,  about  13  miles  above  its 
mouth,  in  Franklin  and  Walla  Walla  counties.  (34) 

Three  Lakes.  A town  about  5 miles  northeast  of  Snohomish,  on  a log- 
ging railroad,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Three  Mile  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  above  The  Dalles, 
Oregon.  (33) 


278  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Three  Rock  Bend.  A bend  in  Columbia  River,  10  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Colville  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Three  Tree.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  at  Three 
Tree  Point,  in  west  central  King  County.  (2) 

Three  Tree  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  midway 
between  Tacoma  and  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County.  (Same 
as  Point  Pully.)  (4) 

Three  Tree  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  about 
3 y2  miles  below  Skamokawa,  in  south  central  Wahkiakum  County. 
(19) 

Thrift.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  17 
miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  810 
feet. 

Thunder  Creek.  A small  eastern  tributary  of  Samish  River,  near  Prairie, 
in  northwestern  Skagit  County.  (25) 

Thunder  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Baker  River,  near  Concrete, 
in  north  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Thunder  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak 
River,  west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Thunder  Lake.  A lake  on  a lower  tributary  of  Thunder  Creek,  in  south- 
eastern Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Thurston  County.  This  county  lies  at  the  southernmost  end  of  Puget 
Sound,  in  west  central  Washington.  It  has  an  area  of  709  square 
miles.  The  surface  is  partly  undulating  and  partly  level.  The 
mean  temperature  is  50°F.  The  mean  annual  range  from  January 
to  July  is  25°  F.  The  precipitation  averages  55  inches  per  year.  The 
Census  Bureau  estimated  that  the  county  had  a population  of  22,- 
393  on  July  1,  1916.  Shell  fishing  and  lumbering  are  leading  in- 
dustries. Dairying,  as  well  as  fruit,  stock,  and  poultry  raising  are 
also  important.  Building  stone  is  quarried  at  Tenino.  Olympia  is 
the  largest  town  and  county  seat,  and  is  also  the  State  Capital. 
Other  important  towns  are  Tenino,  Tumwater,  Gate,  Rochester,  Bu- 
coda,  Rainier,  Tono,  and  Lacey.  (1) 

Tibbetts  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  south  end  of  Lake  Wash- 
ington, in  west  central  King  County.  (73) 

Tieton  Basin.  A basin  on  the  upper  Tieton  River,  4 miles  below  the 
forks,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Tieton  Peak.  A peak  at  the  head  of  North  Fork  of  Tieton  River,  3 miles 
east  of  the  Cascade  summit,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 7,775  feet.  (38) 

Tieton  River.  An  important  western  tributary  of  Naches  River,  head- 
ing on  the  Cascade  summit,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 
Tieton  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Tieton  River,  head- 
ing between  Tieton  Peak  and  the  Cascade  summit,  in  west  central 
Yakima  County.  (1) 

Tieton  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Tieton  River,  head- 
ing on  the  Cascade  divide  near  Goat  Rocks,  in  west  central  Yakima 
County.  (1) 

Tiffany  Mountain.  A mountain  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Conconully, 
in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  8,275  feet.  (48) 

Tiflis.  A junction  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry  (Warden-Marcellus  Branch), 
8 miles  north  of  Warden,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation, 
1,135  feet.  (4) 


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279 


Tiger.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  48  miles  north- 
west of  Newport,  in  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation,  2,093 
feet.  (1) 

Tilicum  Point.  A point  1 mile  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of  North 
Mowich  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  6,654  feet. 
(69) 

Tilma.  A station  on  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 miles  northeast  of 
Tekoa,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County. 

Tilton  River.  A large  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  northeast, 
in  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Timber  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  American  River,  north  of 
Bumping  Lake,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Timber  Valley.  A post  office  about  15  miles  north  of  Lyle,  in  west 
central  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Timberwolf  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  divide  between  Rattlesnake 
Creek  and  Three  Creeks,  in  west  central  Yakima  County;  elevation, 
6,435  feet.  (38) 

Timm.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Columbus,  in 
south  central  Klickitat  County.  (3) 

Timmerman  Ferry.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  miles  below  Rich- 

land, in  Benton  County;  elevation,  387  feet.  (63) 

Tioga.  A town  on  the  ocean  front,  and  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & 
N.  Co.,  4 miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (4) 
Tipsoo  Lake.  A lake  near  Chinook  Pass,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in 
east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,314  feet.  (60) 

Tiptop.  A peak  on  the  divide  2%  miles  east  of  the  junction  of  Ingalls 
and  Peshastin  creeks,  in  southern  Chelan  County;  elevation,  4,813 
feet.  (78) 

Tirzah  Peak.  A peak  at  the  west  end  of  Chenuis  Mountain,  northwest 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,212  feet. 
(69) 

Tivoli  Island.  A small  island  near  the  south  end  of  Ozette  Lake,  in 
western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Toad  Lake.  A small  lake  1 mile  southeast  of  Van  Wyck,  in  west  central 
Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Toats  Coulee  Creek.  A tributary  of  Sinlahekin  Creek,  from  the  west, 
near  Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Toats  Coulee  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Toats  Coulee 
Creek,  west  of  Palmer  Lake,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 
Toats  Coulee  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Toats  Coulee  ” 
Creek,  near  Loomis,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Toe  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  Patos  Island,  in  north  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Tokaloo  Rock.  A point  on  Puyallup  Cleaver,  on  the  west  slope  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  7,675  feet. 
(69) 

Tokano  Islets.  Two  very  small  islands  in  Skagit  Bay,  west  of  the  south 
end  of  Fidalgo  Island,  in  southwestern  Skagit  County.  (5) 

Toke  Point.  A point  on  the  north  shore  of  Willapa  Bay,  at  Tokeland,  in 
northwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Tokeland.  A town  at  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  in  northwestern  Pa- 
cific County.  (1) 


280  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Tokio.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  northeast  of  Ritzville,  in 
northeastern  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,955  feet.  (96) 

Tokul  Creek.  A northeastern  tributary  of  Snoqualmie  River,  at  Sno- 
qualmie  Falls,  in  central  King-  County.  (91) 

Toleak  Point.  A point  about  9 miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  Quillayute 
River,  in  northwestern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Toledo.  A town  on  Cowlitz  River,  7 miles  southeast  of  Winlock,  in  south 
central  Lewis  County.  (1) 

Toliva  Shoal.  A shoal  in  Puget  Sound,  north  of  Steilacoom,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Tolmie  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  near  Fair- 
fax, in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Tolmie  Peak.  A triangular  point  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Mount 
Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  5,939  feet.  (69) 

Tolt.  See  Carnation. 

Tolt  River.  A tributary  of  Snoqualmie  River,  from  the  east,  at  Tolt,  in 
north  central  King  County.  (1) 

Tolt  River,  North  Fork.  A north  branch  of  Tolt  River,  in  north  central 
King  County.  (4) 

Tolt  River,  South  Fork.  A south  branch  of  Tolt  River,  in  north  central 
King  County.  (1) 

Tomar.  A siding  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  southern  Benton  County; 
elevation,  318  feet.  (81) 

Tom,  Lake.  A small  lake  near  the  head  of  Ranger  Creek,  northwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Tom,  Mount.  A mountain  2 miles  west  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  north 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Tomyhoi  Creek.  A small  stream  in  north  central  Whatcom  County, 
northeast  of  Mount  Baker,  flowing  northward  across  the  Interna- 
tional line.  (40) 

Tomyhoi  Peak.  A peak  west  of  Tomyhoi  Creek,  near  the  International 
boundary,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  7,389  feet. 
(40) 

Tonasket.  A town  on  Okanogan  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  17  miles  south 
of  Oroville,  in  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  900  feet.  (1) 

Tonasket  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  near  the  foot 
of  Osoyoos  Lake,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Tonasket  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  18  miles  below  the  Inter- 
national boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Tonata  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  south,  7 miles  west 
of  Curlew,  in  northwestern  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Tonga.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Skykomish,  in  north- 
eastern King  County;  elevation,  1,384  feet.  (4) 

Tongue  Mountain.  A mountain  or  divide  between  Cispus  River  and  lower 
McCoy  Creek,  in  southeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  about  5,500 
feet.  (20) 

Tongue  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  Crescent  Bay,  in  northern 
Clallam  County.  (5) 

Tono.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  8 miles  northeast 
of  Centralia,  in  south  central  Thurston  County.  (1) 


281 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Toppenish.  This  town  is  situated  near  the  east  central  part  of  Yakima 
County,  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  It  serves  as  a trading-  center  for  a large 
fruit  and  potato  growing  and  stock  raising  district.  The  town  had 
1,598  inhabitants  in  1910.  (1) 

Toppenish  Creek.  A stream  of  central  Yakima  County,  flowing  east,  and 
joining  Yakima  River  near  Granger.  (1) 

Toppenish  Ridge.  An  east-west  ridge  between  Toppenish  and  Satus 
creeks,  in  south  central  Yakima  Valley;  elevation,  2,093  feet.  (88) 
Torboy.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Republic,  in  north 
central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  2,414  feet.  (4) 

Tornow  River.  An  upper  tributary  of  Satsop  River,  in  Mason  and  Grays 
Harbor  counties.  (19) 

Toroda.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Ferry,  in  north- 
western Ferry  County;  elevation,  1,845  feet.  (Formerly  Lynch.)  (4) 
Toroda.  A mining  camp  on  Toroda  Creek,  6 miles  north  of  Wauconda, 
in  northeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,936  feet.  (71) 

Toroda  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  west,  in  north- 
western Ferry  County.  (1) 

Toroda  Creek,  East  Fork.  An  eastern  headwater  of  Toroda  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Toroda  Creek,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Toroda  Creek,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Toroda  Mountain.  A mountain  on  upper  Toroda  Creek,  north  of  Waucon- 
da, in  northeastern  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,621  feet.  (71) 
Totten  Inlet.  An  inlet  about  10  miles  long,  southwest  of  Arcadia,  on  the 
boundary  between  Mason  and  Pierce  counties.  (Same  as  Oyster 
Bay.)  (1) 

Touchet.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  16  miles  west 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  441 
feet.  (1) 

Touchet  River.  A river  of  central  and  southwestern  Walla  Walla  Coun- 
ty, joining  Walla  Walla  River  at  Touchet.  (1) 

Touchet  River,  West  Fork.  A tributary  of  upper  Touchet  River,  joining 
Robinson  Fork  near  Dayton,  in  central  Columbia  County.  (1) 
Touhey.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  central  Douglas  County,  18  miles 
northeast  of  Douglas;  elevation,  2,353  feet.  (1) 

Toulon  Creek.  A tributary  of  Kettle  River,  from  the  northeast,  north- 
west of  Bossburg,  in  northwestern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Toutle.  A post  office  on  Toutle  River,  14  miles  northeast  of  Castle  Rock, 
in  north  central  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Toutle  River.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  east,  draining  the 
Cascades  of  northwestern  Skamania  County  and  northeastern  Cow- 
litz County.  (1) 

Toutle  River,  North  Fork.  The  principal  head  of  Toutle  River,  in  north- 
eastern Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Toutle  River,  South  Fork.  The  southern  branch  of  Toutle  River,  in 
northeastern  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 

Towal.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Cliffs,  in  south 
central  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  193  feet.  (4) 

Towanda.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  11  miles  southeast  of  Bellingham, 
in  southwestern  Whatcom  County. 

Tower.  A post  office  on  Toutle  River,  about  9 miles  due  east  of  Olequa, 
in  north  central  Cowlitz  County.  (1) 


282  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Townsend  Mountain.  A mountain  east  of  the  headwaters  of  Trout 
Creek,  east  of  Index,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County;  elevation, 
5,405  feet.  (72) 

Tracy.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  7 miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  in  south- 
eastern Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  1,488  feet.  (1) 

Tracyton.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Dyes  Inlet,  in  central  Kitsap 
County.  (1) 

Tramp  Harbor.  A small  bay  north  of  Maury  Island,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (5) 

Tramway  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  16%  miles  below  Clarkston, 
in  east  central  Asotin  County.  (35) 

Trap  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Willapa  River,  south  of  Hol- 
comb, in  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Trapper  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  near  the  headwaters  of  Stehekin 
River,  in  the  north  end  of  Chelan  County;  elevation,  4,300  feet.  (76) 
Treat.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  26  miles  southeast  of  Spokane,  in 
southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,523  feet.  (4) 

Treble,  Point.  A point  on  the  west  coast  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west 
central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Tree  Bluff.  A promontory  on  the  coast,  about  14  miles  west  of  Port 
Crescent,  in  northern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Trent.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  8 miles  east  of  Spokane,  in  east  central 
Spokane  County.  (4) 

Trestle  Creek.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  1%  miles  north  of 
Thornton,  in  north  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,351  feet. 
Triangle  Cove.  A small  cove  or  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Camano  Island, 
in  Island  County.  (58) 

Trinidad.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  27  miles  west  of 
Ephrata,  in  western  Grant  County;  elevation,  958  feet.  (1) 

Triple  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stilaguam- 
ish  River,  north  of  Mount  Pilchuck,  in  central  Snohomish  County. 
(77) 

Triton.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  Hood  Canal,  3 miles  south  of 
Duckabush,  in  southeastern  Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Triton  Cove.  A small  bay  north  of  Triton  Head,  on  the  west  side  of 
Hood  Canal,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (5) 

Triton  Head.  A headland  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (5) 
Trixie  Falls.  Falls  on  a small  brook  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of 
Cowlitz  Glacier,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Tronsen  Creek.  A tributary,  from  the  east,  of  Peshastin  Creek,  entering 
the  latter  about  2 miles  south  of  Blewett,  in  south  central  Chelan 
County.  (78) 

Troublesome  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from 
the  north,  near  Galena,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 
Trout  Creek.  A station  on  the  S.  & B.  C.  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of  Republic, 
in  northern  Ferry  County.  (4) 

Trout  Creek.  A tributary  of  Curlew  Lake,  from  the  west,  in  northwest- 
ern Ferry  County.  (1) 

Trout  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Toroda  Creek,  from  the  east,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington  283 


Trout  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Wind  River,  about  8 miles  north- 
west of  Carson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (15) 

Trout  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the  east,  near  Index, 
in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Trout  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Trout  Lake.  A post  office  about  23  miles  north  of  White  Salmon,  in 
northwestern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Trout  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  in  Sec.  17,  T.  36  N.,  R.  37  E.,  in  east 
central  Ferry  County.  (16) 

Trout  Lake.  A small  lake  5 miles  southwest  of  Auburn,  in  southwestern 
King  County.  (80) 

Trout  Lake.  A lake  on  West  Fork  of  Foss  River,  near  Skykomish  in 
northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  2,012  feet.  (72) 

Trout  Lake.  A lake  about  1 mile  long,  10  miles  northwest  of  Camden,  in 
southwestern  Pend  Oreille  County.  (4) 

Trout  Lake.  A small  lake  about  6 miles  south  of  Orting,  in  north 
central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Trout  Lake.  A small  lake  1%  miles  north  of  Cascades,  in  south  central 
Skamania  County.  (53) 

Troy.  A ferry  on  Columbia  River,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Water- 
ville,  in  west  central  Douglas  County.  (46) 

Truax.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Almota  in  south  central  Whitman  County.  (4) 

Trude.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  31  miles  east  of  Seattle,  in 
central  King  County;  elevation,  630  feet.  (96) 

Trump  Island.  A small  island  in  Lopez  Sound,  west  of  Decatur  Island, 
in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Tshletshy  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Queets  River,  from  the  south,  in 
central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Tskulsko  Point.  A point  on  Toandos  Peninsula,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Dabop  Bay,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Tucannon  River.  A stream  draining  the  northern  Blue  Mountains  and 
emptying  into  Snake  River  near  Starbuck,  in  northwestern  Columbia 
County.  (1) 

Tucker.  A siding  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Castle  Rock,  in  west 
central  Cowlitz  County.  (4) 

Tucker,  Lake.  A small  lake  on  San  Juan  Island,  about  4 miles  northwest 
of  Friday  Harbor,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Tuekey.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6%  miles  south  of  Port  Townsend, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (3) 

Tudor.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  3Y2  miles  south  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,120  feet. 

Tukxvila.  A town  on  the  Puget  Sound  Electric  Ry.,  about  10  miles  south 
of  Seattle,  in  west  central  King  County.  (1) 

Tulalip.  An  Indian  town  on  Tulalip  Bay,  about  8 miles  northeast  of 
Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Tulalip  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  coast  line,  about  7 miles  northwest  of 
Everett,  in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Tulalip  Indian  Reservation.  A reservation  of  22,490  acres,  all  but  324 
acres  of  which  are  allotted,  located  on  tidewater,  north  of  Everett, 
in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 


284  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Tule  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  entering  Alder  Creek 
from  the  north,  in  eastern  Klickitat  County.  (39) 

Tule  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Grand  Coulee,  18  miles  north  of  Coulee  City, 
in  Grant  County.  (2) 

Tule  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  east  of  Almira,  in  northwestern  Lin- 
coln County.  (4) 

Tule  Lake.  A small  lake  on  Lake  Creek,  northwest  of  Odessa,  in  south- 
western Lincoln  County.  (1) 

Tulips.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  northwest  of  Hoquiam,  in 
southwestern  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  20  feet.  (60) 

Tumac  Mountain.  A peak  on  the  Cascade  summit,  about  20  miles  south- 
east of  Mount  Rainier,  near  Cowlitz  Pass;  elevation,  about  6,300 
feet.  (38) 

Tumtum.  A post  office  on  Spokane  River,  17  miles  south  of  Springdale, 
in  southeastern  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Tumtum  Peak.  A mountain  2V2  miles  west  of  Longmire,  southwest  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,678  feet. 
(69) 

Tumwater.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  south  of  Olympia,  in 
central  Thurston  County.  (1) 

Tumwater  Canyon.  A canyon  10  miles  long,  on  Wenatchee  River,  on  the 
G.  N.  Ry.,  above  Leavenworth,  in  south  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 
Tunk  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Okanogan  River,  5 miles  north  of 
Riverside,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Tunk  Mountain.  A mountain  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Riverside,  in 
east  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  6,065  feet.  (62) 

Tunnel  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Big  Quilcene  River,  from  the  west, 
in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

Turk.  A post  office  29  miles  west  of  Springdale,  in  southwestern  Stevens 
County.  (4) 

Turn  Island.  An  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  about  2 miles  east  of  Fri- 
day Harbor,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Turn  Point.  A point  on  the  west  end  of  Stuart  Island,  in  northwestern 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Turn  Rock.  A rock  in  San  Juan  Channel,  near  Turn  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Turner.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  12  miles  north- 
east of  Dayton,  in  Columbia  County;  elevation,  2,173  feet.  (1) 

Turtle  Back  Range.  A ridge  in  northwestern  Orcas  Island,  in  north 
central  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  1,487  feet.  (6) 

Turtle  Lake.  A small  lake  about  7 miles  southwest  of  Tonasket,  in 
central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

Turtle  Lake.  A small  lake  at  the  head  of  Blue  Creek,  in  southwestern 
Stevens  County.  (29) 

Turtle  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  27 y2  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
Colville  River,  in  Ferry  and  Stevens  counties.  (31) 

Tweedie.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  9 miles 
south  of  Newport,  in  southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation, 
2,277  feet.  (4) 

Twelve  Mile  Bar.  A bar  in  Columbia  River,  13  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Kettle  River,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Twentyeight  Creek.  A tributary  of  Greenwater  River,  from  the  south, 
in  northeastern  Pierce  County.  (44) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


285 


Twentyfive  Mile  Creek.  A stream  rising-  in  Chelan  Mountains  and  enter- 
ing Lake  Chelan  from  the  southwest,  in  north  central  Chelan  Coun- 
ty. (46) 

Twin.  A post  office  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  Twin  Rivers,  between 
Crescent  and  Clallam  bays,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Twin  Falls.  Falls  on  the  western  headwater  of  Nickel  Creek,  southeast 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Twin  Lakes.  Two  mountain  lakes  on  a tributary  of  North  Fork  of 
White  River,  in  west  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,808  feet. 
(47) 

Twin  Lakes.  Small  lakes  near  the  head  of  Snow  Creek,  a branch  of  the 
Icicle,  located  10  miles  southwest  of  Leavenworth,  in  southwestern 
Chelan  County.  (78) 

Twin  Lakes.  Lakes  near  the  head  of  Stranger  Creek,  in  east  central 
Ferry  County.  (1) 

Twin  Lakes.  Small  lakes  2 y2  miles  south  of  Winthrop,  in  west  central 
Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Twin  Lakes.  Small  lakes  on  a tributary  of  Mill  Creek,  northwest  of 
Glacier  Peak,  in  northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (52) 

Twin  Lakes.  Lakes  at  the  western  headwater  of  Troublesome  Creek, 
near  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern  Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Twin  Lakes.  Lakes  about  8 miles  north  of  Granite  Falls,  in  north 
central  Snohomish  County;  level  of  water,  660  feet.  (77) 

Twin  Lakes.  Lakes  on  West  Fork  of  Silesia  Creek,  north  of  Mount 
Shuksan,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Twin  Peaks.  Peaks  2 y2  miles  south  of  Monte  Cristo,  in  southeastern 
Snohomish  County.  (72) 

Twin  Peaks.  A mountain  5 miles  north  of  Barlow  Pass,  west  of  Sauk 
River,  in  east  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  5,995  feet.  (52) 
Twin  Rocks.  Small  rocks  near  the  west  shore  of  East  Sound,  opposite 
Olga,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Twin  Sister  Lakes.  Lakes  on  the  Cascade  summit,  between  Carlton  and 
Cowlitz  passes,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Twin  Sisters  Mountains.  A mountain  ridge,  with  several  peaks,  about 
10  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom 
County.  (40) 

Twrisp.  A town  at  the  confluence  of  Twisp  and  Methow  rivers,  35  miles 
northwest  of  Pateros,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation, 
1,619  feet.  (1) 

Twisp  Pass.  A pass  on  the  divide  between  Twisp  River  and  Bridge 
Creek,  11  miles  north  of  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan;  elevation,  6,066 
feet.  (76) 

Twisp  River.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  west,  at  Twisp, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Twisp  River,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Twisp  River,  north 
of  Twisp  Pass,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (76) 

Twisp  River,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Twisp  River,  south 
of  Twisp  Pass,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (76) 

Two  Lakes.  Lakes  at  the  head  of  West  Fork  of  Klickitat  River,  north 
of  Mount  Adams,  in  wrest  central  Yakima  County;  elevations,  4,259 
and  4,285  feet.  (37) 


286  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Two  Little  Lakes.  Small  lakes  at  the  head  of  South  Fork  of  Entiat 
River,  in  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Two  Mile  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  2 miles  below  the  Inter- 
national boundary,  in  north  central  Stevens  County.  (31) 

Two  Rivers.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & 
N.  Co.,  9 miles  southeast  of  Pasco,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla 
County;  elevation,  335  feet.  (1) 

Tye.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  west  end  of  Cascade  Tunnel,  in 
northeastern  King  County;  elevation,  3,115  feet.  (Formerly  Well- 
ington.) (1) 

Tye  River.  A tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the 
east,  at  Skykomish,  in  northeastern  King  County.  (1) 

Tyee,  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long  and  y2  mile  wide,  on  Lake  Creek,  iy2 
miles  west  of  Beaver  Post  Office,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 
Tyee  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Entiat  Mountains,  about  21  miles  north- 
west of  the  mouth  of  Lake  Chelan,  in  central  Chelan  County;  eleva- 
tion, 6,688  feet.  (46) 

Tyee  Peak.  The  highest  point  on  Chenuis  Mountain,  about  2 miles  north- 
east of  the  lower  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  Coun- 
ty; elevation,  6,030  feet.  (69) 

Tyler.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  27  miles  southwest  of  Spokane,  in  south- 
western Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,291  feet.  (1) 

Umatilla  Rapids.  Rapids,  2 miles  long,  in  Columbia  River,  near  Umatilla, 
Oregon.  (81) 

Umatilla  Reef.  A reef  3 miles  off  shore,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Ozette 
River,  in  western  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Umbrella  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Ozette  Lake,  from  the  north, 
in  western  Clallam  County.  (19) 

Umtanum.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in 
southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,349  feet.  (4) 

Umtanum  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  west,  north  of 
Wymer,  in  southeastern  Kittitas  County.  (1) 

Umtanum  Ridge.  A divide  between  upper  Umtanum  and  Wenas  creeks, 
southwest  of  Ellensburg,  on  the  Kittitas-Yakima  county  line;  eleva- 
tion, 4,217  feet.  (51) 

Uncas.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  16 y2  miles  south  of  Port  Townsend,  in 
northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (4) 

Underwood.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  White  Salmon, 
in  southeastern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  101  feet.  (1) 

Untried.  A post  office  on  Alpowa  Creek,  about  15  miles  southeast  of 
Pomeroy,  in  east  central  Garfield  County.  (1) 

Unicorn  Glaeier.  A small  glacier  on  the  west  side  of  Unicorn  Peak, 
southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 
Unicorn  Peak.  The  highest  peak  of  the  Tatoosh  Range,  southeast  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  6,939  feet. 
(69) 

Union.  A town  on  the  south  side  of  Hood  Canal,  near  the  mouth  of 
Skokomish  River,  in  central  Mason  County.  (1) 

Union  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Washington,  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Union  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  American  River,  heading  on  the 
Cascade  summit,  in  northwestern  Yakima  County.  (38) 


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287 


Union  Flat  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Palouse  River,  joining  the 
latter  west  of  LaCrosse,  in  south  central  Whitman  County.  (1) 
Union  Gap.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & 
N.  Co.,  4 miles  south  of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 988  feet.  (Formerly  Yakima.) 

Union  Gap.  A gap  at  the  east  end  of  Atanum  Ridge,  about  3 miles  south 
of  Yakima,  in  central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  930  feet.  (89) 
Union,  Lake.  A lake  about  3 miles  long,  in  Seattle,  between  Lake  Wash- 
ington and  Puget  Sound,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation 
above  mean  tide,  12  feet.  (73) 

Union  31ills.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Olympia,  in  central 
Thurston  County;  elevation,  176  feet.  (2) 

Union  River.  A stream  entering  the  head  of  Hood  Canal,  from  the  north- 
east, in  Mason  and  Kitsap  counties.  (1) 

Union  Slough.  One  of  the  mouths  of  Snohomish  River,  near  Marysville, 
in  west  central  Snohomish  County.  (58) 

Uniontown.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  18  miles  south  of  Pullman,  in 
southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,575  feet.  (1) 

Unsal  Point.  A point  at  the  south  end  of  Squaxin  Island,  in  southeastern 
Mason  County.  (5) 

Upham.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  west  of  Cle  Elum,  in  west 
central  Kittitas  County.  (89) 

Upper  Mill.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  southeast  of  Enum- 
claw,  in  south  central  King  County.  (44) 

Upper  Riparia  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  iy2  miles  above  Riparia, 
in  Columbia  and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Upright  Channel.  A channel  between  Shaw  and  Lopez  islands,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Upright  Head.  A headland  at  the  north  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Urban.  A post  office  on  Sinclair  Island,  in  the  northwestern  corner  of 
Skagit  County.  (4) 

Useless  Bay.  A bay  near  the  southern  end  of  Whidby  Island,  opposite 
Point  No  Point,  in  southwestern  Island  County.  (1) 

Usk.  A town  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  17  miles  north- 
west of  Newport,  in  south'  central  Pend  Oreille  County;  elevation, 
2,056  feet.  (1) 

Utsaladdy.  A village  at  the  north  end  of  Camano  Island,  in  Island 
County.  (4) 

Vader.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  south  of  Chehalis,  in  south- 
western Lewis  County;  elevation,  139  feet.  (Same  as  Little  Falls.) 
(1) 

Vail.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  56  miles  north- 
west of  Newport,  in  north  central  Pend  Oreille  County.  (90) 

Vale.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  23  miles  northeast  of  Pasco,  in  central 
Franklin  County;  elevation,  684  feet.  (96) 

Valentine.  A village  13  miles  east  of  Pomeroy,  in  east  central  Garfield 
County.  (4) 

Valley.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  31  miles  south  of  Colville,  in  south 
central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,671  feet.  (1) 

Valley  Grove.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles 
north  of  Walla  Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  eleva- 
tion, 884  feet.  (4) 


288  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Valleyford.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  16  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,461  feet.  (4) 

Van  Buren.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  19  miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 74  feet.  (4) 

Vance.  A post  office  about  20  miles  ^southeast  of  Morton,  in  east  central 
Lewis  County.  (1) 

Vance  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skokomish  River,  from  the  west,  in  west 
central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Vancouver.  The  county  seat  of  Clarke  County,  located  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county  on  Columbia  River,  opposite  Portland,  Oregon. 
The  altitude  is  75  feet.  It  has  an  area  of  about  6 square  miles.  The 
city  is  served  by  the  N.  P.,  G.  N.  and  S.  P.  & S.  railways,  and  the  line 
of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  as  well  as  the  Columbia  River  boats.  A 
steel  bridge  spans  the  Columbia,  with  an  electric  line  to  Portland. 
There  are  three  saw  mills,  three  planing  mills,  a box  factory,  a 
drain  tile  plant,  two  iron  foundries,  two  brick  yards,  a flour  mill, 
an  ice  and  cold  storage  plant,  and  two  prune  packing  plants.  The 
state  school  for  the  deaf  and  blind  is  here.  The  population  on  July 
1,  1916,  was  13,180,  as  estimated  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census. 
(1) 

Vancouver  Junction.  A junction  of  the  main  line  of  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  with 
the  Yacolt  branch,  3 miles  north  of  Vancouver,  in  southwestern 
Clarke  County;  elevation,  62  feet.  (64) 

Vancouver  Lake.  A lake  about  3 miles  long  and  2 miles  wide,  on  the 
floodplain  of  Columbia  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Willamette 
River,  in  Clarke  County.  (64) 

Van  Horn.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  25  miles  east  of  Sedro  Woolley, 
in  central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Van  Horn  Creek.  A southwestern  tributary  of  upper  White  River,  north 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Vansycle  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  entering  Walla 
Walla  Valley,  east  of  Wallula,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  Coun- 
ty. (83) 

Van  Trump  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  Nisqually  River,  heading  in 
Van  Trump  Glacier,  on  the  south  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  south- 
eastern Pierce  County.  (69) 

Van  Trump  Glacier.  A small  glacier,  west  of  Nisqually  Glacier,  on  the 
southern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Van  Trump  Park.  A park  on  the  headwaters  of  Van  Trump  Creek,  on 
the  southern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

VanWyck.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  6 miles 
northeast  of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  eleva- 
tion, 186  feet.  (4) 

Van  Zandt.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  20  miles  south  of  Sumas,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  239  feet.  (1) 

Vashon.  A post  office  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Vashon  Island,  in  west 
central  King  County.  (1) 

Vashon  Island.  An  island  about  13  miles  long,  in  Puget  Sound,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (1) 

Vashon,  Point.  A point  at  the  northwest  end  of  Vashon  Island,  in  west 
central  King  County.  (5) 


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289 


Vassar.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  east  of  Lind,  in 
central  Adams  County;  elevation,  1,510  feet.  (3) 

Vaughn.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Case  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Vaughn  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Toroda  Creek,  at  Bodie,  in 
northeastern  Okanogan  County.  (71) 

Vaughn  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  10^  miles  about  Bridge- 
port, in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Vaughns  Bay.  A bay  on  the  east  shore  of  Case  Inlet,  at  Vaughn,  in 
northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Veazie.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  north  of  Enumclaw,  in  south 
central  King  County;  elevation,  777  feet.  (44) 

Veazie.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  northeast  of  Enum- 
claw, in  south  central  King  County;  elevation,  760  feet.  (44) 

Vega.  A post  office  at  the  south  end  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west  central 
Pierce  County.  (1) 

Velox.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  about  10  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in 
east  central  Spokane  County.  (96) 

Velvet.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  near  the  International  line,  8 miles 
north  of  Northport,  in  north  central  Stevens  County;  elevation,  2,128 
feet.  (Frontier  Post  Office.)  (1) 

Venersborg.  A post  office  7%  miles  northeast  of  Brush  Prairie,  in  central 
Clarke  County.  (2) 

Veness.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  15  miles  south  of  Chehalis,  in  south- 
western Lewis  County.  (1) 

Venice.  A village  on  the  west  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east  central 
Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Vendovi  Island.  An  island  about  1 mile  long,  north  of  Guemes  Island,  in 
the  northwest  corner  of  Skagit  County;  maximum  elevation,  330 
feet.  (6) 

Vernal  Park.  A park  1%  miles  northwest  of  the  lower  end  of  Winthrop 
Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Vernita.  A station  on  the  Hanford  branch  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in 
northwestern  Benton  County;  elevation,  435  feet.  (65) 

Vesper  Peak.  A peak  5 y2  miles  southeast  of  Silverton,  in  central  Sno- 
homish County;  elevation,  6,190  feet.  (77) 

Vesta.  A village  on  North  River,  19  miles  southeast  of  Cosmopolis,  in 
south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Vesta  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  River,  from  the  northeast,  at  Vesta, 
in  south  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (26) 

Victim  Island.  A small  island  near  the  west  shore  of  West  Sound,  in 
southwestern  Orcas  Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Vila.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Lyle,  in  southwest- 
ern Klickitat  County;  elevation,  101  feet.  (3) 

Village  Point.  A point  on  the  northwest  shore  of  Lummi  Island,  in  west 
central  Whatcom  County.  (5) 

Villard.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  10  miles  north- 
west of  Wallula,  in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  335 
feet. 

Violet  Point.  A point  at  the  east  end  of  Protection  Island,  in  northeast- 
ern Jefferson  County.  (19) 


—10 


290  Bulletin  No.  17,  W a slung  ton  Geological  Survey 


Virginia  Peak.  A peak  west  of  Crater  Lake,  in  the  northwest  corner  of 
Rainier  National  Park,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  4,- 
934  feet.  (69) 

Vista.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  west  of  Kennewick,  in  Benton 
County;  elevation,  576  feet.  (63) 

Viti  Rocks.  Rocks  in  the  channel  near  the  south  end  of  Lummi  Island, 
southwest  of  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (6) 

Vogler  Lake.  A small  lake  3 miles  northwest  of  Concrete,  in  north 
central  Skagit  County;  elevation,  1,059  feet.  (40) 

Voight  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Carbon  River,  from  the  east,  near 
Orting,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Von  Geldern  Cove.  A small  bay  on  the  west  shore  of  Carr  Inlet,  near 
Lake  Bay,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Vulcan.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  at  the  southern  end  of  Douglas 
County,  4 miles  south  of  Columbia  River  Station;  elevation,  704  feet. 
(55) 

Vulcan  Mountain.  A mountain  1 mile  from  the  International  boundary, 
in  northwestern  Ferry  County;  elevation,  about  5,200  feet.  (71) 
Waadilah  Island.  A narrow  island,  % mile  long,  opposite  Neah  Bay, 
about  7 miles  east  of  Cape  Flattery,  in  northwestern  Clallam  Coun- 
ty. (5) 

Waatch.  An  Indian  village  on  a small  bay,  3 miles  south  of  Neah  Bay, 
in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Waatch  Point.  A point  on  the  shore,  3 y2  miles  south  of  Cape  Flattery, 
in  northwestern  Clallam  County.  (5) 

Waatch  Slough.  A tidal  slough  heading  near  Neah  Bay  and  flowing 
southwest  to  the  ocean,  near  Waatch  Point,  in  northwestern  Clallam 
County.  (19) 

Wabash.  A village  5 miles  northwest  of  Enumclaw,  in  south  central 
King  County. 

Wabash.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  2 miles  north- 
east of  Centralia,  in  northwestern  Lewis  County.  (45) 

Waco.  A village  in  northwestern  Douglas  County,  22  miles  northeast 
of  Waterville.  (2) 

Waddell  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Bridge  Creek,  in  the  north  end  of 
Chelan  County.  (76) 

Wadell  Creek.  A tributary  of  Black  River,  from  the  northwest,  at  Little 
Rock,  in  southwestern  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Wades  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  30  miles  above  Riparia,  in  Gar- 
field and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Wagnersburg.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  north  of  Wenatchee, 
in  east  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  679  feet. 

Wahkiacus.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  (Goldendale  Branch),  17 
miles  northeast  of  Lyle,  in  west  central  Klickitat  County;  elevation, 
500  feet.  (1) 

Wahkiakum  County.  This  county  lies  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the 
state  and  fronts  Columbia  River.  It  contains  267  square  miles.  The 
country  is  rocky  and  rugged,  and  generally  dissected  by  streams. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  51°  F.  The  yearly  precipitation  is 
65  inches.  Wahkiakum  was  the  name  of  an  Indian  chief.  The 
Census  Bureau  estimated  the  population  as  3,578  on  July  1,  1916. 
The  chief  resources  in  order  of  importance  are  lumbering,  fishing, 


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291 


dairying,  and  farming.  Fish  canneries,  creameries  and  logging 
camps  are  well  distributed  throughout  the  county.  Cathlamet  is  the 
county  seat  and  the  largest  town.  Other  important  towns  are  Ska- 
mokawa  and  Brookfield.  (1) 

Wahl.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.).  9 miles  north- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  252 
feet.  (4) 

Waliluke.  A post  office  on  Columbia  River,  6 miles  northwest  of  White 
Bluffs,  in  southern  Grant  County;  elevation,  412  feet.  (1) 

Wahpenay©  Peak.  A peak  in  the  Tatoosh  Range,  7 y2  miles  south  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  6,234  feet. 
(69) 

Waits.  A post  office  5 miles  west  of  Valley,  in  central  Stevens  County. 

(1) 

Waits  Lake.  A lake  about  3 miles  west  of  Valley,  in  central  Stevens 
County.  (1) 

Waitsburg.  This  town  lies  in  the  east  central  part  of  Walla  Walla 
County,  and  has  an  altitude  of  1,272  feet.  It  is  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and 
the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  The  surrounding  country  spe- 
cializes in  grain  raising,  and  the  town  has  a large  flouring  mill. 
The  population  in  1910  was  1,237.  (1) 

Wakefield.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  11  miles  north  of  Brewster,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  810  feet. 

Waketichie  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  Hood  Canal,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  in  north  central  Mason  Countv. 

(19) 

Walden.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in 
central  Yakima  County. 

Waldron.  A post  office  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Waldron  Island,  in 
north  central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

Waldron  Island.  An  island  about  3 miles  long,  northwest  of  Orcas 
Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County;  maximum  elevation,  about 
550  feet.  (6) 

Walker.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Snake  River  Branch),  and  on  Snake 
River,  31  miles  east  of  Pasco,  in  southeastern  Franklin  County.  (4) 

Walker.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  35  miles 
northeast  of  Wallula,  in  north  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (1) 

Walker  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream  entering  Snake 
River  at  Walker,  in  west  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Walker  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  upper  Bonaparte  Creek,  southeast 
of  Mount  Bonaparte,  in  southeastern  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Walker’s  Prairie.  A prairie  along  Chamokane  Creek,  north  of  Ford,  in 
south  central  Stevens  County.  (29) 

Wall.  A village  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  east  of  Heisson,  in  east  central 
Clarke  County.  (27) 

Wall  Lake.  A small  lake  southeast  of  Wilbur,  in  west  central  Lincoln 
County.  (1) 

Wallace  Lake.  A lake  y2  mile  long,  about  4 miles  north  of  Gold  Bar,  on 
West  Fork  of  Wallace  River,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County. 
(21) 

Wallace  Peak.  A peak  on  Chenuis  Mountain,  about  3 miles  north  of  the 
lower  end  of  Carbon  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County;  eleva- 
tion, 5,800  feet.  (69) 


292  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Wallace  River.  A northern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  near  Startup, 
in  south  central  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Wallacut  River.  A river  entering-  Columbia  River,  from  the  northeast, 
at  Ilwaco,  in  southwestern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Walla  Walla.  This  city  is  the  county  seat  of  Walla  Walla  County,  and 
is  located  in  the  south  central  part.  The  altitude  of  the  city  is  975 
feet.  It  has  an  area  of  3%  square  miles.  It  is  on  the  O.-W.  and 
N.  P.  railways.  There  are  a number  of  factories  manufacturing 
farm  machinery,  and  some  wood  working  plants.  The  tributary 
regions  are  occupied  in  agriculture,  horticulture,  stock-raising  and 
dairying.  The  population  on  July  1,  1916,  was  25,136,  according  to 
the  estimate  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census.  (1) 

Walla  Walla  County.  This  county  is  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state,  between  Snake  River  and  the  Oregon  boundary  line.  It 
has  an  area  of  1,265  square  miles.  The  county  is  generally  rolling 
and  extends  from  the  low  plains  along  the  Columbia  to  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Blue  Mountains.  The  Indian  word  Walla  Walla  means 
“many  waters”  or  “running  water.”  According  to  an  estimate  of 
the  Census  Bureau,  the  population  on  July  1,  1916,  was  40,262.  The 
mean  annual  temperature  is  53°  F.,  while  the  mean  annual  range 
from  January  to  July  is  40°  F.  The  average  annual  precipitation  of 
the  county  is  17  inches.  The  chief  industries,  named  in  order  of  their 
importance,  are  general  farming,  dairying,  stock  raising,  poultry 
raising  and  manufacturing.  The  wheat  crop  is  very  important,  and 
wool  and  fruit  growing  are  extensive  occupations.  Walla  Walla  is 
the  largest  town  and  county  seat.  Other  centers  of  importance  are 
Prescott,  Waitsburg,  Wallula,  Touchet  and  Dixie.  (1) 

Walla  Walla  River.  A river  rising  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  flowing  west, 
and  joining  Columbia  River  at  Wallula,  in  southeastern  Walla  Walla 
County.  (1) 

Wallula.  A town  on  Columbia  River  at  the  mouth  of  Walla  Walla  River, 
and  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  31 
miles  west  of  Walla  Walla,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla  County; 
elevation,  324  feet.  (1) 

Walsh.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  5 y2  miles  east  of  Maple  Valley,  in 
central  King  County;  elevation,  767  feet.  (44) 

Walsh  Lake.  A lake  1%  miles  southwest  of  Taylor,  in  central  King 
County;  elevation,  733  feet.  (44) 

Walters.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles  north- 
east of  Garfield,  in  east  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,537 
feet.  (59) 

Walupt  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  Cispus  River,  in  southeastern  Lewis 
County.  (37) 

Walupt  Lake.  A lake  about  15  miles  north  of  Mount  Adams,  in  south- 
eastern Lewis  County;  elevation,  3,927  feet.  (1) 

Walville.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  27  miles  southwest  of  Chehalis,  in 
southwestern  Lewis  County;  elevation,  579  feet.  (2) 

Waneta.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4 miles  west 
of  Grandview,  in  southeastern  Yakima  County.  (66) 

Wanicut.  A post  office  9 miles  southwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central 
Okanogan  County.  (4) 

Wanlich  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
southwest  of  Mount  Baker,  in  south  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 
Wanna eut  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  about  6 miles  southeast  of  Oro- 
ville, in  north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,847  feet.  (1) 


293 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Wapaloosie  Peak.  A mountain  in  the  Kettle  River  Range,  15  miles  east 
of  Republic  in  north  central  Ferry  County;  elevation,  about  6,950 
feet.  (16) 

Wapato.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in 
central  Yakima  County;  elevation,  855  feet.  (1) 

Wapato  Creek.  A small  stream  flowing  from  Sumner  to  Commence- 
ment Bay,  in  north  central  Pierce  County.  (80) 

Wapowety  Cleaver.  A divide  east  of  Kautz  Glacier,  on  the  south  side 
of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Waptus  Lake.  A lake  2 miles  long,  on  Middle  Fork  of  Cle  Elum  River,  in 
northwestern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,980  feet.  (72) 

War  Creek.  A headwater  of  Twisp  River,  east  of  the  north  end  of  Lake 
Chelan,  in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (1) 

Ward.  A post  office  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  northwest  of  Colville,  in 
west  central  Stevens  County.  (Mission  Station.)  (4) 

Ward  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  lower  Fairchild  Creek,  north  of 
Willapa,  in  northeastern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Ward,  Fort.  A fort  on  the  southeastern  point  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in 
east  central  Kitsap  County.  (2) 

Warden.  A town  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  in  southeastern  Grant  Coun- 
ty; elevation,  1,275  feet.  (1) 

Wards  Creek.  A tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  from  the  north,  at  Mon- 
roe, in  southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (4) 

Wards  Lake.  A small  lake  2 miles  southeast  of  Olympia,  in  north  central 
Thurston  County.  (26) 

Warm  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Middle  Fork  of  Nooksak  River, 
west  of  Mount  Baker,  in  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Warm  Spring  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  entering 
Walla  Walla  Valley,  east  of  Wallula,  in  southwestern  Walla  Walla 
County.  (83) 

Warner.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  east 
of  Oakesdale,  in  northeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,452 
feet.  (4) 

Warnick.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  18  miles 
southeast  of  Sumas,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  751 
feet.  (4) 

Washington  Cascades.  Cascades  in  Paradise  River,  above  Narada  Falls, 
east  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Lewis  County.  (69) 
Washington  Creek.  A tributary  of  Jefferson  Creek,  from  the  southwest, 
near  Eldon,  in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Washington  Harbor.  A bay  about  4 miles  long  and  iy2  miles  wide,  be- 
tween Port  Townsend  and  Dungeness,  in  northeastern  Clallam 
County.  (5) 

Washington,  Lake.  A lake  about  20  miles  long,  with  an  average  width 
of  2 miles,  6 miles  east  of  Puget  Sound,  in  northwestern  King  Count- 
ty;  elevation  above  mean  tide,  12  feet.  (1) 

Washington,  Mount.  A mountain  north  of  Cedar  Lake  and  east  of  Cedar 
Falls,  in  central  King  County.  (44) 

Washington,  Mount.  A peak  3 miles  northeast  of  Lake  Cushman,  in 
northwestern  Mason  County.  (19) 


294  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Washington  National  Forest.  A forest  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Cascades,  near  the  Canadian  line,  in  Skagit,  Snohomish  and  Whatcom 
counties.  It  has  an  area  of  1,454,356  acres.  The  office  of  the  Su- 
pervisor is  at  Bellingham.  (1) 

Washington  Sound.  A body  of  water  between  the  southern  end  of  Van- 
couver Island  and  the  mainland  on  the  east,  and  between  Admiralty 
Inlet  and  Strait  of  Georgia.  (1) 

Washougal.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  17  miles 
east  of  Vancouver,  in  southeastern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  48  feet. 
(1) 

Washougal  River.  A river  rising  in  the  Cascades  and  entering  Columbia 
River  at  Camas,  in  southeastern  Clarke  County.  (1) 

Washougal  River,  West  Fork.  A western  headwater  of  Washougal 
River,  north  of  Mount  Pleasant,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County. 
(1) 

• Waslitucna.  A town  in  southeastern  Adams  County,  at  the  crossing  of 
the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  the  Connell  branch  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N. 
Co.;  elevation,  995  feet.  (1) 

Waslitucna  Lake.  A small  lake  in  the  coulee  at  Kahlotus,  in  east  central 
Franklin  County.  (4) 

Wasp  Islands.  Small  islands  in  San  Juan  Channel,  southwest  of  Orcas 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Waterford.  A village  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  about  2^4 
miles  below  Eagle  Cliff,  in  southeastern  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 
Waterman.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Port  Orchard  Inlet,  oppo- 
site Bremerton,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (4) 

Waterville.  This  town,  the  county  seat,  is  located  in  west  central 
Douglas  County,  at  the  foot  of  Badger  Mountain.  The  altitude  is 
2,617  feet.  It  is  afforded  transportation  by  Columbia  River,  which 
is  five  miles  away,  by  a branch  of  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  and  is  connected 
with  other  important  towns  by  auto  stage.  Farming  is  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  prosperous  community  tributary  to  the  town.  The  sur- 
rounding district  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the  Big  Bend  Country.  The 
population  in  1910  was  950.  (1) 

Watmough  Bight.  An  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Lopez 
Island,  north  of  Watmough  Head,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County. 
(6) 

Watmough  Head.  A headland  at  the  southeast  end  of  Lopez  Island,  in 
southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Watson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hamma  Hamma  River,  from  the  north, 
in  north  central  Mason  County.  (19) 

Watson,  3Iount.  A mountain  about  6 miles  south  of  Baker  Lake,  in 
south  central  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Waueonda.  A town  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Republic,  in  east  central 
Okanogan  County;  elevation,  4,170  feet.  (1) 

Wauhaukaupauken  Falls.  Falls  on  the  western  headwater  of  Ohana- 
pecosh  River,  southeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County.  (69) 

Waukee.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  east  central  Adams  County; 

elevation,  1,706  feet.  (Same  as  Macall.)  (4) 

Waukon.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  22  miles  east  of  Harrington,  in 
east  central  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,428  feet.  (1) 

Wauna.  A post  office  near  the  head  of  Carr  Inlet,  in  northwestern 
Pierce  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


295 


Wautoma.  A post  office  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Sec.  20,  T.  12  N., 
R.  24  E.,  in  Benton  County.  (65) 

Waverly.  A town  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  34  miles  southeast  of  Spokane, 
in  southeastern  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,376  feet.  (4) 

Wavva  Point.  A point  on  the  west  side  of  Hood  Canal,  6 miles  south  of 
Quilcene,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Wawawai.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles 
southeast  of  Almota,  in  south  central  Whitman  County;  elevation, 
658  feet.  (1) 

Wayside.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  18  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  north 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,724  feet.  (4) 

Webber  Canyon.  A canyon  3 miles  long-,  about  3 miles  south  of  Kiona, 
in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Webber  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream  west  of  Rulo,  in 
central  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Weber.  A town  in  northwestern  Adams  County,  on  the  branch  line  of 
the  Connell  and  Northern  Ry.  (N.  P.  Ry.).  (1) 

Webster  Lake.  A small  lake  4 miles  north  of  Maple  Valley,  in  central 
King  County.  (80) 

Webster  Point.  A point  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Washington,  north  of 
the  entrance  to  Union  Bay,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 
Wehesville.  An  old  mining  camp  near  the  south  end  of  Wannacut  Lake, 
southwest  of  Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (Now 
Wanicutt  Post  Office.)  (48) 

Welland.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  13  miles  northeast  of  Attalia,  in 
west  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation,  958  feet.  (4) 

Wellpinit.  A post  office  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Springdale,  in  south 
central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Wells.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  15  miles  south  of  Brewster,  in  east 
central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  776  feet. 

Wells  Creek.  A tributary  of  North  Fork  of  Nooksak  River,  from  the 
south,  8 miles  east  of  Glacier,  in  north  central  Whatcom  County. 
(1) 

Wells  Point.  A point  on  Puget  Sound,  3 miles  south  of  Edmonds,  in 
southwestern  Snohomish  County.  (73) 

Wenaha  National  Forest.  A forest  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  adjacent  to 
the  Oregon  line,  in  Asotin,  Columbia,  Garfield  and  Walla  Walla 
counties.  It  has  an  area  of  313,434  acres.  The  office  of  the  Su- 
pervisor is  at  Walla  Walla.  (1) 

Wenas.  A village  in  Wenas  Valley,  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Po- 
mona, in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (96) 

Wenas  Creek.  A northwestern  tributary  of  Yakima  River,  northwest  of 
Yakima,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (1) 

Wenas  Creek,  North  Fork.  A northern  headwater  of  Wenas  Creek,  in 
Kittitas  and  Yakima  counties.  (51) 

Wenas  Creek,  South  Fork.  A southern  headwater  of  Wenas  Creek, 
northeast  of  Nile,  in  north  central  Yakima  County.  (51) 

Wenatchee.  The  county  seat  of  Chelan  County,  located  near  the  con- 
fluence of  Wenatchee  and  Columbia  rivers.  The  altitude  is  639 
feet.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  G.  N.  Ry.  and  is  also  a terminal 
point  for  the  Mansfield  and  Oroville  branches.  It  is  a shipping 
center  for  a large  fruit  growing  section  and  for  much  wheat  raised 
in  the  “Big  Bend  Country.”  The  population  in  1910  was  4,050.  (1) 


296  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Wenatchee  Heights.  A plateau  on  the  divide  between  Squillchuck  and 
Stemilt  creeks,  4 miles  south  of  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan 
County;  average  elevation,  2,300  feet.  (84) 

Wenatchee  3Iountains.  A bold  mountain  spur,  extending  from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Cascades  southeastward  to  Columbia  River,  between  the 
drainage  basins  of  Yakima  and  Wenatchee  rivers.  (84) 

Wenatchee  National  Forest.  A forest  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cas- 
cades, in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  It  is  located  in  Chelan  and 
Kittitas  counties  and  has  an  area  of  657,644  acres.  The  office  of  the 
Supervisor  is  at  Leavenworth.  (1) 

Wenatchee  River.  This  river  rises  on  the  Cascade  summit,  flows  south- 
eastward through  central  Washington,  and  empties  into  Columbia 
River  at  Wenatchee.  It  drains  a stretch  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Cascades  over  50  miles  long,  approximating  an  area  of  1300  square 
miles.  The  region  is  forested  in  the  upper  part  and  barren  in  the 
lower  portion.  The  chief  tributaries  are  White  River,  and  Chiwawa, 
Nason,  Icicle  and  Peshastin  creeks.  (1) 

Wepusec  Inlet.  A small  inlet  on  the  east  shore  of  Budd  Inlet,  5 miles 
north  of  Olympia,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 

Wesley.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  2 miles  northwest  of  Toppenish,  in 
east  central  Yakima  County. 

West  Aberdeen.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  on  the  south  shore  of  Grays 
Harbor,  2 y2  miles  southwest  of  South  Aberdeen,  in  northwestern 
Grays  Harbor  County.  (54) 

West  Adna.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  west  of  Chehalis, 
in  west  central  Lewis  County;  elevation,  239  feet. 

West  Bank.  A bank  in  Washington  Sound,  west  of  the  Sucia  group  and 
north  of  Orcas  Island,  in  northern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

West  Clallam.  A town  on  the  west  side  of  Clallam  Bay,  in  northwestern 
Clallam  County.  (5) 

West  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Dosewallips  River,  from  the  south- 
west, in  central  Jefferson  County.  (19) 

West  Fairfield.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  30  miles  southeast  of 
Spokane,  in  southeastern' Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,510  feet.  (4) 
West  Highlands.  A suburban  section  from  2 to  3 miles  west  of  Kenne- 
wick, in  Benton  County.  (63) 

West  Point.  A point  with  a lighthouse,  at  the  north  entrance  to  Elliott 
Bay  (Seattle),  in  northwestern  King  County.  (5) 

West  Sound.  A town  on  the  east  shore  of  West  Sound,  Orcas  Island,  in 
central  San  Juan  County.  (1) 

West  Sound.  An  embayment  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Orcas  Island,  in 
central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

West  Tacoma.  A post  office  west  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce 
County.  (2) 

West  Twin  River.  A stream  entering  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  at 
Twin  Post  Office,  in  north  central  Clallam  County.  (19) 

West  Warden.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Northern  Branch), 
26  miles  north  of  Connell,  in  southeastern  Grant  County;  elevation, 
1,255  feet. 

Westbranch  Creek.  A small  upper  tributary  of  Little  Spokane  River, 
near  Milan,  in  north  central  Spokane  County.  (75) 

Westcott  Creek.  A tidal  stream  south  of  Roche  Harbor,  in  west  central 
San  Juan  County.  (6) 


297 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Westfield  Reef.  A reef  on  the  right  bank  of  Columbia  River,  at  Bridge- 
port, in  south  central  Okanogan  County.  (31) 

Western.  A post  office  6 miles  east  of  Ocosta,  in  southwestern  Grays 
Harbor  County.  (4) 

Wetmore  Slough.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Washington,  in 
southeastern  Seattle,  in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Whale  Rooks.  Rocks  in  Middle  Channel,  1 mile  west  of  Richardson,  in 
south  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Whatcom  County.  This  is  the  extreme  northwestern  county  of  Wash- 
ington, and  has  Canada  for  its  northern  boundary.  It  contains  2,- 
082  square  miles.  The  major  portion  of  the  county  is  mountainous. 
The  southwestern  portion  is  rolling;  the  northwestern  part  is  nearly 
level,  except  where  crossed  by  broad  valleys.  A number  of  lakes 
and  islands  are  included  in  the  county.  The  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  49°  F.,  while  the  annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  24°  F. 
The  average  precipitation  for  the  county  is  near  40  inches.  The 
Indian  word  Whatcom  means  “noisy  water.”  The  Census  Bureau 
estimated  the  population  to  be  40,262  on  July  1,  1916.  Farming, 
lumbering,  manufacturing,  coal  mining  and  dairying  are  the  leading 
industries.  Bellingham  is  the  county  seat  and  the  largest  town. 
Other  important  towns  are  Blaine,  Sumas,  Lynden,  Ferndale,  Ever- 
son, Kendall  and  Custer.  (1) 

Whatcom  Creek.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Whatcom,  entering  Bellingham  Bay 
at  Bellingham,  in  west  central  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Whatcom  Lake.  A lake  about  9 miles  long,  southeast  of  Bellingham,  in 
southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation  (Silver  Beach  Station), 
313  feet.  (1) 

Whatcom  Pass.  A pass  between  Little  Beaver  and  Chilliwack  creeks,  in 
northeastern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  5,282  feet.  (22) 
Wheatdale.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  south  of  Davenport,  in 
east  central  Lincoln  County.  (4) 

Wheeler.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Connell  Branch),  23  miles  south  of 
Adrian  and  about  6 miles  east  of  Moses  Lake;  elevation,  1,283  feet. 
(1) 

Wheeler  Hill.  A flat-topped  hill  on  the  divide  between  Squillchuck  and 
Stemilt  creeks,  5 miles  south  of  Wenatchee,  in  southeastern  Chelan 
County.  (84) 

Whelan.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  5 miles  north  of  Pullman,  in  east 
central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,511  feet.  (4) 

Whetston.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co..  10  miles 
northeast  of  Dayton,  in  central  Columbia  County. 

Whiskey  Dick  Canyon.  A canyon  with  intermittent  stream,  entering 
Columbia  Valley  from  the  west,  east  of  Ellensburg,  in  east  central 
Kittitas  County.  (4) 

Whiskey  Mountain.  A mountain  about  7 miles  south  of  Oroville,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,837  feet.  (62) 
■Whitcomb.  A town  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of 
Benton  County;  elevation,  259  feet.  (1) 

White.  A village  3 miles  northeast  of  Redmond,  in  northwestern  King 
County.  (4) 

White  Beach  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east  shore  of  West  Sound,  Orcas 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

White  Bluffs.  A town  on  the  Hanford  branch  of  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry., 
near  Columbia  River,  in  northeastern  Benton  County.  (1) 


298  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


White  Cliffs.  Cliffs  on  the  west  shore  of  Lopez  Island,  about  2 miles 
north  of  Richardson  Post  Office,  in  south  central  San  Juan  Coun- 
ty. (6) 

White  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  Klickitat  River,  southeast  of 
Mount  Adams,  in  Yakima  and  Klickitat  counties.  (1) 

White  Horse  Mountain.  A mountain  about  6 miles  southwest  of  Dar- 
rington,  in  north  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,820  feet. 
(77) 

White  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  about  33  miles  north  of 
Mount  Adams,  at  the  headwaters  of  Clear  Fork  of  Cowlitz  and  North 
Fork  of  Tieton  rivers;  elevation,  about  4,500  feet.  (38) 

White,  Point.  A point  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  in 
east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

White  Point.  A point  on  the  northwestern  shore  of  San  Juan  Island,  on 
Mosquito  Pass,  in  west  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

White  River.  A tributary  of  Wenatchee  River,  rising  on  the  summit  of 
the  Cascades  and  emptying  into  Wenatchee  Lake,  in  west  central 
Chelan  County.  (47) 

White  River,  North  Fork.  The  principal  tributary  of  White  River,  in 
western  central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

White  River.  This  river  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  East  Fork  and 
West  Fork  at  a point  about  18  miles  north  of  Mount  Rainier.  From 
this  junction  the  stream  flows  in  a general  westerly  course  to  Puget 
Sound.  It  is  approximately  75  miles  long,  and  drains  an  area  of  468 
square  miles.  Greenwater  River  is  the  main  tributary.  (1) 

White  River,  West  Fork.  An  important  tributary  of  White  River,  head- 
ing on  the  north  slope  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  northeastern  Pierce 
County.  (1) 

White  River  Park.  A large  park  between  upper  Sunrise  Creek  and 
Sourdough  Mountains,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central 
Pierce  County.  (69) 

White  Rook.  A small  island  y2  mile  off  shore  and  4 miles  south  of  Cape 
Alava,  in  western  Clallam  County;  elevation,  162  feet.  (5) 

White  Rock.  A rock  in  Rosario  Strait,  near  the  southeastern  shore  of 
Blakely  Island,  in  southeastern  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

White  Rock.  A rock  in  Washington  Sound,  iy2  miles  southwest  of  Point 
Disney,  Waldron  Island,  in  north  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 
White  Salmon.  A town  on  Columbia  River  and  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  in 
southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  101  feet.  (1) 

White  Salmon  Glacier.  A glacier  on  the  western  slope  of  Mount  Adams, 
in  southwestern  Yakima  County.  (37) 

Whitecap  Rapid.  A rapid  in  Columbia  River,  15  miles  above  Bridgeport, 
in  Douglas  and  Okanogan  counties.  (31) 

Whitechuck  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  divide  between  Suiattle  and 
Sauk  rivers,  near  the  mouth  of  Whitechuck  River,  in  northeastern 
Snohomish  County;  elevation,  6,935  feet.  (52) 

Whitechuck  River.  A river  heading  in  the  glaciers  on  the  western 
slopes  of  Glacier  Peak,  flowing  west  and  joining  Sauk  River,  in 
northeastern  Snohomish  County.  (1) 

Whitehorn,  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  Georgia  Strait,  south  of 
Birch  Bay,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (1) 

Whites.  A post  office  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  4 miles  northeast  of  Elma,  in 
southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington  299 


Whitestone.  An  Indian  village  on  Columbia  River,  7%  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Sanpoil  River,  in  south  central  Ferry  County.  (31) 

Whitestone  Creek.  A stream  entering  Rat  Lake,  north  of  Brewster,  in 
south  central  Okanogan  County.  (61) 

Whitestone  Lake.  A lake  about  1 % miles  long,  about  7 miles  north  of 
Tonasket,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Whitestone  Mountain.  A mountain  about  5 miles  north  of  Tonasket,  in 
north  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  2,867  feet.  (62) 

Whitlow.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  1 mile  east 
of  Pullman,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County;  elevation,  2,377  feet. 
Whitman.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  7 miles  west 
of  Walla  Walla,  in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County;  elevation, 
592  feet.  (4) 

Whitman  County.  This  county  is  near  the  central  eastern  border  of  the 
state,  north  of  Snake  River.  It  contains  2,108  square  miles.  The 
county  is  dominated  by  a continuous  undulating  plateau,  surmounted 
by  rounded  hills.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  48°  F.  The  mean 
annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  35°  F.  The  county  has  an 
average  yearly  precipitation  of  22  inches.  The  Census  Bureau  es- 
timated that  it  had  a population  of  38,260  on  July  1,  1916.  Grain 
culture,  especially  wheat,  oats  and  barley  raising,  constitutes  the 
greatest  industry.  Dairying  and  stock  raising  are  also  prominent. 
Colfax  is  the  county  seat  and  the  largest  town.  Pullman,  Tekoa, 
Palouse,  Garfield  and  Rosalia  are  all  large  and  important  towns. 
(1) 

Whitman  Crest.  A ridge  or  divide  between  Whitman  and  Ohanapecosh 
glaciers,  on  the  east  slope  of  Mount  Rainier;  elevation,  8,262  feet. 
(69) 

Whitman  Glacier.  A glacier  about  2 miles  long,  east  of  Ingraham 
Glacier,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Whitney.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  7 miles  west  of  Burlington,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County.  (1) 

Whittier.  A station  on  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.,  8 V2  miles  northwest  of 
Easton,  in  west  central  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  2,450  feet.  (4) 
Whollochet  Bay.  An  embayment  on  the  north  side  of  Hale  Passage, 
west  of  Tacoma,  in  northwestern  Pierce  County.  (8) 

Wickersham.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  19  miles  southeast  of  Belling- 
ham, in  southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  313  feet.  (1) 
Wide  Hollow.  A valley  about  6 miles  southwest  of  Yakima,  in  north 
central  Yakima  County.  (51.) 

Wilbur.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Washington  Central  Branch),  in 
northwestern  Lincoln  County;  elevation,  2,166  feet.  (1) 

Wilbur  Creek.  A southeastern  tributary  of  Union  Flat  Creek,  west  of 
Pullman,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County.  (67) 

Wilburton.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  10  miles 
north  of  Renton,  in  west  central  King  County;  elevation,  137  feet. 
(Factoria  Post  Office.)  (4) 

Wilcox.  A post  office  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Colfax,  in  central 
Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,613  feet.  (1) 

Wildboy  Creek.  A western  headwater  of  Texas  Creek,  north  of  Mount 
Pleasant,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Wildcat  Cove.  A small  embayment  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Belling- 
ham Bay,  south  of  Chuckanut  Bay,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  Coun- 
ty. (6) 


300  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Wildcat  Creek.  A northern  tributary  of  Tieton  River,  west  of  Tieton 
Basin,  in  west  central  Yakima  County.  (38) 

Wildcat  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  south  shore  of  Skookum  Inlet,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Wilder  Creek.  An  upper  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Salmon  Creek,  west 
of  Conconully,  in  central  Okanogan  County.  (48) 

WTild  Goose  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  about  27  miles  above  Asotin, 
in  southeastern  Asotin  County.  (36) 

Wilderness.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  at  the  crossing  of  Humptulips 
River,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (60) 

Wilderness.  A station  on  the  P.  C.  R.  R.,  2 miles  south  of  Maple  Valley, 
in  central  King  County;  elevation,  475  feet.  (4) 

Wilderness  Lake.  A lake  2 y2  miles  south  of  Maple  Valley,  in  south 
central  King  County.  (80) 

Wildhorse  Creek.  A tributary  of  Nason  Creek,  from  the  south,  near 
Merritt,  in  southwestern  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Wildwood.  A post  office  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Winlock,  in  south- 
western Lewis  County.  (1) 

W7iley  City.  A town  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Yakima,  in  central 
Yakima  County.  (96) 

WTiley  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stillaguamish 
River,  at  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Wilkeson.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  31  miles  southeast  of  Tacoma,  in 
north  central  Pierce  County;  elevation,  851  feet.  (1) 

Willada.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  11  miles  north- 
east of  Winona,  in  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,819  feet. 
(Lancaster  Post  Office.)  (1) 

Willamette  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  north, 
at  Lewis,  in  east  central  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Willapa.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  and  the  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  3 miles 
southeast  of  Raymond,  in  north  central  Pacific  County;  elevation, 
42  feet.  (1) 

Willapa  Bay.  A large  indentation  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Columbia  River,  in  western  Pacific  County.  (Formerly 
Shoalwater  Bay.)  (1) 

Willapa  River.  A river  entering  the  north  end  of  Willapa  Bay,  from  the 
south  and  east,  in  central  Pacific  County.  (1) 

Willapa  River,  South  Fork.  A tributary  of  the  main  river,  from  the 
south,  at  Raymond,  in  central  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Willard.  A post  office  8 miles  north  of  Cook,  in  southeastern  Skamania 
County.  (2) 

Willey  Lake.  A small  lake  about  4 miles  east  of  Custer,  in  northwestern 
Whatcom  County;  elevation,  49  feet.  (42) 

Williams.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  14  miles  northeast  of  Marcus,  in 
northwestern  Stevens  County;  elevation,  1,354  feet.  (1) 

Williams  Canyon.  A canyon  and  stream  entering  Wenatchee  valley  from 
the  north,  7 miles  below  Leavenworth,  in  south  central  Chelan 
County.  (47) 

Williams  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  Chiwawa  Creek,  in 
central  Chelan  County.  (47) 

Williams  Creek.  A tributary  of  Swauk  Creek,  from  the  east,  at  Liberty, 
in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (78) 


301 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


Williams  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  upper  Twisp  River,  in 
west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Williams  Island.  A small  island  in  Okanogan  River,  iy2  miles  south  of 
Oroville,  in  north  central  Okanogan  County.  (62) 

Williams  Spring.  A spring  about  6 miles  northeast  of  Beverly,  in  south- 
western Grant  County.  (57) 

Williamson.  A station  on  the  Peninsular  Railway,  6 miles  west  of 
Shelton,  in  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Williamson.  A station  on  the  Tacoma  Eastern  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.), 
about  9 miles  west  of  Ashford,  in  south  central  Pierce  County;  ele- 
vation, 1,190  feet. 

Williamson  Creek.  A northern  headwater  of  Sultan  River,  rising  near 
Silverton,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Williamson  Rocks.  Small  rocky  islands  west  of  Fidalgo  Island,  in  west 
central  Skagit  County.  (6) 

Willis  Wall.  A precipitous  wall  of  rock,  on  the  north  and  upper  slope 
of  Mount  Rainier,  extending  from  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet  at  the 
base  to  about  13,000  feet  at  the  top.  (69) 

Williwakas  Creek.  A small  western  tributary  of  upper  Muddy  Fork  of 
Cowlitz  River,  in  southeastern  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Williwakas  Glacier.  A small  glacier  at  the  southeast  margin  of  Para- 
dise Glacier,  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 
Willoughby  Rock.  A small  rock  island  near  the  shore,  about  7 miles 
north  of  the  mouth  of  Quinault  River,  in  northwestern  Grays  Harbor 
County.  (5) 

Willow  Creek.  An  intermittent  stream  entering  Moses  Lake  from  the 
northeast,  at  Parker  Horn,  in  east  central  Grant  County.  (57) 
Willow  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  Alder  Creek,  from  the  north,  near 
Bickleton,  in  northeastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Willow  Island.  A small  island  near  the  southwestern  shore  of  Blakely 
Island,  in  east  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Willow  Rapids.  Rapids  in  Snake  River,  22  miles  above  Riparia,  in  Gar- 
field and  Whitman  counties.  (35) 

Willow  Spring  Draw.  A coulee  and  intermittent  stream,  entering  Col- 
umbia River  from  the  northeast,  at  Trinidad,  in  northwestern  Grant 
County.  (68) 

Willow  Springs.  A station  on  the  S.  & I.  E.  Ry.,  about  10  miles  south  of 
Spokane,  in  central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  2,544  feet. 

Willows.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  3 miles  south  of  Woodinville,  in 
northwestern  King  County.  (96) 

Wilma.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  6 miles  west 
of  Lewiston,  in  southeastern  Whitman  County. 

Wilmott  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  northwest,  in 
southeastern  Ferry  County.  (1) 

Wilson.  A post  office  25  miles  southeast  of  Winlock,  in  south  central 
Lewis  County.  (1) 

Wilson  Creek.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  23  miles  east  of  Ephrata,  in 
east  central  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,267  feet.  (1) 

Wilson  Creek.  A stream  in  east  central  Grant  County,  entering  Crab 
Lake  from  the  north,  at  the  town  of  Wilson  Creek.  (1) 

Wilson  Creek.  A tributary  of  Yakima  River,  from  the  north,  at  Ellens- 
burg,  in  north  central  Kittitas  County.  (1) 


302  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


Wilson  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Willapa  River,  at  Willapa, 
in  northeastern  Pacific  County.  (27) 

Wilson  Creek.  An  eastern  tributary  of  lower  Skamokawa  Creek,  north- 
east of  Skamokawa,  in  central  Wahkiakum  County.  (10) 

Wilson  Glacier.  A western  tributary  of  Nisqually  Glacier,  on  the  upper 
southern  slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Wilson,  Point.  The  northeastern  point  of  Quimper  Peninsula,  north  of 
Port  Townsend,  in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Wilson,  Point.  A point  on  the  southeast  shore  of  Hartstine  Island,  in 
southeastern  Mason  County.  (5) 

Winchester.  A town  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  10  miles  west  of  Ephrata,  in  west 
central  Grant  County;  elevation,  1,277  feet.  (1) 

Winchester  Mountain.  A mountain  at  the  head  of  Tomyhoi  Creek,  in 
north  central  Whatcom  County.  (40) 

Wind  Mountain.  A mountain  on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River,  1 
mile  east  of  Home  Valley,  in  south  central  Skamania  County;  eleva- 
tion, 1,910  feet.  (53) 

Wind  River.  A northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  northeast  of 
Stevenson,  in  south  central  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Windsor.  A station  on  the  Peninsular  Ry.,  about  20  miles  west  of  Shel- 
ton, in  west  central  Mason  County.  (4) 

Wind ust.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (Snake  River  Branch),  38  miles 
east  of  Pasco,  in  southeastern  Franklin.  County;  elevation,  498  feet. 
(4) 

Windy  Gap.  A gap  between  Van  Horn  and  Spukwush  creeks,  north  of 
Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 

Windy  Pass.  A pass  about  7 miles  northwest  of  Silverton,  in  central 
Snohomish  County;  elevation,  3,705  feet.  (77) 

Windy  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  summit,  near  Barron,  on  the  What- 
com-Okanogan  county  line;  elevation,  6,262  feet. 

Windy  Peak.  A peak  about  17  miles  northwest  of  Loomis,  in  north 
central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  8,345  feet.  (48) 

Winesap.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  26  miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  in 
east  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  699  feet.  (2) 

Wrinfield  Creek.  A tributary  of  Hoh  River,  entering  from  the  south, 
about  14  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  northwestern  Jef- 
ferson County.  (19) 

W"ing  Point.  A point  at  the  north  entrance  to  Eagle,  Harbor,  Bainbridge 
Island,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Winlock.  A town  in  the  south  central  part  of  Lewis  County.  Its  trans- 
portation facilities  are  excellent,  and  it  has  a lumber  mill  and  a 
creamery.  The  surrounding  country  is  engaged  in  lumbering  and 
agriculture.  The  population  of  the  town  was  1,140  in  1910.  It  has 
an  elevation  of  308  feet.  (1) 

Winona.  A town  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  25  miles  west 
of  Colfax,  in  west  central  Whitman  County;  elevation,  1,484  feet. 
(1) 

Wins.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  southwest  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County.  (4) 

Winslow.  A town  on  Eagle  Harbor,  Bainbridge  Island,  in  east  central 
Kitsap  County.  (1) 

W7inston  Creek.  A tributary  of  Cowlitz  River,  from  the  southeast,  at 
Mayfield,  in  south  central  Lewis  County.  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


303 


Winthrop.  A village  on  Methow  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Chewack  Creek, 
in  west  central  Okanogan  County;  elevation,  1,765  feet.  (1) 
'Winthrop  Creek.  A tributary  of  upper  North  Fork  of  White  River, 
draining  Winthrop  Glacier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County.  (69) 
Winthrop  Glacier.  A large  glacier,  about  5 miles  long,  on  the  north 
slope  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Winton.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  13  miles  northwest  of  Leavenworth, 
in  central  Chelan  County;  elevation,  2,077  feet.  (2) 

Wisconsin  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Stila- 
guamish  River,  near  Gold  Basin,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 
Wiser  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long,  2 y2  miles  southwest  of  Lynden,  in 
northwestern  Whatcom  County.  (79) 

Wishkah.  A post  office  on  Wishkah  River,  9 miles  north  of  Aberdeen,  in 
central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  26  feet.  (1) 

Wishkah  River.  A river  about  25  miles  long,  entering  the  sea  at  the 
head  of  Grays  Harbor,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 
Wishkah  River,  Hast  Fork.  An  eastern  branch,  entering  the  main 
stream  at  Wishkah  Post  Office,  in  central  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(1) 

Withrow.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  in  central  Douglas  County,  12 
miles  northeast  of  Douglas;  elevation,  2,506  feet.  (1) 

Wolf  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  Green  Rivdr,  3 miles  west 
of  Hot  Springs,  in  southeastern  King  County.  (44) 

Wolf  Creek.  A tributary  of  Methow  River,  from  the  west,  near  Win- 
throp, in  west  central  Okanogan  County.  (56) 

Wolf  red.  A station  on  the  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry),  6 miles 
northwest  of  Newport,  in  southeastern  Pend  Oreille  County;  eleva- 
tion, 2,067  feet.  (4) 

Wonder  Spring.  A spring  on  Klickitat  River,  7 miles  northeast  of  Glen- 
wood,  in  northwestern  Klickitat  County.  (37) 

Wood  Creek.  A small  southern  tributary  of  South  Fork  of  Snoqualmie 
River,  1 mile  east  of  Garcia,  in  east  central  King  County.  (44) 

W ood  Creek.  A tributary  of  Columbia  River,  from  the  north,  at  Roose- 
velt, in  eastern  Klickitat  County.  (1) 

Wood  Spur.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  5 miles  northeast  of  Northport, 
in  northeastern  Stevens  County. 

Woodards  Creek.  A small  stream  flowing  north  and  entering  the  west 
side  of  Henderson  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (26) 
Wooded  Peak.  A mountain  4 miles  east  of  Quinault  Lake,  in  north 
central  Grays  Harbor  County;  elevation,  3,800  feet.  (19) 
Woodinville.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  24  miles  north  of  Seattle,  in 
northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  50  feet.  (1) 

Woodland.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  9 
miles  south  of  Kalama,  in  south  central  Cowlitz  County;  elevation, 
53  feet.  (1) 

Woodland  Creek.  A small  stream,  the  outlet  of  Long  Lake,  entering  the 
head  of  Henderson  Inlet,  in  north  central  Thurston  County.  (4) 
Woodlawn.  A village  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Lake  Whatcom,  in 
southwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  320  feet.  (79) 

Woodman.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  9 miles  south  of  Port  Townsend, 
in  northeastern  Jefferson  County.  (26) 

Woodruff.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  and  C.  M.  & St.  P.  railways,  3 miles 
west  of  Monroe,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County;  elevation,  35 
feet. 


304  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Woods  Creek.  A small  tributary  of  lower  Cispus  River,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  latter  in  southeastern  Lewis  County.  (20) 

Woods  Lake.  A lake  1 mile  long-,  southeast  of  Lacey,  in  east  central 
Thurston  County.  (26) 

Woodward  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  north  of  Lowden, 
in  south  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Woodyard  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Columbia  River,  at 
Edgewater,  in  southwestern  Skamania  County.  (53) 

Workman  Creek.  A southern  tributary  of  Chehalis  River,  uniting  with 
the  latter  at  South  Elma,  in  southeastern  Grays  Harbor  County. 
(26) 

Worthen.  A station  on  the  B.  & N.  Ry.  (C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.),  2 y2  miles 
east  of  Lynden,  in  northwestern  Whatcom  County;  elevation,  63 
feet.  (25) 

Worthy  Creek.  A small  northern  tributary  of  Pilchuck  Creek,  near  Pil- 
chuck,  in  central  Snohomish  County.  (77) 

Wow,  Mount.  A ridge  west  of  Tahoma  Creek,  in  southeastern  Pierce 
County;  elevation,  6,030  feet.  (69) 

Wreck  Creek.  A small  stream  entering  the  ocean  about  3 miles  north 
of  Moclips,  in  west  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (5) 

Wright  Creek.  A small  headwater  of  Fryingpan  Creek,  heading  in  the 
Sarvent  Glaciers,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier.  (69) 

Wright  Creek.  A western  tributary  of  Colville  River,  north  of  Valley, 
in  central  Stevens  County.  (1) 

Wright,  Fort.  A station  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  3 miles  west  of  Spokane,  in 
central  Spokane  County;  elevation,  1,847  feet.  (4) 

Wrights.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  (Goldendale  Branch),  7 miles 
north  of  Lyle,  in  southwestern  Klickitat  County;  elevation,  426  feet. 
(4) 

Wymer.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  17  miles  south  of  Ellensburg,  in 
southeastern  Kittitas  County;  elevation,  1,304  feet.  (1) 

Wynaco.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  6 miles  east  of  Auburn,  in  south- 
western King  County.  (2) 

Wynett  Canyon.  A canyon  and  intermittent  stream,  east  of  Eureka,  in 
west  central  Walla  Walla  County.  (83) 

Wynoochee  River.  A river  heading  in  the  south  central  Olympics,  flow- 
ing south  and  entering  Chehalis  River  at  Montesano,  in  east  central 
Grays  Harbor  County.  (1) 

Yacolt.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  30  miles  northeast  of  Vancouver,  in 
northeastern  Clarke  County;  elevation,  788  feet.  (1) 

Yacolt  Mountain.  A foothill  of  the  Cascades,  mainly  in  sections  3 and 
12,  T.  4 N.,  R.  3 E.,  in  east  central  Clarke  County.  (27) 

Yakima.  See  Union  Gap. 

Yakima.  This  city  is  located  in  the  north  central  part  of  Yakima 
County  and  is  the  county  seat.  It  is  1,067  feet  above  sea  level  and 
has  an  area  of  3%  square  miles.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  N.  P. 
Ry.  and  a branch  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.  It  has  an  electric 
railway,  a sash  and  door  factory,  vinegar  factory,  a creamery,  flour- 
ing mill  and  lumber  mill.  Irrigated  farming  is  the  chief  industry 
of  the  surrounding  country.  The  population  was  20,951  on  July  1, 
1916,  as  estimated  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census.  (Formerly 
North  Yakima.)  (1) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


305 


Yakima  County.  This  county  is  located  in  the  south  central  part  of  the 
state.  It  has  an  area  of  5,059  square  miles.  The  western  part  of 
the  county  is  mountainous  and  rugged,  while  the  central  and  eastern 
part  is  composed  of  several  long  and  narrow  ridges  with  broad  in- 
tervening valleys.  The  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  county  is 
51°  F.  The  annual  range  from  January  to  July  is  42°  F.  The  annual 
rainfall  averages  13  inches,  although  some  parts  have  as  low  as  6 
inches.  The  name  Yakima  is  derived  from  an  Indian  word  said  to 
mean  “black  bear.”  It  is  also  the  name  of  a t-ribe.  Agriculture, 
horticulture  and  stock  raising  are  the  leading  pursuits.  Yakima  is 
the  county  seat  and  also  the  largest  town.  Some  of  the  more  im- 
portant towns  are  Toppenish,  Sunnyside,  Zillah,  Mabton,  Granger, 
Grandview,  Wapato,  Outlook,  Selah  and  Moxee  City.  (1) 

Yakima  Indian  Reservation.  A large  reservation  with  a total  of  1,036,- 
462  acres,  located  in  south  central  Yakima  County.  On  June  30, 
1915,  it  contained  3,146  Indians  under  Federal  supervision.  (1) 

Yakima  Park.  A park  2 miles  northeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Emmons 
Glacier,  northeast  of  Mount  Rainier,  in  east  central  Pierce  County. 
(69) 

Yakima  Pass.  A pass  on  the  Cascade  divide,  west  of  Lake  Keechelus,  in 
King  and  Kittitas  counties;  elevation,  about  3,500  feet.  (74) 

Yakima  Ridge.  An  east-west  ridge,  south  of  Selah  Creek,  extending 
from  Yakima  River  to  Columbia  River,  in  northeastern  Yakima 
County.  (4) 

Yakima  River.  This  river  flows  in  a southeasterly  direction,  in  the 
south  central  part  of  the  state,  in  Kittitas,  Yakima  and  Benton 
counties.  It  rises  near  Snoqualmie  Pass,  on  the  Cascade  summit, 
and  empties  into  the  Columbia,  several  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Snake  River.  The  approximate  length  of  the  river  is  180  miles.  It 
has  a drainage  area  of  5,970  square  miles.  It  has  a number  of  im- 
portant tributaries,  including  Naches,  Cle  Elum,  Kachess  and  Tean- 
away  rivers  and  many  large  creeks.  (1) 

Yale.  A post  office  near  North  Fork  of  Lewis  River,  24  miles  by  road 
northeast  of  Woodland,  in  southeastern  Cowlitz  County;  elevation, 
375  feet.  (1) 

Yaxon  Canyon.  The  principal  tributary  of  Mission  Creek,  near  Cash- 
mere,  in  southern  Chelan  County.  (84) 

Yellepit.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.  and  on  Columbia  River,  17 
miles  below  Pasco,  in  southeastern  Benton  County;  elevation,  323 
feet.  (83) 

Yellow  Island.  An  island  in  San  Juan  Channel,  northwest  of  Shaw 
Island,  in  central  San  Juan  County.  (6) 

Yelm.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.,  14  miles  northeast  of  Tenino,  in  east 
central  Thurston  County;  elevation,  350  feet.  (1) 

Yeomalt  Point.  A point  on  the  east  shore  of  Bainbridge  Island,  north 
of  Eagle  Harbor,  in  east  central  Kitsap  County.  (5) 

Yocum  Lake.  A small  lake  1%  miles  east  of  Lost  Creek,  in  central  Pend 
Oreille  County.  (17) 

Yoman.  A post  office  at  the  north  end  of  Anderson  Island,  in  west  cen- 
tral Pierce  County.  (4) 

Yoman  Point.  A point  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Anderson  Island,  in 
west  central  Pierce  County.  (8) 

York.  A station  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  (North  Bend  Branch),  4 miles  south 
of  Woodinville,  in  northwestern  King  County;  elevation,  36  feet.  (4) 


306  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Youman.  A station  on  the  S.  P.  & S.  Ry.,  2 y2  miles  east  of  Stevenson,  in 
south  central  Skamania  County;  elevation,  98  feet. 

Young  River.  A southern  tributary  of  Skykomish  River,  3 miles  below 
Sultan,  in  south  central  Snohomish  County.  (2) 

Youngs  Cove.  A small  cove  on  the  south  side  of  Elliott  Bay  (Seattle), 
in  northwestern  King  County.  (73) 

Yukon.  A station  on  a branch  line  of  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  about  9 miles  south- 
east of  Bellingham,  in  southwestern  Whatcom  County.  (4) 

Yukon  Harbor.  A small  bay  on  the  west  side  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  near 
Harper,  in  southeastern  Kitsap  County.  (26) 

Zelatehel  Point.  A point  on  the  east  side  of  Dabop  Bay,  near  the  south 
end  of  Toandos  Peninsula,  in  eastern  Jefferson  County.  (5) 

Zena.  A siding  on  the  G.  N.  Ry.,  8 miles  north  of  Wenatchee,  in  south- 
eastern Chelan  County;  elevation,  656  feet. 

Zenith.  A post  office  on  the  east  shore  of  Puget  Sound,  1 mile  south  of 
Des  Moines,  in  southwestern  King  County.  (4) 

Ziegler  Creek.  A tributary  of  Quinault  Lake,  from  the  northeast,  in 
north  central  Grays  Harbor  County.  (19) 

Zillah.  A town  on  the  N.  P.  Ry.  and  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co., 
20  miles  southeast  of  Yakima,  in  east  central  Yakima  County;  eleva- 
tion, 821  feet.  (1) 

Zintel  Canyon.  A canyon  5 miles  long,  about  6 miles  south  of  Kenne- 
wick, in  Benton  County.  (63) 

Zion,  Mount.  A mountain  2 miles  northeast  of  Mount  Pleasant  Station, 
in  southwestern  Skamania  County;  elevation,  1,458  feet.  (53) 

Z uni  wait.  A station  on  the  line  of  the  O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co.,  4%  miles 
west  of  Pomeroy,  in  west  central  Garfield  County;  elevation,  1,610 
feet.  (4) 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


307 


REFERENCE  MAPS. 

A.  GENERAL  MAPS. 

1.  State  of  Washington,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Map  com- 
piled in  1914,  in  cooperation  with  the  Washington  Geological  Survey. 

2.  Post  Route  map  of  the  State  of  Washington,  edition  of  July 
1,  1916. 

3.  State  of  Washington,  map  compiled  by  the  General  Land 
Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

4.  Kroll’s  map  of  the  State  of  Washington,  Kroll  Map  Com- 
pany, Seattle,  Wash. 

B.  U.  S.  COAST  AND  GEODETIC  SURVEY  CHARTS. 

5.  Sea  Coast  and  Interior  Waters  of  Washington,  from  Grays 
Harbor  to  Semiamoo  Bay.  Chart  No.  6400. 

6.  Washington  Sound.  Chart  No.  6380. 

7.  Admiralty  Inlet  and  Puget  Sound  to  Seattle.  Chart  No. 
6450. 

8.  Puget  Sound,  Seattle  to  Olympia.  Chart  No.  6460. 

9.  Columbia  River,  Entrance  to  Harrington  Point.  Chart  No. 
6151. 

10.  Columbia  River,  Harrington  Point  to  Grimms  Island.  Chart 
No.  6152. 

11.  Columbia  River,  Grimms  Island  to  Saint  Helens.  Chart  No. 
6153. 

12.  Columbia  River,  Saint  Helens  to  Vancouver.  Chart  No.  6154. 

13.  Columbia  River,  Vancouver  to  Reed  Island.  Chart  No.  6146. 

C.  NATIONAL  FOREST  MAPS,  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  U.  S.  DEPART- 
MENT OF  AGRICULTURE,  FOREST  SERVICE. 

14.  Chelan  National  Forest.  1916. 

15.  Columbia  National  Forest.  1912. 

16.  Colville  National  Forest.  1915. 

17.  Kaniksu  National  Forest.  1908. 

18.  Okanogan  National  Forest. 

19.  Olympic  National  Forest.  1916. 

20.  Rainier  National  Forest.  1915. 

21.  Snoqualmie  National  Forest.  1907. 

22.  Washington  National  Forest.  1913. 

23.  Wenaha  National  Forest.  1910. 

24.  Wenatchee  National  Forest.  1916. 


308  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


D.  RECONNAISSANCE  SOIL  SURVEY  MAPS.  SURVEYS  MADE  BY 

THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE,  BUREAU  OF 
SOILS,  IN  COOPERATION  WITH  THE  WASHINGTON 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

25.  Eastern  Part  of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin.  1911. 

26.  Western  Part  of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin.  1912. 

27.  Southwestern  Washington.  1913. 

28.  Quincy  Area.  1913. 

29.  Stevens  County.  1915. 

30.  Franklin  County.  1917. 

E.  RIVER  SURVEYS,  MADE  BY  CORPS  OF  ENGINEERS,  U.  S.  ARMY. 

31.  Columbia  River  Surveys,  Pasco  to  International  Line,  47 
sheets. 

32.  Columbia  River  Surveys,  mouth  of  Snake  River  to  Celilo,  15 
sheets. 

33.  Vicinity  Map  of  The  Dalles-Celilo  Canal. 

34.  Snake  River,  from  its  mouth  to  Riparia.  4 sheets. 

35.  Snake  River,  from  Riparia  to  Clarkston.  5 sheets. 

36.  Snake  River,  from  Clarkston  to  the  Washington-Oregon  line. 


F.  TOPOGRAPHIC  ATLAS  SHEETS,  OR  QUADRANGLES,  SURVEYED 
AND  PRINTED  BY  THE  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


9 sheets. 


37.  Adams,  Mount. 

38.  Aix,  Mount. 

39.  * Arlington. 

40.  Baker,  Mount. 

41.  *Beverly. 

42.  Blaine. 

43.  Blalock  Island. 

44.  * Cedar  Lake. 

45.  *Chehalis. 

46.  Chelan. 

47.  Chiwaukum. 

48.  Chopaka. 

49.  *Connell. 

50.  *Coyote  Rapids. 

51.  Ellensburg. 

52.  Glacier  Peak. 

53.  Hood,  Mount. 

54.  *Hoquiam. 

55.  *Malaga. 

56.  Methow. 

57.  *Moses  Lake. 

58.  *Mount  Vrrnon. 

59.  Oakesdale. 

60.  *Ocosta. 

61.  Okanogan. 


62.  Osoyoos. 

63.  *Pasco. 

6 4.  Portland. 

65.  * Priest  Rapids. 

66.  *Prosser. 

67.  Pullman. 

68.  * Quincy. 

69.  Rainier,  Mount. 

70.  *Red  Rock. 

71.  Republic. 

72.  Skykomish. 

73.  Snohomish. 

74.  Snoqualmie. 

75.  Spokane. 

76.  Stehekin. 

77.  Stilaguamish. 

78.  Stuart,  Mount. 

79.  Sumas. 

80.  Tacoma. 

81.  Umatilla. 

82.  *Walla  Walla. 

83.  *Wallula. 

84.  *Wenatchee. 

85.  *Winchester. 

86.  Zillah. 


1 


* Surveyed  in  cooperation  with  the  Washington  Geological  Survey. 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


309 


G.  MAPS  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  REPORTS,  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  U.  S. 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

87.  * Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range.  Part  I.  Southern 
Washington.  Water  Supply  Paper  253. 

88.  * Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range.  Part  II.  Water 
Supply  Paper  313. 

89.  * Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade  Range.  Part  III.  Yakima 
Basin.  Water  Supply  Paper  36  9. 

90.  Profile  Surveys  in  the  Basin  of  Clark  Fork  of  Columbia 
River.  Water  Supply  Paper  346. 

91.  * Profile  Surveys  of  Snoqualmie,  Sultan  and  Skykomish 
rivers.  Water  Supply  Paper  366. 

92.  * Profile  Surveys  in  Wenatchee  River  Basin,  Washington. 
Water  Supply  Paper  368. 

93.  * Profile  Surveys  in  Chelan  and  Methow  River  basins, 
Washington.  Water  Supply  Paper  376. 

94.  Profile  Surveys  in  Spokane  River  Basin,  Washington,  and 
John  Day  River  Basin,  Oregon.  Water  Supply  Paper  377. 

95.  * Profile  Surveys  in  Skagit  River  Basin.  Water  Supply 
Paper  419. 

96.  Guide  Book  of  the  Western  United  States.  Northern  Pa- 
cific Route.  Bulletin  611. 

97.  Guide  Book  of  the  Western  United  States.  Shasta  Route 
and  Coast  Line.  Bulletin  614. 


Surveyed  in  cooperation  with  the  Washington  Geological  Survey. 


CHAPTER  III. 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. 

G.  N.  Ry. 

N.  P.  Ry. 

Nor.  Trans.  Sur. 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

P.  C.  R.  R. 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R. 

S,  P.  & S.  Ry. 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S. 

U.  S.  F.  S. 

U.  S.  G.  S, 

W.  W.  P.  Co. 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway 
Great  Northern  Railway 
Northern  Pacific  Railway 
Northern  Transcontinental  Survey 

Oregon-Washington  Railroad  and  Navigation  Company 

Pacific  Coast  Railroad 

Spokane  and  Inland  Etnpire  Railroad 

Spokane,  Portland  and  Seattle  Railway 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 

United  States  Eorest  Service 

United  States  Geological  Survey 

Washington  Water  Power  Company 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Aberdeen,  tablet  on  w.  side  of  main  en- 
trance to  City  Hall 

Grays  Harbor. 
Grays  Harbor. 
Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

10 

Aberdeen  Junction  

N.  P.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

10 

Acme  

311 

Acton  

Benton 

564 

Adams  

Walla  Walla... 

629 

Adams  Creek,  mouth 

Skamania 

2,406 

12,307 

1,256 

1,633 

42 

Adams,  Mount  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Aden  

Grant 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Addy,  iron  post  a,t.  crossing 

Stevens 

Adelaide  

King 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Adkins  

Walla  Walla... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,011 

196 

Adna,  

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adrian  

Grant 

1,206 

1,362 

326 

Aeneas  Lake,  level  nf  wa.ter 

Okanogan 

A gate  Hay  

Whatcom 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4gnes  Creek , mouth 

Chelan 

1,498 

Ainsworth  Junction  

Franklin 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

360 

Aix,  Mount  

Yakima 

7,805 

1,422 

2,232 

1,147 

Akron  

Adams 

N.  P.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Albion  

Whitman 

Alder,  iron  post  near  station 

Pierce 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Alder  dale  

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

249 

Alderton,  iron  post  150  feet  e.  of  water  tank 
Alexander  Island.  

Pierce 

89 

Jefferson 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

121 

Alfalfa.  

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

723 

Alger,  iron  post  near  bridge 

Skagit 

270 

Alice  Clreek  mouth 

King 

u.  S.  G.  S 

1,465 

1,968 

465 

Alkire  iron  post 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Allard  

Benton 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. . 

Allen  Lake  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,596 

Almira,  iron  post  near  station 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,917 

Almot.a 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

645 

Aloha.  

Grays  Harbor. 
Lewis 

68 

Alpha,  nail  in  pole  0.3  mile  w.  of 

822 

Alpine  

King 

G.  N.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,764 

Alpowa.  

Whitman 

722 

A 1st,  own  

Douglas 

2,138 

1,175 

6,265 

Alta  Lake  

Okanogan 

Alta  Mountain  

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


311 


TABLE  OP  ALTITUDES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Alto  

Alturas,  on  East  Fork  of  Foss  River 

Alvords  Bridge  

Amber  

American  River,  mouth 

do.  lower  end  of  Pleasant 

Valley  

An at one  

Anderson  Creek,  mouth 

Angeles,  Mount  

Anglin  

Anson  

Anvil  Rock  

Appledale,  iron  post  0.6  mile  n.  of 

do.  

Ararat,  Mount  

Arch  Rock  

Archer  Mountain  

Arctic,  iron  post  at  road  forks 

Arden  

Argo  

Ariel  

I Arlington,  iron  post  near  Haller  School 

do.  

Armstrong  

Arthur  Peak  

I Ash  

Ashford,  iron  post  near  station 

do 

Atanum  Ridge  

Atkinson  

| Attalia  

I Auburn,  top  of  concrete  abutment  of  rail- 
way bridge  over  White  River., 
do 


do 

August  Peak  

Austin  Pass  

I Autus  Creek,  mouth 

! Avery  

Avon,  iron  post  100  feet  e.  of  station 

do 

I Ayer  

. Ayer  Junction  

Babcock  

Backbone  Lake  

Bacon  

Badger,  granite  post  near  mile  pole  17 

do 

Badger  Mountain  

Badger  Mountain,  iron  post  at  junction  of 

roads  on  summit 

Bagley  Junction  

Baker  

Baker  Lake,  aluminum  tablet  near  hatchery 
do.  nail  in  tree  at  n.  w.  corner  of.. 

do.  outlet  

Baker,  Mount  

Baker  Point  

Baker  River,  mouth  

do.  mouth  of  Thunder  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Anderson  Creek 

do.  at  Baker  Lake 

Bald  Butte  

Bald  Knob  

Bald  Mountain  

Bald  Mountain  (north  of  Cavanaugh  Lake) 
Bald  Mountain  (s.  w.  of  Cavanaugh  Lake). 


Columbia 

King 

Yakima 

Spokane 

Yakima 

Yakima 

Asotin 

Whatcom 

Clallam 

Okanogan 

Adams 

Pierce 

Douglas 

Douglas 

Pierce 

Pierce 

Skamania 

Grays  Harbor. 

Stevens 

King 

Cowlitz 

Snohomish 

Snohomish 

Whitman 

Pierce 

Walla  Walla... 

Pierce 

Pierce 

Yakima 

King 

Walla  Walla... 

King 

King 

King 

King 

Pierce 

Whatcom 

Lewis 

Klickitat 

Skagit 

Skagit 

Walla  Walla... 
Walla  Walla... 
Walla  Walla. .. 

Lewis 

Grant 

Benton 

Benton 

Benton 

Douglas 

King 

Kittitas 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Pierce 

Skagit 

Skagit 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Whitman 

Okanogan 

Ferry 

Skagit 

Skagit 


0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  F.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

P.  C.  R.  R 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S,  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 


1,906 

1,925 

855 

2,215 

2,718 

3.230 
2,800 

521 

6,500 

2,110 

928 

9,584 

896 

883 

5,996 

5,943 

2,012 

104 

1,592 

15 
90 

103 

118 

2,274 

5.471 
496 

1,771 

1,780 

3,369 

430 

356 

99 

100 

90 

65 

4,542 

4,630 

1,490 

161 

21 

16 
498 
481 

1,082 

2.230 
1,536 

677 

692 

1,580 

4f,145 

820 

1,988 

670 

667 

662 

10,750 

6,515 

157 

302 

521 

662 

3,452 

3.472 
6,946 
2,482 
2,690 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Bald  Mountain  

S If  tti  a rn  fi 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S,  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,989 

4,773 

5,906 

Bald  Mountain  

kjAamauici 

SnohOTTlfah 

Bald  Mountain  

Y aViinp 

Bald  Rock  

PiVtpp 

Balder  

Whitm  q n 

5,411 

Baldy  Mountain  

? T 111  LJ-LidU. 

Oh  a!  f\  j] 

2,312 

6,432 

Balfour  

Wh  fi.t.PCiTn 

Bandera,  20  feet  w.  of  telephone  booth 

King 

479 

2,123 

Bankson  

Whitman 

Barberton  

Clarke 

2,481 

275 

Baring  Mountain  

King 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

759 

6,125 

Barlow  Pass  

Okanogan 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

875 

2,349 

2,311 

Barneston  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E,  R.  R 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

TV.  P P.y 

do.  

King. . . 

790 

Barrier  Peak  

Pi  P’ppf*! 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S,  G.  S 

C TV  Py 

882 

6,514 

5,353 

Barron,  iron  post  near  hotel 

Whatcom 

Barstow  

Perry, 

Bartram  

King 

P O P T? 

1,398 

Bassett  Junction  

Grant 

l.  yj.  Jlv.  JtV 

TV.  P P.y 

322 

Battle  Ground  

Clarke 

N.  P.  Ry 

1 , 132 
327 

Batum  

Bayne  

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
TV  P Rv 

1,584 

do 

King 

875 

Beach  Lake  

sv  apfit 

r.  ivy 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

TT  G C*  c 

872 

5,280 

7,335 

Bear  Creek  Mountain 

Yalfima 

Bear  Gap  

PiPTPA-V  flVirri  c* 

Bear  Lake  

a.  iui  i an  ini  d , 

King 

U.  O.  <JT.  O 

TT  O A O 

5,882 

Bear  Mountain  

Sn  ohoTYiish 

U . O'.  Kjr,  io1 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S,  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,670 

5,482 

Bearhead  Mountain  

Pierpp 

Bearpaw  Butte  

King-Kittitas. . 

6,080 

4,835 

J-HJa  LI  1UJ  

Beaver  Creek,  mouth 

Adams 

Whatmm 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,401 

1,295 

Beckler  River,  mouth 

King 

Bedal  (Orient)  

Snohomish 

943 

1,241 

542 

2,375 

2,527 

5,473 

2,527 

Bedford  

Beekman  

Pacific 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 
N.  P.  Ry 

Belair  

Beljica  Peak  

Spokane 

Pierce 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

lien  

Belleville,  iron  post  near  station 

Spokane 

Ska.gif. 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Ct  N P TT 

Bellingham  

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Whatpnm 

31 

do.  

vt.  pi,  ivy 

5 

do.  

in*  Jr.  ivy 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

fi  P &r  Q Dtt 

71 

Belmont,  iron  post  20  feet  n.  of  station 

Belmore,  iron  post  s.  of  station 

Whitman 

67 

2,502 

Thurston 

Bench  Lake,  level  of  water 

Skagit 

162 

5,280 

Bend,  tablet  at  e.  front  of  school  house 

Grant 

Benge  

A da  ms 

«>JLD 

Benton  City  

Ppntnfi 

o.  Jr,  oo  o.  ivy 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

C TV  Pxr 

1,468 

Berkeley  

Pif>l*p{» 

491 

Berne  

Chelan 

465 

Berrian  

Renton 

u.  pi.  ivy 

C T>  By.  CJ  T>  XT 

2,807 

Berryman  

Walla  Walla. .. 
Piprrp 

o.  It.  (X,  b.  Jtvy 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

TT.  S CT  R 

301 

Berry  Peak  

984 

5,112 

CL 

Beverly,  iron  post  20  feet  w.  of  water  tank. 

Grant 

do 

Cra  r|  f. 

im) 

Beverly  Junction  

Kittitas 

545 

Bickleton,  iron  post  in  school  yard 

Klickitat. 

550 

3,002 

O 1AK 

Big  Creek,  iron  post  25  feet  n.  of  signpost 
at  siding  

Kittitas.  .. 

Big  Pour  Creek,  mouth 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Big  Pour  Mountain 

Snohomish 

735 

6,120 

Biggam  

Ppnfnn 

Big  Lake,  level  of  water 

Skagit 

697 

do.  iron  post  40  feet  s.  of  station 

Skagit 

85 

Big  Meadow  Creek,  mouth 1 

Chelan 

ifD 
0 99ft 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


313 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Big  Muddy  Creek,  mouth 

Big  Snow  Mountain 

Birdsview  

Bishop  

Bismarck  Mountain  

Black  Canyon  Creek,  mouth 

Black  Diamond  

Black  Lake,  level  of  water . 

Black  Mountain  

Black  Mountain  

Black  River  Junction 

Blackwell  

Blaine,  tablet  near  main  entrance  to 

Blaine  Hotel  

do 

Blanca  Lake,  level  of  water 

Blewett,  iron  post  near  engine  house  of 

stamp  mill  

Blewett  Pass,  iron  post  20  feet  w.  of  road.. 

Blue  Canyon  

Blue  Creek,  iron  post  near  past  office 

Blue  Lake,  level  of  water 

Blueslide  

Bluestem  

Blyn  

Bobs  Mountain  

Bo  die  

Bolles  

Bonaparte,  Mount  

Boone  

Borup  

Bossburg,  iron  post  near  e.  end  of  station. 

! Boston  Peak  

I Bothel  

Boundary,  iron  post  on  International  line. 

j Bound  Brook  

Bow,  iron  post  opposite  station 

Boyds  

Boylston,  iron  post  at  crossing 

Bremerton  

I Brennan  

Brewster,  tablet  at  s.  e.  corner  of  Second 
and  Bruce  avenues 

Ido 

Bridge  Creek,  mouth 

Bridgeport,  0.8  mile  w.  of  road 

junction  

Bristol,  iron  post  under  signboard 

Broadview  Farms  

Brodie  Mountain  

Brothers  Mountain  

Brown  Peak  

i Bruce  

Bruce  


Yakima 

King 

Skagit 

Whitman 

Skamania 

Okanogan 

King 

Thurston 

Skamania 

Snohomish 

King 

Whitman 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Snohomish 

Chelan 

Ohelan-Kittitas 

Whatcom 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

Pend  Oreille 

Lincoln 

Clallam 

Skamania 

Okanogan 

Walla  Walla. .. 

Okanogan 

Yakima 

King 

Stevens 

Chelan-Skagit. 

King 

Stevens 

Spokane 

Skagit 

Ferry 

Kittitas 

Kitsap 

Whatcom 

Okanogan 

Okanogan 

Chelan 

Douglas 

Kittitas 

Whitman 

Ferry 

Jefferson 

Pierce 

Adams 

King 


U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ryv 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

P.  C.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S,  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S,  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

IT.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S,  G.  S 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

P.  C.  R.  R 


1,982 

6,670 

192 

682 

4,625 

960 

610 

126 

5,308 

7,192 

20 

2,244 

41 

14 
4,064 

2,323 

4,071 

315 

1,637 

1,765 

2,067 

2,320 

28 

2,107 

2,713 

1,166 

7,280 

787 

2,406 

1,356 

8,850 

54 

1,354 

2,410 

15 
1,293 
2,446 

40 

16 

812 

853 

2,055 

817 

1,785 

2,234 

5,685 

6,920 

6,312 

1,196 

875 


Brush  Prairie,  nail  in  stump  near  Post 

Office  

Bryant,  iron  post  270  feet  s.  of  station 

Buck  Creek,  mouth 

Buck  Creek  Pass 

Buckeye,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

Buckley,  aluminum  tablet  at  River  Ave. 

and  Main  St 

do 

Buck  Mountain  

Bucoda,  iron  post  420  feet  s.  w.  of  station. 

Buell  Peak  

Buena  

Bumping  Lake,  level  of  water 


Clarke 

Snohomish 
Snohomish 
Chelan- 
Snohomish 
Spokane. . . 

Pierce 

Pierce 

Okanogan. 
Thurston. . 

Pierce 

Yakima. ... 
Yakima. ... 


U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 


295 

170 

968 


5,796 

1,965 

723 

731 

6,170 

254 

5,933 

785 

3,395 


314  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OP  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,540 

2,718 

do.  mouth  of  American  River. 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

do.  outlet  gate  sill  of  Bump- 

Yakima 

u.  S.  G.  S 

3,389 

354 

Walla  Walla. .. 

N.  P.  Ry 

Burlington,  iron  post  at  cor.  of  Fairhaven 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

36 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

517 

Walla  Walla. . . 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,317 

17 

Burrows,  iron  post  30  feet  s.  of  station 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Bush  

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

186 

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

702 

Franklin 

N.  P.  Ry 

720 

Pend  Oreille.. .. 

Nor.  Trans.  Sur 

2,110 

2,197 

48 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Pend  Oreille. . . . 

G.  N.  Rv 

1,902 

2,204 

718 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

48 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,355 

1,146 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Rv 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

1,992 

76 

Grays  Harbor. 
Clallam 

N.  P.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
N.  P.  Ry 

174 

Carnation  (Formerly  Tolt) 

Carrolls  

King 

Cowlitz 

90 

21 

Cars  on  

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

98 

Cascade  Junction  . . 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

471 

Cascade  Pass  

Chelan-Skagit. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,392 

Cascade  River,  month  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

297 

do  mouth  of  Marble  Greek 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

973 

Cascade  Tunnel,  iron  post  120  feet  n.  of 
water  tank  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,374 

74 

Cnseades  

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Cashmere,  iron  post  150  feet  s.  w.  of 

station  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

797 

Cashup  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,328 

Castle  The  

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,100 

8,840 

59 

Castle  Mountain  

Castle  Rock  

Whatcom- 

Okanogan 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  F.  S 

N.  P.  Rv 

Castle  Reek  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,116 

1,705 

Castleton  

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Castile  Ford  

Yakima 

2,715 

Cavanaugh  Lake,  level  of  water 

Cayada  Mountain  

Skagit 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,016 

5,118 

Cedar  Falls  

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

930 

Cedar  Lake,  surface  of  water  Nov.  11,  1910. 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,558 

Cedar  Mountain  

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

195 

Cedar  River  at  Maple  Valley 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

305 

do.  intake  of  water  system 

do.  tailrace  of  power  plant 

Centerville  

King 

King 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

536 

945 

1,588 

Central,  iron  post  40  feet  s.  w.  of  station.. 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

134 

Centralia,  iron  post,  420  feet  n.  w.  of 
station  , , T . . T T . r 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

184 

Ceres  

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

232 

Chambers  

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,573 

Chamokane  Creek  mouth  . 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,357 

Chandler  jrrm  post  near  section  house 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

535 

Chard  

Garfield 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,181 

Chattaroy,  aluminum  tablet  1,500  feet  e. 
of  Post  Office  . t - T , , 

Spokane. ...... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,800 

Chehalis,  iron  post  9 feet  n.  of  signal  tower 

Lewis 

U.  S,  G.  S 

188 

Chelan,  top  of  boulder  125  feet  left  of  road 
opposite  cut  bank  Otielan  P-iver. . T T . . . . 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,208 

Chelan  "Rntt.e  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,892 

Chelan  Falls  

Chelan 

1 G.  N.  Ry 

737 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


315 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Chela.n 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,079 

680 

1,079 

2,345 

2,336 

2,355 

2,317 

2,392 

Chelan 

Chel  an 

Spokane 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Spokane 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co.  . 

Chenois  Creek,  spike  in  pole  120  feet  s.  of 

station  

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

11 

O'konagon 

G.  N.  Ry 

854 

2,910 

2,012 

2,164 

1,745 

Chesaw,  iron  post  200  feet  n.  of  Custom 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chester,  iron  post  200  feet  n.  w.  of  section 

Spokane 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chewack  Creek,  mouth 

Okanogan 

U.  S,  G.  S 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Nor.  Trans.  Sur 

1,669 

5,748 

2,381 

5,596 

828 

Stevens 

Chelan 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

King-Kittitas. . 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,727 

Chiwaukum,  iron  post  60  feet  s.  e.  of  mail 

catch  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,815 

1,664 

1,849 

2,087 

Chiwa.nknm  Creek,  month 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chiwawa  Creek,  mouth  

Chelan 

u.  S'.  G.  S 

do.  mouth  of  Goose  Creek 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

do.  mouth  of  Big  Meadow 

Creek  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,228 

do.  mouth  of  Chickerman 

Creek  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,381 

1,181 

7,870 

64 

Chopaka  

Okanogan 

Okanogan 

Chopaka  Mountain  

U.  S.  G.  S 

Christopher  

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Chureh  Mountain  

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

6,245 

143 

Cicero  

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Cinehar,  iron  post  near  sehool 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

910 

Cirrle  

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,571 

6,473 

Cispus  Pass  

Yakima-Lewis. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cispus  River,  month  

Lewis 

u.  S.  G.  S 

958 

do.  mouth  of  Autus  Creek 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,490 

do.  mouth  of  Adams  Creek 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,405 

3,155 

1,747 

do.  mouth  of  Muddy  Fork 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clark  Fork,  at  International  Boundary 

Pend  Oreille 

U.  S.  G.  S 

do.  below  Metaline  Falls 

Pend  Oreille... . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,955 

do.  above  Metaline  Falls 

Pend  Oreille... . 

U.  S,  G.  S 

1,970 

do.  at  I.  & W.  N.  Ry.  bridge 

Pend  Oieille... . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,983 

2,027 

do.  at  Usk  Fferry 

Pend  Oreille... . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

do.  at  Idaho  line 

Pend  Oreille... . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,034 

Clark  Peak  . . 

Okanogan 

u.  S.  G.  S 

7,900 

630 

Clay  City  

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Clayton,  tablet  in  engine  room  of  Wash. 

Brick,  Lime  & Sewer  Pipe  Co. 

Stevens 

2,266 

do.  

Stevens 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,244 

610 

Clear  Creek,  mouth 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clear  Fork,  month 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,390 

44 

Clear  Lake,  iron  post  36  feet  n.  of  station. 

Skagit 

U.  S,  G.  S 

Clearbrook,  iron  post  150  feet  s.  e.  of 
station  

Whatcom 

u.  S'.  G.  S 

67 

Cle  Flum,  iron  post,  near  Reed  House 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,907 

1,920 

1,945 

2,152 

do.  

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

do 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Cle  Elum  Lake,  iron  post  at  foot  of  lake 
near  Lake  View  House.. 

Kittitas 

do.  level  of  water 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,128 

316  Bulletm  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Cle  Elum  River,  mouth  

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,960 

2,123 

do.  outlet  of  Cle  Elum  Lake.. 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,340 

do.  junction  North  and  Mid- 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,490 

5,000 

3.032 

Yakima 

Cleveland,  at  corner  of  Hotel  McCready... 

Klickitat 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,301 

179 

2,446 

1,148 

5,725 

1,241 

559 

4,317 

240 

770 

68 

Cliffs  

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Clifton  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Walla  Walla... 
Pierce 

N.  P Ry 

Clover  Lake  

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clyde  

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry. 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Cohassett,  iron  post,  300  feet  e.  of  w.  end 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

Coked  ale  Junction  

Skagit 

Colbert  (Dean  Station) 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,823 

2,140 

Cold  Creek,  mouth 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Colfax,  iron  post  in  s.  w.  corner  of  Court 

Whitman 

U.  S,  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,966 

630 

Colletta,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station — 

Grant 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry.... 

98 

Colton,  tablet  at  cor.  of  Main  and  Second 
streets  

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,564 

do 

Whitman 

Whatcom 

N P.  Ry. 

2,555 

546 

Columbia,  iron  post  near  station 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Columbia  Peak  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,134 

Columbia  River,  opposite  mouth  of  Des 

Chutes  River  

Klickitat 

u.  S.  G.  S 

131 

do.  mouth  of  Snake  River 

Franklin 

Army  Engineers. . . 

322 

do.  mouth  of  Yakima  River. 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

330 

do.  foot  of  Priest  Rapids 

Yakima 

Army  Engineers. . . 
Army  Engineers. . . 

400 

do.  head  of  Priest  Rapids  — 

Kittitas 

470 

do.  mouth  of  Crab  Creek 

Grant 

Army  Engineers. . . 

475 

do.  mouth  of  Wenatchee 

River  

Chel  an 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

593 

680 

do.  mouth  of  Chelan  River... 

Chelan 

do.  mouth  of  Methow  River.. 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

727 

do.  mouth  of  Spokane  River. 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,048 

do.  mouth  of  Colville  River. . 

Stevens 

Army  Engineers. . . 

1,199 

do.  at  International  Boundary 

Stevens 

Army  Ehgineers . . . 

1,350 

Columbia  River  Station,  top  of  rail  op- 
posite sign  post 

Colville,  iron  post  w.  of  station 

Douglas 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

606 

1,579 

5,667 

1,199 

2,428 

2,358 

Colville  Mountain  

Stevens 

Nor.  Trans.  Sur. ... 

Colville  River,  mouth 

Stevens 

Army  Engineers . . . 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Coman  

Whitman . . . 

Conconully,  iron  post  near  old  Court  House 

Okanogan 

Conconully  Lake,  level  of  water 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,287 

Concrete,  copper  bolt  in  granite  boulder 
\ mile  w.  of 

Skagit 

u.  S.  G.  S 

231 

do 

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

194 

Connell,  iron  post  near  N.  P.  Ry.  station.. 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

838 

do 

Franklin 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

831 

Connelly  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,374 

4,026 

7,777 

Conrad  Meadows  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Constance,  Mount  

Jefferson 

Constitution,  Mount  

San  Juan 

U.  S.  c.  & G.  S 

2,409 

99 

C o ok  

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Cooke  Mountain  

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

•5,097 

273 

Coolidge  

Benton 

S.  P.  & S,  Ry 

Coon  Lake,  level  of  water 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,140 

110 

Cooper  

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Copalis,  iron  post  in  school  yard 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

24 

Copa.lis  Crossing1  

Grays  Harbor. 
Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

73 

Coppei  

N.  P.  Ry 

1,531 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


317 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County- 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Copper  Lake  

Copper  Mountain  

Copper  Mountain  

Cordell  

Corea  

Corfu  

Cosgrove  

Cosmopolis,  iron  post  in  n.  e.  corner  of 

school  lot  

do.  

Cougar  

Cougar  Creek,  mouth 

Cougar  Mountain  

Coulee  City,  iron  post  near  station 

Coulee  Junction  

Country  Club  Station,  iron  post  near 

Covill  

Covington,  granite  post  near  station 

Cowiche  

Cowiche  Mountain  

Cowlitz  Chimneys  

Cowlitz  Pass  

Cowlitz  River,  mouth  of  Toutle  River — 


do. 

at  Mayfield  

do. 

below  Mossy  Rock  Bridge.. 

do. 

at  Big  Bend 

do. 

mouth  of  C'ispus 

do. 

mouth  of  Smith  Creek 

do. 

Lewis  Ferry  

do. 

mouth  of  Ohanapecosh 

finvntA  T?.r>r*lrs  

Crab  Creek, 

mouth 

Crabtree  . . . 

Craig  

j Crater,  iron  pest  opposite  mile-post  1602. . 

{ Crater  Lake,  level  of  water 

Crater  Lake,  level  of  water 

Crescent  Lake,  level  of  water 

Crescent  Lake,  level  of  water 

Cressup’s  Ferry  

Crest  

Crested  Buttes  

Creston  

I do.  iron  post  0.5  mile  e.  of 

Crocker  

| Crosby  Mountain  

j Crown  Point  

Crystal  Lake  

f Crystal  Mountain  

Cumberland  

do 

Cumberland  Mountain  

! Cunningham  

Curlew,  iron  post  800  feet  s.  of  Post  Office. 

Curlew  Lake,  level  of  water 

| Cushman,  Lake  

j Cusick  

I Custer  

I Cutler  

I Cutoff  

Dale  

| Dalkena  

Dallas,  Mount  

j Dan  

Danville  

1 Dardanelles  (Nason  Creek) 

Darrington  

do.  Suspension  Bridge 

Dart  


Snohomish 

Ferry 

Whatcom 

Okanogan 

King 

Adams 

Pierce 

Grays  Harbor. 
Grays  Harbor. 

Cowlitz 

Cowlitz 

King 

Grant 

Grant 

Pierce 

Clallam 

King 

Yakima 

Yakima 

Pierce 

Pierce-Yakima. 

Cowlitz 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Yakima 

Grant 

Whitman 

Spokane 

Grant 

Pierce... 

Skagit 

Clallam 

Pierce 

Cowlitz 

Whitman 

Snohomish 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Pierce 

King 

Pierce-Yakima. 

Pierce 

Pierce 

King 

King 

Ferry 

Adams 

Ferry 

Ferry 

Mason 

Pend  Oreille.... 

Whatcom 

Yakima 

Snohomish 

Spokane 

Pend  Oreille.... 

San  Juan 

Whitman 

Ferry 

Chelan 

Snohomish 

Snohomish 

Spokane 


U. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

3,227 

U. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

4,446 

U. 

s. 

F.  S.. 

6,209 

G. 

N. 

Ry.. . 

907 

G. 

N. 

Ry... 

2,389 

C. 

M 

. & St. 

P.  Ry... 

760 

N. 

P. 

Ry... 

266 

U. 

S. 

G.  S.. 

9 

N. 

P. 

Ry... 

11 

U. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

506 

u. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

430 

u. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

4,490 

u. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

1,584 

N. 

p. 

Ry... 

1,728 

u. 

s. 

G.  S.. 

278 

c. 

M. 

. & St. 

P.  Ry!!! 

208 

u. 

s. 

C.  &( 

IS 

346 

Ry 


N.C 


Weather  Bureau. 
U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S,... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S.  G.  S.... 

U.  S. G.  S 

Army  Engineers . 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R.... 
W.  W.  P.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S.. 

O.-W.  R.  R. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P. 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

IT.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S,  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau. 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry 
G.  N.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

N.  P.  Ry 

S.  &I.  E.  R.  R.... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry 
U.  S.  C.  & G.  S... 

S.  &I.  E.  R.  R.... 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 


Ry 


1,874 

4,300 

7,607 

5,191 

51 

354 

462 

757 

958 

1,152 

1,234 

1.347 
6,130 

475 

2,534 

2,390 

1,243 

4,929 

4,960 

591 

5,542 

175 

2,280 

5,326 

2,462 

2,445 

289 

5,533 

6,470 

5,820 

6,306 

869 

855 

3,846 

1,174 

1,817 

2.347 
570 

2,056 

32 

813 

468 

2,473 

2,071 

1,0-36 

2,529 

1,738 

2,162 

577 

527 

1,840 


318  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,409 

2,466 

510 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Etanklin 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pend  Oreille... . 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

2,068 

1,825 

204 

Skagit 

Skagit 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,603 

1,615 

1,823 

2,309 

159 

Columbia 

N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grays  Harbor. 
King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,620 

2,118 

5,590 

7,006 

1,953 

910 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R,  R.  & N.  Co. 

Whatcom 

u.  S.  G.  S 

203 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,951 

30 

Mason 

Weather  Bureau... . 

Whatcom 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

172 

Skagit 

5,794 

2,042 

5,796 

3,330 

1,020 

6,421 

5,766 

75 

Diamond,  iron  post  200  feet  e.  of  platform. 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

TVinmnnrl  TTill  

San  Juan 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

THnmrmd  La.kfi  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Dipkprman  Mountain  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Dipringpr  

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Discovery  Junction  

Jefferson 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. . 

20 

Dividp  

Walla  Walla... 

0.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

485 

TMtiV  

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,606 

DopIt  "Rnf.t.p  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,151 

Dodd  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,128 

Tlomp  "Ppa.lr  

Chelan-Skagit. 
Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

8,860 

rwvme  Pppif  

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,586 

862 

Donald  

Yakima 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & 1ST.  Co. 

Dorothy  DalrA  

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,150 

Dot  n w corner  of  church  building 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,201 

Dofy  

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. . 

350 

(JO  t ,,,,,, 

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

322 

Double  TTill  

San  Juan 

U.  S.  c.  & G.  S 

680 

Donhlp  Deal?  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,200 

5,400 

Doubtful  T.alrp  IpvpI  of  water 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Douglas  iron  post  0 5 mil£  n.  ot.TTr 

Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,509 

do 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,374 

Douglas  Luke  ,,,,,,  , . . T T 

Skagit 

Weather  Bureau 

440 

Douglas  Mn1lr,tain  

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,420 

Douty  **  t i T r r i 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

655 

DowT1S  

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,906 

Dragoon,  iron  post  90  feet  w.  of  station... 

TYmry  

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,746 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,592 

Dry  Ofwk  , TT  , 

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

688 

Tlrvarl  

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

304 

do 

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 

323 

Tlrvrlpn  

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

938 

piiflr  T.a.Vp  

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,254 

Dudley  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station... 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,704 

Dulwich  

Perry 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,441 

2,213 

Dumpky  Lake  level  of  wafer . . T..T. ....... 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

TVnnnnt  phddat*  Tlflil  ID  t.PlAffTftDh  UOlP 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

253 

dn  

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

243 

Dnrlrpp  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,522 

King 

0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

50 

do  

King 

G.  N.  Ry 

39 

TIttVaq  

Sbokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,374 

"NT  "P  R,v  station  .. 

King 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

1,097 

Pflfflp  PaaV  

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,966 

Early  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,368 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


319 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


East  Auburn  

East  Creek  Junction 

Eastman  

Easton,  iron  post  near  n.  w.  comer  of 

N.  P.  station  

East  Wenatchee,  rock  8001  feet  n.  e.  of  east 

end  of  bridge 

Eatonville,  iron  post  near  station 

Echo  Rock  

Eddyville  

Eden  

Edgecomb  

Edwall  

Eight  Mile  Creek,  mouth 

Elbe,  iron  post  near  station 

Elberton,  iron  post  800  feet  n.  of  station.. 

Eleanor,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Electron,  iron  post  0.5  mile  w.  of 

Elk  

Ellemeham  Mountain  

Ellensburg,  tablet  on  pier  in  State  Normal 

do.  School  grounds  

do.  

do.  

Ellinor,  Mount  

Elliott  

Ellisford  

Ellsworth  

Elm  a 

Elmer  

Eltopia,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  water  tank. 

Elwha  

Elwood  

Embro  

Emerald  

Emerson  Nipple  

Emery  

Emmons  Glacier  

Empire  

Endicott  

English,  300  feet  n.  of  station  platform 

and  100  feet  e.  of  tracks 

Enterprise,  at  iron  post,  480  feet  n.  of 

platform  

Entiat  

I Enumclaw,  iron  post  near  s.  w.  corner  of 

N.  P.  Ry.  station 

do 

j Enumclaw  Junction  

Ephrata  

; Erie,  Mount  

Espanola  

Essex  

Essig  

Estes  

Ethel  

Ethel,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Eunice  Lake,  level  of  water 

Eureka  

Eveline,  nail  in  n.  end  of  bridge  over  road- 
way   

Everett  

do 

do 

Everson,  iron  post  150  feet  s.  of  station... 

Ewan  

Excelsior  

Eaber  

Fairbanks  


County 

Authority 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  SL  G.  S 

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

Kittitas 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Mason 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

King 

G.  N.  Ry 

Yakima 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Gra  nt, 

G.  N.  Ry 

Ska, git 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

Thurston 

0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Adams 

N.  P.  Ry 

Ffanklin 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

Snohomish 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


106 

1,490 

1,694 

2,168 

679 

800 

7,862 

580 

2,534 

138 

2,314 

1,920 

1,210 

2,189 

4,960 

583 

1,834 

4,770 

1,572 

1,518 

1,590 

6,500 

95 

905 

48 

69 
2,555 

591 

193 

1,131 

2,677 

714 

2,199 

924 

4,719 

716 

1,593 

120 

70 
689 

742 

740 

865 

1,265 

1,300 

2,378 

216 

1,576 

826 

472 

4,287 

5,355 

1,065 

437 

22 

26 

65 

84 

1,780 

2,446 

209 

2,443 


320  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,350 

2,559 

Fairfield,  iron  post  100  feet  s.  of  station.. 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Fallbridge  

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

166 

Fallon,  iron  post  50  feet  w.  of  platform 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,489 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

389 

do.  C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.  station 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

300 

do.  Snoqualmie  River  bridge 

King 

Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

80 

2,371 

2,630 

Farmington,  iron  post  50  feet  e.  of  station. 

Whitman 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

729 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,500 

62 

Felida  

Clarke 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,330 

Ferndale,  iron  post  near  bridge  over 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

26 

Ferry 

1,886 

18 

Fidalgo  

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

Finley  

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

348 

Skagit 

u.  S.  G.  S 

5 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,325 

5,666 

205 

Okanogan 

Pacific 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

3,325 

1,799 

4,042 

48 

Okanogan 

u.  S. G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Fisher  

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

F'ishtrap  

Lincoln 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,282 

2,408 

2,020 

5,501 

203 

Fletcher  

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Flora  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Florence  Peak  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Foran  

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S,  G.  S 

Forest,  iron  post  near  store  and  Post  Office 

Lewis 

299 

Forks  

Clallam 

Weather  Bureau. . . . 

480 

Forsell  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

780 

Fortson  

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

399 

Foss  River,  mouth 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,045 

1,495 

do.  junction  of  East  and  West  forks 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Found  Lake,  level  of  water 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S . 

4,150 

219 

Fountain,  tablet  on  pier  of  water  tank 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Frailly  Mountain  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,795 

Frances  

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

P.  C.  R.  R 

232 

FTanklin  

King 

722 

Fredonia,  iron  post  60  feet  n.  e.  of  station 
platform  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

9 

Freeman  

Spokane 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

2,580 

2,588 

7,230 

1,908 

5,750 

763 

do.  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Frpmont,  Mount  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Frenchman  Hills  

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Frost  Mountain  

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Gable  Butte  

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Gable  Mountain  

Renton 

u.  S.  G.  S 

887 

Ga.lena,  iron  post  nea.r  old  store 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,111 

2,446 

1,669 

2,095 

2,046 

Galena  

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

Garcia,  tablet  *740  feet  e of  station 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Garden  Spring's  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Garden  Spur  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R... .. 

Gardiner  

Jefferson 

C.  M.  &St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

130 

Garfield,  iron  post  1000  feet  w.  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

station  

Whitman 

2,485 

2,456 

2,467 

5,500 

7,545 

2,485 

do.  

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.Co. 

do.  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Garfield  Mountain 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Garland  Peak  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Garrison  

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

Gate  iron  post  0 91  mile  n.  e.  of 

Thurston 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

121 

Gaynor  

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,560 

Geary  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,446 

George,  Lake  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,232 

Georges’s  Spur  

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

99 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


321 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Getchell  

Gibbon,  iron  post  171  feet  n.  of  station 

platform  

Gibralter,  highest  point  at  upper  end  of 

Cowlitz  Cleaver  on  Mount  Rainier 

Gibraltar  Mountain  

Gilbert,  iron  post  50  feet  e.  of  former 

assay  office  

Gilliam  

Gilmer  Creek,  mouth 

Gilmore  

Glacier,  iron  post  1,400  feet  n.  of  station... 

do 

Glacier  Peak  

Glade,  top  of  rail  of  main  line,  opposite 

center  of  siding 

Glen  

Glenoma  

Glenrose  

Glenwood  

Glenwood,  iron  post  50  feet  w.  of  Shaw’s 

Hotel  

Globe  

Goat  Butte  

Goat  Lake,  level  of  water 

Goat  Mountain  

Goat  Mountain  

Goat  Mountain  

Goat  Mountain  

Goat  Peak  

Goat  Rocks  

Gold  Bar  

Gold  Creek,  mouth 

Gold  Hill  

Gold  Mountain  

Golden,  iron  post  10  feet  s.  of  porch  to  old 

store  

Goldendale  

Go odell  Creek,  mouth 

Goodnoe  

Goodwin  

Goose  Creek,  mouth 

Goshen  

Govan  

Gove  Peak  

Grand  Dalles  

Grand  Mound  

Grandview  

Grange  City  Junction 

Granger  

do 

Granite  Butte  

Granite  Falls,  iron  post  600  feet  w.  of  old 

station  

Granite  Mountain  (n.  w.  of  Republic) 

do.  (s.  e.  of  Republic) 

Granite  Mountain  

Granite  Lake  

Grassmere  

Gravel  Pit  

Gray  

Gray  Gables,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

Grays  Harbor  City 

Greenacres  

Greendale  

Green  Mountain  

Green  Mountain  

Green  Pass  


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

346 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

627 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

12,679 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,783 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,528 

Walla  Walla. .. 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,502 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

650 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

292 

Whatcom 

U.  S,  G.  S 

881 

Whatcom 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 

919 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

10,436 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

493 

Benton 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

578 

Lewis 

Weather  Bureau 

775 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,219 

Whitman 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

2,064 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,897 

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

200 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,487 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,154 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,775 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,290 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,726 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,514 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,494 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

8,201 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

189 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,282 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,620 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,493 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,884 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

1,610 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

467 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

203 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

329 

Chelan 

u.  S.  G.  S 

2,087 

Whatcom 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

186 

Lincoln 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,073 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,321 

Klickitat 

S . P.  & S.  Ry 

123 

Thurston 

N.  P.  Ry. 

162 

Yakima 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

811 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

520 

Yakima 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

740 

Yakima, 

N.  P.  Ry 

731 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,960 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

385 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,326 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,912 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,820 

Skagit 

U.  S,  G.  S 

4,190 

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

185 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,507 

Stevens 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,858 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

12 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Rv 

11 

Spokane 

S.  &I.  E.  R.  R 

2,039 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

400 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,021 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,957 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,894 

—11 


Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


322 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Green  River,  mouth  

do.  Lithow  Bridge 

Grinnell  

Grosscup  

Grotto  

Guler  

Gunn  Peak  

Hadley  

Hagen  

Halford  

Hall  Peak  

Haiterman  

Hamilton,  iron  post  4 feet  s.  of  station.... 

Hamilton  

Hamilton  Mountain  

Hampton  

Hancock,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Hanford,  top  of  pipe  150  feet  w.  of  pump- 
ing plant  

Harmegan  Pass  

Harbert  

Harder  

Harding  

Hardscrabble  Mountain  

Hardscrabble  Mountain  

Harpole  

Harrington  

Harris  

Hart  Lake,  level  of  water 

Hartford  

Hartford  Junction,  top  rail  in  front  of 

station  

Hartline,  iron  post  near  station 

Hatton  

Haven  

Hay  

Hayford  

Haystack  Mountain  

Hazel  

Hector  

Hedges  

Heisson  

Helen  Butte  

Helena  Peak  

Helsing  Junction  

Hemlock  

Henry’s  Switch,  on  bridge 

Hess  Lake  

Hessong  Rock  

Hidden  

Hidden  Lake  

Higgins  Mountain  

High  Point,  iron  post  near  crossing 

Highland  

Highrock  

Hilda  

Hillby  

Hillcrest  

Hillhurst  

Hillside  

Hillyard  

Hite  

Hobart,  iron  post  90  feet  w.  of  station 

Holcomb  

Holland  

Holman  Mountain  

Holz,  iron  post  near  station 

Homan  

Home  Valley  


Cowlitz 

Cowlitz 

Whitman 

Benton 

King 

Klickitat 

Snohomish 

Walla  Walla.. . 

Spokane 

Snohomish 

Snohomish 

Snohomish 

Skagit 

Skamania 

Skamania 

Whatcom 

King 

Benton 

Whatcom 

Walla  Walla... 

Franklin 

Pierce 

Chelan 

Ferry 

Whitman 

Lincoln 

Whitman 

Chelan 

Snohomish 

Snohomish 

Grant 

Adams 

Benton 

Whitman 

Spokane 

Skagit 

Snohomish 

Walla  Walla... 

Benton 

Clarke 

Skagit 

Snohomish 

Thurston 

King 

King 

Okanogan 

Pierce 

Clarke 

Pierce 

Skagit 

King 

Spokane 

Snohomish 

Clallam 

Spokane 

Adams 

Pierce 

Kittitas 

Spokane 

Spokane 

King 

Pacific 

Whitman 

Thurston 

Pierce 

Clarke 

Skamania 


U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 
O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S,  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

G.  N.  Ry 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 
N.  P.  Ry 

P.  C.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

N.  P.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 


720 

745 

2,522 

539 

821 

2,005 

6,245 

844 

2,646 

743 

5,464 

239 

95 

54 

2,432 

84 

2,166 


385 

4,962 

1,298 

503 

550 

3,770 

5,326 

1,886 

2,167 

2,320 

3,890 

239 


232 
1,911 
1,072 
460 
1,103 
2,374 
4,126 
313 
1,166 
362 
457 
5,490 
5,392 
155 
924 
575 
* 1,404 
6,149 
290 
5,926 
5,202 
487 
2,129 
35 
317 
2,571 
1,712 
337 
1,201 
2,026 
2,515 
549 
119 
2,426 
1,455 
564 
238 
98 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


323 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Hood  

Hooper  

Hooper  

Hooper  Junction  

Hope  Peak  

Hoquiam,  tablet  in  top  of  step  e.  of  front 

entrance  to  Washington  School 

Horlick  

Horn  

Horse  Heaven  Hills 

Horse  Heaven  Mountain 

Horseshoe  Mountain  

Horseshoe  Mountain  

Hot  Springs,  granite  post  n.  of  railway 

station  

Hover  

Howard  Lake,  level  of  water 

Howard  Peak  

Hozomeen,  Mount  

Hubbard  Peak  

Huckleberry  Mountain  

Hugo  

Hull,  Mount  

Humorist  

Humphrey  

Hunt  

Hunters  

Hunts  Junction,  iron  post  120  feet  s.  e. 

of  mile  post  240 

Huntsville  

do.  

Husum  Bridge  

Hurlburt  

Icicle  Creek,  mouth 

do.  mouth  of  Snow  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Eight  Mile  Creek... 

do.  mouth  of  Jack  Creek 

Image  

Index,  iron  post  at  station 

Index  Mountain  (See  Baring  Mountain) 

Indian  

Indio  

Ingersoll  

Inglewood  

lone  

Irby  

Iron  Mountain  

Iron  Mountain  

Iron  Mountain  

Iron  Mountain  

Irwin  

Issaquah,  iron  post  360  feet  s.  of  station.. 

Jack  Creek,  mouth 

Jackson  

James,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Jamieson  

Janis  

J ared  . 

Jefferson  

Jericho,  460  feet  w.  of  station 

Jerita  

John’s  Butte  

Johnson,  tablet  at  cor.  Main  and  Dean 

streets  

Johnson  Butte  

Jordan  Lakes,  upper  lake,  level  of  water., 
do.  lower  lake,  level  of  water.. 


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

101 

Adams 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

1,246 

1,066 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

Adams 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,072 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,340 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

8 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

1,780 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E,  R.  R 

2,535 

Klickitat- 
Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,035 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,933 

5,414 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

u.  S.  G.  S 

7,930 

1,518 

340 

King 

U.  S.  C'.  & G.  S 

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,887 

Pierce 

u.  S.  G.  S 

5,700 

9,080 

5,925 

Whatcom 

u.  S.  F.  S 

Snohomish 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Skagit- 

Snohomish... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,355 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

768 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,110 

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

527 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,224 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

338 

Stevens 

Weather  Bureau 

1,610 

Walla  Walla... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

343 

Columbia 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,345 

Columbia 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,350 

360 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferry 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,766 

1,104 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

1,310 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,920 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,645 

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

47 

Snohomish 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

532 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

127 

1,392 

2,556 

43 

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pend  Oreille.... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,095 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,386 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,807 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,886 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,085 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,241 

2,001 

Spokane 

N.  P.  Ry 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

97 

Chelan 

u.  S.  G.  S 

2,645 

1,057 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,370 

2,382 

885 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Pend  Oreille.... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,061 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,520 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

527 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

1,566 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,918 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,629 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,043 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,550 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,150 

S24<  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Josephine,  Mount  

Joy  

Joyce  

Jumbo  Mountain  

Jump-off  Joe  Mountain 

Junction  City,  iron  post  15  feet  n.  of 

bridge  over  slough 

Juno  

Kachess  Lake,  iron  post  near  outlet 

Kachess  River,  mouth 

do.  outlet  gate  sill,  Kachess 

reservoir  

Kahlotus  

do 

Kalama  

Kamiak  Mountain  

Kanaskat  

Kane,  iron  post  near  sign-board 

Kangley,  iron  post  n.  e.  of  railway  station. 

Kangley  Junction  

Kapowsin,  iron  post 

do 

Keechelus  

Keechelus  Lake,  iron  post  near  outlet 

do.  

Kelso  

Kendall,  iron  post  near  postoffice 

Kennewick,  near  residence  of  L.  E.  More... 
do.  at  w.  end  of  bridge  over  Co- 
lumbia River  

do.  iron  post  near  s.  e.  cor.  of 

N.  P.  Ry.  station 

do.  

Kennydale  

Kenova  

Kent,  head  of  bolt  in  water  hydrant  at 

Gowr  and  Front  streets 

Kerriston,  tablet  on  boulder,  650  feet  n. 

of  mill  

do 

Kettle  Falls,  s.  w.  cor.  Franklin  and 

Jefferson  streets  

Keystone  

Kibbler  

Kickerville  

Kiel  

Kiernan  

Kiesling  

King  Mountain  

King  Mountain  

Kiona,  granite  post  n.  e.  of  station 

Kipling  

Kirkland  

Kittitas,  tablet  in  pier  of  water  tank 

do 

Klickitat  

Klickitat  River,  mouth  of  Little  Klickitat 

River  

do.  Alvords  Bridge  

do.  mouth  of  Outlet  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Big  Muddy  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  West  Fork 

do.  Castile  Ford  

do.  mouth  of  McCreedy  Creek, 

do.  mouth  of  Diamond  Fork.. 

Kline,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  section  house. 

Klum  

Knapp  

Konah  


Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  GK  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Franklin 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S'.  Ry 

Cowlitz 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whitman 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Kittitas 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Whitman 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

King 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

A dams 

N.  P.  Ry 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Stevens 

G.  N.  Ry 

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

Yakima 

U.  S:  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Columbia 

N.  P.  Ry 

Clarke 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

3,860 

224 

362 

5,806 

2,196 

10 

1,976 

2,231 

2,160 

2,193 

891 

888 

21 

3,650 

845 

270 

958 

960 

630 

650 

2.531 
2,475 
2,458 

26 

447 

355 

352 

362 

361 

223 

1,980 

42 

1,214 

1,369 

1,307 

1,942 

1,418 

213 

1,557 

48 

2.532 
521 

4,710 

514 

3,692 

177 

1,646 

1,645 

440 

565 

855 

1,155 

1,982 

2,545 

2,715 

2,995 

3,330 

2,113 

1,521 

61 

2,412 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


325 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Kopiah  

Kosmos,  iron  post  near  school 

Kountze  

Kramer  

Kruger  Mountain  

Krupp  

Kummer  

La  Center  

La  Crosse  

Lacey,  iron  post  e.  of  station 

Laconia,  copper  nail  in  foundation  of 

water  tank  

Ladow  

Ladow  Butte  

Lagrande,  tablet  near  postoffice 

Lakeside,  iron  post  inside  of  Capt.  John- 
son’s fence  

Lakeside  

Lakeview,  iron  post  1,000  feet  s.  of  station. 

do 

Lakeview  Mountain  

Lakewood  

Lamar  

Lamberton,  iron  post  at  crossing 

Lamona  

Lamont  

Landsburg  

Langley  Hill  

Lantz  

Larkin  

Latah,  iron  post  100  feet  n.  of  station 

Lauer  

Laurel  

Laurel,  iron  post  in  corner  of  school  yard. . 

Laurier  

Lava  Creek,  mouth 

Lavender  

Lavista  

Lawrence,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Lawson  

I Leavenworth,  iron  post  120  feet  s.  w.  of 

station  

Lebam  

Ledbeder  

j Lee  

LeGrow  

I Lemanasky  Mountain  

Lenox  

| Leon  

I Leslie  

Lester,  top  rail  in  front  of  station 

I Levering  

Levey  

Lewis  Ferry  

Lewis  River,  Cressup’s  Ferry  

do.  mouth  of  Cougar  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Swift  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Muddy  River 

do.  below  lower  falls 

do.  above  upper  falls 

i;  Lewis  River  Ranger  Station 

ij  Liberty,  iron  post  155  ft.  s.  of  postoffiee... 

Liberty  Cap,  on  Mt.  Rainier 

i Liberty  Lake,  level  of  water 

Liberty  Lake  Junction 

I]  Lichtenberg  Mountain  

; , Licbty  

Lightning  Creek,  mouth 

! Limestone  Junction  


County 

Authority 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  C!'o 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grant 

G.  N.  Ry 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Clarke 

Weather  Bureau 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

G.  N.  Ry 

Lakima-Lewis. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

Whitman 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Spokane 

S.  &I.  E.  R.  R 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Klickitat 

Weather  Bureau 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferrv 

G.  N.  Ry 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

Benton 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.  Co. 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

Benton 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whatcom 

0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


305 

751 

1,770 

2,402 

2,890 

1,315 

644 

250 

1,472 

184 

3,004 

2,583 

3,302 

942 

1,091 

2,409 

275 

277 

6,661 

2,362 

853 

43 

1,790 

1,947 

585 

257 

1,590 

2,526 

2,442 

1,620 

1,900 

83 

1,644 

1,235 

2,100 

1,805 

425 

888 

1,165 

189 

555 

1,115 

658 

5,206 

2,578 

2,593 

492 

1,611 

520 

454 

1,234 

175 

430 

625 

1,030 

1,435 

1,585 

1,264 

2,412 

14,112 

2,054 

2,053 

5,920 

739 

1,459 

523 


326  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OP  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Lincoln  

Lind  

do.  iron  post  near  telegraph  office 

do 

Lithow,  bridge  on  Green  River 

Littell  

Little  Klickitat  River,  mouth 

Little  Mountain  

Little  Mt.  Adams 

Little  Rock,  iron  post  n.  of  station 

Little  Tahoma  Peak,  on  Mt.  Rainier 

Little  White  Salmon,  mouth  of  Rock  Creek 
do.  mouth  of  Lava  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Moss  Creek 

Lochsloy  

Locke  

Lockwood,  iron  post  200  feet  s.  w.  of 

church  

Loke  

Lone  Pine  

Lone  Tree  

Long  

Long  Lake  

Long  Mountain  

Longmire  Springs,  iron  post  in  front  of 

Forester’s  building  

Longview  

Longwill  

Lookout  Mountain  

Lookout  Mountain  

Loomis,  iron  post  at  n.  e.  corner  of  post- 

office  

Loomis  Mountain  

Loon  Lake,  iron  post  near  station 

Lost  Creek  

Louise  Lake,  level  of  water 

Lovegren  Mill  

Loveland  

Lowden  

Low  Gap,  iron  post  at  s.  w.  cor.  sec.  2, 

T.  17  N.,  R.  24  E 

Lummi  Peak  

Lyle  

Lyman,  iron  post  near  crossing 

Lyman  Lake,  level  of  water 

Lynden,  tablet  in  wall  of  Lynden  Bank 

Building  

Lynn  

Lyons,  iron  post  0.5  mile  s.  of 

do 

Lyre  

McAdams  

do.  

McCleary  

McClellan  Butte  

McClure  Rock,  on  Mt.  Rainier 

McCormick  

McCoy,  iron  post  near  warehouse 

McCredie,  tablet  on  boulder,  200  feet  w. 

of  station  

McCreedy  Creek,  mouth 

McCue  

McCumbers  Ranch  

McDougal  

McFerron  

McIntosh,  copper  nail  in  water  tank 

McKay,  Mount  

McKenna  


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,212  j 

Adams 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,364 

Adams 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,363 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

1,405 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

745 

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

190 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

565 

San  Juan 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

476 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,815 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

138 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

11,117 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

590 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,235 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,330 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

247 

Pend  Oreille.... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,056 

Spokane 

u.  S'.  G.  S 

2,601 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,586 

Whitman 

0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,530 

Grays  Harbor. 

Weather  Bureau 

9 

Columbia 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,473 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,675 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,109 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,761 

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

279 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,496 

Kittitas 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

3,440 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,692 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,306 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,521 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,418 

Pend  Oreille.... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,066 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,592 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

596 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

440 

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

490 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,274 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

1,740 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

101 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

95 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,525 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

95 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,362 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,323 

Spokane 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,290 

Clallam 

C.  M.  &St.  P.  Ry... 

172 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

964 

Franklin 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

950 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

287 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,175 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,384 

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

468 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,403 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

244 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,995 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,444 

Yakima 

Weather  Bureau 

2,182 

Benton 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

533 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,414 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

344 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,628 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

285 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


327 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

123 

McMurray,  iron  post  60  feet  e.  of  station.. 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

247 

McMurray  Lake,  level  of  water 

Skagit 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

226 

6,806 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,788 

715 

1,706 

124 

Mabton,  iron  post  near  water  tank 

Yakima 

A d ams 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry  . 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Grays  Harbor. 
Chelan 

N.  P.  Ry 

36 

G.  N.  Ry 

667 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
G.  N.  Ry 

2,070 

2,120 

57 

Ferry 

Grays  Harbor. 
Okanogan 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

815 

420 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

2,575 

1,904 

2,258 

665 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

Maple  Falls,  iron  post  near  school  house.. 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Maple  Valley,  iron  post  300  feet  e.  of 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

343 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

70 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,464 

973 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Marble  Pass,  5 feet  w.  of  mast  on  tram.. 

Snohomish 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

4,177 

Marble  Peak  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,156 

313 

Marhlemnunt  

Skagit 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Mareellus  

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

1,942 

1,260 

Marcus,  spike  in  root  of  pine  s.  of  station. 

Stevens 

Marcus  Peak  

Pierce 

u.  S.  G.  S 

6,968 

Marengo  

Adams 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,631 

10 

Marietta  

Whatcom 

Weather  Bureau... . 

Markham  

Grays  Harbor. 
Spokane 

N.  P.  Ry 

10 

Marshall,  iron  post  100  feet  n.  w.  of  N. 

P.  Ry.  crossing 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,131 

do.  

Spokane 

S.  P.  & S'.  Ry 

2,145 

2,784 

4,879 

356 

Martin,  iron  post  40'  feet  e.  of  station 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Martin  Peak  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Martin  dale  

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Marysville,  iron  post  about  50  feet  s.  e. 
of  station  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

15 

Mason  

Spokane 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

2,230 

5,308 

374 

15 

Maverick  Peak  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Mayfield,  iron  post  near  postoffice 

Maynard  

Lewis 

Jefferson 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Mays  

Lewis 

289 

May  town  

Thurston 

225 

Maywood,  iron  post  at  s.  e.  cor.  of  sec- 
tion house  

King 

1,336 

1,907 

Mead,  iron  post  100  feet  s.  w.  of  station... 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Meadow  Lake  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,394 

2,437 

2,412 

61 

Medical  Lake  

Spokane 

N.  P.  Ry 

do.  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Meeker  Junction,  top  of  rail 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Melmont  

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,292 

313 

Mendota  

Lewis 

u.  S.  G.  S' 

Menlo  

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

57 

Merchant  Peak  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,466 

1,359 

1,533 

Meridian  Hill  

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Merrill  Lake  

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Merritt,  iron  post  133  feet  n.  w.  of  water 

tank  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,186 

677 

Mesa,  iron  post  180  feet  n.  of  water  tank.. 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Metaline  Falls  

Pend  Oreille.... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,061 

Metaline  Falls,  river  level  below 

Pend  Oreille.... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,955 

do.  river  level  above 

Pend  Oreille.... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,970 

Methow,  iron  post  at  Bolinger’s  store 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,158 

328  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Methow  River,  mouth  

Okanogan 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

727 

do.  mouth  of  Black  Canyon 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

960 

do.  mouth  of  Gold  Creek 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,282 

do.  mouth  of  Twisp  River 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,590 

do.  mouth  of  Chewack  River.. 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,745 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,621 

2,480 

Mica,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

Spokane 

U.  S.  &.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

460 

Midvale  

Yakima 

694 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

2,415 

Milan,"  iron  post  220  feet  s.  e.  of  station.. 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,780 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,770 

6,460 

Miller  Peak  

Chelan-Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

874 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,165 

do.  at  Lake  Dorothy 

Milltown,  iron  post  200  feet  n.  of  station 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,046 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

1,953 

1,439 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Mineral  Hill  

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,500 

Minkier,  iron  post  near  mill 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

64 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,925 

766 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Mirror  Lake  

Whatcom 

N.  P.  Ry 

376 

Mnn.h  

Spokane 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,080 

2,193 

2,289 

2,119 

1,985 

2,400 

3,683 

2,508 

697 

Mnneasin  Lake,  level  of  water 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Mock  

Spokane 

S.  P.  & S.  Rv 

Mnekonema  

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.Cb. 

Mohler  

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

Mold  

Douglas 

Weather  Bureau... . 

Molson  

Okanogan 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry 

Mondovi,  iron  post  near  station 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Monitor  

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Monohon  

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

58 

Monroe  

Snohomish 

59 

Montborne,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station. 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

116 

Monte  

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

815 

Monte  Cristo,  copper  bolt  247  feet  n.  of 
freight  platform  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,774 

1,970 

Monte  Cristo  Lake,  level  of  water 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Montesano  

Grays  Harbor. 
Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

21 

do.  tablet  on  Court  House  steps... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

65 

Moody  

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

1,454 

238 

Moonax,  near  railway  water  tank 

Klickitat 

Moore  

Columbia... . . . 

O.-W.  R.  R.&  N.  Co. 

467 

Moran  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,431 

609 

1,888 

945 

Morristown  (Formerly  Spiketon) 

Morse  

Pierce 

Spokane 

N.  P.  Ry 

G.  N.  Ry 

Morton,  iron  post  near  Morton  Hotel 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

do 

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

950 

Moses  Coulee  Station,  iron  post  0.2  mile 

s.  of  station 

Moses  Lake,  level  of  water 

Douglas 

Grant 

794 

1,038 

5 

Mosher  

Snohomish 

Moss  Creek,  mouth 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,330 

667 

Mossyrock,  iron  post  near  postoflBce 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Mossy  Rock  Bridge 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

462 

Mottinger  

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

309 

Mount  Hope  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,434 

1,693 

48 

Mount  Hull  (Station) 

Okanogan  . . . . 

Mount  Pleasant  

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Mount  Vernon,  iron  post  150  feet  s.  w. 
of  station  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

24 

Mowich  River,  mouth 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,660 

640 

Mud  Lake  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S. . . 

Muddy  Fork,  Cispus  River,  mouth  of 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,155 

Muddy  River,  mouth 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,030 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


329 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


County- 


Authority 


Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


Mumby  

Moxee  

Naehes  Pass  

Naches  River,  mouth  

do.  mouth  of  Tieton  River 

do.  mouth  of  Rattlesnake  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Bumping  River... 

Naff  Ridge  

Napavine,  nail  in  pole  at  crossing  n.  of 

station  

Narada  Falls,  iron  post  15  feet  s.  w.  of 

bridge  

Narrowneck  Gap  

Nason,  iron  post  19  feet  s.  of  sign  post... 

Nason  Creek  (Dardanelles)  

National  

Naylor  

Needle  Rock  

Nelson,  iron  post  410  feet  s.  w.  by  w. 

from  signboard  

Nemo  

Neppel  

Nesika,  iron  post  near  Collins  House 

Nespelem  

Newcastle  

Newman  Lake,  level  of  water 

Newport  

do 

Newton,  top-  of  rail  at  crossing 

Nicolay  

Nighthawk  

Nimbus  

Nine  Mile  

Nisqually  

Nisqually  River,  mouth  of  Tanwax  Creek, 
do.  above  Tacoma  municipal 

dam  

do.  s.  w.  corner  of  Park 

Noble  

Nooksak  

Noon  

Norman,  top  rail  in  front  of  station 

North  Bend  

do.  

North  Head  

North  Navarre  Peak 

North  Pine  

North  Prosser  

North  Puyallup  

North  Star  Mountain 

Northcroft  Mountain  

North  Yakima  (See  Yakima). 

Northport,  iron  post  in  s.  w.  corner  Blk.  7. 

Northup  

Northwood,  iron  post  at  cross  roads 

Novara  

No.  12  Lake 

Oak  Grove  School,  400  feet  e.  of 

Oak  Hill  


Thurston 

Yakima 

King-Kittitas. . 

Yakima 

Yakima 

Yakima 

Yakima 

Whitman 

Lewis 

Lewis 

Yakima 

Chelan 

Chelan 

Pierce 

Grant 

Pierce 

Kittitas 

Lincoln 

Grant 

Lewis 

Okanogan 

King 

Spokane 

Pend  Oreille.... 
Pend  Oreille.... 
Grays  Harbor. 

Whatcom 

Okanogan 

Whitman 

Okanogan 

Pierce 

Pierce 

Pierce 

Pierce 

King 

Whatcom 

Whatcom 

Snohomish 

King 

King 

Pacific 

Okanogan 

Spokane 

Benton 

Pierce 

Chelan 

Thurston 

Stevens 

King 

Whatcom 

Adams 

King 

Klickitat 

Yakima 


C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 
Weather  Bureau... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau... 

P.  C.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

G.  N.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

G.  N.  Ry 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

G.  N.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

G.  N.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 
Weather  Bureau... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O. -W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 


175 

1,000 

4,988 

1,060 

1,590 

1,972 

2,540 

3,033 

441 


4,572 

6,972 

2,162 

2,162 

1,590 

1,266 

7,575 

2,082 

1,709 

1,055 

654 

1,800 

461 

2,130 

2,124 

2.113 
23 

401 

1,157 

2,451 

3,077 

86 

375 

970 

1,995 

440 

94 

200 

34 

456 

445 

211 

7,825 

2,188 

761 

85 

9,500 

1,431 

1,333 

160 

133 

1,120 

725 

2,347 

3.113 


Oakesdale,  tablet  in  building  at  s.  w.  cor. 

of  Main  and  First  streets  — 


do.  

do 

Oakville  

O’Brien,  N.  P.  Ry.  station, 

Observation  Rock  

Ochlare  


Whitman 

Whitman 

Whitman 

Grays  Harbor. 

King 

Pierce 

Spokane 


U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 
S.  &I.  E.  R.  R.. 

N.  P.  Ry 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S.. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R.. 


2,645 

2,446 

2,452 

97 

33 

8,364 

2,406 


330  Bulletm  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Ocosta,  iron  post  300  feet  s.  of  station — 

do 

Odessa  

Offutt  

Offutt  Lake,  level  of  water 

Ohanapecosh  River,  mouth  of  Clear  Fork. 

do.  at  mouth  

do.  mouth  of  Summit 

Creek  

do.  at  Park  boundary  — 

Ohop  

Okanogan  

Old  Baldy  

Old  Baldy  (West  of  Conconully) 

Old  Baldy  (North  of  Conconully) 

Old  Baldy  Mountain 

Old  Huckleberry  Mountain 

Old  Scab  Mountain 

Olds  

Olema  

Olequa,  top  of  rail  at  station 

Olga  

Ollie  Lake  

Olympia  

do  iron  post  at  8th  st.  crossing 

Olympus,  Mount  

Omak  

Onslow  

Orcas  Knob  

Orchard  Avenue  

Orient  

Orillia  

Orin  (Kiel)  

Oroville,  iron  post  near  s.  e.  cor.  Main 

and  River  streets 

Orting,  iron  post  150  feet  w.  of  water  tank. 

Oso  

Osoyoos  Lake,  level  of  water 

Ostrander  

Othello  

Otis,  iron  post  0.5  mile  east  of 

Outlet  Creek,  mouth 

Outlook  

Oval  Peak  

Pacific  Point  

Packard  

Packwood  

Packwood  Lake  

Paddock  

Page  

Page  

do 

Paha,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

Palisade  

Palisades,  copper  nail  at  crossing 

Palmer,  iron  post,  5 feet  w.  of  mail  crane. 
Palmer  Junction,  granite  post  w.  of  rail- 
way station  

Palmer  Lake,  level  of  water 

Palmer  Mountain  

Palouse,  iron  post  50  feet  n.  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

station  

Pampa  

Pandora  

Pantops  

Paradise  Park,  iron  post  at  Reese’s  Camp. 

Park  ..l 

Park  Junction,  iron  post  0.3  mile  s.  of 

do.  


County 

Authority 

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Rv 

Thurston 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis...". 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

San  Juan 

Weather  Bureau... . 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Thurston 

N.  P.  Ry 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Jefferson 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S.  . . 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

San  Juan 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Ferry 

G.  N.  Ry 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Stevens 

G.  N.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

N.  P.  Ry 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Lewis 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.&  N.Co. 

Walla  Walla... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whatcom 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


6 

10 

1,539 

305 

231 

1,300 

1,347 

1,520 

2,070 

710 

829 

6,887 

7,870 

5,230 

5,790 

5,200 

6,642 

658 

2,037 

109 

50 

3,415 

10 

17 

8.150 
858 

81 

1,487 

1,953 

1,441 

40 

1.557 

921 

198 

207 

913 

41 
1,050 
2,084 
1,155 

778 

8,800 

6,259 

1,840 

214 

3,020 

1,093 

466 

405 

406 
1,564 
1,910 

978 

882 

858 

1.150 

4.370 

2,433 

1,338 

2.370 
2,197 

5.557 
328 

1,336 

1,355 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


331 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Parker,  iron  pdst  near  N.  P.  Ry.  station... 

Parkview  

Parkwater  

Parvin  

Pasco,  granite  post  near  Hotel  Pasco,  on 

Court  Street  

Pateros,  iron  post  100  feet  s.  w.  of  post- 

office  

Paterson  

Patterson  Lake,  level  of  water 

Patterson  Lake,  level  of  water 

Paul  Peak  

Paxson  

Paxton  

P.  & E.  Junction 

Peach,  iron  pest  3.5  miles  w.  of  postoffice. 

Peacock  Mountain  

Pearrygin  Lake,  level  of  water 

Pedigo  

Pe  Ell  

Penawawa  

Penrith  

Peola  

Perry  

Peshastin  

Peshastin  Creek,  mouth 

Pickard  

Piedmont  

Pilchuck  

Pilchuck  Mountain  

Pine  City  

Pine  Grove  

Pinecroft  

Pinnacle  Peak  

Pitt  

Pizarro  

Plaza,  iron  post  200  feet  w.  of  station 

Pleasant,  Mount  

Pleasant,  Mount  

Pleasant  Prairie,  iron  post  at  cross  roads. 

Pleasant  View  

Plumb  

Pluvius  

Plymouth  

Pohls  Hill  

Poland  Butte  

Pollard  

Pomeroy  

Pomona  

Porcupine  Ridge  

Port  Angeles  

Port  Crescent  

Port  Townsend  

Porter  

Poulsbo  .% 

Prairie  Mountain  

Pratt  River,  mouth 

Prescott  

Preston,  iron  post  e.  of  station 

Priest  Rapids,  foot 

do.  head 

Priest  Rapids  Station,  spike  in  base  of 

fence  post  near  power  building 

do.  

Prindle  

Prosser,  iron  post  540  feet  w.  of  station... 
Providence,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  section 

house  

Pugh  Mountain  


County 

Authority 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

Franklin 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferry 

G.  N.  Rv 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Pacific 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO 

Pend  Oreille.... 

G.  N.  Ry 

Garfield 

Weather  Bureau... 

Franklin 

N.  P.  Ry 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Klickitat 

G.  N.  Ry 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Thurston 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pa.eifie 

N.  P.  Ry 

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferry 

G.  N.  Ry 

Garfield 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Clallam 

Weather  Bureau... 

Jefferson 

Weather  Bureau. . . 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

Kitsap 

Weather  Bureau... 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

Army  Engineers . . . 

Kittitas 

Army  Engineers . . . 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


938 

2,536 

1,946 

2,151 

378 

780 

266 

2,380 

154 

4,809 

1,817 

1,675 

294 

1,541 

4,520 

1,925 

732 

412 

613 

2,082 

4,000 

523 

1,047 

967 

1,273 

2,486 

139 

5,334 

2,015 

2,292 

1,967 

6,562 

352 

1,605 

2,353 

6,453 

1,010 

2,432 

1,447 

234 

728 

284 

1,405 

3,143 

2,349 

1,849 

1,157 

1,920 

16 

259 

80 

52 

85 

5,670 

893 

1,017 

508 

400 

470 

437 

495 

51 

661 

1,538 

7,150 


332  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Pullman,  iron  post  3 feet  n.  of  platform 

of  O'.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co 

Pullman  Junction  

Puyallup,  aluminum  tablet  at  Stewart 

and  Meridian  streets  

Puyallup  River,  tailrace  cf  electric  plant., 
do.  headworks  of  electric  plant 

do.  mouth  of  Mowich  River.. 

Pyramid  Mountain  

Pyramid  Peak  

Pyramid  Peak  

Quartz  Mountain  

Queets  

Quincy,  iron  post  at  w.  end  of  platform... 

Ragnar  

Rainbow  Creek,  mouth 

Rainier,  iron  post  174  feet  e.  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

station  

Rainier,  Mount  

Ralston  

Ramapo  

Rand  

Randle  

Ranger  

Rattler  Run  

Rattlesnake  Creek,  mouth 

Rattlesnake  Mountain  

Rattlesnake  Ridge  

Ravensdale,  granite  post  w.  of  railway 

station  

Raymond  

Reardan,  iron  post  near  station 

Red  Butte  

Red  Mountain  

Red  Mountain  

Red  Mountain  

Red  Mountain  

Red  Mountain  Junction,  top  of  rail  at 

n.  switch  

Red  Rock,  iron  post  near  station 

Red  Shirt,  iron  post  near  stamp  mill 

Redmond  

Redstone  Peak  

Reese  

Reese’s  Camp,  iron  post 

Reeveton  

Reflection  Lakes,  level  of  water 

Reimer  

Reiter  

Reitmeier  

Reliance  

Renslow  

Renton,  aluminum  tablet  at  city  fire  hall.. 
Republic,  tablet  at  n.  e.  corner  of  school 

house  

Reser  

Revere  

Ricksecker  Point  

Ridgefield  

Riffe,  iron  post  near  postoffice 

Riffle  

Riley  Lake,  level  of  water 

Ringo  

Ringold,  spike  in  post  C.6  mile  s.  of 

school  house  

Riparia  

Risbeck  

Ritzville,  N.  P.  Ry 

Riverside  


County 

Authority 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  s 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Perry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grays  Harbor. 

Weather  Bureau 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla.. . 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.Co. 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

^Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Perry 

U.  S.  G.  S...„ 

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry....'. 

Whitman 

C.  M.  &St.  P.  Ry... 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clarke 

N.  P.  Ry 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E,  R.  R 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Adams 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


2,342 

2,381 

49 

640 

1,606 

1,660 

8,240 

5,723 

6,937 

4,803 

16 

1,302 

1,215 

1,122 

430 

14,408 

1,650 

233 

74 

1,045 

200 

2,537 

1,972 

3,621 

3,007 

619 

11 

2,498 

7,203 

5,550 

5,707 

4,100 

6,930 

1,321 

598 

1,912 

53 

5,700 

383 

5,557 

166 

4,861 

2,177 

308 

2,370 

1,250 

995 

40 

2,503 

1,356 

1,600 

4.212 

60 

533 

1,249 

525 

2,562 

433 

549 

2,080 

1,814 

862 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


333 


TABLE  OP  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Riverside,  iron  post  75  feet  s.  of  warehouse 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,165 

Snohomish 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 
N.  P.  Ry 

20 

Snohomish 

860 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,502 

Rochester,  iron  post  w.  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

149 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

590 

615 

Rock  Island,  iron  post  opposite  station... 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

2,520 

2,377 

Rockford,  iron  post  150'  n.  e.  of  station... 

Spokane 

Rocklyn,  iron  post  near  station 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,386 

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

225 

1,826 

2,090 

568 

2,408 

2,346 

236 

4,180 

2,237 

2,218 

Adams 

Whitman 

Roesiger,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Snohomish 

Spokane 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Roosevelt,  near  railway  water  tank 

Rooster  Comb  Mountain 

Rosalia,  tablet  in  s.  w.  corner  of  Bank 

Klickitat 

King 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Roslyn,  iron  post  n.  of  brick  power  house. 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

u.  S.  G.  S 4. 

4,364 

269 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry. . . . 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

1,245 

Roy,  iron  post  540  feet  s.  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

statinn  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

315 

1,250 

2,524 

Roza  

Kittitas 

Rubeck  

Spokane 

Ruby  

Adams 

N.  P.  Ry 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

1,455 

Ruby  

Pend  Oreille... . 

2,070 

Ruby  Creek,  mouth 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,210 

4,950 

1,342 

962 

2,932 

264 

Ruby  Hill  

Okanogan 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Ruff  

Grant 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
N.  P.  Ry 

Ruin  

Walla  Walla. . . 

Russell  Ranch  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ruth  

Lewis 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ruth  Mount  

Pierce 

8,700 

1,755 

Rye,  spike  in  foundation  of  water  tank... 

Kittitas 

Rye  

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R.  ... 

1,995 

310 

Saddle  Hill  

Grays  Harbor. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Saddle  Mountain  

Gr  a, nt 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,696 

261 

567 

11,562 

138 

72 

7,415 

952 

885 

Sage  

Benton 

Sagemoor  

Franklin 

Saint  Andrews  Rock 

Saint  Clair  

Pierce 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry. 

Saint  Clair,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Saint  Elmo  Pass 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Saint  Helen,  iron  post  0.2:  mile  w.  of 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Saint  Helens  Bridge 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  C.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Saint  Helens,  Mount 

Skamania 

9,671 

1,963 

465 

2,459' 

551 

547 

420' 

2,960 

10 

43 

35 

2,360 

Saint  John  ... 

Whitman 

Saint  Urbans  

Lewis 

Saline  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Salknm  

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Sallal  

King 

N.  P.  Ry . . . . 

Salsich  Junction  

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Salt  Lake  Hill 

Okanogan 

Samish,  iron  post  near  house 

Skagit 

Sammamish  

King 

Sammamish,  Lake,  level  of  water 

San  Poil  Lake,  level  of  water 

King 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Sapolil  

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry. 

1,273 

38 

5,574 

Satsop  

Grays  Harbor. 
Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry..  . 

Satulich  

U.  S.  G.  S 

Satus,  iron  post  near  s.  w.  corner  of  plat- 

form of  station 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S.  .. 

674 

224 

5,510 

Sauk,  G.  N.  Ry 

Skagit 

Sauk  Mountain  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

334 


Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Skagit 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

203 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

363 

do.  Darrington  suspension  bridge. 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

527 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

610 

do.  mouth  of  Whitechuck  River. . 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

909 

do.  junction  of  North  and  South 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,215 

827 

2,644 

320 

Yakima 

O.-W.  R.  R.&  N.  Co. 

Spokane 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Saxon,  iron  post  0.3  mile  n.  of 

Whatcom 

Saxton  Rock  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,413 

Pierce 

u.  S.  G.  S 

6,100 

2,106 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
G.  N.  Ry 

1,745 

2,051 

459 

Pend  Oreille... . 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Seabury  

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,460 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,393 

2,146 

25 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Sedro  Woolley,  iron  post  about  20  feet 
n.  e.  of  station 

Skagit 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
N.  P.  Ry 

50 

1,165 

1,108 

1,070 

2,529 

Selah  

Yakima 

Selleck  

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Seltice,  iron  post  15  feet  s.  of  station 

Whitman 

Sentinel  Mountain  

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,408 

209 

Sequim  

Clallam 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
G.  N.  Ry 

Servia  

Adams 

1,280 

1,447 

6,351 

206 

6,200 

2,532 

935 

3,620 

2,182 

6,120 

445 

1,055 

6,134 

4,920 

9,038 

Seward  

Lincoln 

Seymour  Peak  

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Shadow  

Clallam 

Shadow  Lake  

Pierce 

Sharon  

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Sh  aw  

Walla  Walla.. . 
Yakima  .... 

N.  P Ry  . . . 

Shaw  Mountain  

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R,  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

Shawnee  

Whitman 

Sheep  Mountain  

Snohomish 

Sheomet  

Snohomish 

Sherwood  

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

Shoe  Lake  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Shriner  Lake  

Pierre .... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Shuksan,  Mount  

Whatcom 

Shultz  

"Renton 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO. 
U.  S.  G.  S 

804 

4,190 

Si , Mount  

King 

Signal  Peak  

Yakima  .... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,111 

28 

Silvana,  iron  post  70  feet  s.  of  station 

Snohomish.... . 

Silver,  iron  post  25  feet  s.  of  s.  e.  corner 

of  postoffice  

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,513 

Silver  Beach,  iron  post  at  n.  e.  comer  of 

station  

Whatenm  ..  . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

313 

678 

2,575 

1,083 

2,532 

481 

Silver  Creek  

Lewis , , . 

Silver  Creek , mouth 

Pierce 

Silver  Creek,  mouth 

Snohomish  . . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Silver  Hill  

Spokane  .... 

Silver  Lake,  level  of  water 

Cowlitz. . . 

Silver  Lake,  iron  post  near  school 

Cowlitz 

519 

2,375 

818 

Silver  Lake  

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Silver  Lake,  iron  post  near  Gerdrum’s 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Silvertip  Peak  

Shohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,382 

Silverton,  copper  bolt  in  boulder  1,000 

feet  e.  of  water  tank 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,523 

Simcoe,  Port,  iron  post  at  Agency 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,428 

419 

635 

1,018 

Simmons  

Columbia 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Simmons  

Whatcom 

Sixprong,  iron  post  in  s.  w.  corner  of 
school  yard  

Klickitat 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


335 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Skagit  River,  at  Sedro  Woolley 

do.  mouth  of  Baker  River 

do.  mouth  of  Sauk  River 

do.  mouth  of  Cascade  River 

do.  mouth  of  Goodell  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Thunder  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Ruby  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Beaver  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Lightning  Creek... 

do.  at  International  Boundry.... 

Skamania  

Skykomish,  iron  post  80'  feet  w.  of  station. 
Skykomish  River,  mouth  of  Sultan  River.. 

do.  at  Gold  Bar 

do.  junction  of  North  and 

South  forks  

Skykomish  River,  North  Fork,  mouth 

do.  mouth  of  Trout  Creek., 

do.  mouth  of  Silver  Creek., 

do.  mouth  of  Troublesome 

Creek  

Skykomish  River,  South  Fork,  mouth 

do.  below  Sunset  Falls 

do.  above  Sunset  Falls 

do.  mouth  of  Miller  River., 

do.  mouth  of  Beckler  River, 

do.  junction  of  Tye  and 

Foss  rivers  

Skyscraper  Mountain  

Slate  Creek  Pass 

Slater  

Slide  Lake,  level  of  water 

Slide  Mountain  

Sloan  Peak  

Sluiskin  Mountain  

Smith  Creek,  mouth 

Smyrna,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

sign  

Snake  River,  mouth 

Snake  River  Junction 

Snipes  Mountain  

Snohomish  

do 

do.  

Snoqualmie  

Snoqualmie  Falls  

Snoqualmie  Falls,  river  level  below 

do.  river  level  above 

Snoqualmie  Lake  

Snoqualmie  Mountain  

Snoqualmie  Pass,  iron  post  8 feet  s.  of 

old  wagon  road  at  summit 

Snoqualmie  River,  Falls  City  bridge 

do.  mouth  of  Tokul  Creek., 

do.  below  Snoqualmie  Falls, 

do.  above  Snoqualmie  Falls 

do.  mouth  of  South  Fork., 

do.  junction  of  Middle  and 

North  forks  

Snoqualmie  River,  Middle  Fork,  mouth 

do.  mouth  of  Pratt  River., 

do.  mouth  of  Taylor  Creek. 

Snoqualmie  River,  North  Fork,  mouth 

do.  mouth  of  Sunday  Creek 

Snoqualmie  River,  South  Fork,  mouth 

do.  mouth  of  Alice  Creek... 

Snow  Creek,  mouth 

Snow  Lake,  level  of  water 


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

25 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

157 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

208 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

207 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

467 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

924 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,210 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,295 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,459 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,595 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

51 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

930 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

107 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

175 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

440 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

440 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

795 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,083 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,240 

440 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

490 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

575 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

874 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

943 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,045 

Pierce... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,065 

Wbatcom- 
Okanogan. .. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,197 

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry 

730 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,300 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,630 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,790 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,015 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,152 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

553 

Franklin 

Army  Engineers 

322 

Franklin 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

496 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,290 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

10 

Snohomish 

N.  P.  Ry 

92 

Snohomish 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

30 

King 

N.  P.  Ry 

434 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

495 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

126 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

396 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,225 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,270 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,127 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

80 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

102 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

126 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

396 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

398 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

403 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

403 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

893 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,007 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

403 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,465 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

398 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,465 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,310 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1 4,678 

336  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Snowplow  Mountain  

Snowshoe  Butte  

Snyders  Ranch  

Soap  Lake  

Sobey  

Sokulk  

Sourdough  

Sourdough  Mountain  

South  Aberdeen  

South  Bend  

South  Butte  

South  Cheney  

South  Cle  Elum 

South  Navarre  Peak 

South  Prairie,  iron  post  near  n.  e.  corner 

of  station  

South  Tacoma  

Spanaway  Lake,  level  of  water 

Spangle,  tablet  in  building  at  n.  e.  corner 

of  Main  and  Second  streets 

Spectacle  Lake,  level  of  water 

Spedis  

Spiketon  (See  Morristown). 

Spire  Mountain  

Spire  Point  

Spirit  Lake,  level  of  water 

Spokane,  center  of  astronomic  pier  in 

Court  House  grounds 

do.  top  of  rail  in  front  of  N.  P. 

Ry.  station  

do.  G.  N.  Ry.  station 

do.  Post  Street  depot 

do.  

Spokane  Bridge  

Spokane  Falls,  river  level  below 

do.  river  level  above 

Spokane,  Fort,  iron  post  0.5  mile  s.  of.... 

Spokane,  Mount  (Formerly  Carlton) 

Spokane  River,  mouth  


do. 

do. 

at  River  Homes  postoffice, 
mouth  of  Chamokane 
Creek  

do. 

mouth  of  Little  Spokane 
River  

do. 

below  Spokane  Falls 

do. 

above  Spokane  Falls 

do. 

at  Idaho  line 

Sprague  

Spring  Creek  

Spring  Valley  Junction 

Springdale,  iron  post  near  station 

Spud  Mountain  

Squak  Mountain  

Squalicum  Mountain  

Squaw  Canyon  

Squaw  Saddle  

Staley  

Stampede,  iron  post  75  feet  s.  w.  of  station 

Stampede  Pass  

Stampede  Tunnel,  east  end  of 

Stanwood,  iron  post  50  feet  w.  of  station. 

Star  Peak  

Star buck  

Starr  

Startup  

Stayman  

Steamboat  Mountain  

Steamboat  Pass  


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,070 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,139 

Okanogan 

Weather  Bureau 

2,200 

Grant 

G.  N.  Ry 

1,189 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

269 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,528 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  F.  S 

2,382 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,006 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

9 

Pacific 

N.  P.  Ry 

11 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,790 

Spokane 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

2,292 

Kittitas 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

1,945 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,800 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

430 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

252 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

329 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,432 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,351 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

141 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,065 

Chelan-Skagit. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

8,220 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,199 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  & G.  S . . 

1,892 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,910 

Spokane 

S'.  P.  & S.  Ry 

1,871 

Spokane 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

1,873 

Spokane 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

1,894 

Spokane 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,114 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,785 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,860 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,673 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,208 

Stevens- 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,048 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,170 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,357 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,525 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,785 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,860 

Spokane 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,010 

Lincoln 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,899 

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry 

1,354 

Spokane 

S.  &I.  E.  R.  R 

2,406 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,987 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,743 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,980 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,525 

Whitman 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,150 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,010 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,527 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,777 

King-Kittitas. . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,925 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,834 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

8,400 

Columbia 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

644 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

768 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

145 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

725 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,600 

Skamania 

U.  S.  F.  S 

3,400 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


337 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Steamboat  Prow,  on  Mount  Rainier. 

Stearnsville  

Stehekin  

Stehekin  River,  mouth  

do.  mouth  of  Rainbow  Cteek.. 

do.  mouth  of  Agnes  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Bridge  Creek — 

Steptoe  

Steptoe  Butte  

Sterling  

Stevens  

Stevens,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Stevens  Pass  

Stevens  Peak  

Stevenson  

Stilaguamish  Peak  

Stillwater  

Stimson  Crossing,  top  of  rail 

Stokes  Ranch  

Stoneham  

Stormy  Mountain  

Strandell  

Stratford,  iron  post  at  mile-post  1584 

Stratton  Butte  

Strawberry  Mountain  

Stuart,  Mount  

Success,  Point,  on  Mount  Rainier 

Sudbury  

Sudbury  

Sugar  Loaf  

Sugarloaf  Peak  

Suiattle  River,  mouth  

do.  mouth  of  Tenas  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Buck  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Mill  Creek 


Sullivan  

Sullivan  Lake  

Shlphur  

Sultan  

Sultan  River,  mouth  

do.  at  Horseshoe  BeDd 

do.  mouth  of  Big  Pour  Creek — 

do.  mouth  of  South  Pork 

Sumas,  iron  post  at  n.  e.  corner  of  Immi- 
gration Building  

Summit,  iron  post  20  feet  s.  of  old  station 

platform  

Summit  Creek,  mouth 

Summit  Lake  

Sumner  

Sundale,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station 

Sunday  Creek,  mouth 

Sunnyside,  iron  post  near  n.  e.  corner  of 

N.  P.  Ry.  station 

Sunset,  iron  post  100  feet  w.  of  station 

Sunset  Beach  

Sunset  Palls,  river  level  below 

do.  river  level  above 

Sunshine  

Supplee  

Swan  

Swan  Hamann  Spur 

Swan  Lake,  level  of  water 


Swauk  Creek,  mouth 

Sweet  Peak  

Swift  Creek,  mouth 

Table  Mountain  


County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

9,702 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

96 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,108 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,079 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,122 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,498 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,055 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,310 

Whitman 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

3,614 

Skagit 

G.  N.  Ry 

35 

King 

P.  C.  R.  R 

253 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

212 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,061 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,511 

Skamania 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

98 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,683 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

65 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

97 

Okanogan 

Weather  Bureau 

2,670 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

2,400 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

7,219 

Whatcom 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

100 

Grant 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,277 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,300 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,750 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

9,470 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

14,150 

Pacific 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

624 

Walla  Walla.. . 

N.  P.  Ry 

660 

Skagit 

U.  S'.  C.  & G.  S 

1,060 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,840 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

363 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

677 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

998 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,770 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

1,967 

Pend  Oreille.... 

Weather  Bureau 

2,600 

Franklin 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

754 

Snohomish 

G.  N.  Ry 

107 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

107 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

385 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

735 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,297 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

48 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

565 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,520 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,636 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

72 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

221 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,465 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

747 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,127 

Grays  Harbor. 

N.  P.  Ry 

21 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

490 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

575 

Whitman 

N.  P.  Ry 

2,584 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,494 

Whitman 

0.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

2,425 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

101 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

478 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

870 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,730 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,600 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

625 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

6,243 

338  Bulletin  No.  17 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Table  Mountain  

Tacoma,  top  of  coping  of  cornerstone, 

City  Hall  Building 

do 

do 

Talkire  Lake,  level  of  water 

Tampico,  iron  post  100  feet  e.  of  old  store. 

Tanner  

Tanwax  Creek,  mouth 

Tanwax  Junction  

Tapps,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Tatoosh  Island  

Tatoosh  Island,  focal  plane  of  lighthouse. 

Taunton  

Taylor,  iron  post  50  feet  e.  of  station 

Taylor  Creek,  mouth 

Teanaway,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  station.. 

Teanaway  River,  mouth 

Tekoa,  tablet  on  building  at  corner  of 

Main  and  Fourth  streets 

Tekoa  Mountain  

Temple  Mountain  

Ten  as  Creek,  mouth 

Tenino,  iron  post  42  feet  in  front  of  station 

Tenino  Junction  

Terrell,  Lake,  level  of  water 

Thera  

Thiel  

Thomas  

Thompson  Lake  

Thornton,  iron  post  200  feet  s.  e.  of  station 

Thornwood,  iron  post  s.  of  station 

Thorp,  top  of  rail  in  front  of  N.  P.  Ry. 

station  

Thrall  

Three  Brothers  Mountain 

Three  Fingers  Mountain 

Thrift  

Thunder  Creek,  mouth 

Thunder  Creek,  mouth 

Tieton  Peak  

Tieton  River,  mouth 

do.  intake  of  Tieton  Canal 

Tiffany  Mountain  

Tiflis  

Tiger  

Timberwolf  Mountain  

Timmerman  Ferry,  iron  post  0.3  miles 

s.  e.  of 

Tipsoo  Lake  

Tiptop  Mountain  

Tirzah  Peak  

Tokaloo  Rock  

Tokio  

Tokul  Creek,  mouth 

Tolmie  Peak  

Tolt  (see  Carnation). 

Tomar  

Tomyhoi  Peak  

Touasket  

Tonga  

T'oppenish,  iron  post  near  n.  e.  corner  of 

station  

Toppenish  Ridge  

Torboy,  iron  post  at  w.  end  of  lane  to 

Dessertelle  ranch  

Toroda  


County 

Authority 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Clallam 

Weather  Bureau . . . 

Clallam 

Weather  Bureau... 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane- 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Thurston 

N.  P.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

O.-W.  R,  R.  & N.  Co 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

King 

N.  P.  Ry. . . 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Grant 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Pend  Oreille,... 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry.. 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Franklin 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Adams 

N.  P.  Ry 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Okanogan 

G.  N.  Ry 

King 

G.  N.  Ry 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Ferry 

G.  N.  Ry 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


3,420 

110 

80 

47 

3,015 

2,116 

520 

375 

720 

516 


162 

870 

1,159 

1,007 

1,836 

1,810 

2,537 

4,006 

3,570 

677 

280 

286 

208 

1,862 

841 

61 

3,620 

2,297 

362 


1,635 

1,445 

7,370 

6,854 

810 

320 

924 

7,775 

1,590 

2,303 

8,275 

1,135 

2,093 

6,435 

387 

5,314 

4,813 

5,212 

7,675 

1,955 


318 

7,389 

900 

1,384 


756 

2,093 


2,414 

1,845 


A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


339 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Toroda,  iron  post  500  feet  n.  of  postoffice.. 

Ferry 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,936 

4,621 

441 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Columbia 

Weather  Bureau... . 

2,500 

2,353 

516 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

51 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

420 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

720 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S' 

885 

Cowlitz 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,140 

3,204 

2,542 

193 

Skamania 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Skamania. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S'.  Ry 

Klickitat 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,405 

1,488 

4,300 

2,523 

2,351 

958 

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Whitman 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

Grant 

u.  S'.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,240 

795 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,890 

2,012 

725 

King 

Troy,  iron  post  1,000'  feet  s.  w.  of  postoffice 
Trude  

Douglas 

u.  S.  G.  S 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

630 

Tudor  

Spokane 

2,120 

20 

Tulips,  top  of  rail  at  crossing 

Grays  Harbor. 
Pierce 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Tnmtnm  Peak  

u.  S.  G.  S 

4,678 

6,065 

2,173 

2,277 

1,450 

2,808 

660 

Tnnk  Mountain  

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Turner  

Columbia 

Tweedie  

Pend  Oreille.  ... 

Twin  Creek,  mouth 

King 

Twin  Lakes,  level  of  water 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Twin  Lakes  

Snohomish 

U.  S'.  G.  S 

Twin  Peaks  

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

5,995 

1,619 

6,066 
1,500 
| 4,259 
| 4,285 
335 

Twisp,  iron  post  300  feet  s.  w.  of  postoffice. 
Twisp  Pass,  iron  post  10  feet  s.  of  trail — 

Twisp  River,  month 

Okanogan 

Chelan- 

Okanogan 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

0.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Two  Lakes,  level  of  water 

Yakima 

Two  Rivers  

Walla  Walla... 

Tye,  iron  post  near  station 

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

3,115 

1,045 

6,688 

Tye  River,  mouth 

King 

Tyee  Mountain  

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

u.  S'.  G.  S 

Tyee  Peak  

Pierce 

6,030 

2,291 

4,217 

1,349 

1,320 

101 

6,939 

Tyler,  N.  P.  Ry 

Spokane 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Umptanum  Ridge 

Yakima 

u.  S.  G.  S 

Umptanum  

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Umptanum  Creek,  mouth 

Kittitas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry.. 

Underwood  

Skamania 

Unicorn  Peak  

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Union  Gap  (Town,  formerly  Yakima)...... 

Yakima 

N.  P.  Ry 

988 

Union  Gap  

Yakima 

u.  S.  G.  S 

930 

176 

2,575 

2,056 

139 

684 

Union  Mill  

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

Uniontown,  tablet  at  s.  e.  cornor  of  Mont- 
gomery and  Spring  streets 

Whitman 

Usk  

Pend  Oreille.... 
Lewis 

Vader,  iron  post  s.  of  station 

Vale  

Franklin 

Valley,  iron  post,  near  mail  eateh 

Stevens 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO. 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

1,671 

884 

2,461 

15 

74 

186 

Valley  Grove  

Walla  Walla... 
Spokane 

Valley  ford  

Van  Asselt  

King 

Van  Buren  

Whatcom 

Van  Wyck,  iron  post  50  feet  n.  of  station. 

Whatcom 

340  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Vancouver,  tablet  at  main  entrance  to 

Clarke 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

75 

Clarke 

62 

Lewis 

U.  S.  G.  S 

4,935 

239 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau. . . . 

King 

220 

Adams 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 
U.  S.  G.  S 

1,510 

777 

Veazie,  iron  post  50  feet  e.  of  road  crossing 

King 

King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
G.  N.  Ry 

760 

2,128 

2,405 

435 

Stevens 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Benton 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
U.  S.  G.  S 

Snohomish 

6,190 

101 

Vila  

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Villard  

Walla  Walla... 

O.-W.  R.  R.&N.CO. 

335 

Pierce 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P.  Ry 

4,934 

576 

Benton 

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

1,059 

704 

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

Chel  an 

G.  N.  Ry 

679 

Klickitat 

S.  P.  & S'.  Ry 

500 

252 

412 

6,234 

1,272 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Wahluke,  iron  post  at  s.  e.  corner  Sec.  10, 
T.  14  N.  R 26  E 

Grant. . . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Wahpenayo  Peak  

Waitsburg  

Lewis 

Walla  Walla... 

Wakefield  

Okanogan 

G N.  Ry. 

810 

496 

975 

5,800 

Walker  

Franklin . . . 

N.  P.  Ry. 

Walla,  Walla 

Walla  Walla... 
Pierce 

N.  P.  Ry. 

Wallace  Peak  

U.  S.  G.  S 

Wallula,  iron  post  18  feet  n.  of  center  of 

station  

Walla  Walla... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

324 

Walsh,  iron  post  in  s.  e.  corner  of  school 
yard  

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

767 

733 

2,410 

2,537 

3,927 

579 

1,847 

Walsh  Lake  

King 

U.  S.  G.  S 

W.  W.  P.  Co 

Walters  

Spokane 

Walters  

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S.  . 

Wa.lnpt  Lake,  level  of  water 

Lewis 

Walville  

Lewis 

N.  P.  Ry. 

Wannacut  Lake,  level  of  water 

Okanogan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Wapato,  iron  post  180  feet  e.  of  e.  end  of 

station  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

855 

Waptus  Lake,  level  of  water 

Kittitas 

2,980 
1,275 
‘ 2,452 
751 

W arden  

Grant 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
W.  W.  P.  Co 

Warner 

Whitman 

Warnick  

Whatcom 

Washington  Park  

Spokane 

2,248 

48 

Washougal  

Clarke 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Washtucna  

Adams 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
S.  P.  & S Ry 

995 

rln.  

Adams. . . 

1,067 

Waterville,  tablet  in  e.  wall  of  brick  vault 

on  s.  side  of  Court  House 

Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

2,617 

4,170 

1,706 

2,428 

2,376 

658 

Wancnnda 

Okanogan  .... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Wa.nke.fl  

Adams 

Wa.nknn  

Lincoln 

G.  N.  Ry.. . 

Waverly  ' 

Spokane 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

Wawawai,  iron  post  0.2  mile  w.  of  post- 
office  

Whitman 

Wayside,  tablet  in  n.  w.  corner  of  Odd 

Fellows  Hall  

Spokane 

2,066 

1,724 

958 

do.  

Spokane 

Welland  

Walla  Walla... 

N.  P.  Ry. . . . 

Wells  

Douglas 

G.  N.  Ry 

776 

1,098 

1,125 

639 

Wen  as  (Selah),  red  cap  on  iron  pipe,  250 
feet  w.  of  station 

Yakima 

U S.  C.  & G.  S. 

Wenas  Creek,  mouth 

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Wenatchee,  iron  post  w.  of  station 

Chelan 

Wenatchee  Lake,  level  of  water 

Chelan 

1,870 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


341 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Chelan 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry. . . 
S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

N P Ry 

do.  mouth  of  Mission  Creek, 

do.  mouth  of  Peshastin 

Chelan 

Chelan 

do.  mouth  of  Icicle  Creek 

do.  mouth  of  Chiwaukum 

Creek  

Chelan 

Chelan.  . 

do.  mouth  of  Chiwawa  River 

do.  outlet  of  Wenatchee  Lake 

West  Adna  

Chelan 

Chelan 

Lewis . . . 

West  Fairfield  

Spokane 

West  Warden  

Grant...  . 

Westbranch,  bolt  in  boulder  200  feet  n.  of 
postoffice  

Spokane. . . 

TT.  S G S 

Whatcom,  Lake  

Whatcom 

TT.  S G S 

Whatcom  Pass  

Whatcom  . 

U.  S.  F.  S 

N P Ry 

Wheeler  

Grant. . . . 

Whelan,  iron  post  at  s.  e.  corner  of  plat- 
form   

Whitman . . . 

TT  S G S 

Whisky  Mountain  

Okanogan. . 

T7  S G S 

Whitcomb  

Benton 

S P & S Ry 

White  Bluffs  

Benton 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

s P Sr,  S R.v 

White  Horse  Mountain 

Snohomish 

White  River,  mouth  of  Twin  Creek 

King 

do.  mouth  of  West  Fork 

Pierce 

do.  at  “The  Dalles” 

Pierce 

do.  mouth  of  Silver  Creek 

Pierce 

White  Salmon  

Klickitat 

White  Salmon  River,  Husum  Bridge  

Klickitat 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

TT  S G S 

do.  mouth  of  Gilmer  Creek 

do.  foot  of  falls,  Sec.  25, 

T.  5 N.,  R.  10  E.... 
do.  mouth  of  Trout  Creek 

Whitechuck  Mountain  

Klickitat 

Klickitat 

Klickitat 

Snohomish 

Whitechuck  River,  mouth 

Snohomish 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.&  N.Co. 
O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 
TT.  S C S 

Whitestone  Mountain  

Okanruran 

Whitlow  

Whitman 

Whitman  

Walla  Walla... 
Pierce 

! Whitman  Crest  

Whitney,  iron  post  60  feet  w.  of  station... 
Whittier  

Skagit 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N.  P Ry 

Kittitas 

Wickersham,  iron  post  near  crossing 

Whatcom 

Wilbur,  iron  post  near  station 

Lincoln . 

Wilburton  (Factoria)  

King 

Wilcox,  iron  post  near  store 

Whitman 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

N P Ry 

Wilderness,  top  of  rail  at  crossing 

Grays  Harbor. 

King 

Wilderness,  iron  post  60  feet  e.  of  station 
platform  

iWilkeson  

Pierce 

Willada  

Whitman 

O.-W.  R.  R.&  N.Co. 

N P Ry 

Willapa  

Pacific 

[Willey  Lake 

W h atpnm 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O N Rv 

|W?lliams  

Stevens . . . 

[Williamson  

Pierce 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 

S.  & I.  E.  R.  R 

C 1ST  B y 

[Willow  Springs  

Spokane 

sWilson  Creek  

Grant 

Winchester,  tablet  on  boulder  s.  of  track 
opposite  section  house 

Grant- 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

W TT7  T>  Pa 

i|Wind  Mountain  

Skamania 

Windsor  

Spokane 

'Windust  

Franklin 

vv  • vv . Jr.  

N T>  T?tt 

llWindy  Pass,  tablet  on  boulder 

Okanogan- 

Whatcom 

Snohomish 

ii.  jt.  xvy 

U.  S.  G.  S 

TT.  S ft  S 

Windy  Pass  

Winesap  

Chel  an 

G.  N Ry 

Winlock,  iron  post  n.  of  station 

Lewis . 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

((Winona  

Whitm  a n 

Winthrop,  iron  post  100  feet  n.  of  hotel 

jWinthrop  Glacier  (lower  end) 

V V HI  C Lila  LI 

Okanogan 

Pierce 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 


593 

766 


967 

1,194 

1,664 

1,849 

1,870 

239 

2.510 
1,255 

1,907 

313 

5.282 

1.283 

2.511 
2,837 

259 

405 

6,820 

1,450 

1,840 

2,215 

2,575 

101 

360 

650 


1,070 

1,890 

6,935 

909 

2,867 

2,377 

592 

8,262 

3 

2,450 

313 

2,166 

137 

1,813 

39 


475 

851 

1,819 

42 

49 

1,354 

1,190 

2,544 

1,267 

1,277 

1,910 

2,295 

498 


6,262 

3,705 

699 


1,481 

1,765 

4,872 


3 42  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES — Concluded. 


LOCALITY 

County 

Authority 

Eleva- 
tion, 
in  feet 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry 

2,077 

26 

2,506 

2.067 
50 
53 

320 

35 

63 

1,847 

426 

1,304 

988 

1.067 

330 

930 

1,060 

1,125 

1,320 

1,490 

1,730 

1,810 

1,950 

2,160 

2,425 

375 

323 

350 

98 

656 

821 

1,458 

1,610 

Wishkah,  tablet  in  pier  of  bridge  over 

Grays  Harbor. 
Douglas 

U.  S.  G.  S 

G.  N.  Ry 

Wolf  red  

Pend  Oreille.... 
King 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
N.  P.  Ry 

Cowlitz 

G.  N.  Ry 

Woodlawn,  iron  post  250  feet  n.  of  sign- 

Whatcom 

U.  S.  G.  S 

C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
C.  M.  & St.  P.  Ry... 
G.  N.  Ry 

Snohomish 

Worthen  

Whatcom 

Wright , Fort  

Spokane 

Wrights  

Klickitat 

G.  N.  Ry 

Wymftr  

Kittitas 

N.  P.  Ry 

Yacolt  

Clarke 

N.  P.  Ry 

Yakima,  tablet  in  pilaster  at  entrance  to 
City  Hall  

Yakima 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

U.  S.  G.  S 

Weather  Bureau 

S.  P.  & S.  Ry 

Yakima  (see  Union  Gap). 

Yakima  River,  month  

Renton 

do.  at.  Union  Gap 

Yakima 

do.  mouth  of  Naches  River 

Yakima 

do.  mouth  of  Wenas  Creek 

Yakima 

do.  mouth  of  Umptanum  Creek, 

do.  lower  Ellensburg  bridge 

Kittitas 

Kittitas 

do.  mouth  of  Swauk  Creek 

Kittitas 

do.  mouth  of  Teanaway  River, 

do.  mouth  of  Cle  Elum  River.. 

do.  mouth  of  Kachess  River 

do.  outlet  gate  sill,  Keechelus 

reservoir  

Kittitas 

Kittitas 

Kittitas 

Kittitas 

Yale  

Cowlitz 

Yellepit  

Benton 

Yelm,  iron  post  276  feet  n.  of  station 

Thurston 

U.  S.  G.  S 

s.  P.  & S Ry 

Ynnman  

Skamania. 

Zen  a 

Chelan 

G.  N.  Ry.  . 

Zillah  

Yakima.  _ . . 

N.  P Ry 

Zion,  Mount  

Skamania, 

U.  S.  G.  S 

O.-W.  R.  R.  & N.  Co. 

Zumwalt  

Garfield 

CHAPTER  IV 


LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE  OF  VARIOUS  PLACES 


IN  WASHINGTON. 


LOCALITY 


Aberdeen  

Adams,  Mount  

Adrian  

Agate  

Aix,  Mount  

Alpha  

An  a cortes  

Arlington  

Ashford  

Asotin  

Auburn  

Beljica,  Mount  

Bellingham  

Beverly  

Bickletoa  

Big  Lake  

Blaine  

Bothell  

Brewster  

Bridgeport  

Brinnon  

Brookfield  

Buckley  

Bucoda  

Burlington  

Calispell  Peak  

Camas  

Camden  

Camano  

Cape  Disappointment  (Lighthouse) 

Carbonado  

Cashmere  

Castle  Rock  

Cathlamet  

Cedar  Falls  

Centralia  

Chapaka,  Mount  

Chehalis  

Chelan  

Chelan  Butte  

Cheney  

Chewelah  

Cinebar  

Clarkston  

Cle  Elum  

Clear  Lake  

Colfax  

Colville  

Concrete  

Conconully  

Connell  

Coulee  City  , 

Coupeville  

Curlew  

Davenport  

Dayton  

Deer  Park  

Dewatto  

Dungeness  

DuPont  


County 

Latitude 

Longitude 

Grays  Harbor 

46 

59 

129 

49 

Yakima 

46 

12 

121 

29 

Grant 

47 

24 

119 

22 

Lewis 

46 

38 

122 

48 

Yakima 

46 

48 

121 

15 

Lewis 

46 

39 

122 

41 

Skagit 

48 

31 

122 

37 

Snohomish 

48 

12 

122 

07 

Pierce 

46 

45 

122 

03 

Asotin 

46 

20 

117 

02 

King 

47 

18 

122 

14 

Pierce 

46 

47 

121 

56 

Whatcom 

48 

44 

122 

29 

Grant 

46 

50 

119 

56 

Klickitat 

45 

59 

120 

18 

Skagit 

48 

24 

122 

14 

Whatcom 

49 

GO 

122 

44 

King 

47 

46 

122 

12 

Okanogan 

48 

06 

119 

47 

Douglas 

48 

01 

119 

40 

Jefferson 

47 

41 

122 

54 

Wahkiakum 

46 

16 

123 

33 

Pierce 

47 

10 

122 

02 

Thurston 

46 

48 

122 

52 

Skagit 

48 

29 

122 

19 

Pend  Oreille 

48 

26 

117 

30 

Clarke 

45 

35 

122 

25 

Pend  Oreille 

48 

03 

117 

14 

Island 

48 

10 

122 

31 

Pacific 

46 

17 

124 

03 

Pierce 

47 

05 

122 

03 

Chelan 

47 

31 

120 

28 

Cowlitz 

46 

17 

122 

54 

Wahkiakum 

46 

12 

123 

23 

King 

47 

26 

121 

47 

Lewis 

46 

43 

122 

57 

Okanogan 

48 

56 

119 

45 

Lewis 

46 

40 

122 

58 

Chelan 

47 

50 

120 

01 

Chelan 

47 

48 

120 

02 

Spokane 

47 

30 

117 

34 

Stevens 

48 

17 

117 

43 

Lewis 

46 

36 

122 

32 

Asotin 

46 

25 

117 

02 

Kittitas 

47 

12 

120 

56 

Skagit 

48 

28 

122 

14 

Whitman 

46 

52 

117 

22 

Stevens 

48 

33 

117 

56 

Skagit 

48 

32 

121 

44 

Okanogan 

48 

34 

119 

45 

Franklin 

46 

40 

118 

52 

Grant 

47 

27 

119 

18 

Island 

48 

12 

122 

40 

Ferry 

48 

53 

118 

36 

Lincoln 

47 

39 

118 

09 

Columbia 

46 

19 

117 

59 

Spokane 

47 

57 

117 

29 

Mason 

47 

28 

123 

04 

Clallam 

48 

09 

123 

07 

Pierce 

47 

06 

122 

37 

Bulletin  No.  17,  W ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


344 


LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE  OF  VARIOUS  PLACES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Eagle  Gorge  

Eagle  Peak  

Easton  

East  Sound  

Eatonville  

Ellensburg  

Enumclaw  

Ephrata  

Eureka  

Everett  

Eir  

Franklin  

Friday  Harbor  

Garfield  

Gate  

Goldendale  

Granite  Falls  

Hamilton  

Hartford  

Harrington  

Hoh  

Hoquiam  

Huntsville  

Index  

Ilwaco  

Issaquah  

Kahlotus  

Kalama  

Kamiak  Butte  

Keller  

Kelso  

Kennewick  

Kingston  

Kiona  

Lacey  

Lacrosse  

La  Conner  

Lake  Cushman  

Langley  

Leavenworth  

Lebam  

Lester  

Lind  

Little  Rock  

Lone  Tree  

Loomis  

Lynden  

McIntosh  

Malaga  

Mansfield  

Maple  Falls  

Marcus  

Maryhill  

Marysville  

Mendota  

Metaline  Falls  

Methow  

Milltown  

Moclips  

Montesano  

Morton  

Mount  Vernon  

Moxee  

Naches  

Nahcotta  

Napavine  

Neah  Bay  

Newport,  one  mile  southeast, 

No  Point,  Point 

Northport  


County 

Latitude 

Longitude 

King 

47 

16 

121 

46 

Pierce 

46 

45 

121 

47 

Kittitas 

47 

14 

121 

10 

San  Juan 

48 

42 

122 

05 

Pierce 

46 

52 

122 

16 

Kittitas 

46 

60 

120 

32 

King 

47 

12 

121 

59 

Grant 

47 

10 

119 

33 

Walla  Walla 

46 

18 

118 

38 

Snohomish 

47 

58 

122 

13 

Skagit 

48 

20 

122 

21 

King 

47 

18 

121 

57 

San  Juan 

48 

32 

123 

01 

Whitman 

47 

00 

117 

09 

Thurston 

46 

51 

123 

08 

Klickitat 

45 

50 

120 

49 

Snohomish 

48 

05 

121 

59 

Skagit 

48 

32 

121 

59 

Snohomish 

48 

01 

122 

03 

Lincoln 

47 

29 

118 

15 

Jefferson 

47 

45 

124 

23 

Grays  Harbor 

46 

59 

123 

53 

Columbia 

46 

17 

118 

06 

Snohomish 

47 

49 

121 

33 

Pacific 

46 

18 

124 

02 

King 

47 

32 

122 

02 

Franklin 

46 

38 

118 

33 

Cowlitz 

46 

01 

122 

52 

Whitman 

46 

52 

117 

10 

Ferry 

48 

02 

118 

39 

Cowlitz 

46 

09 

122 

55 

Benton 

46 

12 

119 

07 

Kitsap 

47 

48 

122 

30 

Benton 

46 

15 

119 

29 

Thurston 

47 

02 

122 

48 

Whitman 

46 

49 

117 

55 

Skagit 

48 

23 

122 

30 

Mason 

47 

28 

123 

15 

Island 

48 

03 

122 

24 

Chelan 

47 

36 

120 

40 

Pacific 

46 

33 

123 

33' 

King 

47 

13 

121 

30 

Adams 

46 

58 

118 

37 

Thurston 

46 

54 

123 

01 

Grays  Harbor 

46 

58 

124 

08 

Okanogan 

48 

49 

119 

38 

Whatcom 

48 

57 

122 

27 

Thurston 

46 

52 

122 

46 

Chelan 

47 

22 

120 

12 

Douglas 

47 

48 

119 

38 

Whatcom 

48 

55 

122 

04 

Stevens 

48 

39 

118 

05 

Klickitat 

45 

43 

120 

48 

Snohomish 

48 

03 

122 

11 

Lewis 

46 

43 

122 

47 

Pend  Oreille 

48 

52 

117 

22 

Okanogan 

48 

08 

120 

00 

Skagit 

48 

19 

122 

21 

Grays  Harbor 

47 

15 

124 

13 

Grays  Harbor — 

46 

59 

123 

36 

Lewis 

46 

34 

122 

15 

Skagit 

48 

25 

122 

21 

Yakima 

46 

33 

120 

22 

Yakima 

46 

44 

120 

42 

Pacific 

46 

30 

124 

02 

Lewis 

46 

35 

122 

55 

Clallam 

48 

22 

124 

38 

Pend  OTeille 

48 

11 

117 

03 

Kitsap 

47 

55 

122 

32 

Stevens 

48 

55 

117 

46 

A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington 


345 


LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE  OF  VARIOUS  PLACES— Continued. 


LOCALITY 


Oakville  

Ocosta  

Odessa  

Okanogan  

Old  Dominion  Mountain 

Olga  

Olympia  

Oroville  

Orting  

Othello  

Palmer  Junction  

Pasco  

Paterson  

Pe  Ell  

Pinnacle  Peak  

Pomeroy  

Port  Angeles  

Port  Orchard  

Port  Townsend  

Prescott  

Prosser  

Pullman  

Puyallup  

Quilcene  

Quincy  

Rainier  

Rainier,  Mount  

Randle  

Ravensdale  

Renton  

Republic  

Riparia  

Ritzville  

Roche  Harbor  

Rochester  

Rockdale  

Rockport  

Roosevelt  

Rosalia  

Roslyn  

Roy  

Seabeck  

Seattle,  Seward  Park  

do.  State  University  grounds 

Sedro  Woolley  

Shelton  

Snohomish  

Skykomish  

South  Bend  

South  Prairie  

Spokane,  Fairmount  Cemetery  

do.  Court  House  

Sprague  

Springdale  

Spring  Valley  

Stanwood  

Starbuek  

Stehekin  

Steptoe  Butte  

Stevenson  

Stuart,  Mount  

Sumas  

Sumner  

Sunnyside  

Tacoma,  Wright  Park  

do.  City  Hall  

Tatoosh  Island  

Tekoa  

Tenino  

Toppenish  


County 

Latitude 

Longitude 

Grays  Harbor 

46 

51 

123 

14 

Grays  Harbor — 

46 

54 

124 

04 

Lincoln 

47 

20 

118 

42 

Okanogan 

48 

22 

119 

35 

Stevens 

48 

35 

117 

45 

San  Juan 

48 

37 

122 

50 

Thurston 

47 

03 

122 

54 

Okanogan 

48 

56 

119 

26 

Pierce 

47 

06 

122 

12 

Adams 

46 

50 

119 

10 

King 

47 

19 

121 

53 

Franklin 

46 

14 

119 

05 

Benton 

45 

56 

119 

36 

Lewis 

46 

34 

123 

18 

Pierce 

46 

45 

121 

44 

Garfield 

46 

31 

117 

40 

Clallam 

48 

07 

123 

26 

Kitsap 

47 

32 

122 

38 

Jefferson 

48 

07 

122 

45 

Walla  Walla 

46 

18 

118 

18 

Benton 

46 

13 

119 

46 

Whitman 

46 

44 

117 

10 

Pierce 

47 

12 

122 

18 

Jefferson 

47 

49 

122 

52 

Grant 

47 

14 

119 

51 

Thurston 

46 

53 

122 

41 

Pierce 

46 

51 

121 

45 

Lewis 

46 

32 

121 

57 

King 

47 

21 

121 

59 

King 

47 

29 

122 

12 

Ferry 

48 

38 

118 

44 

Whitman 

46 

35 

118 

06 

Adams 

47 

08 

118 

22 

San  Juan 

48 

37 

123 

00 

Thurston 

46 

49 

123 

05 

King 

47 

24 

121 

27 

Skagit 

48 

29 

121 

36 

Klickitat 

45 

44 

120 

12 

Whitman 

47 

14 

117 

22 

Kittitas 

47 

13 

120 

59 

Pierce 

47 

00 

123 

33 

Kitsap 

47 

38 

122 

49 

King 

47 

33 

122 

15 

King 

47 

40 

122 

18 

Skagit 

48 

30 

122 

14 

Mason 

47 

14 

123 

07 

Snohomish 

47 

55 

122 

06 

King 

47 

42 

121 

22 

Pacific 

46 

40 

123 

48 

Pierce 

47 

08 

122 

06 

Spokane 

47 

43 

117 

31 

Spokane 

47 

40 

117 

26 

Lincoln 

47 

19 

118 

00 

Stevens 

48 

04 

117 

45 

Spokane 

47 

16 

117 

18 

Skagit 

48 

15 

122 

22 

Columbia 

46 

32 

118 

08 

Chelan 

48 

19 

120 

40 

Whitman 

47 

02 

117 

18 

Skamania 

45 

41 

121 

52 

Chelan 

47 

28 

120 

54 

Whatcom 

49 

00 

122 

16 

Pierce 

47 

12 

122 

14 

Yakima 

46 

20 

120 

00 

Pierce 

47 

16 

122 

27 

Pierce 

47 

15 

122 

26 

Clallam 

48 

24 

124 

44 

Whitman 

47 

14 

117 

04 

Thurston 

46' 

51 

122 

52 

Yakima 

46 

23 

120 

18 

346  Bulletin  No.  17,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE  OF  VARIOUS  PLACES — Concluded. 


LOCALITY 


Underwood  

Union  

Vancouver  

Waitsburg  

Walla  Walla  

Wallula  

Waterville  

Wenatchee  

White  Salmon  

Whitestone  Mountain  

Wilbur  

Wilson  Cteek  

Winlock  

Winslow  

Yacolt  

Yakima  (Formerly  North  Yakima) 

Yale  

Yelm  


County 

Latitude 

Longitude 

Skamania 

45 

44 

121 

31 

Mason 

47 

21 

123 

06 

Clarke 

45 

38 

122 

40 

Walla  Walla 

46 

16 

118 

09 

Walla  Walla 

46 

04 

118 

20 

Walla  Walla 

46 

05 

118 

55 

Douglas 

47 

39 

120 

04 

Chelan 

47 

25 

120 

19 

Klickitat 

45 

43 

121 

30 

Ferry 

48 

01 

118 

31 

Lincoln 

47 

45 

118 

42 

Grant.. 

47 

26 

119 

00 

Lewis 

46 

30 

112 

56 

Kitsap 

47 

37 

122 

31 

Clarke 

45 

52 

122 

25 

Yakima 

46 

36 

120 

31 

Cowlitz 

45 

58 

122 

20 

Lewis 

46 

57 

122 

36 

PUBLICATIONS 


OF  THE 

WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


ADDRESS 

STATE  LIBRARIAN 
OLYMPIA,  WASHINGTON 


Volume  1. — Annual  Report  for  1901.  Part  1,  Creation  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey,  and  An  Outline  of  the  Geology  of  Washing- 
ton, by  Henry  Landes;  part  2,  The  Metalliferous  Resources  of  Wash- 
ington, Except  Iron,  by  Henry  Landes,  William  S.  Thyng,  D.  A.  Lyon 
and  Milnor  Roberts;  part  3,  The  Non-Metalliferous  Resources  of 
Washington,  Except  Coal,  by  Henry  Landes;  part  4,  The  Iron  Ores  of 
Washington,  by  S.  Shedd,  and  the  Coal  Deposits  of  Washington,  by 
Henry  Landes;  part  5,  The  Water  Resources  of  Washington,  by  H.  G. 
Byers,  C.  A.  Ruddy  and  R.  E.  Heine;  part  6,  Bibliography  of  the  Lit- 
erature Referring  to  the  Geology  of  Washington,  by  Ralph  Arnold. 
Out  of  print. 

Volume  2. — Annual  Report  for  1902.  Part  1,  The  Building  and 
Ornamental  Stones  of  Washington,  by  S.  Shedd;  part  2,  The  Coal  De- 
posits of  Washington,  by  Henry  Landes  and  C.  A.  Ruddy.  Out  of 
print. 

Bulletin  1. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  Republic  Mining  Dis- 
trict, by  Joseph  B.  Umpleby.  Bound  in  cloth;  price  35  cents. 

Bulletin  2. — The  Road  Materials  of  Washington,  by  Henry 
Landes.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  60  cents. 

Bulletin  3. — The  Coal  Fields  of  King  County,  by  Geo.  W. 
Evans.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  75  cents. 

Bulletin  4. — The  Cement  Materials  of  Washington,  by  S.  Shedd. 
Bound  in  cloth;  price,  75  cents.  Paper  cover;  price,  40  cents. 

Bulletin  5. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Myers  Creek  and 
Oroville-Nighthawk  Districts,  by  Joseph  B.  Umpleby.  Bound  in 
cloth;  price,  50  cents. 

Bulletin  6. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Blewett  Mining 

[District,  by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Bound  in  cloth;  price  50  cents. 

Bulletin  7. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Index  Mining  Dis- 
trict, by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  50  cents. 

Bulletin  8. — Glaciation  of  the  Puget  Sound  Region,  by  J.  Harlen 
Bretz.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  60  cents.  Paper  cover;  price,  35  cents. 

Bulletin  9. — The  Coal  Fields  of  Kittitas  County,  by  E.  J. 
Saunders.  Paper  cover;  price,  40  cents. 

Bulletin  10. — The  Coal  Fields  of  Pierce  County,  by  Joseph 
Daniels.  Bound  in  cloth;  price,  60  cents.  Paper  cover,  price,  40 
cents. 

Bulletin  11. — The  Mineral  Resources  of  Washington,  with  Sta- 
tistics for  1912,  by  Henry  Landes.  Paper  cover;  price,  25  cents. 


Bulletin  12. — Bibliography  of  Washington  Geology  and  Geo- 
graphy, by  Gretchen  O’Donnell.  Paper  cover;  price,  25  cents. 

Bulletin  13. — The  Tertiary  Formations  of  Western  Washing- 
ton, by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Paper  cover;  price,  40  cents. 

Bulletin  14. — The  Quincy  Valley  Irrigation  Project,  by  Henry 
Landes,  A.  W.  Mangum,  H.  K.  Benson,  E.  J.  Saunders,  and  Joseph 
Jacobs.  Paper  cover;  price,  20  cents.  Out  of  print. 

Bulletin  15. — A Preliminary  Report  on  the  Tertiary  Paleontol- 
ogy of  Western  Washington,  by  Chas.  E.  Weaver.  Paper  cover; 
price,  20  cents. 

Bulletin  16. — Geology  and  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Covada  Mining 
District,  by  Charles  E.  Weaver.  Paper  cover;  price,  25  cents. 

Bulletin  17. — A Geographic  Dictionary  of  Washington,  by 
Henry  Landes.  Paper  cover;  price,  75  cents. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  IN  CO- 
OPERATION WITH  THE  WASHINGTON 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


(For  copies  of  these  publications  address  the  Director,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  Water-Supply  papers  may  al- 
so be  obtained,  upon  request,  from  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  dis- 
trict office,  406  Federal  Building,  Tacoma,  Washington.) 

Topographic  Maps  of  the  Following  Quadrangles. 

Arlington,  Beverly,  Cedar  Lake,  Chehalis,  Connell,  Coyote 
Rapids,  Hoquiam,  Malaga,  Moses  Lake,  Mount  Vernon,  Ocosta, 
Pasco,  Priest  Rapids,  Prosser,  Quincy,  Red  Rock,  Walla  Walla, 
Wallula,  Wenatchee,  Winchester.  (Samish  Lake,  Vanzandt  and 
Wickersham,  in  preparation.) 

Power  Reports. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  253:  Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade 

Range,  Part  I,  Southern  Washington. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  313:  Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade 

Range,  Part  II,  Southeastern  Washington,  Puget  Sound  Region. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  369:  Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade 

Range,  Part  III,  Yakima  Basin. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No. : Water  Powers  of  the  Cascade 

Range,  Part  IV,  Wenatchee  and  Entiat  basins.  In  preparation. 

River  Profiles. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  346:  Profile  Surveys  of  Clark  Fork  of 

Columbia  River. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  366:  Profile  Surveys  of  Snoqualmie, 

Sultan,  and  Skykomish  rivers. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  368:  Profile  Surveys  of  Wenatchee 

River  and  tributaries. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  376:  Profile  Surveys,  Chelan  and 

Methow  basins. 


Water-Supply  Paper  No.  377:  Profile  Surveys,  Spokane  and 

John  Day  basins. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  419:  Profile  Surveys  in  Skagit  River 

Basin.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Annual  Stream-Flow  Reports. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  272:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the 

United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1909. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  292:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the 

United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1910. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  312:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the 

United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1911. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  332:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the 

United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1912. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  340:  Gaging  stations  and  publica- 

tions on  water  resources  1885-1913. 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  362:  Surface  Water  Supply  of  the 

United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1913. 

Water-Supply  Papers  Nos.  392,  393  and  394:  Surface  Water 

Supply  of  the  United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1914. 

Water-Supply  Papers  Nos.  412,  413  and  414:  Surface  Water 

Supply  of  the  United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1915. 

Water-Supply  Papers  Nos.  442,  443  and  444:  Surface  Water 

Supply  of  the  United  States,  North  Pacific  Coast,  1916.  In  prepara- 
tion. 

Qualitative  Report. 

(Principally  in  cooperation  with  State  Board  of  Health.) 

Water-Supply  Paper  No.  33  9:  Quality  of  Surface  Waters  of 

Washington. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  SOILS,  IN  CO-OPERATION  WITH  THE 
WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


(For  copies  of  these  publications  address  one  of  the  members 
of  congress  from  Washington.) 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Eastern  Part  of  Puget  Sound 
Basin. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Western  and  Southern  Parts 
of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  Southwestern  Washington. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  the  Quincy  Area. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  Stevens  County. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  Franklin  County. 

Reconnoissance  Soil  Survey  of  Spokane  County.  In  prepara- 
tion. 


WASHINGTON  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


HENRY  LANDES,  State  Geologist 


WffiVEflSITY  GF  HUHS;s  LIBS : «» 
BULLETIN  No.  18 

APR  4 1919 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


By  MORRIS  M.  LEIGHTON 


OLYMPIA 

PRANK  M.  LAMBORN  PUBLIC  PRINTER. 

1918 


557 

W 

v.  rt 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Governor  Ernest  Lister,  Chairman. 
Lieutenant  Governor  Louis  F.  Hart. 

State  Treasurer  W.  W.  Sherman,  Seer  eta) 
President  Henry  Suzzallo. 

President  Ernest  0.  Holland. 


Henry  Landes,  State  Geologist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


Governor  Ernest  Lister,  Chairman,  and  Members  of  the 
Board  of  Geological  Survey: 

Gentlemen  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a 

report  entitled  ‘ ‘ The  Country  About  Camp  Lewis,  ’ ’ with 
the  recommendation  that  it  be  printed  as  Bulletin  No.  18 
of  the  Survey  reports. 

Very  respectfully, 

Henry  Landes, 

State  Geologist. 

University  Station,  Seattle,  July  1,  1918. 


Bulletin  No.  18. 


Picture-map  of  Camp  Lewis. 


-By  courtesy  of  Seattle  Engraving  Co. 


■ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page 

PREFACE  8 

CHAPTER  I.  Camp  Lewis  and  Vicinity 9 

The  Cantonment  9 

The  Camp  10 

Transportation  Facilities  11 

Cities  near  the  Cantonment 11 

Tacoma  11 

Seattle  11 

Olympia  12 

CHAPTER  II.  The  Surface  Features  of  Western  Washington 

AND  OF  THE  CAMP  LEWIS  CANTONMENT 14 

The  Olympic  Mountains 14 

The  Willapa  Hills  15 

The  Cascade  Mountain  Range 15 

Mt.  Rainier  16 

The  Resources  of  the  Cascades 17 

The  Puget  Sound  Basin 18 

General  Character  18 

An  Old  Drainage  System 20 

Topography  of  the  Camp  Lewis  Cantonment 20 

Drainage  21 

Water-Supplies  23 

Sanitation  24 

Road  Conditions  24 

Military  Uses  25 

CHAPTER  III.  The  Origin  of  the  Mountain  Ranges  and  of  the 

Puget  Sound  Basin  26 

The  Cascade  Range 26 

Mount  Rainier  and  other  Similar  Peaks 29 

The  Olympic  Mountains  30 

The  Puget  Sound  Basin 30 

CHAPTER  IV.  The  Climate  of  Camp  Lewis 33 

Temperature  33 

Temperature  Records  at  Tacoma 34 

Comparison  of  Temperature  Conditions  at  the  Different  Can- 
tonments   34 

Effects  of  Uniformity  of  Winter  Temperature  on  the  Health 

of  the  Camp  38 

Eastward  Limitations  of  Western  Washington’s  Climate 39 

The  Rainfall  of  Western  Washington 39 

Source  of  the  Rains 39 

Rainfall  Map  40 

Seasonal  Differences  40 

Local  Differences  42 

Rainfall  at  other  Cantonments  43 

Snowfall  44 

Sultry  Weather  44 

Wind  Velocity  46 

Sunshine  46 

Comparison  of  the  Climate  of  Camp  Lewis  with  that  of 

France  and  Belgium 47 


6 


Table  of  Contents 


Page 


CHAPTER  V.  Ancient  Climatic  Changes 51 

Former  Period  of  Tropical  Climate 51 

Glacial  Climate  52 

Source  of  the  Puget  Sound  Glacier 52 

Southern  Limits  of  Glaciation 54 

Thickness  of  the  Ice 54 

The  Retreat  of  the  Glacier 54 

Construction  of  the  Gravel  Plain  and  Hills  of  the  Cantonment. . 56 

Origin  of  the  Lakes 60 

Other  Glacial  Epochs 61 

Length  of  Time  Since  the  last  Glaciation 61 

CHAPTER  VI.  Human  History  of  the  Camp  Lewis  Region 63 

By  Edmond  S.  Meany. 

CHAPTER  VII.  Notes  on  Plants  Found  in  the  Vicinity  of 

Camp  Lewis.  By  George  B.  Rigg 74 

The  Trees  of  the  Hills 74 

The  Forest  Undergrowth 75 

Taller  Shrubs  76 

Smaller  Shrubs  77 

Woody  Vines  79 

Herbaceous  Plants  80 

The  Prairies  83 

Camp  Lewis  Plants  85 

Forests  85 

Prairies  87 


CHAPTER  VIII.  The  Relation  of  the  Geology  of  Western  Wash- 
ington to  Measures  of  Military  Defense 

Western  Washington  as  a Prize  of  Conquest 

Probability  of  Attack  on  Puget  Sound 

Natural  Defenses  of  Washington ' 

Strategic  Routes  of  Attack 

The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  Admiralty  Inlet 

Climatic  Factors  

The  Grays  Harbor  and  Chehalis  Valley  Gateway 

The  Columbia  River-Cowlitz  Valley  Route 

Columbia  River,  through  the  Cascade  Gorge,  to  the  Columbia 

Plateau  

Summary  and  General  Conclusion  


92 

92 

93 

94 
97 
97 

101 

102 


104 


104 

105 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing 

Plates  Page 

I.  Picture-map  of  Camp  Lewis 1 

II.  A relief  map  of  Washington  showing  the  major  topographical 

features  8 

III.  The  Olympic  Mountains  as  seen  from  Puget  Sound 18 

IV.  Scene  in  the  Cascade  Mountain  Range 26 

V.  Mount  Rainier  from  Paradise  Park . ...  36 

VI.  Sunset  View  across  Puget  Sound 44 

VII.  View  of  the  Pacific  Highway  and  the  level  topography  north- 
east of  Camp  Lewis 54 

VIII.  American  Lake  64 

IX.  View  of  the  edge  of  the  Fir  Forest  of  the  Gravel  Plain  near 

Camp  Lewis  . 72 

X.  A virgin  forest  in  Western  Washington 80 

XI.  Ship  construction  in  one  of  the  Puget  Sound  Shipyards.  ...  90 

XII.  View  of  the  Columbia  River  Gorge,  from  Mitchell  Point.  ...  98 

Figures 

Page 

1.  Map  showing  the  geographical  position  of  Camp  Lewis 10 

2.  Vicinity  map  showing  the  relation  of  Camp  Lewis  to  the  near- 

by cities  13 

3.  Rainfall  map,  showing  the  monthly  precipitation,  in  inches,  in 

different  parts  of  the  state 41 

4.  Comparative  map  of  the  northwestern  states  and  of  France  and 

Belgium,  showing  their  positions  by  latitude 48 

5.  Sketch  map  showing  the  extent  of  the  glaciation  of  the  Puget 

Sound  Region  53 

6.  Diagram  showing  the  positions  of  the  ice  front  when  the  gravel- 

plain  of  the  Camp  Lewis  Cantonment  was  made 57 


PREFACE 


The  situation  of  the  Camp  Lewis  Cantonment  is 
scenic,  strategic,  and  historical.  It  possesses  an  environ- 
ment of  mountain,  plain,  and  water;  a position  with  all 
the  necessary  qualities  for  a land  base ; and  a location ' 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  first  American  settlement  in  the 
Northwest.  Consistent  with  the  national  ideals  of  educa- 
tion, the  Board  of  Geological  Survey  of  Washington  has 
authorized  the  publication  of  this  bulletin  dealing  with 
these  things. 

The  aim  has  been  to  include  the  topics  of  chief  inter- 
est, without  attempting  to  give  a complete  history,  and 
to  make  the  account  void  of  technical  discussions. 

The  writer  has  drawn  very  largely  on  the  work  of 
Director  George  Otis  Smith,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  Professor  Bailey  Willis,  of  Leland  Stanford,  Jr., 
University,  and  Dr.  Chas.  E.  Weaver,  of  the  University 
of  Washington,  for  the  broad  outlines  in  the  geological 
history  of  the  region ; on  the  work  of  Dr.  J.  Harlan  Bretz, 
of  the  University  of  Chicago,  for  the  glacial  history;  on 
the  reports  by  Professor  E.  J.  Saunders,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Washington,  for  the  climate ; and  on  various  bul- 
letins of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau  for  weather  records. 
Acknowledgment  is  hereby  given  to  all  scientific  workers 
concerned. 

Many  courtesies  were  shown  by  Brigadier-General 
Foltz;  Major  F.  W.  Manley,  Division  Adjutant;  Lieu-  ; 
tenant-Colonel  Elirnbeck  of  the  316th  Engineers ; Cap- 
tain Wm.  R.  White  of  the  Quartermaster  Department; 
Major  John  G.  Strolnn  of  the  Medical  Corps;  Professor 
N.  F.  Coleman,  Educational  Secretary  of  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A. ; and  Mr.  L.  C.  Fisher  of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  j 
To  these  the  writer  expresses  his  appreciation  and  l 
thanks. 

Especially  grateful  is  the  writer  to  Professor  Edmond  • 
S.  Meany,  Mr.  Victor  J.  Farrar,  and  Dr.  George  B.  Rigg, 
all  of  the  University  of  Washington.  Professor  Meany 
and  Mr.  Farrar  prepared  the  excellent  chapter  on  human 
history,  and  Professor  Rigg  the  authoritative  chapter  on 
the  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis. 

Morris  M.  Leightox. 


>*v  -4-  / 


Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate  II 


CARFI  RV* 


A relief  map  of  Washington  showing  the  major  topographic  features. 


Scale,  about  44  miles  to  the  inch. 


CHAPTER  I 

CAMP  LEWIS  AND  VICINITY 


Camp  Lewis  is  the  great  National  Army  Camp  of  the 
northwest,  named  in  honor  of  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis, 
who  with  Captain  William  Clark,  made  an  exploration 
of  this  territory  during*  the  early  years  of  1804  to  1806. 
This  seems  wholly  appropriate,  for  it  may  be  said  that 
at  that  time  these  men  set  the  standard  for  daring,  hardi- 
hood, and  iron-will-to-do. 

This  name  is  now  familiar  to  all  of  the  homes  of  the 
northwest  and  many  of  the  eastern  states,  for  here  is  as- 
sembled the  Division  of  the  National  Army  which  Wyom- 
ing, Montana,  Idaho,  Utah,  Nevada,  California,  Oregon, 
Washington,  and  other  states  contribute.  (Fig.  1 shows 
the  Camp’s  geographical  position.)  Situated  in  the 
Puget  Sound  country  of  western  Washington,  its  environ- 
ment is  one  of  mild  climate,  of  gently  broken  and  partly 
forested  topography,  of  mountain  ranges  within  view, 
and  conveniently  near  vigorous  cities  of  thrift.  It  is 
about  17  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Seattle,  17  miles  northeast  of  Olympia,  and  about  120 
miles  north  of  Portland.  (A  vicinity  map  is  given  in 
Fig.  2.) 

THE  CANTONMENT 

The  Cantonment,  the  Campus  of  the  Military  School, 
is  roughly  rectangular  in  form  and  includes  70,000  acres, 
or  adjacent  parts  of  several  townships.  It  is  the  largest 
of  all  the  cantonments  in  the  United  States.  It  is  located 
on  a plateau-like  divide  of  gravel,  dotted  with  forested 
hills,  ending  northwestward  in  a sea-cliff  overlooking 
one  of  the  southernmost  reaches  of  Puget  Sound  from 
a height  of  about  160  feet.  Although  70  miles  by  air-line 
from  the  Pacific  Coast,  it  is  bordered  in  part  by 
marine  waters  which  have  found  their  way  from  the 


10  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


great  ocean  around  the  Olympics  through  the  straits  and 
passages  of  the  Pnget  Sound. 

THE  CAMP 

The  little  city  of  barracks  is  located  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Cantonment.  They  are  arranged  in  orderly 
fashion  in  two  great  curving  arcs  which  face  each  other 
convexly.  Avenues,  named  after  the  states,  run  longi- 


Fig.  1.  Map  showing  the  geographical  position  of  Camp  Lewis. 

tudinally  through  the  two  long  curves  of  barracks,  while 
intersecting  streets  divide  the  sections  into  blocks.  Two 
main  drives  lead  into  Camp,  converging  from  two  en- 
trances, the  Lewis  Drive  and  the  Clark  Eoad.  (The 
general  plan  is  shown  in  Plate  I. ) The  wide  vista  between 
the  two  curving  arcs  of  barracks  open  southeastward 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


11 


toward  Mt.  Rainier.  Here  in  view  of  this  great  sentinel 
the  activities  of  the  Camp  take  place. 

TRANSPORTATION  FACILITIES 

Railroad  transportation  is  afforded  by  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railway  and  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & St.  Paul 
Railway,  which  make  direct  connections  with  their  own 
and  other  transcontinental  lines.  The  paved  Pacific 
Highway  passes  by  the  Camp  and  serves  as  an  excellent 
automobile  thoroughfare  to  Tacoma  and  Seattle  on  the 
north,  Olympia  and  Grays  Harbor  points  on  the  west, 
and  Portland  on  the  south.  Licensed  auto  stages  and 
the  street  car  to  Murray,  supplemented  by  jitneys  the 
remainder  of  the  distance,  afford  convenient  facilities  for 
getting  back  and  forth  between  Tacoma  and  Camp.  Fre- 
quent train  service  on  various  lines,  electric  interurbans, 
and  several  steamships  offer  a choice  of  travel  for  week- 
end trips  to  Seattle. 

CITIES  NEAR  THE  CANTONMENT 

TACOMA 

Tacoma,  the  nearest  city  to  Camp  Lewis,  is  the  county 
seat  of  Pierce  County,  and  is  located  on  a peninsula  be- 
tween Commencement  Bay  and  the  Narrows  of  Puget 
Sound.  It  has  an  area  of  about  40  square  miles.  The 
city  has  beautiful  residential  districts  and  parks,  pro- 
gressive churches  and  schools,  and  extensive  interests  in 
lumbering,  ship -building,  flour-milling,  and  meat-packing. 
The  present  harbor  has  14  miles  of  water  front.  In  1910 
Tacoma  had  a population  of  83,743,  which  increased  to 
108,094  in  1915,  and  112,770  in  1916. 

SEATTLE 

Seattle  is  the  largest  city  of  the  Northwest,  lying  on 
a harbor  probably  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  world.  It 
is  situated  on  a group  of  hills  which  rise  from  sea-level 
to  500  feet  in  altitude  and  cover  58]/2  square  miles.  Here 


12  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


several  trunk  railroads  meet  the  deep  sea  navigation  of 
various  steamship  lines  that  ply  between  Seattle  and 
China,  Japan,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  the  Philippines,  Australia, 
and  other  foreign  countries.  Seattle  possesses  several 
large  sliip-building  plants  and  nearly  all  phases  of  manu- 
facturing, mining,  fishing,  and  agriculture  occupy  the 
tributary  region.  The  high  hills  are  fine  residential  sites. 
The  State  University  is  located  in  the  northern  section 
of  the  city  overlooking  Lake  Washington  and  Lake 
Union.  Since  1880,  Seattle  has  grown  from  a village  of 

3.000  to  a city  of  348,639  in  1916. 

OLYMPIA 

Olympia  is  the  State  Capital  and  a city  of  about 

7.000  inhabitants.  It  is  located  at  the  southernmost  reach 
of  Puget  Sound,  on  the  lines  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railway  and  Oregon- Washington  Railroad  & Navigation 
Co.  It  has  a good  harbor,  but  is  rather  remote  from  the 
main  steamship  lines  to  the  Sound.  On  the  tidal  flats, 
large  areas  are  devoted  to  oyster  beds,  and  the  bordering 
territory  is  important  agriculturally. 


Fig.  2.  Vicinity  map  showing  the  relation  of  Camp  Lewis  to  the 

nearby  cities 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  SURFACE  FEATURES  OF  WESTERN 
WASHINGTON  AND  OF  THE  CAMP 
LEWIS  CANTONMENT 

Nature  lias  endowed  western  Washington  with  spe- 
cial features.  She  has  given  it  a position  adjacent  to 
the  greatest  ocean  of  the  globe,  an  inland  harbor  system 
of  superior  character,  and  a most  diverse  landscape. 
From  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west  to  a north-south  line 
running  through  the  middle  of  the  state,  there  are  two 
mountain  ranges  separated  by  a broad  trough-like  de- 
pression known  as  the  Puget  Sound  Basin. 

The  western  range,  which  lies  along  the  coast,  is 
sometimes  called  the  Coastal  Range.  It  includes  the 
Olympic  Mountains  in  the  northwest  and  the  Willapa 
Hills  in  the  southwest.  The  mountain  range  to  the  east 
is  the  Cascade  Range.  (Plate  II  shows  the  position  of 
these  features  and  the  location  of  Camp  Lewis  with  ref- 
erence to  them.) 

On  clear  days  and  from  many  points  of  vantage,  both  ; 
the  Olympics  and  the  Cascades  may  be  seen  from  Camp, 
in  practically  their  whole  relief.  J 

THE  OLYMPIC  MOUNTAINS 

The  Olympic  Mountains  constitute  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  Olympic  Peninsula,  north  of  the  Chehalis  River 
Valiev  and  west  of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin.  In  either 
direction  their  dimensions  are  about  50  miles.  From  the  l 
vicinity  of  Camp,  they  are  seen  to  the  northwest. 

They  are  a group  of  peaks,  ridges,  and  passes  with  i 
canyon-like  valleys  cutting  their  slopes.  On  the  east  they 
rise  abruptly  from  Hood’s  Canal  (Plate  III),  the  west- 
ernmost inlet  of  Puget  Sound,  but  on  the  north,  west,  and 
south  they  are  bordered  by  a relatively  narrow  and  more 
or  less  broken  plateau  of  approximately  500  feet  eleva- 
tion. Although  not  so  extensive  as  the  Cascade  Range, 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


15 


they  excel  in  ruggedness.  Many  sharp  ridges  rise  to 
approximately  4,000  feet  in  height,  with  some  higher 
peaks  exceeding  8,000  feet.  Mt.  Olympus  is  8,150  feet 
high.  As  seen  from  a distance  the  jaggedness  of  the 
crest  line  has  sometimes  given  it  the  name  of  ‘ ‘ Sawtooth 
Range.  ” With  their  perpetual  fields  of  snow,  they  pre- 
sent a view  of  impressive  grandeur. 

THE  WILLAPA  HILLS 

The  Willapa  Hills  are  high  hills  or  low  mountains 
which  border  the  Pacific  Coast  from  the  Chehalis  River 
Valley  on  the  north  to  the  Columbia  River  Valley  on  the 
south.  Their  maximum  elevation  is  much  lower  than  the 
Olympics,  being  about  3,000  feet,  and  lower  than  the 
Coastal  Range  of  Oregon  which  has  a similar  position 
along  the  coast,  south  of  the  Columbia  River.  Nowhere 
do  they  rise  above  the  tree-line. 

These  hills  are  too  low  to  be  seen  from  Camp,  but 
soldiers  from  that  part  of  the  state  are  well  aware  of  the 
immense  quantities  of  lumber  which  their  forests  yield. 
On  the  west  side  especially,  the  forests  are  almost 
impenetrable. 

THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAIN  RANGE 

To  the  east  from  Camp,  the  most  extensive  surface 
of  major  prominence  in  the  state  of  Washington  can  be 
seen — the  Cascade  Mountain  Range  (Plate  IV).  Keep- 
ing an  average  summit  altitude  of  5,000  to  6,000  feet 
above  sea,  with  some  points  much  higher  and  some  passes 
lower,  the  Cascades  stretch  from  north  to  south  and 
extend  beyond  one’s  vision  and  the  boundaries  of  the 
state.  Indeed,  they  are  a part  of  a great  mountain  chain 
which  extends  most  of  the  distance  from  southern  Cali- 
fornia to  Alaska. 

Snow  fields  linger  on  the  higher  peaks  during  the 
summer  and  in  winter  their  mantle  of  white  is  extended 


16  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


over  much  of  the  range.  At  its  base  lie  the  foothills, 
covered  by  luxuriant  forests  of  tropical  density. 

Across  the  mountain  range  the  Columbia  River  has 
cut  a deep  gorge,  which  is  regarded  as  the  natural  boun- 
dary between  Washington  and  Oregon.  This  pass  has 
been  cut  nearly  to  sea-level  and  through  it  the  explorers, 
Lewis  and  Clark,  gained  ready  access  to  western  Wash- 
ington. The  other  passes  of  the  Cascades  have  been 
formed  where  the  heads  of  drainage  lines  on  either  side 
meet.  Of  these  the  lowest  and  most  conspicuous  is 
Snoqualmie  Pass,  which  has  an  elevation  of  3,010  feet 
and  which  is  used  by  the  Sunset  Highway  and  the  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  & St.  Paul  Railway. 

Several  peaks  of  diverse  origin  rise  above  the  general 
summit  level  of  the  Cascades.  There  are  peaks  of 
granite,  such  as  Mt.  Stuart,  which  reaches  an  altitude  of 
9,470  feet  above  sea-level,  and  extinct  volcanoes  which 
surmount  the  Cascades  and  tower  still  higher  than  Mt. 
Stuart.  These  are  Mt.  Rainier,  14,408  feet;  Mt.  Adams, 
12,307  feet;  Mt,  Baker,  10,750  feet;  Glacier  Peak,  10,436 
feet,  and  Mt.  St.  Helens,  9,671  feet.  Their  positions  in  j 
the  range  are  shown  in  Plate  II.  Mt.  Adams  and  Glacier 
Peak  occur  near  the  summit  line  of  the  Cascades,  while  * 
Mt.  Rainier,  Mt.  Baker,  and  Mt.  St.  Helens  are  situated 
on  the  flanks. 

MT.  RAINIER 

By  virtue  of  its  position  and  comparative  nearness,  • 
Mt.  Rainier  is  the  Great  Sentinel  of  the  Camp.  Looking 
slightly  south  of  east,  the  soldier  at  Camp  Lewis  may 
view  its  towering  slopes  and  rounded  summit,  almost 
hidden  by  snow-fields  and  glaciers,  with  only  here  and 
there  the  dark  lines  of  rock  appearing.  Above  where 
he  stands  the  mountain  rises  more  than  14,000  feet,  or 
over  2%  miles.  This  accounts  for  its  seeming  nearness, 
even  though  it  is  35  miles  away.  It  is  the  bulwark  of 
the  line;  compared  with  the  Cascades  it  stands  2bo  times 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


17 


their  average  height.  To  the  Indians  of  early  days  this 
was  the  “Mountain  that  was  God.” 

The  realm  into  which  it  reaches  is  quite  different 
from  the  ordinary  conditions  at  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
From  its  base,  its  slopes  gradually  ascend  until  they 
penetrate  the  higher  rarified  and  frigid  atmosphere 
where  neither  plants  nor  animals  can  exist.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  atmosphere  around  its  summit  on  a quiet 
day  contains  about  40  per  cent  less  oxygen  and  other 
gases,  by  weight,  than  the  atmosphere  at  Camp.  Its 
temperature  is  also  colder  by  48  degrees,  if  one  reckons 
the  usual  one  degree  decrease  in  temperature  with  every 
300-foot  rise.  With  such  a temperature  the  moisture  in 
the  atmosphere  above  a certain  level  is  condensed  as 
snow  instead  of  rain  and  in  consequence  eternal  snow 
caps  its  summit  and  mantles  its  slopes,  accumulating 
to  such  great  thicknesses  that  it  is  transformed  into 
glacial  ice.  These  glaciers,  which  now  number  at  least  26, 
are  gouging  and  furrowing  its  slopes  and  have  been 
for  ages,  carving  many  ramparts,  cliffs,  and  canyons. 
(Plate  V.) 

The  appearance  of  Mt.  Rainier  seems  never  to  be 
quite  the  same.  From  hour  to  hour  the  sun’s  rays  shine 
on  it  from  different  angles  and  with  changing  intensity, 
from  the  glow  of  dawn  to  the  brightness  of  mid-day  and 
the  purple  of  sunset.  At  times  the  mountain  stands  out 
bold  and  clear,  and  then  again  clouds  form  about  its 
summit,  or  hide  its  base,  or  roll  like  thunder  clouds  up 
its  slopes.  These  and  other  touches  of  Nature,  together 
with  the  changing  position  and  mood  of  the  observer, 
give  the  Great  Sentinel  new  aspects  from  time  to  time. 

THE  RESOURCES  OF  THE  CASCADES 

The  resources  which  the  Cascades  hold  for  man’s 
economic  development  are  important.  The  mineral  de- 
posits comprise  coal,  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  zinc, 
tungsten,  molybdenum,  arsenic,  antimony,  mercury  and 


18  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


other  minerals.  The  forests  which  clothe  the  western 
slopes  contain  millions  of  feet  of  lumber,  and  the  water- 
power resources  are  greater  than  in  any  other  state  in  the 
Union.  Although  many  projects  have  been  installed, 
there  remains  much  to  be  developed.  During  the  present 
coal  crisis,  when  coal  had  to  be  conserved  for  the  use  of 
war  industries,  the  value  of  Washington’s  water  powers 
was  emphasized. 

THE  PUGET  SOUND  BASIN 

Between  the  Olympics  on  the  west  and  the  Cascades 
on  the  east  lies  the  broad  Puget  Sound  Basin.  Plate  II 
shows  this  depression,  beginning  north  of  the  Canadian 
boundary  and  extending  southward . between  the  Olym- 
pics and  the  Cascades  to  and  beyond  the  Columbia  River. 

Its  northern  part  is  extensively  developed,  having  a 
width  between  the  Olympics  and  the  Cascades  of  about 
50  miles. 

GENERAL  CHARACTER 

The  Puget  Sound  Basin  is  a plain  country  averaging 
400  to  500  feet  above  sea,  incised  by  ramifying  troughs 
averaging  one  to  four  miles  in  width.  A part  of  these 
troughs  or  inlets  is  occupied  by  marine  waters  and  con- 
nected with  the  ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca, 
which  lies  to  the  north  of  the  Olympics.  In  Plate  VI  is 
shown  a view  across  one  of  the  troughs  at  sunset.  Inter- 
spersed with  the  various  inlets,  passages,  and  bays,  are 
flat-topped  islands,  peninsulas,  and  border  land,  most  of 
which  rise  in  sea  cliffs  from  the  water’s  edge,  100  to  250  \ 

feet  high.  As  seen  on  the  fancy  tissue  of  Plate  II,  there  \ 

are  two  major  inlets  extending  south  from  the  Strait  of  1 

Juan  de  Fuca.  The  one  to  the  west  at  the  foot  of  the 
Olympic  Mountains  is  Hood’s  Canal,  the  one  to  the  east 
is  Admiralty  Inlet.  The  latter  carries  practically  all  of 
the  Commerce  of  Puget  Sound.  The  northern  part  of 
the  Basin  is  mostly  submerged,  with  many  rock-islands 


Bulletin  No.  18 


The  Olympic  Mountains  as  seen  from  Puget  Sound. 


20  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


rising  above  the  water-level  and  comprising  a group 
known  as  the  San  Juan  Islands. 

AN  OLD  DRAINAGE  SYSTEM 

The  troughs  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de 
Fuca  are,  for  the  most  part,  former  river  valleys  which 
have  been  partly  submerged  by  a general  depression  of 
the  land  area,  permitting  the  sea-water  to  come  in  east- 
ward for  100  miles,  southward  for  85  miles,  and  north- 
ward for  a still  greater  distance.  During  the  Glacial 
Period,  the  inlets  were  gouged  still  deeper  by  the  great 
glacier.  These  events  have  given  rise  to  one  of  the  best 
and  largest  harbors  in  the  world.  For  a proper  appre- 
ciation of  the  size  of  this  inland  body  of  water  in  Wash- 
ington it  should  be  stated  that  the  distance  from  the 
northern  boundary  to  the  southern  limit  is  about  150 
miles,  or  greater  than  the  average  length  of  the  state 
of  Massachusetts.  The  waters  are  surprisingly  deep, 
averaging  from  300  to  1000  feet,  and  ships  of  any  ton- 
nage can  reach  the  ports  of  Seattle  and  Tacoma  at 
lowest  tide.  Another  advantage  is  protection  from 
storms.  The  inlets  are  sufficiently  narrow  that  the  small 
expanse  of  water  does  not  permit  large  waves  to  be  gen- 
erated by  the  winds.  During  1917,  over  four  hundred  and 
eighty-five  million  dollars  ’ worth  of  imports  and  exports 
were  handled  on  Puget  Sound. 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  THE  CAMP  LEWIS  CANTONMENT 

The  Cantonment  is  located  on  an  upland  which  bor-  j 
ders  the  Nisqually  River  on  the  southwest,  the  Puget 
Sound  on  the  west  and  northwest,  and  the  Puyallup  j 
River  on  the  north  and  east.  South  of  Camp  the  surface 
is  quite  rolling  and  heavily  timbered,  but  to  the  north- 
east lies  a level  stretch  with  only  a few  scattered  hills 
rising  above  the  general  level.  (Plate  VII.) 

Approaching  Camp  along  the  Pacific  Highway,  from 
the  northeast,  these  hills,  with  their  covering  of  timber, 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis  21 


break  the  sky-line  and  give  relief  to  the  otherwise  level 
landscape.  North  and  west  from  Camp  the  flat  country 
is  wooded  with  a forest  that  has  partly  sprung  up  since 
the  early  settlement  of  the  region. 

The  grounds  near  the  Northern  Pacific  depot  are  about 
250  feet  above  the  Sound.  From  here  east  there  is  an 
imperceptible  rise  of  about  40  feet  to  the  east  end  of 
the  Camp  and  westward  a gentle  decline  of  about  70 
feet  for  two  miles  or  more  to  the  brink  of  a 180-foot 
cliff,  at  the  foot  of  which  lies  Puget  Sound.  Twenty 
miles  north  and  slightly  east  the  upland  terminates  in 
Pt.  Defiance. 

DRAINAGE 

Surface  streams  are  few,  owing  to  the  flatness  of  the 
upland  and  the  favorable  underground  drainage.  They 
consist  entirely  of  little  brooks  flowing  quietly  in  shal- 
low trenches  of  more  or  less  winding  nature.  The  first 
stream  north  of  Camp  is  Murray  Creek,  which  empties 
into  American  Lake,  and  the  second  and  larger  is  Clover 
Creek,  which  flows  into  Steilacoom  Lake  and  thence  into 
the  Sound  by  way  of  Chambers  Creek. 

Northeast  of  Camp,  four  lakes  occur  in  a series, 
curving  from  north  to  southwest  and  west — Steilacoom 
Lake,  Gravelly  Lake,  American  Lake,  and  Lake  Sequalit- 
chew.  More  beautiful  bodies  of  water  are  rarely  found. 
The  water  is  clear  and  of  moderate  depth,  the  shores  are 
of  gravel  and  rise  about  25  feet  above  the  lake-levels,  and 
the  bordering  groves  of  trees  and  the  distant  mountain 
give  a wonderful  setting.  Lake  Sequalitchew  is  the  only 
one  which  occurs  within  the  confines  of  the  Cantonment, 
but  the  southern  shores  of  American  Lake  lie  along  the 
boundary.  The  latter  lake  is  nearly  four  miles  long  and 
about  one  mile  wide  in  its  widest  portion,  with  several 
small  islands  and  inlets  and  bays  to  add  to  its  charm. 
(Plate  VIII.)  As  a bathing  resort  during  the  summer  it 
is  the  Camp’s  chief  attraction. 


22  Bulletin  No.  18 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


American  Lake  lias  an  elevation  of  238  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  Sequalitchew  Lake  is  215  feet;  the  two  are 
separated  by  a gravel  barrier  about  300  yards  wide.  This 
discrepancy  in  level  with  only  a gravel  dam  between  is 
to  be  accounted  for.  It  is  believed  that  the  pores  in 
the  bed  of  American  Lake,  in  at  least  that  portion  near 
Sequalitchew  Lake,  have  been  so  thoroughly  filled  with 
silt  that  there  is  no  underground  connection  with  Se- 
qualitchew Lake. 

Another  beautiful  little  lake,  Lake  Spanaway,  occurs 
near  the  east  end  of  the  Cantonment. 

Due  to  the  extensive  gravel  formation  and  the  uni- 
formly level  topography  of  the  upland,  much  of  the  rain 
which  falls  seeps  into  the  ground  and  disappears  by 
underground  drainage.  Some  of  the  ground-water  of 
the  Cantonment  seeps  into  the  lakes  and  some  of  it  feeds 
the  springs  along  the  cliff  that  borders  the  Sound  and 
along  the  side  slope  of  Nisqually  River  Valley. 

The  ground-water  level  is  usually  at  varying  depths 
beneath  the  land  surface,  but  in  the  case  of  permanent 
lakes  or  swamps,  it  is  at  the  surface.  Where  it  is  be- 
neath the  land,  seasonal  differences  in  rainfall  will  cause 
a variation  in  the  height  to  which  it  rises.  Siu€e  most 
of  the  rain  at  Camp  Lewis  occurs  in  the  winter,  the 
ground-water  surface  is  highest  at  that  time.  When 
the  rains  cease,  the  gravels  drain  the  water  away  so 
promptly  that  during  the  dry  season  the  ground-water 
level  is  much  lower. 

The  factor  of  ground-water  must  be  reckoned  with  j 
time  and  again  in  the  many-sided  activities  of  military  ! 
life.  Besides  being  useful  as  the  common  source  of  ; 
water-supplies,  it  may  be  a constant  menace  to  camp 
drainage  and  sanitation,  to  trench  warfare,  to  the  cross- 
ing of  bogs  and  swamps,  to  the  maintenance  of  roads 
and  railroads,  to  the  transportation  of  heavy  artillery, 
to  the  use  of  tunnels  and  caverns,  and  other  military 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


23 


projects.  At  Camp  Lewis,  many  of  these  difficulties  are 
not  confronted  in  their  most  serious  phases,  due  to  the 
excellent  site  of  the  Camp,  but  the  difficulties  of  trench 
drainage  are  well  illustrated  in  the  practice  trenches  on 
the  hillcrest  south  of  the  Camp. 

This  hill  has  a loose,  stony  soil  and  sub-soil  of  three  or 
four  feet  in  depth,  but  below  this  the  material  is  hard  and 
compact  and  quite  impervious  to  water.  In  consequence 
the  water  which  seeps  in  at  the  surface  penetrates  but  a 
few  feet  and  then  moves  laterally  according  to  the  slope 
of  the  contact  of  the  soft  and  hard  material.  This,  in 
addition  to  the  water  which  runs  in  from  the  surface  in 
wet  weather,  keeps  the  trenches  wet  and  necessitates 
other  measures  to  make  them  of  any  use.  If  the  loose 
material  extended  deeper  so  that  the  contact  with  the 
impervious  formation  were  well  below  the  bottom  of  the 
trench,  or  if  the  trenches  were  in  a sandy  soil,  the 
drainage  would  be  much  more  satisfactory.  In  a per- 
manent line  of  defense  such  factors  must  necessarily  be 
considered. 

WATER -SUPPLIES 

The  water-supplies  of  the  Camp  are  obtained  from 
springs.  In  consideration  of  their  importance  the  loca- 
tion is  not  here  given.  Examination  was  carefully  made 
to  determine  whether  their  source  is  local  or  not.  The 
waters  are  entirely  free  from  bacteria,  which  shows  that 
they  cannot  have  any  near  surface  connection.  Their 
source  must  be  a sufficient  distance  away  from  any  pos- 
sible contamination  so  that  the  bacteria  are  destroyed 
by  long  under-ground  filtering  and  non-exposure  to  sub- 
stances upon  which  bacteria  can  live. 

The  volume  of  the  springs  thus  far  seems  adequate, 
there  being  but  little  fluctuation  in  the  flow  in  wet  and 
dry  seasons.  During  February,  1918,  the  63  gallons  of 
water  required  per  man  for  the  31,000  men  at  the  Camp 
were  amply  supplied  by  the  springs. 


24  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Three  storage  tanks  have  been  erected  on  a hill  within 
the  Cantonment,  100  to  150  feet  above  Camp.  Each  has 
a capacity  of  200,000  gallons.  In  March,  1918,  seven 
months  after  their  initial  use,  there  was  occasion  to  ex- 
pose the  bottom  of  one  of  these  and  no  silt  accumulation 
was  found.  This  and  the  analyses  for  bacterial  content 
indicate  that  the  water  is  of  first  quality. 

SANITATION 

The  excellent  drainage  afforded  by  the  gravel  forma- 
tion on  which  the  Camp  is  located  has  already  been  noted. 
There  are  hut  few  pools  of  standing  water  close  to  Camp 
which  may  be  infested  with  mosquitoes  and  other  germ 
carriers,  and  they  can  easily  he  brought  under  sanitary 
control.  Extensive  marshes  are  far  distant. 

Disposal  of  the  sewage  is  made  in  Puget  Sound,  three 
miles  to  the  west.  In  excavating  for  the  sewage  line, 
gravels  and  sands  were  found  throughout  the  whole  dis- 
tance. The  general  westward  slope  of  the  formation 
made  excessive  digging  unnecessary  to  give  the  proper 
gradient  for  the  sewage  line. 

ROAD  CONDITIONS 

The  gravel  plain  furnishes  all  of  the  requisite  condi- 
tions for  good  road-building.  The  topography  is  essen- 
tially level,  the  gravel  affords  an  ideal  foundation  and 
proper  drainage,  and  abundant  material  is  available,  ; 
either  for  ordinary  surfacing  or  any  first-class  type  of  j 
pavement. 

The  Pacific  Highway  is  paved  the  whole  distance  \ 
from  Tacoma  to  the  Nisqually  River,  with  a minimum  j 
width  of  18  feet.  Plans  are  now  under  way  to  widen  this 
to  meet  the  greatly  increased  traffic  which  the  existence 
of  Camp  Lewis  has  brought  about.  The  only  grade  of 
consequence  is  at  Tacoma  where  the  ascent  is  made  from 
near  sea-level  to  the  low  pass  in  the  southwest  part  of 
the  city,  having  an  elevation  of  230  feet.  From  here  to 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


25 

Camp  the  grade  is  nearly  level.  In  approaching  Camp 
from  the  direction  of  Olympia  there  is  a grade  at  Nis- 
qually  River,  but  this  is  also  moderate. 

When  the  Camp  was  first  instituted  it  was  predicted 
that  since  the  Pacific  Highway  was  not  paved  for  such 
heavy  traffic  as  is  now  brought  to  bear  on  it,  the  life  of 
the  pavement  would  be  of  only  a few  months’  duration. 
With  the  exception  of  a few  instances  the  pavement  was 
in  good  condition  in  May,  1918.  Its  success  in  surpassing 
the  predictions  is  probably  due  in  part  to  the  superior 
foundation  which  the  gravel  formation  affords. 

Quarries  of  solid  rock  are  nowhere  to  be  found  in  this 
vicinity,  but  their  absence  is  of  no  consequence  in  view 
of  the  abundance  of  gravels. 

MILITARY  USES 

Artillery  positions  require  a foundation  which  is  firm 
and  elastic,  and,  for  practice  work,  hills  which  will  min- 
imize the  dangers  to  the  territory  beyond.  The  situation 
at  Camp  Lewis  meets  these  conditions  admirably.  After 
the  removal  of  the  surface  soil  and  the  proper  place- 
ment of  the  heavy  guns,  the  gravel  formation  yields  but 
slightly  to  vibration  effects  and  its  return  to  the  former 
condition  is  instantaneous  and  quite  perfect. 

The  broad  expanse  of  the  Cantonment,  the  associa- 
tion of  hills  with  the  prairie,  and  the  forest  covering  of 
the  hills  and  of  the  area  west  of  Camp  make  possible 
almost  any  type  of  army  maneuver  on  a large  scale. 
These  maneuvers  may  be  extended  to  mountain  topog- 
raphy, 35  miles  away. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE  ORIGIN  OP  THE  MOUNTAIN  RANGES  AND 
OF  THE  PUGET  SOUND  BASIN 


There  is  no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  those  who  have  made 
a careful  study  of  the  earth  that  immense  lapses  of 
time  have  transpired  since  it  was  formed.  A knowledge 
of  how  rocks  are  made,  of  the  great  thickness  to  which 
they  have  accumulated,  of  the  profound  changes  which 
they  have  undergone,  of  the  widespread  and  repeated 
shifting  of  the  shore-lines,  of  the  revolutionary  changes 
in  hills,  valleys,  and  plains,  and  of  the  imperceptible  rate 
at  which  these  changes  take  place — a knowledge  of  these 
things  convinces  the  investigator  that  the  earth  is  ex- 
tremely old,  that  if  the  time  since  its  early  stages  could 
be  expressed  in  years,  the  figures  would  be  beyond  all 
comprehension.  The  length  of  a thousand  years  is  diffi- 
cult for  the  human  mind  to  grasp,  and  a hundred  thou- 
sand years  impossible.  Yet  by  adding  one’s  conception 
of  the  length  of  a certain  epoch  to  that  of  another,  and 
then  to  that  of  another,  until  all  of  the  known  epochs  of 
the  earth’s  history  have  been  considered,  the  summation 
mounts  into  millions  of  years. 

THE  CASCADE  RANGE 

During  this  prodigiously  long  history,  mountain 
ranges  have  come  and  gone.  In  the  ancient  past,  there 
were  mountains  in  existence  in  some  parts  of  the  conti- 
nents where  now  the  land  surface  is  a plain.  This  is  true, 
for  example  of  southern  Canada.  On  the  other  hand, 
certain  regions  which  were  once  plains  are  now  folded 
into  mountain  chains.  Such  has  been  the  history  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains. 

The  Cascade  Mountains  came  into  existence  through 
the  action  of  great  earth  forces  bowing  up  immense  thick- 
nesses of  rock.  These  forces  were  applied  not  so  much 


Scene  in  the  Cascade  Mountain  Range. 


28  • Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


from  below,  as  is  commonly  thought,  but  from  one  or 
both  sides,  in  a compressive  manner.  They  owe  their 
origin  to  deep-seated  changes  in  the  earth.  Very  modern 
studies  show  that  the  earth  is  as  rigid  a body  as  if  it 
were  made  of  steel,  and  hence  probably  mostly  solid 
throughout.  With  increasing  depth  from  the  surface 
pressure  increases,  and  the  material  of  the  interior  is 
forced  to  combine  into  denser  and  denser  compounds. 
Heat  also  is  produced.  By  the  recombination  of  the 
material  into  denser  forms  and  the  loss  of  this  heat  the 
interior  shrinks  more  than  the  outer  part.  As  a result, 
the  outer  part  must  adapt  itself  to  tit  the  shrinking  in- 
terior and  in  so  doing  it  wrinkles  or  folds  and  produces 
mountain  ranges.  To  bow  up  such  immense  masses  of 
hard  and  resistant  strata,  forces  of  astonishing  magni- 
tude are  required,  and  a mountain  range,  such  as  the 
Cascades,  is  a monument  to  the  power  of  these  forces. 

Before  the  present  Cascades  were  folded  an  undulating 
plain  existed  in  their  place,  close  to  sea-level.  This  an 
cient  plain  was  worn  down  by  streams  and  other  eroding 
agents  of  Nature  from  a previously  existing  mountain 
range.  In  other  words,  the  Cascades,  as  viewed  in  their 
massive  structure  today,  are  not  regarded  as  the  first 
generation  of  mountains  that  existed  in  their  location, 
but  rather  as  the  successors  of  others  which  had  their 
own  long  period  of  history  but  which  were  gradually 
eroded  away  by  Nature’s  persistent  agents. 

The  production  of  a mountain  range  by  the  foregoing 
method  of  Nature  is  not  accomplished  quickly  or  vio- 
lently, but  requires  thousands  of  years.  There  is  abun- 
dant evidence  to  prove  that  such  movements  are  slow. 
In  the  yielding,  however,  which  must  take  place  to  such 
overpowering  forces,  the  rock  sometimes  gives  short, 
quick  slips,  which  results  in  earthquakes. 

Since  the  Cascades  were  folded  they  have  been  sub- 
jected to  extremes  of  weather.  Heating  from  sun-action 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


29 


and  cooling  at  night,  rain-wasli,  stream  erosion,  frost 
action,  and  glaciers — all  have  accompanied  and  aided 
each  other  in  weathering  the  rocks,  etching  a rugged 
crest-line  and  carving  canyons  and  valleys  down  their 
flanks,  threatening  the  mountains  with  the  same  destiny 
as  that  of  their  predecessors.  But  with  all  of  this,  they 
still  stand  as  a mountain  range  of  the  first  importance 
in  Washington. 

MT.  RAINIER  AND  OTHER  SIMILAR  PEAKS 

In  Mt.  Rainier  and  its  related  peaks,  Mt.  Adams,  Mt. 
Baker,  Glacier  Peak,  and  Mt.  St.  Helens,  we  have  an 
example  of  another  type  of  mountain-building.  After 
the  birth  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  or  possibly  during 
their  formation,  these  peaks  came  into  existence  in  an 
altogether  different  way  than  by  folding.  At  the  points 
where  these  peaks  are  now  located,  molten  rock  from 
the  interior  of  the  earth  broke  through  and  formed  vol- 
canic craters,  and  as  lava  poured  forth  and  volcanic  ash 
and  cinders  were  thrown  out,  lofty  cones  were  built  on 
the  flanks  and  summit  of  the  Cascades  themselves,  until 
they  reached  altitudes  thousands  of  feet  above  the  range. 
With  their  summits  in  the  high  atmospheric  zone  of 
snow  and  ice,  glaciers  formed  and  these  agents  of  de- 
struction are  now  slowly  but  constantly  wearing  and 
grinding  away  the  rock  substance  of  which  the  peaks 
are  made. 

Whether  Mt.  Rainier  and  the  other  extinct  volcanoes 
will  ever  become  active  again  cannot  be  determined  or 
safely  predicted.  During  the  period  of  eruption,  the 
lavas  had  their  source  probably  in  local  reservoirs  deep 
beneath  the  earth’s  surface.  A renewal  of  their  activity 
depends  partly  upon  whether  these  reservoirs  were  ex- 
hausted or  whether  more  lava  has  been  or  will  be  pro- 
duced by  the  heat  of  compression  and  other  sources,  and 
whether  the  forces  necessary  to  bring  the  molten  material 
to  the  surface  will  be  generated  again. 


30  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


THE  OLYMPIC  MOUNTAINS 

The  Olympics  were  made  in  much  the  same  way  as 
the  Cascades,  and  were  not  constructed  by  volcanic 
action.  None  of  the  higher  peaks  of  these  mountains  are 
of  volcanic  origin,  but  they  owe  their  prominence  to  uplift 
and  to  the  superior  hardness  of  the  rocks  which  compose 
them  as  compared  to  the  rocks  around  them.  This  is  an 
example  of  the  difference  which  results  from  the  pro- 
longed action  of  rain,  frost,  and  glaciers  on  a mountain 
group  made  up  of  rocks  of  unequal  hardness.  All  of  the 
present  summit  levels  are  probably  considerably  below 
what  they  once  were  when  the  Olympics  were  first  up- 
lifted and  before  Nature’s  erosional  agencies  had  had 
time  to  accomplish  much. 

The  Willapa  Hills  are  due  to  folding  and  warping,  but 
they  probably  were  never  so  high  as  either  the  Cascades 
or  the  Olympics,  and  their  reduction  since  their  birth  has 
probably  been  more  rapid,  due  to  the  soft  character  of 
much  of  the  rock. 

THE  PUGET  SOUND  BASIN 

A study  of  the  conditions  of  origin  of  this  remarkable 
basin  between  the  two  mountain  ranges,  with  its  1900 
miles  of  shore  line  and  superb  harbor,  has  resulted  in  ? 
the  discovery  of  some  very  interesting  natural  history 
for  western  Washington  and  the  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis. 

Just  as  the  history  of  the  ranges  was  not  one  of  sud- 
den violence  but  a gradual  progression  of  events,  so  has  j 
been  the  history  of  Puget  Sound  itself.  Its  record  of 
known  events  seems  to  begin  with  the  period  of  mountain-  j 
building  and  to  have  included  still  more  recent  history. 

When  the  Cascade  Mountains  were  folded,  a general 
depression  took  place  along  their  west  base,  beginning  in 
Canada  and  continuing  southward  nearly  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  range.  This  was  the  first  step,  it  seems,  in 
the  history  of  this  great  trough.  Then  deposits  of  clay, 
sand  and  gravel  accumulated  within  the  trough,  brought 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


31 


by  streams  from  a distant  glacier  in  British  Columbia. 
So  thick  did  these  new  sediments  become  and  so  wide- 
spread, that  the  old  valleys  were  completely  filled,  most 
of  the  former  hills  buried,  and  a new  plain  constructed, 
above  the  old  topography.  The  material  which  was  laid 
down  at  this  time  is  now  exposed  in  the  high  bluffs  at 
the  Tacoma  docks  and  Pt.  Defiance. 

Following  this  deposition,  the  lowland  was  slowly  up- 
lifted, as  the  result  of  internal  changes  in  the  earth, 
until  it  reached  an  elevation  of  nearly  1,500  feet  above 
sea.  At  this  height,  the  streams  of  the  area  began  to  cut 
deep  channels  and  in  the  course  of  time  they  were  deep- 
ened to  canyon  proportions.  The  whole  region  was  so 
deeply  dissected  that  it  became  exceedingly  rough.  The 
Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  became  a great  valley,  having  as 
tributaries  Admiralty  Inlet  and  other  troughs.  The 
amount  of  time  consumed  by  Nature  in  changing  the 
original  flat  surface  to  this  condition  must  have  been 
thousands  upon  thousands  of  years,  for  streams  are  not 
capable  of  making  much  change  in  the  general  land  sur- 
face during  the  life-time  of  an  individual. 

Such  was  the  character  of  the  Puget  Sound  country 
until  a lowering  of  some  1,000  feet  of  the  whole  region 
permitted  the  ocean  waters  to  enter  the  lower  portions 
of  these  valleys,  drowning  them  and  converting  them  into 
inlets  and  bays.  At  about  this  time  the  climate  became 
glacial  and  a great  ice-sheet,  the  character  of  which  will 
be  described  hereafter,  overrode  the  basin,  modified  the 
surface,  gouged  out  the  troughs  to  greater  depth,  and 
left  a mantle  of  glacial  debris  scattered  unequally  over 
the  area.  But  with  all  of  this,  it  failed  to  destroy  the 
major  troughs  which  furnish  the  important  clue  to  the 
former  history  of  Puget  Sound.  Thus  the  old  drainage 
'|  system  became  a most  excellent  harbor  system. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  sinking  of  the  Puget  Sound 
Basin  took  place,  the  same  thing  happened  to  the  western 


32  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


coast,  producing  the  bay  of  Gray’s  Harbor  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Chehalis  Valley,  Willapa  Bay  at  the  mouth  of 
Willapa  Valley,  and  a bay  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  Co- 
lumbia River.  This  is  characteristic  of  all  the  world’s 
best  harbors.  London,  New  York,  Boston,  San  Francisco 
and  other  ports  are  all  on  coast-lines  which  have  sunk 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  earth’s  history,  and  they  owe 
their  importance  to  this  event. 

“The  hills  are  shadows,  and  they  flow 

From  form  to  form  and  nothing  stands; 

They  melt  like  mists,  the  solid  lands, 

Like  clouds  they  shape  themselves  and  go.” 

— Tennyson. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  CLIMATE  OF  CAMP  LEWIS 


TEMPERATURE 

If  the  climate  of  Camp  Lewis  were  determined  by 
latitude  alone  it  would  be  the  coldest  camp  in  the  United 
States.  The  forty-seventh  parallel  of  latitude  lies  along 
the  south  boundary  of  the  Cantonment.  Tracing  this 
across  the  map  of  the  United  States,  it  is  found  to  pass 
north  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  and  through  the  very  northern 
part  of  Maine.  The  fact,  then,  that  Camp  Lewis  lies  so 
far  north  in  the  United  States  and  yet  has  a mild  climate 
demands  an  explanation. 

The  secret  for  this  lies  in  two  factors : First,  the 

existence  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  with  the  Japan  current  off 
the  western  shores  of  Washington,  and  second,  the  pre- 
vailing winds  from  the  west.  Such  a large  body  of  water 
as  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  not  responsive  to  daily  or  seasonal 
changes  of  heating  and  cooling,  and,  therefore,  during 
both  summer  and  winter,  it  maintains  a remarkable  uni- 
formity of  temperature.  In  this  latitude  the  ocean’s 
warmth  is  increased  by  the  Japan  current  which  drifts 
from  the  equatorial  belt  south  of  the  islands  of  Japan. 
With  the  winds  blowing  from  the  west  these  conditions 
of  uniform  mildness  are  transferred  to  western  Wash- 
ington throughout  the  year. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  present  climatic  con- 
ditions of  the  earth,  this  combination  of  westerly  winds 
and  oceanic  influences  are  more  efficient  than  any  other 
combination  that  Nature  might  make  in  this  latitude.  If 
an  arctic  current  were  to  replace  the  Japan  current,  the 
‘climate  would  become  very  raw  and  unpleasant.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  the  winds  were  to  blow  from  the  east  in- 
stead of  from  the  west,  even  with  the  warm  Japan  cur- 
rent washing  the  western  coast,  the  winters  would  be 
very  cold. 


34  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


TEMPERATURE  RECORDS  AT  TACOMA 

During  17  years  of  weather  recording  at  Tacoma, 
which  may  be  taken  to  apply  to  Camp  Lewis,  the  lowest 
and  highest  temperatures  have  been  read  for  each  day 
in  the  year.  These  records  show  some  interesting  facts. 
During  the  summer  the  average  temperature  of  the  day 
has  been  71  degrees;  of  night,  52  degrees.  This  shows 
that  the  days  are  comfortably  warm  and  the  nights  re- 
freshingly cool.  During  the  winter,  the  temperature  has 
had  an  average  daily  range  from  45  degrees  above  zero 
during  the  day  to  35  degrees  above  zero  at  night.  Fre- 
quently there  is  only  five  degrees  difference  between  day 
and  night.  This  low  range  is  due  partly  to  the  great 
ocean,  partly  to  the  southerly  winds  in  winter,  and  partly 
to  clouds  which  prevent  excessive  heating  in  the  day  and 
excessive  cooling  at  night.  Toward  the  latter  part  of 
the  winter,  the  winds  temporarily  shift  to  the  northeast 
and  blow  from  east  of  the  Cascades,  or  descend  from  the 
high  cold  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  producing  sharp, 
frosty  spells  of  short  duration.  Such  days  are  always 
bright  and  clear. 

COMPARISON  OF  TEMPERATURE  CONDITIONS  AT  THE 
DIFFERENT  CANTONMENTS 

A comparison  of  the  temperature  conditions  at  the 
different  cantonments  is  of  general  and  official  interest. 
It  is  of  general  interest  to  know  the  conditions  under 
which  the  soldiers  at  the  different  cantonments  live,  and 
of  official  interest  in  the  issuing  of  food,  clothing  and 
equipment,  and  in  formulating  plans  for  training.  The 
following  data  have  been  compiled  from  the  records  of 
the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  and  tabulated  on  the 
following  page.  Since  in  most  cases  the  cantonments  are 
not  located  in  cities  where  there  are  Weather  Bureau  sta- 
tions, the  records  of  the  nearest  official  stations  have 
been  taken,  provided  the  station  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
cantonment.* 

* The  names  of  the  stations  which  furnish  the  data  for  each  camp 
are  given  in  the  table. 


SUNSHINE 

TEMPERATURE  PRECIPITA-  (Per  cent,  of 

TION  possible  hours) 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


35 


! i 

•IBUUUB  3SB.I9AY 

&SS SSSfe  j :SiS3§$g  'is 

‘ •jomuins  "guao  J9j 

Isfeslsf  : ;:S 

1 

•jejuiM.  J9j 

Isgslsf  : :£££££  :g 

•mous 

jo  qjdap  3SBJ9AV 

LlT(lMOOOO«19N«l9ab-tMO 

'91001  JO  saqom 
T0‘  qgiAi  s^op  jaqumE; 

'IBnuUB  9SBJ9AY 

00J>O^i»Sb00t-<D«r-lO^lO^00 

ss  4 4 §£  b4u4444444  s 5 

WINTER 

•9JUJBJ9dUI9J 

jsaqSiq  -AY 

•9jnjBJ9dUI3J 
JS9AVOI  ‘AY 

SUMMER 

•9jnjBJ9dni9j 
jsaqStq  -ay 

•9JUJBJ3dUI9J 
JS9MOI  ’AY 

'0.gg  AVO(9q  JB9A  J3d 
s^op  jaquinu  9Sbj9Ay 

3§§§§§§8s£ 

•o06  3AoqB  jb9j£  J9d 
sAop  J9qumu  9SBJ9AV 

•9jnjBJ9dni9j 
P9PJO09J  JSaMO^I 

7777  1 1 7 1 1 7777  1 

'9JUJBJ9dUI9J 

papjooaj  jsaqSiH 

§§§§§g§l2«il§§§§ 

Name  of  Weather  Bureau 
Station  whose  results 
were  taken 

Kalamazoo,  Mich 

Boston,  Mass 

Moorestown,  N.  J 

Des  Moines,  Iowa  

Agricultural  College,  Kans.. 

Atlanta,  Ga 

Belcit,  Wis 

Columbia,  S.  C 

Richmond,  Va 

Tacoma,  Wash 

Washington,  D.  C 

Little  Rock,  Ark 

Portsmouth,  Ohio  

Louisville,  Ky 

San  Antonio,  Tex 

New  York  City 

NAME  OF  CAMP 

1 

Camp  Custer,  Mich 

Camp  Devens,  Mass 

Camp  Dix,  N.  J 

Camp  Dodge,  Iowa  

Camp  Funston,  Kans 

Camp  Gordon,  Ga 

Camp  Grant,  111 

Camp  Jackson,  S.  C 

Camp  Lee,  Va 

CAMP  LEWIS,  Wash 

Camp  Meade,  Md 

Camp  Pike,  Ark 

Camp  Sherman,  Ohio  

Camp  Taylor,  Ky 

Camp  Travis,  Tex 

Camp  Upton,  L.  I 

* Sunshine  data  taken  from  records  of  Detroit  Station,  in  lieu  of  no  record  at  Kalamazoo. 

Sunshine  data  taken  from  records  of  Topeka  Station,  in  lieu  of  no  record  at  Agricultural  College, 
t Sunshine  data  taken  from  records  cf  Chicago  Station,  in  lieu  of  no  record  at  Beloit, 
t From  records  of  Olympia  Station,  in  lieu  of  no  record  at  Tacoma, 
t From  records  of  Cincinnati  Station,  in  lieu  of  no  record  at  Portsmouth. 


36  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


The  highest  temperature  which  has  ever  been  recorded 
in  the  vicinity  of  any  of  the  cantonments  has  been  at 
Camp  Funston  (Kan.),  a temperature  of  115  degrees. 
The  second  highest  is  at  Camp  Dodge  (Iowa),  109  de- 
grees; and  the  third  highest  at  Camp  Taylor  (Ky.),  107 
degrees.  Camp  Lewis  holds  the  most  attractive  record 
in  not  exceeding  98  degrees,  whereas  all  of  the  others 
have  had  maximum  temperatures  of  100  degrees  and 
above. 

The  lowest  temperature  record  is  also  held  by  Camp 
Funston,  it  being  32  degrees  below  zero,  and  the  second 
coldest  by  Camp  Dodge,  30  degrees  below  zero.  Camp 
Lewis  again  occupies  the  most  favored  position,  for  its 
absolute  minimum  temperature  has  been  the  highest  of 
all,  namely  9 degrees  above  zero.  This  is  especially  re- 
markable in  view  of  the  fact  that  it  is  over  300  miles 
farther  north  than  any  other  cantonment  in  the  United 
States,  and  1200  miles  north  of  the  southernmost  canton- 
ment, Camp  Travis  (Tex.),  which  has  experienced  4 
degrees  above  zero. 

Camp  Lewis  has  the  coolest  summers,  as  shown  by  its 
average  daily  temperature  of  71  degrees  for  June,  July, 
and  August.  Camp  Devens  (Mass.)  ranks  second,  and 
Camp  Upton,  on  Long  Island,  third.  The  winters  at' 
Camp  Lewis  are  very  mild.  The  average  daily  temper- 
ature during  December,  January,  and  February  is  35 
degrees,  which  is  the  same  as  Camp  Pike’s  in  Arkansas. 
This  is  exceeded  only  by  Camp  Travis’  (Tex.),  Camp 
Gordon’s  (Ga.),  and  Camp  Jackson’s  (S.  C.)  records. 

The  average  number  of  days  with  the  maximum  tem- 
perature above  90  degrees  is  4 for  Camp  Lewis,  6 for 
Camp  Upton  (N.  Y.)  and  Camp  Custer  (Mich.),  8 for 
Camp  Devens  (Mass.),  13  for  Camp  Grant  (111.),  17 
for  Camp  Dix  (N.  J.),  19  for  Camp  Dodge  (Iowa),  20 
for  Camp  Gordon  (Ga.),  32  for  Camp  Taylor  (Ky.),  36 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate 


Mount  Rainier  from  Paradise  Park. 


38  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


for  Camp  Lee  (Va.),  37  for  Camp  Sherman  (Ohio),  62 
for  Camp  Funston  (Kans.),  64  for  Camp  Jackson  (S.  C.), 

72  for  Camp  Pike  (Ark.),  and  94  for  Camp  Travis  (Tex.). 

The  camp  which  has  the  greatest  number  of  days  with 
the  temperature  below  32  degrees  is  Camp  Grant  (111.), 
with  136  days.  Camp  Dodge  (Iowa),  is  next,  with  124 
days,  and  Camp  Funston  (Kans.),  third,  with  122  days. 
Camp  Lewis,  with  37  days,  Camp  Gordon  (Ga.),  with  26 
days,  and  Camp  Travis  (Tex.),  with  12  days,  close  the 
list  with  the  smallest  number. 

In  winter,  Camp  Lewis  has  a more  uniform  temper- 
ature between  night  and  day  than  any  other  cantonment. 
The  difference  averages  only  10  degrees. 

EFFECTS  OF  UNIFORMITY  OF  WINTER  TEMPERATURE  ON  THE 
HEALTH  OF  THE  CAMP 

During  the  past  winter  (1917-1918),  Camp  Lewis  has 
had  one  of  the  most  remarkable  health  records  of  any 
army  camp  in  the  United  States.  From  health  reports 
issued  by  Captain  F.  B.  Mount,  Acting  Division  Sanitary 
Inspector,  and  Lieut. -Col.  P.  C.  Field,  Division  Surgeon, 
for  six  consecutive  weeks  from  January  18  to  March  8, 
1918,  inclusive,  it  was  found  that  out  of  an  army  aver- 
aging 30,241  men  there  averaged  but  4 new  cases  of  Lobar 
Pneumonia  per  week,  6 of  Broncho  Pneumonia,  5 of 
Diphtheria,  32  of  Measles,  3 of  German  Measles.  156  of 
Mumps,  and  1 of  Cerebro-spinal  Meningitis.  In  all  of  the 
six-weeks  period,  there  were  hut  2 cases  of  Pulmonary 
Tuberculosis,  1 of  Erysipelas,  and  3 of  Chicken  Pox,  and  \ 
14  deaths,  two  of  which  were  suicidal.  This  health  record 
excels  the  average  of  all  camps,  without  any  exception  \ 
for  any  one  week,  according  to  official  statements. 

The  surprisingly  few  cases  of  pneumonia  and  other 
diseases,  which  are  favored  by  extremes  of  temperature, 
emphasize  the  health  value  and  importance  of  the  uni- 
form climatic  conditions  which  prevail. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


39 


EASTWARD  LIMITATIONS  OF  WESTERN  WASHINGTON’S  CLIMATE 

The  moderacy  of  the  climate  at  Camp  Lewis  is  dis- 
tinctive only  for  western  Washington  and  not  for  the  area 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  difference  between 
the  two  emphasize  the  part  which  the  Cascades  play  in 
modifying  or  controlling  the  climate.  Rising  to  heights 
of  5,000  to  6,000  feet  and  more,  these  mountains  act  as  a 
great  barrier  and  prevent  the  free  sweep  of  the  winds 
from  the  ocean  to  eastern  Washington  and  thereby  pro- 
hibit the  transfer  of  the  temperature  of  the  Japan  current 
beyond  the  western  slopes.  In  consequence  of  this  the 
summers  are  hotter  and  the  winters  colder  east  of  the 
mountains  than  west,  and  the  differences  between  night 
and  day  are  usually  greater. 

THE  RAINFALL  OF  WESTERN  WASHINGTON 

The  more  abundant  rainfall  of  western  Washington 
as  compared  with  the  region  east  of  the  mountains  is 
strikingly  emphasized  to  the  traveler.  Leaving  Spokane, 
westbound,  the  traveler  soon  passes  into  the  sage-brush 
plains  of  the  Columbia  Plateau.  For  mile  after  mile  not 
a tree  is  in  sight,  and  the  sombre  landscape  continues  in 
its  sameness  to  the  Columbia  River.  Once  the  ascent  of 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascades  is  begun,  the  stunted 
tree  and  the  thicket  appear.  The  trees  increase  in  size 
and  numbers  with  the  rise  of  slope  until  at  the  summit 
and  on  the  western  slope  are  seen  the  dense  forests.  The 
traveler  has  crossed  from  the  semi-arid  region  of  eastern 
Washington  to  the  rainfall  area  of  the  western  portion. 

SOURCE  OF  THE  RAINS 

Practically  all  of  the  rain  has  its  primary  source  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  By  evaporation,  the  westerly  winds 
pick  it  up  and  carry  it  over  the  land  areas,  where  if  the 
temperature  is  proper,  it  will  be  condensed  as  rain.  It  is 
fortunate  indeed,  for  other  reasons  than  those  pertaining 
to  temperature,  that  the  rotation  of  the  earth  causes  the 


40  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


winds  in  this  latitude  to  blow  prevailingly  to  the  east- 
ward. If  the  winds  blew  to  the  westward  this  would  be 
a desert-like  region,  for  in  that  case  there  would  be  no 
adequate  source  for  the  moisture. 

RAINFALL  MAP 

Fig.  3 shows  graphically  the  rainfall  in  different  parts 
of  Washington.  The  height  of  the  lines  indicates  the 
amount  which  a given  place  receives,  and  each  line  repre- 
sents a month,  from  January  to  December.  It  is  striking 
how  much  longer  the  lines  are  for  the  western  part  of  the 
state  than  for  the  eastern.  It  is  equally  striking  how 
much  longer  the  lines  are  for  the  winter  months,  such  as 
November,  December,  January,  and  February,  than  for 
the  summer  months.  This  illustrates  the  two  chief 
points  about  Washington’s  rainfall:  the  area  west  of  the 
Cascades  receives  much  more  than  the  area  to  the  east, 
and  most  of  the  rainfall  occurs  during  the  winter  months. 

For  the  difference  in  rainfall  between  eastern  and 
western  Washington,  the  Cascade  Mountains  are  largely 
responsible.  When  the  westerly  winds  reach  the  Cas- 
cades they  rise  in  order  to  pass  over  them.  In  rising  they  ; 
expand  and  become  chilled  and  are  forced  to  deposit 
much  of  their  moisture  on  the  western  slopes.  When  \ 
they  reach  the  summit  and  begin  their  descent  of  the 
eastern  slopes  they  become  warmer  and  as  they  do  so 
they  precipitate  less  and  less  moisture  and  eventually  ; 
become  evaporating  rather  than  rain-giving.  Pasco,  at  { 
the  eastern  foot  of  the  Cascades,  receives  less  than  seven  j 
inches  of  rainfall  per  year  on  the  average. 

SEASONAL  DIFFERENCES 

The  seasonal  differences  in  rainfall  are  due  primarily 
to  temperature  conditions.  In  the  winter  the  land  area 
is  sufficiently  cool  to  cause  the  winds  to  condense  their 
moisture,  and  storms  are  more  frequent.  In  the  summer 
the  heat  of  the  land  warms  the  moisture-bearing  winds, 


3.  Rainfall  Map,  showing  the  monthly  precipitation,  in  inches,  in  different  parts  of  the  state.  Compiled  fi 

the  records  of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau. 


42  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


increases  their  capacity  to  hold  moisture,  and  thereby 
prevents  rainfall. 

At  Camp  Lewis,  80  per  cent  of  the  precipitation  occurs 
from  October  15  to  May  15.  The  greater  part  of  this 
falls  during  the  night,  which  gives  many  days  of  no  rain- 
fall during  daylight  or  several  hours  of  fair  weather. 
During  July  and  August  there  is  usually  less  than  one 
inch  of  rain  for  each  month. 

LOCAL  DIFFERENCES 

In  western  Washington  it  generally  holds  that  dis- 
tance from  the  Pacific  Coast  and  altitude  above  sea 
affect  the  amount  of  rainfall  of  a given  place.  Of  two 
points  having  the  same  elevation,  the  one  which  is  nearer 
to  the  Pacific  Coast  receives  the  greater  rainfall.  This 
is  illustrated  by  Aberdeen  and  Olympia,  which  have  the 
same  altitude.  But  Aberdeen  is  nearer  the  Pacific  Coast 
by  40  miles  than  Olympia,  as  shown  on  Plate  II,  and 
receives  an  average  of  85.5  inches,  while  Olympia  re- 
ceives 55  inches. 

Of  two  points  situated  the  same  distance  from  the 
coast,  the  higher  one  has  the  heavier  rainfall.  The  west- 
ern slopes  of  the  high  Olympics,  for  example,  have  more 
than  120  inches  of  rain,  but  the  lower  Willapa  Hills 
south  of  Aberdeen  receive  from  60  to  100  inches. 

In  some  cases  altitude  is  a more  important  factor  in 
influencing  rainfall  than  distance  from  sea.  Many  points 
near  the  summit  of  the  Cascades  receive  more  than  80 
inches,  as  compared  with  Olympia’s  55  inches  and  Ta-  ) 
coma’s  42  inches. 

The  rainfall  at  Camp  Lewis  is  undoubtedly  a little 
greater  than  it  is  at  Tacoma  and  considerably  less  than 
it  is  at  Olympia.  Forty-five  inches  is  a close  estimate. 

If  the  Camp  were  at  Port  Townsend,  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  the  rainfall  would  be  less 
than  half  what  it  is  at  the  present  location.  Port  Town- 
send has  an  average  of  only  20.5  inches.  But  Port  Town- 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


43 


send  is  scarcely  any  farther  from  the  Pacific  Coast  than 
Camp  Lewis  and  its  elevation  is  about  the  same.  Then 
why  this  marked  difference  in  precipitation!  There  are 
two  causes  for  this : the  direction  of  the  prevailing  winds, 
and  the  position  of  Port  Townsend  with  respect  to  the 
Olympics.  (See  Plate  II.)  The  winds  of  Pnget  Sound 
blow  more  from  the  southwest  in  the  winter  than 
from  the  west,  and  this  makes  Port  Townsend  directly 
in  the  lee  of  the  Olympics.  The  southwest  slopes  of  the 
Olympics,  therefore,  catch  most  of  the  moisture  and  but 
little  is  left  for  places  situated  northeast  of  the  mountains 
at  low  elevations. 

RAINFALL  AT  OTHER  CANTONMENTS 

Although  Camp  Lewis  and  Vicinity  receive  a generous 
rainfall,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  at  least  four  other 
cantonments  in  the  United  States  receive  a still  greater 
amount.  The  average  annual  precipitation  at  Camp 
Gordon  (Ga.)  is  50  inches;  at  Camp  Pike  (Ark.),  the 
same;  at  Camp  Jackson  (S.  C.),  47  inches;  and  at  Camp 
Dix  (N.  J.),  46  inches.  As  has  been  stated  heretofore, 
the  rainfall  at  Camp  Lewis  is  probably  about  45  inches. 
This  is  equalled  at  Camp  Taylor  (Ky.)  and  Camp  Upton 
(N.  Y.).  Camp  Travis  (Tex.)  has  the  least  rainfall  of 
all  the  cantonments,  the  amount  there  being  slightly  in 
excess  of  28  inches. 

The  number  of  days  with  .01  inch  or  more  of  rain 
averages  155  per  year  for  Camp  Lewis,  which  is  23  more 
than  for  Camp  Upton  (N.  Y.),  the  next  in  the  list.  Camp 
Funston  (Kans.)  has  the  least  number  of  rainy  days, 
averaging  but  65  each  year.  The  comparatively  large 
number  of  rainy  days  at  Camp  Lewis  is  the  only  objec- 
tionable feature  of  its  climate.  This,  however,  is  partly 
compensated  by  the  gentleness  of  its  rains,  the  moder- 
ation of  the  temperature  during  the  rains,  and  the  ease 
with  which  the  gravel  formation  at  the  Camp  drains 
away  the  water,  thus  preventing  flood  conditions  which 


44  Bulletin  No.  18 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


have  seriously  affected  other  cantonments.  Severe 
thunderstorms,  accompanied  by  winds  of  high  velocity, 
such  as  occur  in  the  middle  west  and  eastern  states,  are 
practically  unknown  at  Camp  Lewis. 

SNOWFALL 

Snow  is  infrequent,  and  when  it  does  occur,  the  fall 
is  usually  light.  During  17  years  of  observation  the 
amount  has  averaged  about  16  inches  per  year.  This 
takes  into  account  all  that  falls,  even  though  much  of  it 
melts  away  promptly.  This  is  the  least  snowfall  of  any 
of  the  cantonments  north  of  the  latitude  of  St.  Louis. 
Camp  Custer  (Mich.)  has  the  greatest,  51.5  inches,  and 
Camp  Travis  (Tex.)  the  least  of  all,  0.3  inches. 

Not  over  50  miles  away  from  Camp  Lewis,  in  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  the  snowfall  is  much  heavier,  100 
inches  being  not  unusual.  During  one  winter  season  48 
feet  was  recorded.  Snow  which  falls  in  the  mountains 
lingers  until  late  summer,  and  much  of  it  is  perennial. 
This  provides  a valuable  source  of  water-supply  for  the 
streams  during  the  summer  when  the  rainfall  is  the  least,, 
and  gives  rise  to  valuable  water-power  resources. 

SULTRY  WEATHER 

Sultry  weather  is  due  to  warm  temperatures  and  a 
relatively  high  content  of  moisture  in  the  air.  In  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  when  the  air  on  sum- 
mer days  has  a high  relative  humidity,  or  when  it  con- 
tains almost  as  high  a percentage  of  moisture  as  it  can 
hold,  the  perspiration  of  the  body  is  not  evaporated  with 
the  usual  rapidity  and  the  atmosphere  seems  depressive.  i 
This  sort  of  weather  is  called  sultry. 

In  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  such  days  are  rare.  The 
summer  months  are  comparatively  dry  and  the  relative 
humidity  of  the  air,  especially  during  the  warm  part  of 
the  day,  is  low.  At  five  o’clock  in  the  afternoon  it. 


Plate  VI 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  1 8 


Sunset  View  across  Puget  Sound. 


1 


46  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


averages  but  53%  at  Tacoma,  whereas  in  all  of  the  east- 
ern cantonments  it  ranges  all  the  way  from  57%  to  73%, 
except  at  Camp  Travis  (Tex.),  which  has  the  exceptional 
average  of  51%.*  If  summer  were  a wet  season  in  the 
Puget  Sound  Basin  instead  of  a dry,  the  weather  would 
be  very  sultry,  and  although  its  temperature  might  not 
be  excessively  warm,  the  days  would  be  enervating. 
Such  is  the  case  in  the  middle  and  eastern  states  on  an 
occasional  day  during  the  summer. 

WIND  VELOCITY 

In  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  near  sea-level,  100  feet 
above  the  surface,  the  wind  velocity  ranges  from  an 
average  of  five  miles  per  hour  during  August  to  seven 
miles  per  hour  during  January.  An  authentic  record  of 
a tornado  is  unknown  in  Washington. 

SUNSHINE 

The  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis  averages  more  hours  of 
sunshine  during  the  summer  than  Camp  Upton  (N.  Y.), 
and  almost  as  many  as  Camp  Devens  (Mass.)  and  Camp 
Gordon  (Ga.).  For  June,  July,  and  August,  the  vicinity 
of  Camp  Lewis  has  averaged  795  hours  during  the  16 
years’  record,  Camp  Upton,  749  hours,  and  Camp  Dev- 
ens, 808  hours,  and  Camp  Gordon,  830  hours.  Of  all 
records  obtained,  Camp  Pike  (Ark.)  has  the  highest 
standing,  with  an  average  of  974  hours. 

During  the  winter,  on  account  of  its  rainy  elimate, 
Camp  Lewis  holds  the  lowest  sunshine  record  and  Camp 
Pike  the  highest.  But  in  spite  of  this,  its  average  mini- 
mum temperature  equals  that  of  Camp  Pike. 

* All  records  on  which  these  averages  are  based  were  taken  at  the 
same  time  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Since  5 o’clock  Pacific  Time  is  8 
o’clock  Eastern  Time  and  7 o’clock  Central  Time,  these  records  do  not 
represent  the  same  stage  of  the  day,  and  therefore  some  allowance  must 
be  made  for  the  higher  percentages  of  the  East. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


47 


COMPARISON  OF  THE  CLIMATE  OF  CAMP  LEWIS  WITH  THAT 
OF  FRANCE  AND  BELGIUM 

Thus  far  in  this  chapter  exclusive  attention  has  been 
devoted  to  the  climate  of  Camp  Lewis  and  a comparison 
of  the  same  with  that  of  other  National  Cantonments  in 
the  United  States.  It  appears  from  this  comparison 
that  the  climate  of  Camp  Lewis  has  many  superior 
qualities. 

In  the  first  place,  it  has  no  zero  weather  in  winter; 
secondly,  the  temperature  is  nearly  uniform  in  winter, 
there  being-  no  rapid  or  extreme  changes  which  tax 
vitality;  thirdly,  the  snowfall  is  light  and  of  short  dura- 
tion; fourthly,  the  summers  are  moderately  warm  with- 
out oppressive  heat;  fifthly,  there  is  sufficient  difference 
between  night  and  day  to  permit  refreshing  sleep  at 
night  and  maximum  efficiency  during  the  day;  sixthly, 
there  are  neither  tornadoes  nor  thunderstorms  with  at- 
tendant flood  conditions. 

The  stay,  however,  of  the  soldiers  at  Camp  Lewis  is 
mostly  temporary.  After  their  preliminary  training  they 
are  destined  for  service  in  France  and  Belgium,  where 
climate  will  be  as  much  a factor  of  health  and  interest  as 
here.  For  this  reason  it  does  not  seem  out  of  place  to 
compare  briefly  the  climate  of  the  two  places. 

Fig.  4 shows  a map  of  France  and  Belgium  placed 
upon  a map  of  the  northwest  states  with  regard  to  lati- 
tude and  relative  size.  From  this  it  will  be  observed 
that  their  position  corresponds  to  a position  on  the  Pa- 
cific from  southern  Oregon  to  north  of  Vancouver,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  That  part  of  France  which  has  been  the 
scene  of  the  war’s  activities,  lies  north  of  the  latitude  of 
Camp  Lewis.  Paris  would  be  located  approximately  on 
the  northern  boundary  of  Washington,  Verdun  on  a line 
with  Vancouver,  B.  C.,  and  Lens,  Calais,  Dunkirk,  and 
Brussels  still  farther  north. 


48  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


The  winds  of  France  and  Belgium  generally  blow 
from  the  west  or  southwest,  as  in  Washington.  This 
means  that  the  climate  there  is  under  a marine  influence 
as  here,  the  winds  blowing  from  the  sea  to  the  land,  and 
that  the  temperatures  are  comparatively  uniform.  Very 
similar  to  the  Japan  current,  the  Gulf  Stream  washes 
the  eastern  shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  winds  transfer 
its  moderate  temperatures  to  the  land  area.  There  are 
no  mountains  in  France  having  a position  similar  to  the 


Fig.  4.  Comparative  map  of  the  northwestern  states  and  of  France 
and  Belgium,  showing  their  positions  by  latitude. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


49 


Cascade  Range,  and  so  the  marine  influence  is  carried 
far  inland,  beyond  Paris.  In  the  eastern  and  north- 
eastern parts  of  France,  the  elevations  are  higher,  and 
there  is  a wider  range  of  temperature,  but  it  is  less  than 
would  ordinarily  be  expected  for  this  latitude. 

The  winters  are  not  severe  but  there  is  usually  some 
moderately  cold  weather.  The  number  of  days  during 
the  winter  that  the  temperature  is  continuously  below 
32  degrees  average  11  at  Paris  and  11  at  Arras,*  as 
compared  with  two  at  Camp  Lewis.  In  the  vicinity  of 
St.  Mihiel  colder  weather  prevails,  because  the  elevations 
are  higher  and  farther  from  the  coast.  Snowfall  is  fairly 
frequent  from  November  to  April,  inclusive,  but  is  of 
lighter  character  over  the  lowlands.  Heavier  and  more 
frequent  snows  occur  in  the  higher  areas  in  northeastern 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Verdun,  St.  Mihiel,  Toul,  and 
in  eastern  France. 

The  summers  of  northern  France  and  Belgium  are 
cool,  with  some  moderately  hot  weather,  but  without  ex- 
tremely high  temperatures.  No  temperatures  above  100 
degrees  have  ever  been  recorded  in  France.  In  northern 
France  the  thermometer  usually  registers  less  than  80 
degrees  during  the  day  and  below  60  degrees  at  night. 

On  the  low  plains  in  northern  France  and  Belgium 
the  raipfall  averages  from  20  to  30  inches,  while  in  the 
Vosges  Mountains  in  northeastern  and  eastern  France 
it  ranges  from  60  to  70  inches.  It  is  a little  heavier  in 
the  fall  and  early  winter,  but  the  minimum  occurs  in  the 
spring.  The  rains  are  frequent  but  are  gentle  and  of 
short  duration.  A rainfall  heavier  than  one  inch  in  24 
hours  at  Paris  is  rare,  and  at  Arras,  on  only  one  day  in 
five  years  has  there  been  a rainfall  exceeding  one  inch. 
The  amount  of  cloudiness  is  about  the  same  as  that  at 
Camp  Lewis. 

* Arras  is  near  the  northern  end  of  the  present  battle-line. 
March  1.  1918. 


50  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


In  general,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  winters  are  a 
little  more  rigorous  and  unpleasant  than  at  Camp  Lewis, 
with  damp  and  chilly  winds  from  the  west  and  southwest. 
The  days  are  somewhat  shorter  than  here  and  the  nights 
correspondingly  longer.  In  April  and  May  the  length  of 
day  increases  rapidly,  with  much  more  sunshine  and 
with  light  and  rather  frequent  showers.  The  summers 
are  pleasant.  The  days  are  moderately  warm  and  the 
nights  cool.  In  the  latter  part  of  June  the  days  are  about 
1 6 hours  long.  The  autumns  are  usually  agreeable,  with 
the  rainfall  a little  more  frequent  and  of  greater  intensity. 
On  the  whole,  the  climate  of  northern  France  and  Belgium 
is  very  much  like  that  of  Camp  Lewis.  Indeed,  it  is 
more  nearly  like  that  of  Camp  Lewis  than  any  other  camp 
in  the  United  States. 


CHAPTER  V 

ANCIENT  CLIMATIC  CHANGES 


The  present  climate  has  not  always  been  characteristic 
of  this  region.  Just  as  Nature  has  brought  about  revo- 
lutionary changes  in  the  land  forms  so  has  she  effected 
great  changes  in  the  climate. 

FORMER  PERIOD  OF  TROPICAL  CLIMATE 

The  question  is  frequently  raised  as  to  how  it  is  pos- 
sible to  determine  what  kind  of  climate  the  earth  has 
had  in  the  ancient  past,  preceding  the  earliest  written 
records.  The  method  is  by  no  means  mysterious,  neither 
is  it  as  speculative  as  is  popularly  supposed.  In  the  last 
century  or  so,  students  of  earth  science  have  come  to 
understand  how  the  rock  strata  of  the  earth  were  formed, 
and  how  their  ingredients  frequently  indicate  the  kind 
of  conditions  which  existed  at  a particular  time.  With 
this  knowledge,  some  facts  which  are  hidden  to  the 
casual  observer  are  revealed  with  surprising  clearness 
to  the  investigator. 

The  coal  beds  that  are  now  being  mined  at  various 
places  on  the  east  and  west  flanks  of  the  Cascades,  as  at 
Roslvn,  Carbonado,  Black  Diamond,  or  Newcastle,  are 
made  up  in  part  of  palm  leaves  and  branches.  These 
indicate  that  at  the  time  this  material  was  accumulating 
a tropical  or  sub-tropical  type  of  climate  must  have  pre- 
vailed in  this  region  to  permit  the  growth  of  this  sort  of 
vegetation.  This  particular  period  occurred  ages  ago, 
even  before  the  present  mountains  were  uplifted,  for 
the  coal  beds  are  tilted  and  included  in  the  structure  of 
the  mountains. 

But  the  existence  of  this  climate  with  this  vegetation 
was  none  the  less  real.  Just  how  different  the  landscape 
appeared  then  as  compared  with  the  present  can  be  pic- 
tured mentally  by  supposing  that  the  present  mountains 


52  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


were  leveled,  Mt.  Rainier  removed,  and  by  substituting 
for  our  present  pines,  firs,  and  cedars,  the  palm  type  of 
vegetation. 

Such  a climate  this  region  must  have  enjoyed  for  a 
long  time.  Due  to  causes  that  are  still  problematical,  a 
change  to  another  extreme  came,  when  instead  of  the 
temperature  being  tropical  or  sub-tropical  there  was  a 
slow  transition  to  a temperate  and  then  to  a frigid  cli- 
mate, which  resulted  in  a large  part  of  North  America 
being  over-ridden  by  an  immense  ice-sheet.  This  ice- 
slieet  was  so  extensive  that  it  invaded  the  middle  states 
as  far  south  as  St.  Louis  and  beyond. 

GLACIAL  CLIMATE 

It  would  be  expected  that  the  severity  of  the  climate 
which  would  make  this  possible  would  also  make  itself 
felt  in  the  Puget  Sound  region.  This  has  been  found  to 
be  true.  An  extensive  ice-cap  over-rode  this  region, 
transformed  much  of  its  topography  and  produced  the 
gravel  plain  at  Camp  Lewis. 

SOURCE  OF  THE  PUGET  SOUND  GLACIER 

The  Puget  Sound  Glacier  had  its  source  in  a snow- 
field  somewhere  in  British  Columbia.  Accumulating  by 
degrees  under  the  influence  of  a climate  which  made  snow- 
fall exceed  the  melting  of  summers,  the  snowfield  as- 
sumed immense  proportions  and  eventually,  when  its 
thickness  became  great  enough  to  generate  motion,  it 
gave  rise  to  a glacier.  The  snowfield  had  frozen  to  loose  { 
material  on  the  surface,  and  so  was  already  shod  with  ; 
rock  fragments  when  it  assumed  the  nature  of  a glacier. 
When  movement  began,  these  fragments  grooved  and  j 
scraped  and  scratched  the  bedrock  over  which  the  ice 
passed.  The  bare  rock  surfaces  of  the  San  Juan  Islands 
and  at  Victoria  preserve  many  of  these  markings  and  in 
almost  all  cases  they  trend  north  and  south.  Many  of 
the  stones  found  in  the  clay  deposits  throughout  the 


Fig.  5.  Sketch  map  showing  the  extent  of  the  glaciation  of  the 
Puget  Sound  region. 


54  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Puget  Sound  country  belong  to  native  ledges  in  British 
Columbia,  thus  making  it  quite  clear  that  the  glacier 
came  from  that  direction. 

SOUTHERN  LIMITS  OF  GLACIATION 

The  great  glacier  tilled  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  5,  from  the  Cascade  Mountains  on  the  east 
to  the  Olympics  on  the  west,  a breadth  of  50  to  60  miles. 
The  deposits  of  debris,  which  afford  traces  of  where  the 
ice  moved,  are  found  throughout  the  Puget  Sound  coun- 
try to  a point  about  20  miles  south  of  Camp  Lewis,  and 
about  15  miles  south  of  Olympia.  From  the  north  line 
of  the  state  this  is  distant  150  miles.  How  much  farther 
north  was  the  source  of  the  glacier  is  not  exactly  known, 
but  these  proportions  in  Washington  suggest  the  im- 
mensity of  the  ice-sheet. 

North  of  the  Olympics,  Vancouver  Island  was  over- 
ridden, the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  was  filled,  and  the  ice 
projected  into  the  Pacific  far  enough  to  form  an  ice- 
bridge  from  the  Olympic  Peninsula  to  the  southwest 
shores  of  Vancouver  Island. 

THICKNESS  OF  THE  ICE 

The  ice  is  known  to  have  been  sufficiently  thick  not 
only  to  fill  the  troughs  of  Puget  Sound,  which  off  Pt.  Jef- 
ferson is  nearly  1,000  feet  deep,  but  to  have  overtopped 
some  hills  or  small  mountains  over  3,000  feet  high.  This 
shows  that  the  ice  was  at  least  4,000  feet  thick,  and  prob- 
ably it  was  considerably  thicker,  in  order  to  generate  the 
necessary  motion  to  over-ride  the  rough  surface  of  the 
area. 

THE  RETREAT  OF  THE  GLACIER 

The  melting  back  of  the  glacier  is  spoken  of  as  its 
retreat.  This  could  not  have  taken  place  until  the  cli- 
mate changed  from  a glacial  to  one  approximating  that 
of  the  present.  This  change  probably  was  gradual,  so 
that  by  degrees  the  glacial  front  retreated.  The  time  in- 
volved was  necessarily  long,  probably  thousands  of  years. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate  VII 


View  of  the  Pacific  Highway  and  the  level  topography  north- 
east of  Camp  Lewis. 

— By  courtesy  of  Asahel  Curtis,  Seattle 


56  Bulletin  No.  18 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


The  melting  of  such  an  immense  field  of  ice,  which 
was  being  constantly  fed  at  its  source  by  newly  fallen 
snow,  must  have  created  great  floods  of  water.  The 
courses  followed  by  this  outwash,  when  the  ice  was  at 
its  maximum  limit,  are  shown  in  Plate  VI  to  have  been 
by  tributaries  to  the  Chehalis  River  and  thence  to  Grays 
Harbor  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Enormous  quantities  of 
silt,  sand,  and  gravel  were  either  carried  in  suspension 
in  the  streams  or  rolled  or  moved  along  the  bed  of  the 
streams  until  they  were  buried  by  the  onrush  of  other 
gravels.  The  great  gravel  benches  now  existing  along 
the  Chehalis  River  and  its  tributaries  represent  the  rem- 
nants of  what  was  an  enormous  fill  in  the  valleys. 

CONSTRUCTION  OP  GRAVEL  PLAIN  AND  HILLS  OF  THE 
CANTONMENT 

It  was  during  these  retreating  stages  of  the  glacier 
that  the  gravel  flat  and  hills  of  the  Cantonment  came  into 
existence.  The  amount  of  debris  carried  in  any  glacier 
is  unequally  distributed.  Consequently,  upon  the  melting 
of  the  ice,  the  land  surface  that  was  formed  from  these 
deposits  was  left  irregular,  with  hills  and  ridges  of  un- 
equal height  and  dissimilar  form,  and  pond-basins  and 
marshes  promiscuously  distributed.  Such  irregularity 
was  in  some  cases  increased  or  modified  by  the  original 
irregularities  of  the  old  surface,  or  by  readvances  of  the 
ice-sheet,  or  both. 

The  hills  south  of  Camp  and  to  the  north  are  of 
glacial  origin.  They  are  made  up  of  debris  of  glacial 
character.  The  intricate  system  of  trenches  on  the  hill 
slope  just  south  of  the  barracks  were  dug  in  this  mate- 
rial, which  geologists  call  glacial  till.  Much  difficulty  was 
experienced  by  the  soldiers  in  digging,  due  both  to  the 
compactness  of  the  material  and  the  numerous  pebbles 
and  cobblestones  mixed  with  clay.  Commonly  this  mate- 
rial is  known  as  “hard-pan.”  For  an  army  to  intrench 
itself  in  such  a terrain  under  fire  would  be  well  nigh 


The  Country  ah  out  Camp  Lewis 


57 


impossible  and  would  probably  result  in  great  loss  of 
life.  These  hills  were  made  while  the  ice  was  still  present 
and  the  compactness  seems  to  be  due  to  the  burdening 
pressure  of  the  great  glacier  rather  than  to  any  cement- 
ing action  since. 

The  barracks  are  located  on  a nearly  flat  gravel  de- 
posit which  extends  northward  along  the  Pacific  High- 


Fig.  6.  Diagram  showing  the  positions  of  the  ice  front  when  the 
gravel-plain  of  the  Camp  Lewis  Cantonment  was  made. 


way  to  Tacoma.  Wherever  excavations  of  any  sort  are 
made  on  this  flat,  gravel  is  encountered.  This  gravel 
plain  was  made  after  the  hills  were  made  and  the  con- 
struction of  all  of  the  upland  between  Puyallup  River  on 
the  east  and  Puget  Sound  on  the  west,  was  finished  be- 
fore the  ice  had  melted  back  beyond  Pt.  Defiance,  north 


58  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


of  Tacoma.  In  order  to  make  clear  how  this  is  known, 
the  reader’s  attention  is  invited  to  Fig.  6. 

This  diagram  shows  three  stages  in  the  retreat  of 
the  ice  after  it  had  melted  back  from  the  Camp  Lewis 
Cantonment.  The  line  A-A  shows  the  position  of  the 
front  of  the  ice  at  one  stage,  B-B  at  a later,  and  C-C 
still  later.  When  the  front  of  the  ice  lay  along  the  line 
A-A,  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound  were  shut  off  from  their 
northward  connection  with  the  ocean  and  a lake  gathered 
in  front.  This  lake  lay  to  the  west  of  the  Cantonment  in 
the  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis  and  has  been  named  Lake 
Russell.  After  the  waters  had  risen  to  a level  of  about 
160  feet  above  present  sea-level,  they  found  an  outlet 
over  the  low  divide  southwest  of  Olympia  and  discharged, 
as  indicated  on  the  diagram,  by  way  of  Black  River  to 
the  Chehalis  River,  and  thence  to  the  ocean.  Another 
reference  to  Fig.  6 will  show  that  the  stream  in  the 
Puyallup  Valley,  to  the  east  of  the  Cantonment,  was  also 
obstructed  by  the  ice  and  another  lake  formed,  called 
Lake  Puyallup.  This  lake  received  drainage  from  the 
melting  ice  to  the  north,  from  the  glaciers  in  the  Cas- 
cades, and  from  the  glaciers  on  Mt.  Rainier. 

Where  did  the  waters  of  this  lake  escape?  This  in- 
volves the  important  point  of  the  origin  of  the  gravels 
at  Camp  Lewis.  The  waters  raised  until  they  reached 
an  outlet  southwest  of  Puyallup,  as  indicated  in  the 
figure,  at  about  an  elevation  of  400  feet  above  present 
sea-level.  The  site  of  the  present  town  of  Puyallup  was 
then  under  nearly  350  feet  of  water.  These  waters  pur- 
sued the  course  “a,”  crossed  the  Camp  Lewis  area  to 
Lake  Russell  on  the  west,  and  thence  escaped  by  way  of 
Olympia  and  the  Black  River  outlet.  In  passing  across 
the  Cantonment  these  waters,  together  with  those  from 
the  ice-front  itself,  distributed  an  immense  amount  of 
gravel  and  gradually  built  up  the  broad  gravel  flat 
around  the  scattered  hills  of  glacial  debris.  All  of  the 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


59 


gravels  of  the  Cantonment  were  deposited  at  this  time, 
and  their  rounded  and  worn  character  is  due  to  their 
rolling  by  the  torrential  waters.  Several  “ kettle-holes ’ ’ 
appear  here  and  there  in  the  surface  of  the  flat,  which 
show  that  huge  ice-blocks  became  isolated  from  the 
glacier,  washed  out,  and  later  were  partially  or  wholly 
buried  by  the.  gravels.  After  melting,  depressions  were 
left. 

As  the  ice-front  receded  northward  lower  ground  was 
uncovered  in  the  vicinity  of  Steilacoom  and  the  waters 
were  diverted  along  Clover  Creek  in  the  direction  of 
Chambers  Creek.  A wide  channel  was  cut  by  the  large 
volume  of  water,  and  it  is  within  this  broad  channel  that 
the  present  small  Clover  Creek,  north  of  the  boundary 
of  the  Cantonment,  winds  aimlessly. 

Still  further  recession  of  the  glacier  to  the  line  B-B 
uncovered  a lower  outlet  for  Lake  Puyallup  at  the  pres- 
ent site  of  Tacoma.  This  outlet  is  the  low  col  now  fol- 
lowed by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  and  the  Pacific 
Highway  in  leaving  Tacoma  for  Camp  Lewis.  It  has 
been  named  the  South  Tacoma  outlet  and  its  position  is 
shown  in  the  diagram  at  “b.” 

Once  the  ascent  is  made  from  the  lower  business  sec- 
tion to  this  col,  one  finds  himself  in  a wide,  flat-bottomed 
valley  which  curves  southward  to  South  Tacoma  and  then 
westward  to  Steilacoom.  This  huge  channel,  75  to  80 
feet  deep  at  Tacoma,  was  cut  by  the  escaping  waters  of 
Lake  Puyallup  as  they  pursued  this  course  to  the  vicinity 
of  Steilacoom,  where  they  emptied  into  Lake  Russell. 
The  gravels  which  were  obtained  from  the  glacier  and 
from  cutting  this  channel  were  deposited  as  a great  delta 
in  Lake  Russell,  and  it  is  these  gravels  which  are  so  well 
exposed  in  the  large  gravel  pit  at  Steilacoom. 

When  the  South  Tacoma  outlet  was  uncovered,  the 
older  outlet  “a”  at  Puyallup  was  abandoned,  for  the 
newer  outlet  “b”  was  lower  than  “a”  by  90  feet.  The 


60  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


flood  of  water  which  this  sudden  drop  permitted  from 
such  a large  lake  as  Lake  Puyallup  is  easily  imagined; 
likewise  its  power  for  rapid  cutting. 

By  referring  again  to  the  diagram  in  Pig.  6,  it  will 
be  observed  that  while  the  outlet  “b”  was  being  used, 
the  front  of  the  ice  must  have  had  a position  somewhere 
between  Tacoma  and  Pt.  Defiance,  for  just  as  soon  as  the 
glacier’s  front  had  receded  to  the  line  C-C,  north  of  Pt. 
Defiance,  Lake  Tacoma  merged  with  Lake  Russell  by 
way  of  The  Narrows  and  assumed  Lake  Russell’s  level, 
70  feet  lower.  Outlet  “b”  was  then  no  longer  used. 

The  construction  of  the  Camp  Lewis  area  was  then 
complete  and  the  sound  of  torrential  rivers  was  no 
longer  to  be  heard.  Its  glacial  history  was  at  an  end.  Save 
for  slight  changes,  its  surface  has  remained  essentially 
the  same  ever  since. 

Lake  Russell  continued  to  exist  to  the  west,  east,  and 
north  of  Pt.  Defiance  until  the  ice  front  had  melted  north- 
ward to  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  when  its  union  with 
the  ocean  was  permitted.  Then  the  waters  of  Puget 
Sound  changed  from  fresh  to  salt-water  conditions. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  LAKES 

American  Lake  and  the  other  lakes  which  occur  in  a 
successive  series  north  of  Camp  Lewis  owe  their  origin 
also  to  the  glacial  epoch.  There  appears  to  have  been  a 
former  valley  along  the  line  of  their  position  which  was 
partly  filled  with  ice  when  the  gravels  of  Camp  Lewis 
were  being  deposited.  The  gravels  were  washed  around 
the  stagnant  ice-blocks  until  they  were  buried  and  then 
more  gravels  were  distributed  farther  westward,  devel- 
oping a nearly  level  plain.  When  the  deposition  ceased 
and  the  ice  melted,  irregular  depressions  were  left 
which  became  the  basins  for  the  present  lakes. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


61 


OTHER  GLACIAL  EPOCHS 

Beneath  the  glacial  deposits  which  occur  so  widely  in 
the  Puget  Sound  area,  there  is  a still  older  glacial  deposit 
which  is  separated  from  the  one  above  by  old  soils,  peat- 
beds,  and  rusty  gravels.  This  relationship  is  shown 
along  some  of  the  cliffs  of  Puget  Sound.  The  presence 
of  the  old  soil  and  peat  between  the  two  deposits  shows 
that  two  different  glaciers  have  been  in  the  Puget  Sound 
Basin  and  that  enough  time  intervened  between  the  two 
glacial  epochs  for  the  climate  to  become  warm  and  vege- 
tation to  creep  back  into  the  area.  The  rusty  gravels  also 
are  thought  to  show  weathering  during  a warm  climate. 
And  so  it  seems  safe  to  say  that  this  region  has  experi- 
enced at  least  two  epochs  of  glacial  climate,  during  both 
of  which  the  life  suffered  seriously. 

In  the  middle  states  there  are  evidences  of  at  least 
five  distinct  glacial  invasions  rather  than  two.  And  the 
time  between  each  one  was  much  longer  than  the  time 
since  the  last,  and  the  inter-glacial  climates  were  at  least 
as  warm.  During  each  inter-glacial  epoch  the  land  was 
reinhabited  with  plants  and  animals,  only  to  be  destroyed 
or  driven  southward  by  the  extreme  cold  of  the  next 
glacial  epoch. 

That  evidences  for  only  two  glacial  epochs  have  been 
found  in  Puget  Sound  localities  should  not  be  taken  to 
mean  that  only  two  occurred.  It  would  seem  that  if  the 
climate  became  sufficiently  cold  to  cause  five  glaciations 
as  far  south  as  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Illinois,  Puget  Sound 
was  probably  similarly  affected.  Perhaps  the  evidences 
of  the  older  glaciations  have  been  obscured  by  the 
younger  deposits  or  wholly  obliterated. 

LENGTH  OF  TIME  SINCE  THE  LAST  GLACIATION 

Just  how  long  it  has  been  since  the  last  glaciation  it 
is  impossible  to  say.  The  best  measure  of  post-glacial 
time  for  this  continent  seems  to  be  the  amount  of  reces- 
sion of  Niagara  Palls.  Niagara  Falls  is  known  to  have 


62  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


come  into  existence  during  the  closing  stages  of  the  gla- 
ciation which  last  affected  that  part  of  the  continent. 
Since  that  time  the  falls  have  receded  some  seven  miles. 
Taking  into  consideration  the  present  rate  of  recession 
of  the  falls  and  the  factors  which  have  affected  the  rate 
in  time  past,  it  has  been  estimated  that  something  like 
20,000  to  30,000  years  have  elapsed  since  their  origin. 

If  the  change  in  climate  which  caused  the  Puget  Sound 
glacier  to  melt  took  place  at  the  same  time  as  the  change 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent,  then  we  might  assign 
the  above  figures  to  the  length  of  post-glacial  time  in  the 
Puget  Sound  Basin. 

During  post-glacial  time,  the  Puget  Sound  Basin  has 
been  at  varying  heights  above  sea-level.  Fragile  marine 
shells  occurring  in  a bed  beneath  soil  have  been  found  up 
to  290  feet  above  sea-level,  showing  that  for  at  least  a 
brief  time  the  land  was  lowered  relative  to  sea-level  to 
that  extent,  and  subsequently  uplifted.  This  would  have 
submerged  the  place  where  the  barracks  at  Camp  Lewis 
are  built,  but  not  the  bordering  hills.  The  absence  of  any 
quiet  water  deposits  shows  that  this  was  only  for  a brief 
time  geologically,  although,  if  measured  in  terms  of  a 
life-time,  it  may  have  lasted  a generation  or  more.  Wave-  . 
cut  terraces  as  wide  as  50  to  100  yards  occur  quite  com- 
monly along  the  shores  at  a height  of  about  30  feet  above 
the  present  waters,  showing  that  the  waters  of  the  Sound 
were  approximately  at  that  level  for  some  time. 

Deltas  have  been  built  and  extended  a considerable 
distance  at  the  mouths  of  the  Puyallup  and  Nisquallv 
Bivers,  lakes  on  the  upland  have  been  partially  filled  with 
sediment,  the  bed  of  American  Lake  has  been  silted,  and 
peat  has  accumulated  in  marshes  and  swamps,  as  below 
the  outlet  to  Lake  Sequalitchew.  The  upper  few  feet  of 
the  glacial  material  has  been  somewhat  weathered  and 
stained  and  made  into  soil,  and  the  land  reclothed  with 
vegetation  of  various  kinds. 


CHAPTER  VI 

HUMAN  HISTORY  OF  THE  CAMP  LEWIS  REGION 

By  Edmond  S.  Meaxy 


The  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis  has  an  interesting  history. 
The  first  homes  of  white  men  to  be  established  on  Puget 
Sound  were  located  there  and  for  a dozen  years  there 
seemed  great  likelihood  that  the  region  would  become 
British  rather  than  American  territory. 

During  the  period  of  discovery,  exploration  and  occu- 
pation, four  nations — Spain,  Great  Britain,  Russia  and 
the  United  States — sought  the  ownership  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  In  the  very  year,  1792,  in  which  the  United 
States  established  claims  by  Captain  Robert  Gray’s  dis- 
covery of  Grays  Harbor  and  the  Columbia  River,  the 
British  and  the  Spanish  government  were  settling  the 
conflict  over  their  rival  claims.  The  Spaniards  withdrew 
southward  to  the  coasts  of  California  and  the  British 
remained  active  as  to  their  claims  along  the  northern 
shores.  These  claims  were  in  conflict  with  those  by  the 
United  States  and  Russia.  The  American  claims  were 
based  on  Gray’s  discovery  of  the  Columbia  River,  on  the 
Lewis  and  Clark  Exploring  Expedition,  1803-1806,  and 
on  the  establishment  of  the  fur  trading  post  on  Fort 
Astoria  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  1811.  The  British  had 
also  explored  and  had  established  fur  trading  posts  on 
the  upper  Columbia  River. 

During  the  War  of  1812,  the  British  bought  the  Amer- 
ican fort  at  Astoria,  but  by  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of 
Ghent,  1814,  which  ended  the  war,  it  was  made  clear  that 
Astoria,  as  a settlement,  was  American.  The  two  gov- 
ernments made  a treaty  in  1818  providing  that  the  Pacific 
Northwest  should  be  open  to  the  citizens  and  subjects  of 
both  powers  on  equal  terms  for  a period  of  ten  years. 
In  1827,  just  before  the  ten-year  limit  came  to  an  end, 
another  treaty  was  signed  in  order  to  extend  the  feature 


64  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


of  joint  occupancy  indefinitely.  Either  nation  could  end 
this  agreement  by  giving  the  other  one  year’s  notice  in 
writing. 

All  this  time,  Russia  was  building  forts  and  trading 
posts  in  what  we  now  know  as  Alaska.  They  also  claimed 
the  lands  southward  along  part  of  the  shores  jointly 
claimed  by  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  That 
was  protested  by  the  United  States  when  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  was  announced  in  1823.  In  the  spring  of  1824, 
Russia  and  the  United  States  made  a treaty  fixing  the 
boundary  between  their  claims  at  54°  40',  north  latitude, 
and  in  3825  Russia  and  Great  Britain  made  a similar 
treaty.  This  eliminated  Russia  from  the  claims  and  left 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  as  undisputed  joint- 
owners  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

The  Americans  practically  disappeared  after  their 
post  at  Astoria  was  sold  and  their  claims  were  held  alive 
through  governmental  diplomacy.  The  British  increased 
their  number  of  trading  posts,  which  were  doing  a suc- 
cessful business.  This  work  was  begun  by  the  North 
West  Company  of  Montreal,  but  in  1821  that  company 
was  absorbed  by  the  older  Hudson’s  Bay  Company.  The 
name  of  Astoria  had  been  changed  by  the  British  to  Fort 
George,  in  honor  of  their  king.  In  1825,  the  headquarters 
of  the  British  trade  were  moved  from  Fort  George  to  a 
new  post  farther  up  the  Columbia  River  which  they 
named  Fort  Vancouver.  Their  fur  trade  centered  there. 

When  it  was  decided  that  the  furs,  harvested  along 
the  banks  of  the  Fraser  River  and  its  tributaries,  could 
best  be  handled  by  a central  post,  Fort  Langley  was  estab- 
lished near  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser  River  in  1827.  Fort 
Vancouver  still  remained  headquarters.  Fort  Langley 
could  be  reached  by  vessels  going  down  the  Columbia 
River,  by  sea  to  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  thence 
up  the  Fraser  River.  Vessels  were  not  always  to  be  had, 
however,  and  frequent  trips  were  made  overland. 


bulletin  in  o.  18  Plate  VIII 


American  Lake.  — By  courtesy  of  Asahel  Curtis,  Seattle 


66  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Canoes  were  paddled  and  poled  up  the  Cowlitz  River  to 
about  the  present  site  of  Toledo  and  from  there  a port- 
age was  made  to  Puget  Sound,  where  Indian  canoes  were 
secured  for  the  rest  of  the  journey  to  Fort  Langley. 

The  Indians  could  not  always  be  depended  upon  and 
in  fact  they  had  to  be  punished  for  an  attack  on  the  first 
traders,  in  1828.  These  conditions  caused  the  Hudson’s 
Bay  Company  to  decide  upon  establishing  another  post  or 
way  station  near  the  head  of  Puget  Sound.  Thus  arose 
the  famous  Fort  Nisqually  or  Nisqually  House  on  the 
ground  now  occupied  by  the  Dupont  Powder  Works.  In 
the  spring  of  1832,  Archibald  McDonald,  a chief  trader 
of  the  Hudson’s  Bay  Company,  while  on  a trading  trip, 
picked  on  Nisqually  Bay  as  a good  place  for  the  proposed 
post  and  left  there  Pierre  Charles,  William  Ouvrie  and 
one  other  man  with  a few  blankets,  a couple  of  kegs  of 
potatoes  and  some  garden  seeds.  The  next  spring  Chief 
Trader  McDonald  returned  and  in  the  usual  spirit  of 
carefulness  of  the  Hudson’s  Bay  company  he  made  the 
first  entry  in  a book  called  “Journal  of  Occurrences  at 
Nisqually”  as  follows: 

“May  30th,  1833,  Thursday.  Arrived  here  this  after- 
noon from  the  Columbia  with  four  men,  four  oxen  and 
four  horses,  after  a journey  of  fourteen  days,  expecting 
to  have  found  the  schooner  Vancouver  lying  here.  She 
sailed  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  we  started,  with 
trading  goods,  provisions,  potatoes,  seeds,  etc.,  bound  for 
Nisqually  Bay,  where  we  have  now  determined,  should 
everything  come  up  to  expectation,  to  locate  an  estab- 
lishment.” 

There  was  with  this  first  party  a young  Scotch  sur- 
geon, William  Fraser  Tolmie,  who  was  on  his  way  for 
service  with  the  more  northern  posts  of  the  company. 
The  serious  illness  of  Pierre  Charles  kept  him  at  Nis- 
qually for  some  time.  During  that  time  the  young  doctor 
made  a number  of  botanical  excursions.  On  one  of  these 
he  took  Indian  guides  and  attempted  to  climb  Mount 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


67 


Rainier.  He  succeeded  in  ascending  one  of  the  foothills 
overlooking  the  glaciers  on  the  larger  mountain.  That 
little  mountain  is  now  called  Tolmie  Peak  and  his  diary 
of  the  trip  is  the  prized  record  of  civilized  man ’s  first  ap- 
proach to  the  great  mountain. 

Chief  Trader  McDonald  did  not  stay  long  at  Nisqually 
House.  He  had  already  requested  retirement  for  age, 
and  soon  he  was  relieved  by  Chief  Trader  Heron.  The 
new  trader  did  not  like  the  location  selected.  He  explored 
the  shores  as  far  as  Whidbey  Island  and  later  decided  to 
build  the  fort  at  the  water  fall  where  Tumwater  now 
stands,  near  Olympia.  A band  of  Indians  arrived  at 
Nisqually  for  trade  and  would  go  no  farther.  That  inci- 
dent decided  the  case  and  Nisqually  House  became  the 
first  settlement  by  white  men  on  the  shores  of  Puget 
Sound. 

The  new  fort  served  its  purpose  well  from  the  very 
beginning.  When  it  was  three  years  old  an  important 
occurrence  was  recorded  in  the  journal  when  the  Hud- 
son’s Bay  Company  steamer  Beaver  arrived  for  work  on 
this  coast.  This  historic  boat  was  the  first  steamboat  to 
ply  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  fur  trade  was 
greatly  stimulated  by  this  new  means  of  transportation 
and  of  course  the  Indians  were  profoundly  affected  by 
such  a manifestation  of  the  white  man’s  power  as  this 
great  4 ‘fire  canoe”. 

The  Hudson’s  Bay  Company  men  at  Fort  Vancouver 
had  given  attention  to  lumbering  and  agriculture  from 
the  foundation  of  the  fort  in  1825.  Similarly,  those  at 
Fort  Langley  had  found  fish  packing  a good  addition  to 
their  regular  fur  trade.  Nisqually  House  was  to  become 
an  agricultural  center.  One  reason  for  Chief  Trader 
Herron’s  dissatisfaction  with  the  site  was  the  poorness 
of  the  soil  on  the  south  side  of  the  Sequalitchew  Creek 
where  the  warehouse  had  been  built  on  the  beach.  There 
was  better  soil  on  the  north  side  of  the  creek  but  that 


68  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


would  necessitate  an  expensive  bridge  near  the  month  of 
the  creek  to  the  only  suitable  place  on  the  beach  for  the 
warehouse.  A road  was  built  from  the  warehouse  on  the 
beach  to  a level  tract  above.  There  the  first  fort  was 
constructed  near  two  large  oak  trees  known  as  “The 
Twins”.  The  sunken  outlines  of  the  old  stockade  may 
still  be  seen  and  some  evidences  also  of  the  first 
fruit  trees  and  garden  site.  These  old  relics  of  the  be- 
ginnings of  civilization  are  now  mingled  with  such  signs 
as  “Nitro-glycerine — Beware!”  of  the  powder  works. 

In  a few  years  the  fort  was  moved  a mile  to  the  east- 
ward to  be  nearer  a source  of  fresh  water  and  the  new 
fort  there  erected  was  larger  and  more  substantial.  It 
also  gave  better  command  of  the  expanding  prairies 
where  the  proposed  agricultural  enterprise  could  be  at- 
tempted. Many  of  the  old  Hudson’s  Bay  Company  of- 
ficers were  opposed  to  such  experiments.  “We  are  in 
the  fur  trade.  Let  those  raise  potatoes  who  wish  to,  ’ ’ was 
a form  of  their  protest.  Others  urged  the  case  until  they 
won  the  day  by  the  organization  of  the  Puget  Sound 
Agricultural  Company,  about  1839.  Chief  Factor  John 
McLoughlin  at  Fort  Vancouver  was  given  charge  of  the 
new  company,  though  the  real  supervision  of  its  work 
was  made  from  Nisqually  House.  One  of  the  larger  ex- 
periments was  on  Cowlitz  Farm  Prairie  south  of  the 
present  city  of  Chehalis.  The  care  of  cattle,  sheep,  hogs 
and  crops  began  to  add  largely  to  the  activities  of  Nis- 
qually  House. 

This  all  fitted  well  into  the  plans  of  the  Hudson’s  Bay  \ 
Company  officers  in  the  far  west,  or  Oregon  Country,  | 
which  was  still  jointly  owned  by  the  British  and  Amer- 
icans. In  1834  the  American  missionaries  began  to  ar- 
rive and  Dr.  McLoughlin,  the  chief  factor,  directed  them 
south  of  Columbia  River.  He  continued  that  policy  as 
other  missionary  parties  arrived  and  as  Nisqually  House 
enterprises  increased.  He  felt  sure  that  when  the  joint 


69 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


occupancy  treaty  was  settled  the  British  would  get  the 
Columbia  Biver  as  the  boundary. 

News  from  these  American  missionaries  and  of  the 
new  British  posts  caused  the  United  States  Government 
to  awaken  its  interest.  On  November  11,  1835,  Secretary 
of  State  John  Forsyth  instructed  William  A.  Slocum  to 
visit  the  settlements  on  the  Columbia  Biver  and,  without 
exciting  British  suspicions,  to  bring  back  a report.  He 
performed  his  mission  and  his  report  of  1837  included  a 
strong  and  earnest  plea  for  the  United  States  to  cling 
most  firmly  to  Puget  Sound  which  he  described  as  of 
great  value. 

The  missionaries  sent  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  had  accepted  the  advice  of  Dr.  McLoughlin  and 
had  settled  south  of  the  Columbia,  in  the  Willamette  Val- 
ley. They  received  large  reenforcements  in  1840  and  be- 
gan to  expand.  One  of  the  new  missionary  stations  was 
established  at  Nisquallv  House,  where  Dr.  J.  P.  Bichmond 
and  wife  and  W.  H.  Willson  and  wife  were  located. 
Though  this  was  contrary  to  the  advice  of  Chief  Factor 
McLoughlin,  he  gave  orders  that  the  missionaries  should 
be  treated  with  kindness.  The  home  of  Dr.  Bichmond  was 
blessed  by  the  birth  of  a baby  boy,  the  first  American 
white  child  born  on  Puget  Sound.  This  mission’s  work 
among  the  Indians  did  not  prosper  and  it  was  abandoned 
in  1842. 

While  the  American  missionaries  were  at  work  there 
the  keeper  of  the  journal  recorded  a most  important  visit 
by  a squadron  of  American  vessels  in  command  of  Com- 
mander Charles  Wilkes.  The  official  title  of  the  party 
was  United  States  Exploring  Expedition.  For  four  years, 
1838  to  1842,  this  expedition  sailed  around  the  world 
making  scientific  explorations  for  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment. The  officers  and  men  were  cordially  welcomed 
at  Nisqually  House  in  1841.  Temporary  headquarters 
were  fixed  upon  there  while  small  parties  were  sent  in 


70  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 

different  directions  for  the  work  of  explorations.  One  of 
these  parties,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Robert  E. 
Johnson,  passed  across  the  parade  grounds  of  the  present 
Camp  Lewis  on  the  way  across  the  Cascade  Mountains  to 
inspect  the  missionary  stations  and  mining  camps  in  the 
Walla  Walla,  Spokane  and  Colville  districts.  The  report 
of  that  trip  constitutes  one  of  the  valuable  sources  of 
early  Northwestern  history.  It  is  one  of  the  very  first 
records  we  have  of  white  men  crossing  those  mountains. 

Other  excursions  were  made  from  the  Nisqually  head- 
quarters which  gave  rise  to  many  such  names  as  Budd 
Inlet,  where  the  present  Olympia  is  located.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Acting  Master  Thomas  A.  Budd  of 
the  expedition.  Another  excursion  passed  through  the 
Narrows  and  began  surveys  at  a place  which  they  called 
Commencement  Bay,  now  known  as  Tacoma  Harbor. 

Independence  Day  was  celebrated  near  Nisqually 
House  in  1841  by  the  officers  and  men  of  the  American 
squadron.  There  was  an  imposing  parade,  barbecue  of 
a beef,  programme  and  various  sports.  There  was  one 
casualty.  A sailor  died  from  injuries  received  while 
firing  a salute.  In  1906,  the  Washington  State  Historical 
Society,  assisted  by  other  organizations,  unveiled  a 
monument  with  elaborate  and  appropriate  ceremonies  to 
commemorate  the  sixty-fifth  anniversary  of  that  first 
Fourth  of  July  celebration  in  the  Puget  Sound  region. 
That  celebration  and  the  arrival  later  of  American  set- 
tlers gave  rise  to  the  well  known  name  of  American  Lake. 
Commander  Wilkes  in  charting  and  naming  other  places 
paid  his  respects  to  the  British  officers  who  had  been  kind 
to  him.  McNeil  Island  he  named  in  honor  of  Captain 
William  Henry  McNeil  of  the  steamer  Beaver  and  An- 
derson Island  was  named  in  honor  of  Alexander  Caulfield 
Anderson,  chief  trader  at  Nisqually  House. 

It  is  singular  that  the  vicinity^of  Camp  Lewis  should 
have  had  a military  character  almost  continuously  from 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


71 


the  beginning  to  the  present  time.  The  Hudson ’s  Bay 
Company  and  the  Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Company 
were  semi-military  in  their  methods.  Chief  Factor  Mc- 
Loughlin  was  commander-in-chief,  under  whom  worked 
the  various  chief  traders.  Under  them  were  the  clerks 
and  lastly  were  the  companies  of  employees,  usually  called 
servants.  Commander  Wilkes  maintained  military  dis- 
cipline while  his  men  were  in  camps  on  shore.  In  1846, 
Robert  Mills  Inskip,  royal  navy,  naval  instructor  in  her 
majesty’s  ship  Fisgard,  established  a regular  camp  at 
Nisqually  for  the  instruction  of  junior  officers.  In  1849, 
the  United  States  Government  established  and  manned 
Fort  Steilacoom  for  protection  against  Indian  attacks  or 
outbreaks.  Even  during  the  long  season  of  peace  and 
quiet  after  the  Indian  dangers  had  passed,  the  State  of 
Washington  maintained  National  Guard  encampments  at 
American  Lake  in  the  summer  months.  The  First  Wash- 
ington Infantry,  United  States  Volunteers,  was  mobilized 
and  drilled  there  for  the  Spanish- American  War  of  1898. 
In  1917,  there  came  the  greatest  military  quality  the  re- 
gion has  known  by  the  construction  and  maintenance  of 
Camp  Lewis. 

While  the  British  were  still  hoping  for  the  Columbia 
River  as  the  boundary  there  came  a shock  to  those  at 
Nisqually  House  when  the  Americans  elected  James  K. 
Polk  as  President  under  the  political  battle  cry  of  “ Fifty- 
four,  Forty  or  Fight!”  War  was  imminent  but  was 
finally  averted  by  adopting  the  present  boundary  and 
giving  the  Puget  Sound  Country,  including  the  vicinity 
of  Camp  Lewis,  to  the  Americans  in  the  treaty  of  1846. 
During  the  year  previous  to  that  treaty  the  first  real 
American  settlers  arrived  under  the  leadership  of 
Michael  Troutman  Simmons  and  established  themselves 
at  Tumwater,  near  the  present  Olympia.  Many  of  them 
were  well  treated  and  some  of  them  were  given  employ- 
ment at  Nisqually  House. 


72  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


The  British  did  not  leave  their  establishment  as  soon 
as  the  treaty  was  signed  because  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment had  promised  compensation  for  improvements 
and  property  taken.  Dr.  William  Fraser  Tolmie  was  one 
of  the  last  officers  and  he  finally  moved  to  Victoria,  B.  C. 
The  claims  for  property  and  improvements  at  Fort 
Vancouver,  Nisqually  and  elsewhere  in  the  Northwest 
dragged  along  until  September  10,  1869,  when  a decision 
of  award  was  rendered  by  which  the  United  States  was 
to  pay  to  the  Hudson’s  Bay  Company  $450,000  and  to 
the  Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Company  $200,000.  The 
last  clerk  in  charge  at  Nisqually  House  was  Edward  Hug- 
gins, who  became  an  American  citizen  and  secured  the 
site  of  Fort  Nisqually  as  a homestead.  It  remained  the 
Huggins  homestead  until  the  property  became  a part  of 
the  holdings  of  the  company  now  operating  the  powder 
works. 


! 

? 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate  IX 


CHAPTER  VII 

NOTES  ON  PLANTS  FOUND  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF 
CAMP  LEWIS 

By  George  B.  Rigg 

The  flora  in  the  vicinity  of  Camp  Lewis  is  of  two  dis- 
tinct types — that  of  the  level  prairie  and  that  of  the 
neighboring  hills. 

TREES  OF  THE  HILLS 

The  hills  in  the  main  are  covered  with  a forest  of 
Douglas  fir.  On  the  borders  of  this  forest,  especially  on 
the  rather  steep  slopes  extending  down  to  the  prairie, 
there  is  a good  deal  of  white  oak.  Oaks  are  also  found 
mixed  with  the  young  fir  in  the  forest  and  to  a certain 
extent  on  the  level  prairie  itself.  Some  fir  trees  are 
found  on  the  prairie,  too.  A good  many  trees  of  both  oak 
and  fir  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  buildings  of  the 
Camp. 

The  fir  is  the  only  coniferous  tree  that  is  at  all  com- 
mon in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Camp.  (Plate  VIII.) 
It  is  the  commonest  conifer  in  the  Puget  Sound  region. 
It  may  he  distinguished  from  the  other  conifers  of  the 
region  by  the  three-pointed  projection  (bract)  which 
grows  just  outside  of  each  scale  of  the  cone.  The  mature 
cone  is  about  three  or  four  inches  long.  These  cones  are 
woody  and  are  found  commonly  on  the  ground  in  the 
forest.  The  leaves  of  the  fir  are  borne  singly,  not  in 
clusters.  They  are  an  inch  or  a little  more  in  length 
and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wide. 

That  the  Douglas  fir  is  a natural  covering  of  the 
ground  on  the  hills  near  Camp  Lewis  is  indicated  by  the 
large  number  of  small  trees  and  even  very  small  seed- 
lings in  the  open  places. 

Occasional  specimens  of  the  western  hemlock  are 
found  in  the  ravines.  The  hemlock  is  readily  distin- 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


75 


guished  from  the  fir.  Its  branches  are  soft  and  very 
flexible  at  their  growing  tips,  while  those  of  the  fir  are 
stiff.  The  same  is  true  of  the  growing  point  at  the  top 
of  the  young  tree.  The  leaves  are  of  thre#  different 
lengths  and  project  outward  from  the  two  sides  of  the 
branch,  giving  it  a flat  appearance.  The  leaves  of  fir 
come  out  more  all  around  the  stem,  though  sometimes 
there  are  not  quite  so  many  at  the  top  and  bottom  as  at 
the  sides.  The  leaves  of  the  hemlock  are  of  three  distinct 
lengths  on  each  branch,  while  those  of  fir  are  practically 
all  of  the  same  length.  The  leaves  of  the  hemlock  are 
decidedly  white  underneath,  so  that  the  whole  branch 
presents  a whitish  appearance  when  viewed  from  below, 

A good  many  willows  are  found  along  the  borders  of 
the  fir  forest.  In  some  cases  they  are  found  among  the 
fir  trees  farther  back  in  the  forest. 

Some  madrona  trees  are  also  found  in  this  forest, 
especially  on  the  hills  to  the  north  of  the  Camp.  These 
trees  are  conspicuous  and  attractive.  They  reach  a 
height  of  30  feet  or  more.  The  trunks  of  many  of  them 
are  somewhat  crooked.  Occasionally  one  is  found  with  a 
large  burl  at  the  base.  The  hark  peels  off  in  small  pieces, 
leaving  the  reddish  new  bark  of  the  stem  smooth  and  with 
a polished  appearance. 

The  leaves  are  evergreen  and  are  thick  and  leathery. 
They  are  from  3 y2  to  5 inches  long  and  1 y2  to  2%  inches 
wide.  The  tree  has  large  clusters  of  white  flowers  in 
spring.  The  berries  are  red  and  frequently  remain  on  the 
free  through  the  winter.  They  are  not  edible,  hut  are 
among  the  most  conspicuous  and  attractive  appearing 
berries  of  the  region. 

FOREST  UNDERGROWTH 

The  fir  forest,  especially  to  the  north  of  the  Camp,  is 
of  a rather  open  type.  The  undergrowth  is  not  so  dense 
as  is  the  case  in  much  of  the  forest  of  the  Puget  Sound 
region.  The  undergrowth  in  the  forest  to  the  south  of 


76  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


the  Camp  is  a little  more  abundant  than  that  on  the 
north.  Salal  is  the  commonest  shrub  forming  this  under- 
growth, though  the  common  Oregon  grape  and  the  shiny 
Oregon  grape  are  also  abundant.  The  last  mentioned 
species  is  confined  more  to  the  rather  open  and  dry  places 
in  the  forest,  particularly  the  crest  of  the  rise  from  the 
prairie. 

Lichens,  mosses  and  fungi  are  abundant  in  the  forest 
around  Camp  Lewis.  Thready  lichens  hang  from  the 
branches  of  the  trees.  There  are  also  several  species  of 
somewhat  leaf -like  lichens  growing  on  the  trunks  and  on 
soil.  Various  species  of  moss  grow  upon  the  tree  trunks, 
decaying  logs  and  also  upon  rocks  and  soil.  Practically 
none  of  these  have  common  names.  One  leafy  liverwort 
grows  with  these  mosses  on  tree  trunks  and  is  moss-like 
in  its  appearance. 

The  woody  bracket  fungus  frequently  forms  large, 
hard  shelf -like  growths  on  the  coniferous  trees.  The  hard 
convex  upper  portion  sheds  water  readily.  The  lower 
surface  is  creamy  white  in  color  and  porous,  with  very 
numerous  holes,  large  enough  to  be  seen  with  the  un- 
aided eye. 

The  leathery  bracket  fungus  is  thinner  and  is  tough, 
rather  than  woody.  It  is  common  on  trees  other  than 
coniferous.  Its  lower  surface  resembles  that  of  its  woody 
relative. 

TALLER  SHRUBS 

Among  the  taller  shrubs  growing  in  the  forest  on 
these  hills  are  hazel,  Indian  plum,  service  berry,  buck 
brush  (red  root),  and  ocean  spray.  All  of  these  lose 
their  leaves  in  the  autumn. 

The  hazel  of  this  region  grows  much  taller  than  the 
familiar  “ hazel  brush”  of  regions  farther  east.  It  is 
commonly  10  to  15  feet  tall,  occasionally  30  feet  in 
ravines.  Light  is  probably  a factor  in  this.  It  also  grows 
more  among  the  trees  and  does  not  form  such  dense 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


77 


growths  in  the  open.  It  does  not  produce  nuts  so  abun- 
dantly as  its  eastern  relative.  In  winter  the  staminate 
catkins  form  rather  stiff  bud-like  projections  upon  the 
branches.  In  the  early  spring  the  shrubs  are  conspicuous 
because  of  the  great  abundance  of  slender  dangling 
staminate  catkins,  shedding  the  yellowish  powdery  pollen. 
On  careful  examination  at  this  season  of  year  the  small 
red  pistillate  flowers  are  found,  usually  coming  from  the 
terminal  bud  of  the  branch.  A little  later  leaves  come. 
These  are  velvety  to  the  touch. 

The  Indian  plum  blossoms  about  the  same  time  as 
the  hazel  catkins  come.  It  has  white  flowers,  borne  along 
a pendant  stem  only  a few  inches  in  length.  The  flowers 
come  before  the  leaves  but  are  quickly  followed  by  them. 
The  fruit  is  a bluish  berry. 

Buck  brush,  or  red  root,  is  a stout  shrub  4 to  12  feet 
high.  It  is  common  in  the  edge  of  the  forest  on  the  hills 
bordering  Camp  Lewis  on  the  south  and  is  also  reported 
to  be  found  on  the  prairie.  It  has  thin  leaves  whose  edges 
are  very  finely  saw-toothed.  Its  flowers  are  white. 

The  service  berry  is  a white-flowered  shrub  2 to  10 
feet  high.  It  has  a small  black  or  purplish  fruit  which  is 
sweet  and  edible. 

Ocean  spray  is  a rather  slender  shrub  whose  stems  do 
not  grow  strictly  erect,  but  curve  gracefully  outward 
from  the  center  of  the  clump.  Its  numerous,  very  small 
white  flowers,  produced  in  numerous  large  clusters,  give 
it  its  common  name.  These  gradually  change  to  cream 
color,  then  become  darker  and  the  brownish  clusters  of 
fruit  and  dried  bracts  remain  on  the  plants  through  the 
winter.  The  wood  is  rather  tough  and  is  sometimes 
known  as  Indian  arrow  wood. 

SMALLER  SHRUBS 

Salal  is  a shrub  reaching  a height  of  2 to  4 feet  in 
these  woods.  It  is  an  evergreen.  Its  leaves  last  a little 
over  a year,  so  that  the  old  crop  do  not  wither  until  the 


78  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


new  ones  are  fairly  mature.  The  leaves  are  four  inches 
or  more  in  length  and  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long. 
Their  edges  are  very  finely  saw-toothed.  They  are  tough 
and  leathery  as  are  the  leaves  of  the  other  broad-leaf 
evergreens  of  these  forests,  such  as  common  Oregon 
grape,  shiny  Oregon  grape,  evergreen  huckleberry,  and 
pipsissewa. 

Salal  has  a whitish,  rather  sticky  flower.  The  fruit 
is  black  and  is  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  said 
to  be  edible,  but  is  not  very  commonly  eaten.  Its  qual- 
ities as  a food  berry  are  certainly  very  poor  as  compared 
with  huckleberries  and  blackberries. 

The  common  Oregon  grape  is  a low  shrub  with  a very 
short  stem.  In  winter  its  most  conspicuous  feature  is  its 
long  leaves,  curving  upward  and  outward  from  the  stem. 
These  leaves  have  stiff  leaflets,  arranged  in  pairs  along 
the  central  stalk,  and  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end.  The 

leaflets  are  very  stiff  and  have  a few  short  spines  on 
them.  When  the  leaflet  is  looked  at  from  the  back  it 
shows  three  rather  prominent  nerves  all  originating  from 
the  base  of  the  leaflet.  The  wood  of  the  stem  is  distinctly 
yellow,  though  the  outer  surface  of  the  bark  is  brown. 

The  stems  grow  from  long  underground  shoots.  The 
flowers  are  yellow  and  the  fruit  is  a bluish  berry,  some- 
times used  for  making  jelly  and  pies. 

The  shiny  Oregon  grape  is  much  taller  than  the  com- 
mon one.  Its  leaves  are  distinctly  shiny  and  have  sharper 
spines  than  its  relative.  It  is  sometimes  called  western  \ 

holly.  The  leaflets  do  not  have  the  three  distinct  nerves  \ 

from  the  base.  Many  of  the  specimens  have  brilliant  ! 
coloration  of  the  leaves,  far  surpassing  the  common  ones 
in  this  particular.  The  flowers  and  fruit  of  the  two  are 
similar.  The  underground  portion  of  the  tall  one  is  the 
source  of  an  official  drug,  known  as  Oregon  grape  root. 

It  has  a distinct  odor  and  a bitter  taste. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


79 


The  dried  leaves  of  pipsissewa  also  constitute  an  of 
ficial  drug.  They  are  evergreen  and  are  from  1%  to  2 
inches  long  and  the  widest  point  is  above  the  middle  of 
the  leaf.  The  leaf  is  leathery  and  its  edges  are  saw- 
toothed. The  flowers  are  white  or  pinkish  and  the  fruit 
is  a dry  capsule,  splitting  into  five  parts.  This  is  a low 
plant.  Its  height  does  not  usually  exceed  one  foot.  It 
is  very  abundant  in  the  woods  on  the  hills  just  to  the 
south  of  Camp  Lewis. 

There  are  two  huckleberries  found  in  this  region — the 
red  and  the  evergreen.  The  one  producing  the  red  berries 
loses  most  of  its  leaves  in  winter.  Frequently  a few  of 
the  lower  branches  have  evergreen  leaves.  The  twigs 
are  green  and  somewhat  angled.  This  is  a somewhat 
straggling  plant  from  3 to  12  feet  high.  It  grows  in  ordi- 
nary soil  in  the  woods,  but  is  also  common  in  the  moss  on 
stumps  and  fallen  tree  trunks.  The  berries  are  small  and 
are  very  bright  red.  They  are  rather  acid,  but  are  good 
in  pies. 

The  foliage  of  the  evergreen  huckleberry  is  very 
attractive  and  is  much  used  for  winter  decorations  in 
houses.  Most  of  the  leaves  are  green,  but  beautiful 
shades  of  red  are  sometimes  found.  The  flowers  are  rose 
color  or  nearly  white.  The  berries  are  acid  but  are  com- 
monly eaten  either  raw  or  cooked. 

Another  broad-leafed  evergreen  shrub,  Pachistima 
myrsinites , looks  somewhat  like  the  evergreen  huckle- 
berry. It  is  smaller,  however,  and  its  foliage  is  less  at- 
tractive and  its  flowers  and  fruit  are  inconspicuous.  It 
is  here  mentioned  by  its  scientific  name  because  it  has  no 
common  name. 

WOODY  VINES 

There  are  a number  of  woody  vines  in  these  woods. 
The  honeysuckle  is  an  opposite-leafed  vine  which  climbs 
to  the  tops  of  the  taller  shrubs.  It  loses  its  leaves  in 
winter.  The  trailing  blackberry  is  a spiny  evergreen 


80  Bulletin  No.  18,  II  ashing  ton  Geological  Survey 


plant  with  whitish  flowers.  It  trails  over  other  low  vege- 
tation and  over  the  ground.  Its  flowers  are  white  and 
its  fruit  is  edible. 

The  twin  flower  is  an  evergreen  vine  forming  dense 
growths  on  the  ground.  Its  flowers  are  showy  and  rather 
drooping.  They  are  borne  in  pairs  on  erect  stalks. 

The  tea  vine  is  sometimes  confused  with  this,  but  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  odor  of  its  leaves  when 
crushed,  also  by  the  fact  that  its  leaves  are  broader  and 
its  flowers  much  less  conspicuous. 

Kinnikinnik  is  a prostrate,  diffusely  branched,  woody 
plant,  rooting  at  the  joints.  It  has  white  flowers  and  red 
berries.  It  is  common  in  the  more  open  places  in  the 
woods  south  of  Camp  Lewis.  Its  leaves  are  leathery  and 
evergreen  and  are  an  official  drug. 

HERBACEOUS  PLANTS 

The  list  of  herbaceous  plants  in  these  woods  is  nec- 
essarily incomplete,  since  it  is  based  on  a single  visit 
made  in  March. 

A strawberry  is  common  in  the  open  places.  One  of 
the  common  thistles  is  also  found.  A false  dandelion, 
known  also  as  cats-ear,  is  very  abundant.  It  is  readilly 
distinguished  from  the  common  dandelion  by  the  fact 
that  its  leaves  are  somewhat  hairy  and  have  rounded 
lobes,  while  the  common  dandelion  has  smooth  leaves 
with  more  angled  lobes.  Its  flower  stalks  branch  while 
those  of  the  common  dandelion  do  not. 

A wild  geranium  is  also  common  in  the  open  places. 
It  is  a slow-spreading  plant  whose  somewhat  elongated 
fruits  split  at  maturity  into  five  parts,  each  part  curling 
upward. 

Common  yarrow  is  also  abundant.  It  may  be  distin- 
guished from  other  plants  of  the  region  by  the  fact  that 
its  leaves  are  dissected  into  numerous  small  divisions, 
giving  them  an  appearance  that  is  sometimes  described  as 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate 


A virgin  forest  in  Western  Washington. 


82  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


“fern-like.”  The  plant  is  1 or  2 feet  high  and  has 
whitish  or  sometimes  pinkish  flowers. 

Fire-weed  is  a conspicuous  plant.  The  plant  is  4 to  6 
feet  tall.  In  early  summer  it  has  numerous  conspicuous 
rose-colored  flowers  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 
In  fall  the  pods  split  open  and  the  numerous  hairy  seeds 
are  distributed  by  the  wind. 

Rattle-snake  plantain  is  very  common  in  the  humus 
in  shady  places.  It  is  a very  low  plant  having  several 
thick  evergreen  leaves  at  its  base.  Its  leaves  are  green 
and  are  much  blotched  with  white.  This  will  distinguish 
it  from  other  plants  of  the  region.  It  has  small  flowers 
on  an  erect  stalk.  The  whole  plant  is  not  more  than  one 
foot  high. 

The  field  sorrel  belongs  to  the  dock  group.  Its  leaves 
may  be  identified  by  the  peculiar  projection  at  each  side 
of  the  base.  They  taste  sour.  The  plant  is  not  much  more 
than  one  foot  high,  and  has  numerous  very  small  reddish 
flowers. 

Sanicle  is  common  in  the  woods  north  of  Camp  Lewis. 
In  winter  it  shows  only  a few  leaves,  these  lying  flat  on 
the  ground.  They  have  rounded  lobes.  The  flowers  are 
numerous,  yellow  and  very  small.  They  are  borne  in 
clusters  at  the  top  of  the  plant. 

The  bitter  cress  found  here  may  be  recognized  by  the 
taste  of  its  leaves.  Its  leaves  are  composed  of  several 
pairs  of  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  white  and  the  pod  is 
somewhat  elongated. 

Rice-root  is  one  of  the  wild  lilies.  It  has  an  erect 
leafy  stem  growing  from  a scaly  bulb.  It  has  distinctly 
lily-like  flowers  and  produces  a six-angled  pod  with  nu- 
merous seeds. 

Calypso  is  a small  orchid  with  a showy  terminal 
flower.  It  has  one  green  leaf  at  the  base  and  a few 
smaller  scale-like  leaves  on  the  stem. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


83 


Coral-root  is  another  orchid.  It  has  no  green  leaves 
at  all.  Such  leaves  as  are  present  are  reduced  to  mere 
scales.  The  plant  has  a somewhat  reddish  appearance. 
Its  roots  are  coral-like  and  are  branched. 

Fairy  bells  is  a branched,  leafy  plant  growing  from 
running  underground  stems.  The  flowers  are  rather 
small  and  not  very  numerous.  The  parts  of  the  flower 
are  arranged  in  sixes.  The  fruit  is  a berry  with  3 to  6 
seeds. 

At  least  three  ferns  are  common  in  the  woods  south 
of  the  Camp.  The  brake  is  the  commonest  one.  It  is 
frequently  six  feet  or  more  high  and  grows  from  a thick, 
tough  underground  stem.  As  it  comes  up  in  spring  its 
growing  tip  is  turned  back  and  somewhat  rolled  in.  The 
term  “ fiddle  neck”  is  sometimes  used  to  describe  its  ap- 
pearance at  this  time.  In  summer  it  is  the  coarsest  and 
least  attractive  of  our  ferns. 

The  Christmas  fern  has  very  attractive  leaves,  fre- 
quently 3 to  5 feet  tall.  They  grow  in  clusters.  They  are 
evergreen.  This  is  one  of  our  most  attractive  ferns. 

The  licorice  fern  grows  in  moss  on  tree  trunks  and 
rocks.  It  is  only  rarely  that  it  grows  in  soil.  Its  leaves 
have  cinnamon-colored  “ fruit  dots”  on  their  backs.  The 
stems  grow  in  the  moss  and  are  yellowish.  It  tastes  like 
licorice. 

THE  PRAIRIES 

The  forest  mostly  stops  short  at  the  edge  of  the 
prairies,  its  gravelly  soil  acting  as  a rather  complete  bar- 
rier to  trees.  Occasional  firs  are  found,  however,  and 
there  are  also  a good  many  oaks.  There  is  only  one 
species  of  oak  found  in  the  region  and  there  is  no  other 
tree  that  is  likely  to  be  confused  with  it.  In  general  the 
oaks  tend  to  form  a fringe  around  the  edge  of  the  prairie, 
next  to  the  forest.  The  forest  is  evidently  advancing 
slowly  upon  the  prairies.  This  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  seedlings  are  found  farther  out  than  the  older  trees, 


84  Bulletin  No.  18 , Washington  Geological  Survey 


and  is  confirmed  by  the  reports  that  the  prairies  were 
largely  treeless  when  first  seen  by  white  men.  The  oak 
seedlings  are  usually  found  farther  out  in  the  prairie 
than  the  fir  seedlings. 

Two  species  of  pine  are  also  found — the  yellow  pine 
and  the  lodge  pole  pine.  These  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  fir  and  the  hemlock  by  the  fact  that  their  leaves 
are  in  clusters.  The  lodge  pole  has  two  leaves  in  a 
cluster  and  the  yellow  pine  has  three.  The  lodge  pole 
pine  is  a smaller  tree  than  the  yellow  pine  under  usual 
growing  conditions.  The  cones  of  the  lodge  pole  pine  are 
small  and  remain  on  the  tree  many  years.  The  cones  of 
the  yellow  pine  are  much  larger  and  are  frequently  in 
clusters. 

In  spring  these  prairies  are  beautifully  carpeted  with 
flowers.  In  summer  they  are  dry  and  barren.  The  soil 
is  outwash  gravel,  about  equally  mixed  with  black  pow- 
dery material.  This  accumulates  sufficient  moisture 
during  the  rainy  winter  to  grow  a profusion  of  early 
spring  plants,  but  becomes  so  dry  during  the  practically 
rainless  summer  that  most  of  the  vegetation  withers. 

A good  many  of  the  plants  of  these  prairies  occur  also 
in  the  rather  arid  area  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
though  most  of  these  do  not  range  farther  east,  their  dis- 
tribution being  mainly  from  California  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, on  both  sides  of  the  Cascades.  Among  the 
smaller  plants  belonging  to  this  list  the  following  may 
be  mentioned  as  characteristic  examples:  Goat  chicory, 
lady’s  mantle,  shining  chickweed,  everlasting,  caraway, 
hedge  parsley,  blue  lips,  pretty  fleabane,  hawkweed, 
Indian  consumption  plant,  wild  cucumber,  stonecrop, 
Menzies  pink,  fringed  lace-pod,  and  death  camas. 

There  are  few  species  of  trees  on  these  prairies,  but 
most  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  occurring  belong  to  the  list 
having  the  distribution  above  mentioned.  These  are  yel- 
low pine,  white  oak,  choke  cherry,  and  buck-brush. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


85 


There  is  also  a considerable  list  of  plants  occurring 
on  these  prairies,  but  not  elsewhere  in  Washington  or 
Oregon.  Among  these  are  the  sandwort,  the  shooting 
star,  the  dog-tooth  violet,  the  herald-of-summer,  the  but- 
tercup, the  golden  rod,  and  the  blue  violet. 

A partial  list  of  plants  is  appended.  It  is  based  on 
Piper’s  list  and  on  several  spring  and  summer  visits  by 
the  writer,  most  of  them  to  the  prairies  at  points  a few 
miles  distant  from  the  Camp  Lewis  site. 

CAMP  LEWIS  PLANTS 

I.  Forests. 

A.  Trees: 

1.  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  (Douglas  hr) 

2.  Tsuga  heteroyphylla  (Western  hemlock) 

3.  Quercus  garryana  (White  oak) 

4.  Arbutus  menziesii  (Madrona) 

5.  Prunus  demissa  (Choke  cherry) 

6.  Salix  spp.  (Willows) 

7.  Acer  circinatum  (Vine  maple) 

8.  Juniperus  scopulorum  (Rocky  Mountain  juniper) 

B.  Taller  Shrubs : 

1.  Corylus  calif ornica  (Hazel) 

2.  Holodiscus  discolor  (Ocean  spray) 

3.  Osmaronia  cerasiformis  (Indian  plum) 

4.  Ceanothus  sanguineus  (Buck  brush  or  red-root) 

5.  Amelanchier  florida  (Service  berry) 

C.  Smaller  Shrubs : 

1.  Gaultheria  shallon  (Salal) 

2.  Berberis  nervosa  (Common  Oregon  grape) 

3.  Berberis  aquifolium  (Shiny  Oregon  grape) 

4.  Pachistima  myrsinites 

5.  Vaccinium  parvolifolium  (Red  huckleberry) 

6.  Vaccinium  ovatum  (Evergreen  huckleberry) 

7.  Chimaphilla  umbelata  (Pipsessewa) 


86  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 

D.  Woody  Vines: 

1.  Lonicera  sp.  (Honeysuckle) 

2.  Linnaea  americana  (Twin  flower) 

3.  Micromeria  douglasii  (Yerba  bnena  or  tea  vine) 

4.  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (Kinnikinnick) 

5.  Rubus  ursinus  (Trailing  blackberry) 

E.  Herbaceous  Plants : 

1.  Fragaria  sp.  (Strawberry) 

2.  Hypocliaeris  radicata  (False  dandelion) 

3.  Carduus  sp.  (Thistle) 

4.  Geranium  sp.  (Wild  geranium) 

5.  Achillea  millefolium  (Yarrow) 

6.  Peramium  decipiens  (Rattle-snake  plantain) 

7.  Rumex  acetosella  (Field  sorrel) 

8.  Sanicula  manziesii  (Sanicle) 

9.  Fpilobium  angustifolium  (Fireweed) 

10.  Cardamine  sp.  (Bittercress) 

11.  Fritillaria  sp.  (Rice-root) 

12.  Calypso  bulbosa  (Calypso) 

13.  Disporum  sp.  (Fairy  bells) 

14.  Corallorhiza  sp.  (Coral-root) 

F.  Ferns : 

1.  Polvstichum  munitum  (Christmas  fern) 

2.  Polypodium  occidentale  (Licorice  fern) 

3.  Ptendium  aguilinum  (Brake) 

G.  Mosses: 

1.  Polytrichum  juniperinum 

2.  Dicranum  fuscescens 

3.  Eurynchium  oregonum 

4.  Hylocomium  splendens 

H.  Liverworts : 

1.  Porella  sp. 

I.  Lichens : 

1.  Usnea  sp. 

2.  Cladonia  sp. 

3.  Peltigera  sp. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


87 


J.  Fungi: 

1.  Fomes  sp.  (Woody  bracket  fungus) 

2.  Polyporus  sp.  (Leathery  bracket  fungus) 

II.  Prairies. 

Pinaceae — 

Pinus  contorta  (Lodge  pole  pine) 

Pinus  ponderosa  (Yellow  pine) 

Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Douglas  fir) 
Melanthaceae — 

Zygadenus  venemosus  (Death  carnas) 
Liliaceae — 

Erythronium  giganteum  (Dog-tooth  violet) 
Fritillaria  capitata  (Rice-root) 

Hookera  coronaria  (Fool’s  onion) 

Hookera  hyacintha  (Fool’s  onion) 

Hookera  pulchella  (Fool’s  onion) 

Smilaceae — 

Orchidaceae — 

Iris  tenax  (Flag) 

Fagaceae — 

Quercus  garryana  (White  oak) 
Caryophyllaceae — 

Arenaria  tenella  (Sandwort) 

Silene  menziesii  (Menziis  pink) 

Stellaria  nitens  (Shining  chickweed) 
Ranunculaceae — 

Ranunculus  orthorhynchus  (Buttercup) 
Papaveraceae — 

Platy stigma  oreganum  (White  cream-cups) 
Cruciferaceae — 

Athysanus  pusillus 

Thysanocarpus  curvipes  (Fringed  lace-pod) 
Orassalaceae — 

Sedum  douglasii  (Stone  crop) 


88  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Saxifragaceae — 

Heuchera  cylindica  (Alum-root) 

Lithophragma  parviflora 
Bosaceae — 

Alchemilla  arvensis  (Lady’s  mantle) 
Amygdalaceae — 

Prunus  demissa  (Choke  cherry) 

Leguminaceae — 

Lotus  decumbens  (Bird-foot  trefoil) 

Lotus  gracilis  (Bird-foot  trefoil) 

Lupinus  albicaulis  (White-stemmed  lupine) 
Lupinus  lepidus  (Lupine) 

Trifolium  hallii  (Clover) 

Trifolium  tridentatum  (Clover) 

Ehamnaceae — 

Ceanothus  sanguineus  (Buck  brush) 

Malvaceae — 

Sidalcea  campestris 
Violaceae — 

Viola  liowellii  (Blue  violet) 

Onagraceae — 

Boisdu valia  stricta 

Godetia  amoena  (Herald-of -summer) 

Godetia  quadrivulnera  (Farewell-to-spring) 
LTmbellaceae — 

Carum  gairdneri  (Caraway) 

Caucalis  microcarpa  (Hedge-parsley) 

Lomatium  utriculatum  (Hog-fennel) 

Lomatium  nudicaule  (Indian  consumption  plant) 
Lomatium  triternatum  (Hog-fennel) 

Primulaceae — 

Dodecatheon  latifolium  (Shooting-star) 

P ol  emomiaceae — 

Gilia  gracilis 
Gilia  tenella 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


89 


Hydrophydaceae — 

Polemomium  micranthum  (Greek  valerian) 

B or  aginaceae — 

Pectocarya  penicillata 
Scruphulariaceae — 

Collinsia  grandiflora  (Bine-lips) 

Orthocarpus  attenuatus  (Owl  clover) 

Synthyris  rotnndifolia 
Tonella  collensioides 

Valeri  anaceae — 

Valerianella  congesta  (Common  salal) 

Lobeliaceae — 

Githopsis  specnlarioides 
Heterocodon  rariflorum 
Compositaceae — 

Agoseris  heterophylla  (Goat  chicory) 

Antennaria  howellii  (Everlasting) 

Balsamorhiza  hookeri  (Balsam  root) 

Balsamorhiza  deltoidea 

Crocidium  multicaule 

Erigeron  speciosus  (Pretty  fleabane) 

Grindelia  integrifolia  (Gun-weed) 

Hemizonella  durandi 
Hieracinm  scouleri  (Hawkweed) 

Psilocarphus  elatior 

Scorzonella  oregana  (Wild  encumber) 

Senecio  fastigiatus  (Ragwort) 

Sericocarphus  rigidus  (White-topped  aster) 

This  account  of  Camp  Lewis  plants  is  not  written  for 
botanists.  Those  interested  in  these  plants  from  the 
technical  standpoint  are  referred  to  the  following  books : 

1.  Frye  and  Rigg — Northwest  Flora.  (Out  of  print, 
but  copies  may  be  consulted  in  public  libraries.) 

2.  Frye  and  Rigg — Elementary  Flora  of  the  North- 
west. American  Book  Company. 


90  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


3.  Frye  and  Jackson — The  Ferns  of  Washington. 
University  Book  Store,  University  Station,  Seattle. 

4.  Howell — The  Flora  of  Northwest  America.  (Re- 
ported to  he  out  of  print,  but  copies  may  be  consulted  in 
public  libraries.) 

5.  Piper — Flora  of  Washington,  Volume  XI.  Contri- 
butions from  the  United  States  National  Herbarium. 
(Out  of  print,  but  copies  may  be  consulted  in  public 
libraries.) 

6.  Piper  and  Beattie — Flora  of  the  Northwest  Coast. 
State  College,  Pullman,  Washington. 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  18 


Plate  XI 


Ship  construction  in  one  of  the  Puget  Sound  Shipyards. 

— By  courtesy  of  Webster  d Stevens . Seattle 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE  RELATION  OF  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  WESTERN 
WASHINGTON  TO  MEASURES  OF 
MILITARY  DEFENSE 

During  the  scores  of  years  of  peace,  attention  was 
turned  toward  civil  rather  than  military  questions.  In 
consequence  of  this,  general  knowledge  of  the  relation  of 
Washington’s  physical  features  to  the  plausible  routes  of 
invasion  which  an  enemy  would  pursue,  and  of  the  condi- 
tions which  the  topography  along  these  routes  afford  for 
defense,  is  more  or  less  vague.  It  seems  appropriate, 
therefore,  to  call  attention  to  these  matters  and  discuss 
in  a general  way  the  relation  of  the  geological  features 
of  Washington  to  war  strategy. 

WESTERN  WASHINGTON  AS  A PRIZE  OF  CONQUEST 

If  war  were  to  be  brought  to  the  very  doors  of  the 
United  States,  western  Washington  would  likely  face 
hostile  attack,  for  on  the  one  hand  it  is  the  gateway  to 
the  Great  Northwest,  and  on  the  other  to  Alaska,  Siberia 
and  the  Orient.  Eight  transcontinental  railways  termi-  • 
nate  in  western  Washington,  four  of  them  entering  on 
their  own  lines  and  two  by  water.  These,  with  ocean- 
going vessels,  have  developed  a trade  which  in  1917 
totaled  more  than  $376,000,000,  making  the  Port  of  Puget 
Sound  the  sixth  in  importance  in  the  entire  country.  As 
has  been  mentioned  hereinbefore,  Puget  Sound  is  a har- 
bor unsurpassed  in  the  world.  Its  natural  protection,  its 
great  depth  of  water,  its  connection  at  Seattle  with  a 
large  fresh-water  harbor,  the  absence  of  shoals,  the  low  ; 
cost  of  maintenance  of  the  docks,  the  freedom  of  entrance 
of  all  vessels  into  the  harbor  under  their  own  steam  and 
pilot — all  of  these  factors  give  it  an  enviable  rank  and 
insure  it  unlimited  possibilities  of  trade  in  the  future. 

This  alone  would  make  the  conquest  of  western  Wash- 
ington an  important  one.  But  there  are  fundamental  re- 


The  Country  about  Camp  Leivis 


93 


sources  to  go  with  it.  Perhaps  the  first  of  them  is  the 
mild  climate  which  enables  industrial  activity  the  year 
round.  Then  there  are  the  great  forests.  Washington 
ranks  first  in  the  output  of  lumber,  and  over  40  per  cent 
of  the  public  wealth  of  the  state  comes  directly  from  this 
industry.  The  great  bulk  of  the  forests  grows  west  of 
the  Cascades  where  the  rainfall  is  adequate.  (Plate  IX 
is  a scene  in  one  of  Washington’s  forests.)  About  four 
hundred  billion  board  feet  is  estimated  now  to  remain 
uncut,  with  a value  in  excess  of  four  hundred  billions  of 
dollars.  Scientific  reforestation  will  make,  in  time,  this 
means  of  resource  endless. 

Another  resource  having  direct  relation  to  the  cli- 
mate and  the  topography  of  this  state  is  the  water-power 
of  the  mountains.  In  official  reports,  it  is  estimated  that 
there  is  an  amount  of  energy  in  the  streams  of  Washing- 
ton equivalent  to  4,932,000  horse-power,  which  is  greater 
than  the  water-power  of  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 
Thus  far  only  about  500,000  horse-power  have  been  de- 
veloped. At  a time  when  industries  are  entering  an 
epoch  of  accelerated  activity,  and  when  the  power  will 
be  increasingly  electrical,  the  water-power  resources  of 
this  state  have  become  of  immense  value. 

All  of  these  resources,  together  with  others,  such  as 
the  fisheries,  agricultural  lands,  mineral  deposits,  ship- 
building, and  manufacturing,  make  western  Washington 
an  area  of  wonderful  opportunity,  and  a prize-capture 
for  an  enemy-power. 

PROBABILITY  OF  ATTACK  ON  PUGET  SOUND 

In  a conquest  of  western  Washington,  the  capture  of 
the  Puget  Sound  country  would  be  most  vital  to  the 
enemy.  Although  the  counties  adjoining  Puget  Sound 
comprise  only  about  one-fifth  of  the  area  of  the  state,  yet 
they  contain  one-lialf  of  the  total  population.  Here  are 
located  Seattle,  the  metropolis  of  the  Northwest,  with  its 


94  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


population  of  348,639;  Tacoma,  112,770;  Bellingham, 
32,985;  Everett,  35,486;  Olympia,  6,996;  and  many  small 
urban  towns.*  Seattle  and  Tacoma  are  the  terminals  of 
the  transcontinental  railroads  and  the  steamship  lines, 
and  also  the  centers  of  most  of  the  shipbuilding  plants 
(Plate  X)  which  are  of  such  necessity  to  the  nation  at 
this  time,  and  of  the  large  lumber  industry,  flour  mills, 
packing-houses,  and  other  essential  industries. 

NATURAL  DEFENSES  OF  WASHINGTON 

Washington’s  mountain  ranges  constitute  two  lines  of 
natural  defense.  The  first  or  most  western  line  is  the 
Olympics  and  the  Willapa  Hills,  and  the  second  line  is 
the  Cascade  Range.  In  the  case  of  the  Olympics,  they 
constitute  a barrier  of  the  first  order  for  nearly  60  miles 
of  coast-line.  Rising  to  heights  of  5,000  to  8,000  feet 
above  sea-level  with  a most  rugged  surface,  mantled  with 
heavy  snow-fall  in  winter,  and  fringed  on  the  north,  west, 
and  south  with  a narrow  sand  and  gravel  plain,  covered 
by  an  impenetrable  forest  that  runs  well  up  on  the  moun- 
tain slopes,  these  mountains  effectually  safeguard  their 
part  of  the  coast. 

The  Willapa  Hills  to  the  south  of  Grays  Harbor  and 
the  Chehalis  River  Valley  have  only  moderate  qualifica- 
tions in  regard  to  their  height,  for  they  range  from  less 
than  1,000  to  3,000  feet  high,  but  they  have  a very  irreg- 
ular surface  and  heavily  timbered  slopes  which  would 
greatly  retard  an  advancing  army.  Indeed,  little  advan- 
tage would  there  be  to  the  enemy  to  gain  entrance  to 
Willapa  Harbor,  even  if  he  could,  for  any  further  ad- 
vance would  have  to  be  made  along  the  single  highway 
which  crosses  the  mountains,  or  along  the  two  railroad 
lines.  In  any  case  the  roadways  are  narrow,  and  prom- 
inent hills  of  great  defensive  value  command  them.  Al- 

* These  populations  were  quoted  from  estimates  of  the  Census 
Bureau,  July  1,  1916,  with  the  exception  of  Olympia,  whose  population 
is  based  on  the  census  returns  of  1910. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


95 


though  not  a barrier  of  the  first  order,  the  Willapa  Hills 
could  easily  be  made  impassable  by  a relatively  small  but 
well  equipped  army.  Then  45  additional  miles  of  coast 
would  be  protected. 

The  Cascade  Mountains  constitute  the  second  line  of 
defense  for  all  of  the  country  to  the  east  of  them,  and  a 
barrier  to  a flanking  attack  of  the  Puget  Sound  area, 
except  by  a long  circuitous  route  through  the  Columbia 
River  Gorge,  to  intercept  the  railroad  lines  which  supply 
western  Washington.  This  possibility  will  be  considered 
a little  later.  There  are  five  passes  which  might  be  used 
for  the  bringing  of  supplies  from  the  east:  Stevens 

Pass,  between  the  headwaters  of  the  South  Fork  of  the 
Skykomish  River  and  Nason  Creek,  which  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  4,061  feet  above  sea;  Snoqualmie  Pass,  between 
the  headwaters  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Snoqualmie 
River  and  the  Yakima  River,  3,010  feet;  Stampede  Pass, 
between  the  headwaters  of  the  Green  and  Yakima  Rivers, 
3,925  feet;  Naches  Pass,  between  the  headwaters  of 
Clearwater  River  and  the  Middle  Fork  of  Naches  River, 
4,988  feet;  and  the  Columbia  River  Pass  which  is  cut 
down  nearly  to  sea-level.  (These  and  other  features  in- 
volved in  this  discussion  are  shown  on  Plate  II.)  Three 
of  the  transcontinental  railroads  use  three  of  the  passes 
for  crossing  the  mountains;  the  Great  Northern,  Stevens 
Pass;  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & St.  Paul,  Snoqualmie 
Pass;  and  the  Northern  Pacific,  Stampede  Pass.  The 
Spokane,  Portland  & Seattle  Railway  and  the  Oregon- 
Washington  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  follow 
the  Columbia  River.  One  automobile  highway,  the  Sun- 
set Highway,  has  been  completed  across  the  mountains 
at  Snoqualmie  Pass,  and  this  is  improved  nearly  the  en- 
tire distance  from  Seattle  to  Ellensburg,  with  a maximum 
grade  of  five  per  cent.  Another  is  nearly  completed 
across  Stevens  Pass  on  a maximum  grade  of  about  seven 
per  cent,  which  will  connect  with  the  Pacific  Highway  at 


96  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


Everett  and  the  Sunset  Highway  at  Wenatchee.  Thirty- 
two  miles  of  this  road  through  Snohomish  County  is  on 
concrete  pavement.  A third  road,  the  McClellan  Pass 
Highway,  which  will  eventually  cross  and  connect  the 
Pacific  Highway  at  Auburn  with  the  Inland  Empire  High- 
way at  Yakima  on  a relatively  low  grade,  lacks  about  16 
miles  of  being  completed  near  the  summit;  elsewhere  it 
is  surfaced  with  gravel  or  crushed  rock  most  of  the  dis- 
tance. Another  road,  partially  completed,  will  in  time  be 
continued  up  the  western  flanks  of  the  mountains  along 
the  North  Fork  of  the  Cowlitz  River  to  Carlton  Pass  and 
thence  to  the  McClellan  Pass  Highway  at  the  mouth  of 
Bumping  River.  A highway  follows  the  north  side  of 
the  Columbia  River  from  Vancouver  eastward  to  a few 
miles  beyond  Stevenson,  and  ends  at  the  rock  cliffs  of  the 
Columbia.  When  the  gaps  in  this  road  between  Steven- 
son and  Maryhill  are  completed,  connection  by  automo- 
bile may  then  be  made,  by  way  of  Goldendale,  with  the 
Inland  Empire  Highway  west  of  Grandview,  in  Yakima 
County.  The  Columbia  River  Highway  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Columbia  River  extends  from  the  western  coast  of 
Oregon  into  eastern  Oregon  and  connects  by  ferry  with 
points  across  the  river  at  The  Dalles. 

All  of  the  highways  across  the  mountains  would  be  an 
aid  to  the  railroads  during  a crisis,  except  during  the 
winter,  and  then  the  highways  along  the  Columbia  River 
would  be  of  exceptional  value.  It  would  seem  that  all 
proposed  highways  crossing  the  mountains  should  be 
completed  at  the  earliest  possible  date,  for  otherwise 
what  has  been  partially  built  would  be  of  little  or  no 
avail.  During  heavy  snowslides  or  washouts  in  the  moun- 
tains, the  Spokane,  Portland  & Seattle  Railway  and  the 
Oregon-Washington  Railway  and  Navigation  Company’s 
line  through  the  Columbia  River  Gorge  would  be  over- 
burdened with  traffic. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


97 


STRATEGIC  ROUTES  OF  ATTACK 

If  the  enemy  were  to  succeed  in  overpowering  our 
navy,  the  routes  of  invasion  would  then  be  determined 
primarily  by  topography.  We  have  seen  that  the  Olympic 
Mountains  are  impassable  and  the  Willapa  Hills  would  be 
difficult  for  a large  army  to  cross  in  the  face  of  tire.  It 
is  obvious  then  that  if  there  are  any  lines  that  would  offer 
less  resistance,  they  would  likely  be  attempted.  Of  these 
there  are  three:  (1)  The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  to 

Admiralty  Inlet,  the  trunk  passage  to  Puget  Sound; 
(2)  Grays  Harbor  and  the  Cliehalis  Valley;  (3)  the  Co- 
lumbia River  to  the  Cowlitz  River  Valley,  thence  north 
across  the  low  divide  at  Napavine  to  the  Puget  Sound 
country.  (These  are  indicated  on  Plate  II.) 

(1)  THE  STRAIT  OF  JUAN  DE  FUCA  AND  ADMILALTY  INLET 

From  the  open  ocean  to  the  beginning  of  Admiralty 
Inlet  is  a distance  of  nearly  90  miles;  from  Port  Town- 
send, which  commands  the  head  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  to 
Seattle  about  40  miles;  and  to  Tacoma  about  28  miles 
farther.  The  Strait  has  a width  of  12  to  15  miles,  the 
passage  at  Port  Townsend  about  four  miles,  and  the 
Inlet  on  the  east  side  of  Maury  Island  two  miles. 

Most  of  these  waters  are  deep.  At  the  mouth  of  the 
Strait  they  are  about  900  feet  deep,  and  in  going  east- 
ward they  gradually  shallow  until  at  the  passage  east  of 
Port  Townsend  they  are  about  240  feet  in  depth.  From 
here  south,  along  Admiralty  Inlet,  they  cease  shallowing 
and  for  practically  the  whole  distance  to  Tacoma  they 
exceed  a depth  of  300  feet.  Indeed,  off  Pt.  Jefferson, 
they  reach  a depth  of  a little  over  900  feet,  and  at  the 
entrance  to  Seattle’s  harbor,  nearly  600  feet. 

Of  course,  without  previously  prepared  defenses  of 
modern  artillery,  mines,  and  fighting  ships,  this  would 
be  the  quickest  way  to  capture  the  whole  Puget  Sound 
country.  This  in  itself  would  invite  a surprise  attack 


— 4 


98  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


by  an  unscrupulous  enemy,  before  or  just  after  its  dec- 
laration of  war,  and  every  step  should  be  taken  to  enable 
a most  prompt  defensive.  But  by  virtue  of  the  narrow- 
ness of  the  Inlet  and  the  bordering  high  cliffs  and  points, 
it  can  be  seen  how  the  waterway  into  the  Sound  country 
can  be  readily  turned  into  an  impassable  series  of  de- 
fenses. From  Port  Townsend  south,  Admiralty  Inlet  is 
in  most  places  so  narrow  that  a sweeping  command  from 
modern  land  batteries  could  be  had  from  the  cliffs  at 
many  places. 

In  placing  and  constructing  the  land  batteries  certain 
geological  factors  must  be  heeded.  Nearly  every  position 
entails  new  difficulties,  but  the  general  conditions  may 
be  stated.  In  the  first  place,  the  cliffs  of  Puget  Sound 
are  seldom  composed  of  hard  rock;  almost  everywhere 
they  are  made  up  of  clay,  sand,  and  gravel.  This  re- 
quires that  the  batteries  be  placed  farther  back  from  the 
edge  of  the  cliff  than  if  the  cliff  were  of  solid  rock,  to 
prevent  undermining  by  exploding  shells.  In  the  second 
place,  the  strata  of  clay,  sand,  and  gravel  occur  at  vary-  • 

ing  horizons  at  different  places,  and  a choice  must  be  ; 

made  of  that  kind  of  material  which  will  afford  a firm 
foundation  and  yield  the  least  to  the  vibratory  effects  of  J 
the  guns.  The  gravel  is  most  dependable.  The  clay,  when 
soaked  with  water,  is  plastic,  and  although  under  normal 
conditions  it  might  seem  to  be  able  to  stand,  yet  the  shock 
of  the  guns  in  action  might  cause  it  to  slide  and  carry 
away  the  battery  and  all.  It  is  urgent,  therefore,  that 
a place  be  chosen  where  the  gravel  is  present  at  the  snr-  \ 
face  in  sufficient  thickness  and  with  safe  relations  to  any 
underlying  clay,  so  that  there  will  be  no  danger  of  sliding. 

So  great  advances  have  been  made  in  the  types  of 
mines  and  so  little  now  can  be  learned  of  their  definite 
character,  that  a discussion  of  them  in  regard  to  their 
adaptability  to  Puget  Sound  will  not  be  attempted.  But 
in  the  mining  of  Puget  Sound,  it  would  seem  that  at  least 


Washington  Geological  Survey 


Bulletin  No.  18  Plate  XII 


View  of  the  Columbia  River  Gorge,  from  Mitchell  Point 


■By  courtesy  of  Weister  Co.,  Portland 


Mi 


100  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


three  geological  factors  would  have  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count, namely:  The  depth  of  water,  the  tides,  and  the 

kind  of  material  in  which  the  anchors  for  the  mines  wonld 
be  placed.  The  depth  has  already  been  stated,  and  this 
might  be  a determining  or  limiting  factor  as  to  what  type 
of  mines  could  be  used.  The  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tides  in 
Puget  Sound  are  rather  strong,  and  in  the  narrower 
passages  they  are  especially  so.  Free  floating  mines 
would,  therefore,  be  too  dangerous  to  our  own  necessities 
of  shipping  within  the  Sound  to  permit  their  use. 
Anchoring  would  be  resorted  to,  and  whether  they  should 
be  anchored  from  the  sides  of  the  channels  or  the  bottom 
would  depend  on  whether  or  not  low  tide  would  make 
them  visible.  This  raises  the  question  as  to  the  character 
of  the  materials  in  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  channels, 
in  which  the  anchors  would  have  to  be  placed.  Chart 
6400  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  shows  that  mud, 
sand,  and  gravel  underlie  most  of  the  Sound,  and  that 
there  is  very  little  solid  rock,  except  at  the  entrance  to 
Admiralty  Inlet,  east  of  Port  Townsend,  and  in  the  pas- 
sages of  the  San  Juan  Islands  and  at  a few  other  points, 
where  the  bottom  is  described  as  rocky.  Whether  the 
sand  is  in  some  places  “quick-sand”  and  incapable  of 
holding  the  anchors  is  a factor  that  would  have  to  be 
determined. 

The  depth  of  Puget  Sound  would  make  feasible  the 
use  of  submarines  in  addition  to  the  other  types  of  de- 
fenses which  the  Sound  and  bordering  cliffs  afford. 

Intercourse  between  the  land  bases  during  an  attack 
by  water  would  be  quite  possible  by  means  of  the  present 
railways  and  highways.  The  Great  Northern  Railway 
from  Seattle  to  Everett  follows  the  coast  along  the  foot 
of  the  cliffs.  If  the  time  should  come  that  this  would  be 
under  fire  of  the  enemy,  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway 
and  Interurban  line  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  Traction 
Company  could  be  resorted  to.  The  defenses  along  the 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


101 


south  side  of  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  would  have  to 
be  supplied  by  boats,  chiefly,  and  supplemented  by  the 
Olympic  Highway  from  Olympia  to  Port  Townsend, 
which  has  been  graded  and  surfaced  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  distance. 

Climatic  Factors 

Certain  climatic  factors  might  have  an  important  part 
in  the  defeat  or  success  of  the  enemy’s  naval  forces.  This 
is  also  true  of  any  land  operations  that  would  take  place. 
The  climate  of  western  Washington  and  the  causes  for 
it  have  been  discussed  in  Chapter  I,  but  we  will  recall 
here  only  the  points  of  vital  importance  to  our  topic. 
The  year  is  divided  into  a wet  and  a dry  season.  The 
wet  season  comes  in  winter  and  the  dry  season  in  sum- 
mer. Generally  during  the  summer  the  skies  are  clear, 
and  cloudy  days  are  few.  In  winter,  clear  days  are  the 
exception.  Beginning  in  October,  the  mornings  are  foggy, 
and  the  fogs  gradually  become  heavier,  morning  after 
morning,  until  the  rains  begin.  These  fogs  would  aid  in 
giving  cover  to  an  enemy  in  a surprise  attack.  Fogs  are 
fairly  prominent  in  the  spring,  but  not  so  much  as  in  the 
fall.  Snowstorms  would  also  give  aid  to  the  enemy,  but 
they  are  so  uncommon  and  undependable  as  to  give  little 
concern. 

During  the  cloudy  days  of  winter,  airship  patrol  would 
be  more  or  less  handicapped.  This  would  perhaps  be  a 
greater  disadvantage  to  the  enemy  than  to  our  forces, 
for  his  observations  necessarily  would  have  to  be  over  a 
larger  and  less  familiar  area  than  ours. 

On  land,  the  strength  of  the  roads  to  withstand  heavy 
traffic  would  also  be  much  less  in  winter  than  in  summer, 
because  of  the  frequent  rains.  Floods  are  also  more 
frequent  and  bridges  are  more  likely  to  be  unsafe  or 
destroyed.  The  wide  bottom  lands  of  the  Puyallup  Val- 
iev, Duwamisli  Valley,  Snohomish  Valley,  Stilaguamish 
Valley,  and  the  La  Conner  Flats  of  the  Skagit  River  are 


102  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


sometimes  completely  inundated,  and  transportation  is 
cut  off  for  days  at  a time.  If  this  were  to  happen  during 
an  attack  on  Puget  Sound  it  would  be  a very  serious 
matter  and  the  construction  of  pontoon  bridges  would 
have  to  be  resorted  to. 

(2)  THE  GRAYS  HARBOR  AND  CHEHALIS  VALLEY  GATEWAY 

This  gateway  lies  betwen  the  Olympics  on  the  north 
and  the  Willapa  Hills  on  the  south.  Grays  Harbor  owes 
its  east-west  elongation  to  the  fact  that  a lowering  of  the 
land  area  during  pre-historic  times  permitted  the  sea- 
water to  enter  the  lower  portion  of  the  Chehalis  River 
Valley  as  far  eastward  as  the  present  site  of  Aberdeen. 
The  bars  or  spits  at  the  entrance  are  composed  of  sand 
which  lias  been  brought  by  shore  currents  and  thrown  up 
by  the  waves.  These  provide  a protection  to  the  harbor 
during  severe  ocean  storms,  but  the  constant  shifting  of 
the  material  by  the  shore  currents  threatened  some  years 
ago  to  close  the  harbor.  To  prevent  this  jetties  were 
built.  Silt,  sand,  and  gravel,  brought  down  by  the  Che- 
halis River,  has  also  tended  to  make  the  harbor  shallow, 
so  that  frequent  dredging  is  necessary  to  keep  a channel 
open  for  large  ships.  In  some  places  this  channel  is  but 
20  feet  deep  and  comparatively  narrow,  and  elsewhere 
the  sand  and  mud  bars  come  nearly  to  the  water’s  level. 

With  such  a situation,  Hoquiam,  situated  12  miles 
from  the  entrance,  and  Aberdeen,  four  miles  farther,  are 
much  safer  and  more  easily  protected  than  if  the  harbor 
were  deep  enough  to  give  the  invading  fleet  free  play. 
Added  to  these  difficulties  is  the  fact  that  several  miles 
of  low  swampy  land,  covered  with  forests,  intervene  be- 
tween the  western  coast  and  the  hill  region  to  the  east, 
both  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  entrance.  This 
would  handicap  the  landing  and  use  of  troops.  A rail- 
road right-of-way  on  the  north  side  from  Moclips  to  the 
harbor  and  a railroad  and  highway  on  the  south  side 
would  aid  in  defense. 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


103 


Begmnmg  at  a point  about  five  miles  west  of  Hoquiam 
a cliff  escarpment  overlooks  the  water’s  edge  and  con- 
tinues up  the  valley  of  the  Chehalis  River  on  both  sides 
except  where  broken  by  tributary  valleys.  Many  points 

flatTnd  tbWay-,nSe/0°  fe6t  and  lligher  above  tlle  valley 
fiat  and  the  railroads  and  highways  below,  thus  givin°-  a 

commanding  position  over  any  situation  in  the \alfev. 

Mast  of  these  lulls  are  wooded.  It  is  true  that  the  width 

ot  the  valley,  about  two  miles,  would  be  somewhat  in  the 

enemy  s ayor,  but  on  the  other  hand  its  marshy  char- 

acter  and  the  absence  of  roads  except  along  the  foot  of 

width  1 fStr°U  nSeem  t0  react  t0  any  adva«tage  that  the 
^ ldtli  of  the  valley  might  give. 

At  Elma,  admitting  that  the  enemy  thus  far  might 
have  overcome  resistance,  he  would  have  to  choose  be- 
tween two  possibilities : (1)  to  proceed  northeast  over  the 
low  summit  north  of  the  Black  Hills  toward  Olympia 
Camp  Ws  and  Tacoma,  or  (2)  to  continue  along  the 

, 10  la/y  n ei  to  ^ate  or  Grand  Mound,  and  thence  north 
toward  Olympia  and  northeast  toward  Camp  Lewis  and 
Tacoma  (See  Plate  II.)  The  first  has  the  advantage  of 
the  shorter  distance  and  of  the  Olympic  Highway,'  but  a 
considerable  part  of  the  distance  is  through  timber  The 
second  has  the  advantage  of  a wider  valley  and  a more 
open  country  beyond  Gate.  But  both  would  be  at  the 
disadvantage  of  the  strategic  positions  of  defense  offered 

' the  Black  HllIs  which  lie  between  and  which  rise  to 
an  elevation  of  1,000  to  1,500  feet  above  sea-level. 

The  distance  from  Aberdeen,  the  most  eastern  point 
of  Grays  Harbor,  to  Olympia,  by  way  of  the  shorter  route 
is  o5  miles.  Camp  Lewis  lies  about  17  miles  farther  An 
enemy  would  hardly  be  attaining  any  of  his  ultimate  aims 
until  he  could  reach  a point  within  striking  distance  of 
Camp  Lewis. 

At  all  events,  it  is  clear  that  the  topography  along 
the  Grays  Harbor  and  Chehalis  River  route  offers  many 
excellent  positions  for  successful  defense. 


104  Bulletin  No.  18,  Washington  Geological  Survey 


(3)  THE  COLUMBIA  RIVER-COWLITZ  VALLEY  ROUTE 

From  the  month  of  Columbia  River  to  the  Cowlitz 
Valley  is  about  65  miles;  from  the  mouth  of  Cowlitz 
River  to  Olympia  by  air-line  is  another  65  miles. 

The  Columbia  River  is  broad  for  some  distance  above 
its  mouth,  due  to  the  same  subsidence  of  the  land  area 
which  made  Grays  Harbor.  For  20  to  25  miles  its  width 
ranges  from  4 to  10  or  12  miles,  and  for  the  remainder  of 
the  distance  to  the  Cowlitz  River  its  width  averages  one 
mile  or  more.  The  upland  on  either  side  is  high  and 
breaks  with  many  precipitous  bluffs  to  the  river  below, 
thereby  providing  excellent  natural  positions  for  defense. 

The  valley  of  the  Cowlitz  River  is  relatively  narrow 
and  crooked.  The  railroad  and  the  Pacific  Highway  hug 
the  base  of  the  east  valley-wall  most  of  the  way.  Any 
attempted  invasion  along  this  line  would  be  in  the  face 
of  a terrific  resistance,  if  the  admirably  situated  bluffs 
were  at  all  adequately  equipped  with  batteries. 

No  highway  runs  continuously  from  the  Cowlitz 
River  to  the  coast.  The  transportation  of  troops  along 
the  Columbia  would  have  to  be  either  by  water  or  along 
the  railroad  line  or  the  Columbia  Highway  on  the  south 
side,  taking  chances  on  crossing  by  building  a long  pon- 
toon bridge,  if  possible,  or  by  boats,  or  by  both.  There 
is  no  bridge  short  of  Vancouver,  25  miles  to  the  south. 
In  either  case  such  crossing  would  likely  be  under  the 
fire  of  our  forces  from  the  commanding  bluffs. 

This  route  of  invasion  obviously  would  present  many 
disadvantages  which  probably  exceed  those  of  the  Grays 
Harbor  and  Chehalis  Valley. 

COLUMBIA  RIVER,  THROUGH  THE  CASCADE  GORGE,  TO  THE 
COLUMBIA  PLATEAU 

An  invasion  along  the  Columbia  River,  passing  east- 
ward through  the  gorge  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the 
Columbia  Plateau,  and  intercepting  the  transcontinental 
railways  which  supply  the  Puget  Sound  Basin,  is  a 


The  Country  about  Camp  Lewis 


105 


strategic  move  that  might  possibly  be  attempted.  The 
distance,  however,  is  great.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lombia, to  the  nearest  point  of  interception  at  Pasco  is 
about  400  miles,  but  a further  traverse  of  a hundred  miles 
or  more  would  be  necessary  to  complete  the  capture  of 
all  of  the  railroads.  The  total  would  seem  prohibitive. 
In  addition  to  the  problem  of  distance  would  be  the  dif- 
ficulty of  passing  through  the  Columbia  Gorge.  A short 
distance  east  of  Vancouver  are  the  foothills  of  the  Cas- 
cades. These  pass  rapidly  into  relief  of  mountainous 
proportions,  and  both  walls  of  the  Columbia,  high  and 
projecting,  are  wonderfully  adapted  to  military  defense. 

( ate  IX.)  If  any  route  can  be  made  impassable  by 
modern  batteries,  this  one  undoubtedly  could  be. 

After  considering  these  geographical  and  geological 
conditions,  it  would  seem  that  we  possess  the  first  essen- 
tials for  blocking  an  invasion  by  this  route. 


SUMMARY  AND  GENERAL  CONCLUSION 

. ^e  Presence  of  the  Olympic  Mountains  and  the 
lllapa  Hills  along  the  western  coast  serve  as  natural 
barriers  m guarding  the  greater  part  of  the  coast-line. 

ie\  leave  but  three  plausible  entrances  for  invasion 
and  these  are  of  such  a topographical  character  that  they 
can  easily  be  turned  into  lines  of  adequate  defense.  The 
existence  of  the  Cascade  Range  to  the  east  of  the  Puget 
Sound  country  would  prevent  a flank  attack,  except  by 

a long  forbidding  circuitous  route  through  the  Columbia 
Gorge. 

With  such  a topography,  so  admirably  adapted  for 
defense  against  hostile  invasion,  it  would  seem  that  the 
rest  of  the  question  of  a successful  resistance  would  lie 
with  the  Government. 


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